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Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest
American Therapeutic Recreation Association
American Therapeutic Recreation Association
Conference 2016
Conference 2016
The Therapeutic and
The Therapeutic and
Educational Uses of
Educational Uses of
Role-Playing Games (RPG)
Role-Playing Games (RPG)
as Intervention Modalities
as Intervention Modalities
for Individuals and Groups
for Individuals and Groups
from the
from the
Therapeutic Recreation
Therapeutic Recreation
Perspective
Perspective
(c) 2016 W. A. Hawkes-Robinson - http://www.rpgresearch.com
Learning Outcomes
●Identify & explain existing research indicating
the pros & cons of each RPG format when
used in their standard diversionary forms.
●Identify & explain examples of specific areas
that non-adapted RPGs can directly achieve
TR-related outcomes in general.
●Identify specific populations that can benefit
most from non-adapted TR-based RPG
intervention programs.
●Identify & illustrate examples of specific
areas where applying TR methodologies to
adapted RPGs can achieve specific client
outcomes.
●Identify specific populations that can benefit
most from an adapted TR-based RPG
intervention program.
●Specify areas still needing further research
for future use of TR-based RPGs.
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For More Detailed Information
●The full-length slide show file can be
downloaded from:
http://rpgresearch.com/pnwatra-rpg-long.pdf
●Repository of referenced research &
abstracts:
http://rpgresearch.com/documents/-list
●Speaker's background information
http://rpgresearch.com/staff/hawke-robinson
●RPG Research Project Files:
http://rpgr.org/documents/rpg-research-project
●Wheelchair-friendly RPG trailer:
http://www.rpgtrailer.com
●List of Autism Spectrum programs:
http://www.rpgr.org/asd-list
●Amalgamation of other presentations,
interviews, other program plans, etc.:
http://rpgr.org/amalgamation-2015
Speaker Background
●EWU Interdisciplinary Undergrad (senior):
➢Recreation Therapy
➢Music Therapy
➢Neuroscience
➢Research Psychology
●WA State Registered Recreational Therapist
●WSTRA Student Member
➢ATRA Student Member
➢2004 Retired Computer Science/ IT /
InfoSec: Consultant for Fortunate 500
companies, and CTO/CIO for others.
●RPGs since 1979
●Populations worked with: ADD/ADHD,
ASD/PDD, Adults, At-risk youth, CP, Deaf,
DD, Elderly, OCD/OCP, Parkinson's Brain
Injury, Spinal Cord Injury, Toddlers.
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RPG Terms Summary
●RPG = Role-Playing Game (noun)
●RPGs = Role-Playing Games
●RPGers = Role-Playing Gamers
●RPGing = Role-Playing Gaming (verb)
●TRPG = Tabletop RPG (original RPG)
●CRPG = Computer-based RPG
●CYOA = Choose Your Own Adventure books
●LARP = Live-Action Role-Playing
●PvP = Player vs. Player
●PvE = Player vs. Everyone or EvP
●PvG = Player vs. Group or reverse GvP
●DM = Dungeon Master (D&D only)
●GM = Game Master (all non-D&D RPGs)
●PC = Player Character
●NPC = Non-Player Character
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RPG Background: Overview & Pre-RPG
Epoch
●Many either have no idea, or have significant
misinformation about what are RPGs
●History necessary for understanding and
addressing cultural & cohort issues.
●Audience participation: What do you think of?
●Have you ever?
●PBS Idea Channel Video Summary of D&D
●Historical context: War-gaming Pre-1913.
●H.G. Wells.
●Sci-fi/Fantasy & War-gaming 1913 to 1960s
●Cheesy music video: Leonard Nimoy 1967
●War-gaming 1960s to 1973. Chainmail.
●RPG invention released publicly 1974: D&D.
RPG Background: RPG Epoch
●1974 to 1980, astronomical growth from
thousands to millions in RPG.
●1980s USA & UK “Golden Age of RPG”
●1990sto 2000s other countries: South
American, Europe, Israel, etc.
●The “Moral Panic” of 1980s onward
●Cosmetic impact on D&D
●Hybrid-ification of RPGs into computer-
based, live-action, CCG/TCG, etc.
●Decline of video games while growth of
board games including RPG since 2008+
●Shannon Appelcline's 4-volume “Designers &
Dragons” histories of RPG industry.
RPG Beneficial Uses Initial Overview
●More rapidly develop language skills (Phllips)
●Improve child behavior & attitudes (Bay-
Hinitz)
●Develop strong reading, math, crative,
cooperative, problem-solving, and social
skills (DeRenard)
●Many other ancillary interests and skills
developed.
●Reduced depression or risk of suicide
●Reduced levels of violent or criminal behavior
●Higher levels of meaning in life.
●Diversity of genres
●Diversity of formats
●Flexibility to adaptation for special needs
●Inherent & intrinsic benefits
●Strong indicators of many adaptive extrinsic
benefits
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RPG Background: Controversies & Myths
●Research
●Suicide & role-playing gamers: research
●Gamers & violence, anti-social behavior,
criminality, meaninglessness, empathy.
●Occultism / Satanism
●Meaninglessness & Alienation
●Empathy
●Video: Current inculcated stereotypes: Big
Bang Theory
●Gamer “Floater” Hypothesis
●The only real caveat.
RPG Background: Controversies & Myths
●Claims
●Video overview: 60 Minutes, Canadian
Broadcasting, 500 Club, etc.
●List of typical controversies & myths about
D&D, Role-playing games, and gamers.
●Mazes & Monsters TV Movie (Tom Hanks)
●B.A.D.D.
●Dr. Radecki, NCTV
●Federal Trade Commission
●Consumer Product Safety Commission
●Suicide & role-playing gamers
Role-playing Gamers of Note
●Jennifer Lopez, Vin Diesel, Harrison Ford,
Judi Dench, Sarah Michelle Geller, Nelly
(Rap Musician), Tim Duncan (2x NBA
Champion), Hulk Hogan, many others.
●Video: Vin Diesel interview & D&D intro
●Famous Female RPGers
●More famous RPGers
RPG Market & Demographics
●Age & Gender of Gamers
●Gaming Market
●Recession Economics: Video Games vs.
Board Games.
●Decline of Video Games Market
●Growth of Board Game & RPG Market
●RPG Market volatility
●Currently large independent RPG growth
from crowd-sourcing like Kickstarter
Diversity of RPGs
●Unlimited Genres
●Hundreds/thousands of RPG systems
●Diversity of format (Tabletop, live-action,
computer-based, choose your own
adventure, solo, multi-player.
●Wide range of ages can participate in various
formats, from toddlers 2.5 years old to adults
90+ years old.
●Equal male/female capacity for enjoyment,
though play styles may differ.
●Available in many languages, popular in
many countries.
●Current research on gender bias in gaming
industry & community
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Key Aspects of RPGs
●Imagination & creativity
●Players assume roles of characters.
●Character is differentiated from player
●Narrative style.
●Interactive & collaborative storytelling.
●Suspension of disbelief.
●Make decisions to determine course of
action.
●Well defined structure / rules.
●Actions representations or actual.
●Structured rules systems
●Allow player to exceed the actual abilities of
the player
●Characters evolve and develop over time
through overcoming challenges.
Avedon Interaction Patterns & RPG
Formats
●Avedon 8 interaction patterns inherent to
recreational activities, and compared with
various RPG formats.
●Intra-individual – imagination, reflection,
projection.
●Extra-individual: Solo RPG, CYOA, SCRPG.
●Aggregate: CYOA, SRPG, SCRPG
●Inter-individual: PvP.
●Unilateral: GvP
●Multilateral: EvE (Everyone vs. Everyone)
●Intergroup: Teams.
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Avedon Interaction Patterns & RPG
Formats
●Intragroup: Cooperative
●Consideration of more cooperative versus
competitive.
●Game Theory – Non-zero-sum Games
●Participants are able to experience
overcoming challenges & achieving success
without it being at the cost of fellow
players!
●Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology - Gamer
Types
RPG Format: CYOA
●Choose Your Own Adventure Books.
●Heavily structured if/then/goto.
●Dozens to hundreds of different outcomes
possible.
●Some offer additional complexity and
flexibility through addition of miniature
character sheets, dice, maps, etc.
●Quick Example / Audience Participation
RPG Format: Tabletop
●The most misunderstood format, even
though the founding format.
●Arguably most (non-physical) therapeutic
potential for TR profession.
●Most cooperative play of RPG formats.
●Interactive storytelling with structured rules.
●Paper & pencil.
●No costumes or props.
●Video: Example starting new player D&D.
From “The Gamers 2: Dorkness Rising”.
●Children & play.
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RPG Format: Tabletop
●Very few other social tabletop recreation
activities available that are cooperative rather
than competitive in nature.
●List of requirements.
●Optional resources.
●Quick Tabletop RPG Example 1940s
Gumshoe Noir-style Setting.
●Tabletop RPG & Flow Experience
●Video: Flow Example (Games 2).
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RPG Format: Computer-based (CRPG)
●Solo & Multi-player
●Well-known solo RPGs.
●Sub-types of multi-player RPGs.
●Well-known multi-player RPGs
●IMPORTANT for TR: Real-time vs. Turn-
based.
●Personal view of CRPG lacking compared to
TRPG & LARP, but still has value as tool.
●Screen time, the good, the bad, & the ugly.
●Research
●Escapism
CRPG: Violence, Trait-based Variance
●Effects of Trait Hostility, Mapping Interface,
and Character Identification on Aggressive
Thoughts and Overall Game Experience
After Playing a Violent Video Game - Younbo
Jung, PhD, Namkee Park, PhD, and Kwan
Min Lee, PhD - Cyberpsychology, Behavior,
and Social Networking December 2015
●“Results showed that the mapping interface
made participants with high trait-level hostility
more readily accessible to aggressive
contracts, yet it did not have any significant
impact for participants with low trait-level
hostility. Participants with low trait-level
hostility reported more positive game
experience in the mapping interface
condition, while participants with high trait-
level hostility in the same condition reported
more negative game experience. Results
also indicated that character identification
has moderating effects on activating
aggressive thoughts and mediating effects
on overall game experience.”
RPG Format: LARP
●Most people think of combat-based LARP.
●Reinactment, Boffer & related types of
combat LARP.
●Non-combat LARP.
●Visual differences: Plainclothes, combat vs.
non-combat, costumes/props.
●LARP as form of Therapy: Panel Video with
Professor Sarah Lynne Bowman & Others.
●http://rpgr.org/larp-therapy-hangout
●Video: Example of non-combat, costumed
LARP: Gamers 3: Hands of Fate.
RPG Format: Tabletop Pros & Cons
Pros
●Very social
●Cooperative
●Accessible
●Baseline is inexpensive
●Reusable
●Creativity
●Flexibility
●In cities easy to find peers/groups to join
●Triggers many other interests
●Easy player / TRS learning curve to play
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RPG Format: CYOA Pros & Cons
Pros
●Accessible to wide populations
●Flexible time commitment
●Well structured
●Reusable
●Inexpensive
●Easy TRS training curve
Cons
●Not social unless modified
●Rigidly structured
●Requires matching language ability
●Reading skills, unless adapted.
RPG Format: Tabletop Pros & Cons
Cons
●Not physically active
●Rural/small towns: may be difficult to find
peers/groups to join (online an option)
●Ongoing societal stigma & hostility.
●Without strong GM or supervision of TRS,
requires some functional communication,
social, and cooperative problem-solving skills
from all participants, otherwise can have
group dissolution..
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RPG Format: CRPG Pros & Cons
Pros
●Readily available in many styles, formats,
genres, titles.
●Very popular
●Now more culturally accepted than TRPG or
LARP.
●More flexibility than CYOA
●Online versions can be social
●Some solo games specifically help develop
social skills (Life is Strange game)
●Easy to find games and gamers
●1 hour per day beneficial to brain
development.
●Help those struggling with social phobias or
bed-ridden, to still make some social
connections
●Many adaptive interfaces available for those
with severe disabilities
RPG Format: CRPG Pros & Cons
Cons
●Generally bot physically active, research
shows higher levels of obesity.
●Offline usually not help social skills
●Online versions can have “rough” online
communities & poor social experiences.
●More rigidly limiting structure than TRPG &
LARP (less freedom).
●Typically does not encourage growth of
communication skills.
●Companies build in too many “Pavlovian”
methodologies.
●Can be expensive both up front and
monthly/annually.
●Online “anonymity” can lead to incendiary
behavior and mistreatment of others.
RPG Format: LARP Pros & Cons
Pros
●Accessible to wide populations
●Flexible time commitment
●Well structured
●Reusable
●Inexpensive
●Basic versions, easy TRS training curve
Cons
●Not social unless modified
●Rigidly structured
●Requires matching language ability
●Reading skills, unless adapted.
State of Research on RPGs
●Plenty of strong correlative evidence
disproving stereotypes about role-playing
gamers
●Limited amount of causal research existing.
●Are RPGers inherently better off and thus
attracted to RPGs to exercise these stronger-
than-average skills?
●Are RPGers drawn by other interests, and
develop these skills to improve their
enjoyment of the interests?
●Parallel to “nature vs. nurture” debate, likely
a mix, and varies.
●Need more causal research so can optimize
use of RPG in therapeutic and educational
settings, find the “knobs and dials” for
maximal effect in shortest time.
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RPG Training for TR Specialists
●Players can pick up the basics for RPG very
quickly and “on the fly”.
●GM however is more significant learning
curve.
●TRS interested in learning: example RPG
session videos that can help in training:
http://rpgr.org/videos/the-adventurers-guild
●Also recommend fin and join local groups as
player for basics.
●However, have created entry-level program
plans, that walk a TRS through the entire
process of running a basic RPG, with
assumed zero prior RPG experience.
●I am happy to provide help in finding groups,
training suggestions, coaching, etc.
●I can provide on-site or remote video training.
RPG-based TR Program Plan: TBI
●Brain injury & RPG overview
●Stage 1 APIE, Modality: Adapted CYOA
●Stage 2 APIE, Modality: Adapted CRPG
●Stage 3 APIE: Modality: Adapted TRPG
●Stage 4 APIE: Modality: Adapted LARP
●RPG & brain in jury summary
RPG-based TR Program Plan: Deaf
●Adaptations of RPG for Deaf & Hard of
Hearing
●Tabletop modification: ASL RPG “Hands on
Adventure”
RPG-based TR Program Plan: Adapted
LARP for ASD / PDD Toddlers
●Cooperative Quest
●Save the Royal Family
●Multiple stages
●Token-based reward economy options
●Program trial observation notes
●Reduction of stereotyped behavior
●Enhanced focus and cooperation
●Completion of program
●Comparison to parallel programs at same
time with same group
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RPG TR Program Plan: ADD/ADHD
●IDEA IEP “Related services” consider TR.
●AD/HD need higher stimulation or novelty to
overcome Executive Function (EF) and
Dopamine receptor differences, to aid in
attention focus, & long-term memory
encoding (Dendy 39).
●Orchestrated immersion
●Relaxed alertness
●Active Processing (Dendy 51)
●Program Plan idea: “Cyber” or detective
setting, having to unravel technical clues that
include solving real math problems,
organizational riddles/puzzles, time
awareness situations, all address through
RPG sessions.
LARP for Education: Autism Spectrum
Youth & Adults
●Tacoma PAVE group
●“Operation Z-Day, Tacoma”
●RPG & LARP
●Target: Build competence & confidence in
using public transit skills.
●Peripheral benefits: Many, especially social
skills & cooperative problem solving.
●Failure of “adventure mission” does not
interfere with achieving learning goals.
●Surprise ending option: Tacoma Zombie
Walk.
●Reminder of earlier example program plan
1940s Tabletop Gumshoe Noir Detective
Mystery program for many populations, teach
use of civic resources: police, hospital,
doctor, movie theater, arts theater, city maps,
etc.
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Some Miscellaneous Relevant Topics
●RPG as Assessment
●Flexibility of session lengths
●Participant sizes from 1 to many.
●The Shared Narrative Phenomenon
WorldCon 73 Poster
●8' x 4'x summary of 10+ years research
TR RPG Handbook of Practice
●Modeled after TR Handbook of Practice.
●Work in progress
●Repository of program plan examples for
specific populations
●Includes WHO ICD/ICF codes
●Includes suggested adaptations
●Publicly available, “open source” approach.
●Works best if many others helping.
●http://rpgr.org/rpg-tr-handbook
The Wheelchair Friendly RPG Trailer
●Custom built for wheelchair friendly
●Provide all needed for tabletop, LARP,
CYOA, & CRPG programs
●Come to facilities & provide to rural locations
and under-served locations & populace
●Solves many logistics issues for many
facilities & groups
●Easier on-site TRS training
Therapeutic & Education RPG Existing
Non-TR Resources
●VICE Article on LARP for Education
●Denmark school, Østerskov Efterskole
●Video clip: VICE Documentary: “LARP Saved
My Life” (Autism spectrum young adult)
●Renaissance Adventures, Educational,
Boulder, Colorado
●Abantey Workshops, Educational, Oakland,
California.
●Mythic RPG, Educational, Pennsylvania
(VICE video clips)
●Wheelhouse Workshop, Youth, Therapeutic,
Seattle, Washington.
●Romach, Youth, Therapeutic, Israel.
●The Bodhana Group, Trauma & Sexual
Abuse & Perpetrators, Pennsylvania.
●International Journal of Role-Playing.
Double-blind peer-reviewed journal.
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Therapeutic & Education RPG Existing
Non-TR Resources
●WyrdCon annual convention.
●WyrdCon Companion, peer-reviewed
academic journal
●Popular Culture Association / American
Culture Association (PCA/ACA), Seattle, WA,
●Living Games Conference, Austin, TX
Summary
●Identify & explain existing research indicating
the pros & cons of each RPG format when
used in their standard diversionay forms.
●Identify & explain examples of specifica
areas that non-adapted RPGs can directly
achieve TR-related outcomes in general.
●Identify specific populations that can benefit
most from non-adapted TR-based RPG
intervention programs.
●Identify & illustrate examples of specific
areas where applying TR methodologies to
adapted RPGs can achieve specific client
outcomes.
●Identify specific populations that can benefit
most from an adapted TR-based RPG
intervention program.
●Specify areas still needing further research
for future use of TR-based RPGs.
Q&A
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic
and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th
ed.), Arlington, VA:
American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bay-Hinitz, April K.; Peterson, Robert F.; and Quilitch,
H. Robert. “Cooperative games: a way to
modify aggressive and cooperative behaviors in
young children.” Journal of Applied Behavior
Analysis, 27(3). (1994, Fall): 433-446.
Bayer, Rubi. Analysis of Gamasutra's Report on US
Gamers spent $3.8 billion on MMO Gaming
in 2009. 2010.
http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/10/americans-
spend-3-8-billion-on-mmo-gaming-in-2009/
Viewed March 9th, 2015.
Blackmon, Wayne D. “Dungeons and Dragons: The
Use of a Fantasy Game in
the Psychotherapeutic Treatment of a Young
Adult.” Journal of
Psychotherapy 48.4 (1994): 624-632. 28 Nov.
2008
<http://www.rpgstudies.net/blackmon/dungeons_and_
dragons/>
Brunvand, Jan Harold, and Hickman, Randy.
Encyclopedia of Urban Legends. New York: W.W.
Norton & Company, 2002
Caolli, Eric. US Gamers spent $3.8 billion on
MMO Gaming in 2009.
http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/27581
/Study_US_Gamers_Spent_38_Billion_On_
MMOs_in_2009.php
Viewed March 9th, 2015
Cardwell, Paul, Jr. “The Attacks on Role-
Playing Games: While Diminishing in
Frequency, attacks on role-
playing games are still popular with the
mass media.” Skeptical Inquirer, Vol.
18, No. 2, Winter 1994, pp 157-165
http://www.rpgstudies.net/cardwell/attacks.ht
ml
CBN - About the Christian Broadcast
Network and the 700 Club,
http://www.cbn.com/700club/ShowInfo/About
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Video: VICE, “LARP Saved My Life” - http://www.vice.com
