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Health Risk Suspended Particulate Matter with Special Pelayo to PAHs: A Review
... [16]. Summarizes the seasonally averaged concentrations of all measured PAH in soil at three sites; i.e. roadside, residential and agricultural. ...
Study of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in roadside soil was conducted in developing city during winter, summer, monsoon season to ascertain the contamination levels and their distribution behavior in soil. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was determined at nine locations of Morena in India at roadside, residential and agricultural in soil covering all the major traffic intercepts within city.
... Several toxic pollutants, embedded in road dust, such as heavy metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs (Rogge et al., 1993) have been associated to increased risk of adverse effects to human health (Nriagu, 1988;Mittal and Grieken, 2001;Lee and Dong, 2011). Therefore, characterising the composition and the sources of road dust particles is important for the development of appropriate mitigation strategies to protect human health. ...
... Automobile exhaust is a major contributor to PAHs in urban areas (Velasco et al. 2004). Prime sources of atmospheric PAHs in urban air have been listed as motor vehicles (especially diesel engine vehicles), industrial-oil burning, home heating, and factories (Hayakawa et al. 1995;Mittal and Grieken 2001;Ho and Lee 2002;Park et al. 2002;Yang et al. 2002). Higher Responsible editor: Constantini Samara concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments cause a great risk of exposure to local population (Sienra et al. 2005). ...
Airborne submicron particles (PM1) were collected using PM1 sampler during the fog-dominated days (December 2013-January 2014). PM1 values varied between 58.12 μg/m(3) and 198.75 μg/m(3), and average mass concentration was 162.33 ± 38.25 μg/m(3) while total average concentration of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) determined was 616.31 ± 30.31 ng/m(3). This is a signal for an alarming high pollution level at this site situated in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). PAHs were extracted from filters using toluene and acetonitrile. Quantitative measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The extracts were analyzed for 16 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including carcinogenic compound benzo(a)pyrene (19.86 ± 38.98 ng/m(3)). Fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, anthracene, and fluorene were the predominant compounds found in the samples collected during foggy days. Based on number of rings, four-ring PAH compounds had maximum contribution (43 %) in this fog time collected submicron particles followed by three-ring (21 %), five-ring (20 %), six-ring (13 %), and two-ring (3 %), respectively. In winter and foggy days, wood and coal combustion and biomass burning also significantly contribute to the PAH levels. However, diagnostic ratio suggests diesel emissions as the prime source of PAHs at this sampling site.
... The most prominent PAHs in the study region were naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene and pyrene. The presence of indeno(123-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and benzo(b)fluoranthene in the area under study possibly due to industrial oil burning, coal combustion and vehicle emissions (Mittal and Grieken 2001). Though Nandurbar is an urban location, but the least developed industrial area in Nandurbar results in a lower PAH levels in ambient air. ...
The continuous infrastructural and economic development exerted pressure on the environmental conditions of the North Maharashtra region. The air quality of North Maharashtra region was analysed for the identification of hot spots and safe zones of ambient air quality. The result shows air pollution at some part of North Maharashtra region. The levels of particulate matter were above the prescribed limits especially at Bhusawal, Dhule and Jalgaon Urban centres. The traces of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also observed in the urban centres of study area. The binary ratios of the persistent prevailing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)'s show great correlation with the vehicular exhaust in the study region. The higher levels of pollutants in the study region were recorded in the post-monsoon season. The present study is first of its kind in the North Maharashtra region and an attempt has been made to analyse the anthropogenic sources and concentration of air pollutants in the area. The air pollutants reduce the defense system of human body and lead into severe health consequences like damage of lung tissues with escalation in the existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
... Several toxic pollutants, embedded in road dust, such as heavy metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs (Rogge et al., 1993) have been associated to increased risk of adverse effects to human health (Nriagu, 1988;Mittal and Grieken, 2001;Lee and Dong, 2011). Therefore, characterising the composition and the sources of road dust particles is important for the development of appropriate mitigation strategies to protect human health. ...
The primary aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of road dust to airborne particulate matter (PM10) and evaluate the effects of street washing on the mitigation of resuspension. With this purpose an intensive campaign was carried out in a heavily trafficked central road of Madrid (Spain) including PM10 sampling and chemical analysis. PM10 daily levels during dry, unwashed conditions were 2–15% higher than those present during the day after nightly street washing. However, this reduction is lower than the standard deviation of the PM10 measurements. The diurnal variation of PM10 revealed that a reduction in PM10 was noticeable only during the morning hours.The emission sources for the urban area of Madrid were resolved by means of a receptor model, Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF. The results showed that the main sources were vehicle emissions, road dust, secondary aerosol including sulphate and nitrate, and soil. Vehicle emissions and road dust were the major contributor to PM10 particle mass with similar average contributions of 31% and 29% respectively. The effect of street washing was also evaluated by examining the daily variation of the road dust source contribution between days with and without street washing. The mass contribution from the road dust source was ∼2 μg m−3 lower during the days that street washing was implemented with this corresponding to a reduction of 15% of its mass contribution during the days that the road surface was left untreated.
... At all the sites Fla, Chry, and B[b]F were the predominant compounds. This might be due to industrial-oil burning, wood combustion, and emissions coming from diesel-powered vehicles (Ravindra et al. 2001). A similar trend was also noted when the sum of the seven carcinogenic PAHs were determined. ...
This study was done to determine the concentration of PAHs in urban soil of Delhi (India). Surface top soil (up to 10 cm depth) samples were collected from four different sampling sites including industrial, roadside, residential, and agricultural areas of Delhi and 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated. Total PAH concentrations at industrial, roadside, residential, and agricultural sites were 11.46 ± 8.39, 6.96 ± 4.82, 2.12 ± 1.12, and 1.55 ± 1.07 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively, with 3–7 times greater concentrations in industrial and roadside soils than that in residential and agricultural soils. The PAH pattern was dominated by 4- and 5-ring PAHs (contributing >50% to the total PAHs) at industrial and roadside sites with greater concentration of fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and pyrene, whereas, residential and agricultural sites showed a predominance of low molecular weight 2- and 3-ring PAHs (fluoranthene, acenaphthene, naphthalene, chrysene, and anthracene). Isomeric pair ratios suggested biomass combustion and fossil fuel emissions as the main sources of PAHs. The toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) showed that carcinogenic potency (benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentration (B[a]Peq) of PAH load in industrial and roadside soils was ∼10 and ∼6 times greater than the agricultural soil.
... The total PAH concentrations were 13.72, 12.98, 9.37 and 6.73 lg/g at industrial, roadside, residential and agricultural sites, respectively. The industrial sites hadRavindra et al. 2001). The total PAHs concentrations in soils from the paddy fields at Hunpu wastewater irrigation areas in Shenyang, China, were between 950 and 2,790 lg/kg. ...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They
have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air
are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition
when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded
by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of
organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle,
waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention
in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs
(Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene
has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted
PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope
of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages
and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it
well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced
biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis
in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food,
as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its
limitations.
... This may be due to emissions coming from vehicles and wood/oil/coal combustion. 24 At residential sites different trends were found in every season i.e., benzo(g,h,i)perylene > benzo(b) fluoranthene > chrysene > benzo(a)anthracene > fluoranthene during winters, benzo(b)fluoranthene > benzo(g,h,i)perylene > benzo(a)anthracene > chrysene > phenanthrene in monsoon and benzo(g,h,i)perylene > benzo(a)anthracene > benzo(b)fluoranthene > chrysene > fluoranthene during summers might be generated from oil fumes during frying activities on gas while cooking food. [25][26][27][28][29] Frying and use of oil in large quantities is very common in Indian style of cooking and other combustion activities like emission from generator sets. ...
Soil is the major environmental reservoir of organic compounds and soil-air exchange is a key process in governing the environmental fate of these compounds on a regional and global scale. Samples of air and soil were collected to study the levels of PAHs in the air and soil of the Agra region. Concentrations of PAH measured at four locations in the city of Agra, covers industrial, residential, roadside and agricultural areas. Samples were extracted with hexane by ultrasonic agitation. Extracts were then fractioned on a silica-gel column and the aromatic fraction was analysed by GC-MS. The mean concentration of the total PAH (T-PAH) in the air of Agra was 24.95, 17.95 and 14.25 ng m(-3), during winter, monsoon and summer respectively. The average concentration of T-PAH in the soil of Agra was 12.50, 8.25 and 6.44 μg g(-1) in winter, monsoon and summer seasons respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of approach to equilibrium partitioning of PAHs between air and soil compartments and to determine the direction of net flux of the studied PAH between air and soil. Calculated soil-air fugacity quotients indicate that the soil may now be a source of some lighter weight PAHs to the atmosphere, whereas it appears to be still acting as a long-term sink for the heavier weight PAHs to some extent in this region.
... Metal-based industries, use of diesel generators during industrial operations, fabricating industries, etc. were identified as prominent sources in Ambathur. Prime sources of atmospheric PAHs in urban air as reported in earlier studies were motor vehicles (especially diesel engine vehicles), factories, industrial-oil burning, and home heating (Hayakawa et al. 1995; Mittal and Grieken 2001; Ho and Lee 2002; Park et al. 2002; Yang et al. 2002). Predominant PAHs in all sampling stations were PHENAN, ANTH, and BghiP with maximum levels recording up to 771.5, 727.7, and 210 ng/m 3 , respectively. ...
Airborne fine particulates (PM 2.5) and its associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reportedly hazardous in urban environment due to the presence of multiple emission sources.
In this study, fine particulates collected from fourth largest metropolitan city of India, Chennai, were extracted and analyzed for 11 PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector.
PM 2.5 values varied between 27.2 and 190.2 μg/m(3), while average concentration of particle-associated PAHs determined was in the range from 325.7 to 790.8 ng/m(3), which signaled an alarming pollution level in Chennai.
Factor analysis suggested vehicular emissions inclusive of petrol- and diesel-driven engines as probable sources.
... At all the sites, indeno(123-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the predominant compounds. This might be due to industrial-oil burning, wood/oil/coal combustion, and vehicle emissions (Mittal and Grieken 2001). Table 2 compares the results of the present study with PAH concentrations measured in other locations worldwide. ...
Airborne particulates (PM(10)) from four different areas within Agra city (a semi-arid region) were collected using respirable dust samplers during the winter season (Nov. 2005-Feb 2006) and were then extracted with methylene chloride using an automated Soxhlet Extraction System (Soxtherm). The extracts were analyzed for 17 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the heterocycle carbazole. The average concentration of total PAH (TPAH) ranged from 8.04 to 97.93 ng m(-3). The industrial site had the highest TPAH concentration followed by the residential, roadside, and agricultural sites. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the predominant compounds found in the samples collected from all of the sites. The average B(a)P-equivalent exposure, calculated by using toxic equivalent factors derived from literature and the USEPA, was approximately 7.6 ng m(-3). Source identification using factor analysis identified prominent three, four, four, and four probable factors at industrial, residential, roadside, and agricultural sites, respectively.
... In all the sites chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the predominant compounds. This might be due to industrial-oil burning, wood combustion and emission coming from diesel powered vehicles (Ravindra et al., 2001). Table 2 shows a worldwide comparison of PAH concentration with the present study. ...
A study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil was conducted at selected locations in Agra (semi-arid region of India) for a span of one year in order to ascertain the contamination levels. The concentrations of PAH were measured at four locations in the city of Agra, which covers industrial, residential, roadside and agricultural areas. The samples were extracted with hexane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractioned on a silica-gel column and the aromatic fraction was subjected to HPLC. The average concentration of total PAH in all samples was 12.1 microg g(-1) and the range was from 3.1 microg g(-1) to 28.5 microg g(-1). The maximum concentrations of PAHs were found to be in winter season. The concentration of PAH decreased in the order chrysene > benzo(b)fluoranthene > fluoranthene. Factor analysis suggests that the mixed signature of all the sources are intermediate between vehicular and combustion activities.
... In all the sites chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the predominant compounds. This might be due to industrial-oil burning, wood combustion and emission coming from diesel powered vehicles (Ravindra et al., 2001). Table 2 shows a worldwide comparison of PAH concentration with the present study. ...
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released into the environment from anthropogenic sources, such as combustion of fossil fuels, refused burning, industrial processes and motor vehicle exhausts. The concentration of PAHs in roadside soil was measured at St. John's crossing, which lies in the centre of Agra city and exposed to heavy traffic. The samples were extracted with hexane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractioned on a silica-gel column and the aromatic fraction was subjected to HPLC for analysis of 16 priority PAH pollutants specified by environment protection agency (EPA). Total mean concentration of PAHs was found to be 15.29 microg g(-1) and it ranged from 6.72-25.91 microg g(-1). Fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(ghi)perylene were found to be the most abundant PAHs at this location.
The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effect of single carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs), as well as their binary and artificial mixtures containing c-PAHs in the same relative proportions as real complex mixtures, and to investigate the genotoxic effect of environmental mixtures such as EOM (extractable organic matter adsorbed to respirable air particles). We used normal human diploid lung fibroblasts (HEL) in a confluent (“quiescent”) state as being closer to in vivo conditions. We determined DNA adducts by -postlabelling and the expression of p53 and p21WAF1 proteins by Western blotting. Our results showed that the DNA binding potencies of c-PAHs in quiescent HEL cells were as follows: DB[al]P⪢B[a]P⪢B[b]F∼CHRY∼B[k]F∼B[a]A∼DB[ah]A∼I[cd]P>B[ghi]P. Both DB[al]P and B[a]P were chosen to assess the genotoxic effect of other c-PAHs when present in binary mixtures.
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