Slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) of the Lakes Region (Göller Bölgesi) in Turkey
Abstract
Three families (Limacidae, Agriolimacidae and Milacidae) and 7 species, (Limacus flavus, Deroceras reticulatum. Deroceras berytensis, Mesolimax brauni, Mesolimax escherichi, Milax cf. altenai and Tandonia budapestensis) were identified from Lakes Region (Isparta, Burdur, and Afyon provinces). These include 1 endemic genus with 2 species. In this study some new habitat information and morphological data of the species are given. Additionally, Deroceras reticulatum, D. berytensis and Milax cf. altenai are new records for the area.
... It can weigh up to 900 g and measure up to 40 cm from snout to tail. In Turkey, Helix aspersa, Theba pisana, Eobania vermiculata, Cantareus apertus, Helix asemnis, Helix cinctaand Helix lucorum are commercially important edible snails and mostly exported to France, Greece, Germany, Italy and Spain [3][4][5]. Snail meat (escargot) is not only tasty but also has several advantages over others: quite a low lipid rate and calorie values versus rich mineral, essential amino acid and fatty acid content, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). With higher omega-3 fatty acid content, snail meat is found being a factor affecting higher lifespan and lower cancer rate in most of the countries. ...
... With higher omega-3 fatty acid content, snail meat is found being a factor affecting higher lifespan and lower cancer rate in most of the countries. Calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, and iodine are the predominant minerals of molluscs' flesh [3][4][5]. ...
The present study has evaluated the usage and properties of the mollusca phylum from the history to today. Many types of molluscs are eaten worldwide, either cooked or raw due to their rich nutritional value. Furthermore, they are used as pearl, cowry and accessory materials, for tools like household dishes, cooking pots and utensils such as a spoon, cutlery, scoops, spatulas, etc. Some of them are destructive and caused ecological damage, some serve as intermediate hosts for human parasites; some can cause damage to crops. Mollusc meat is known to be highly nutritious and salutary owing to its high content of essential amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, some of the bioactive compounds including antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antihelminthic and anticancer products are producing by molluscs as medicines. The largest edible snail is African land snail Achatina achatina mostly consumed by African people. Molluscs were very prominent dishes during the Roman Empire due to their aphrodisiac effect. Some mollusc species include zinc and essential amino acids which keeping up body energy and boost sex drive as an aphrodisiac, arrange immune system and makes bones stronger. Pearls are highly esteemed bivalve products containing nacreous deposit composed of 82-86% calcium carbonate (aragonite crystals), 10-14% organic substance conchiolin and 2-4% water. Cowry is amarine snail from genus Cypraea dwelling on mostly in coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans and used instead of money. Money cowry (Cypraea moneta), a 2.5cm yellow species, has served as currency in Africa.
... In Türkiye, the edible land snails are represented by Theba pisana, Eobania vermiculata, Cantareus apertus, H. asemnis, H. cincta and H. lucorum. Although, these snails are not consumed by Turkish people, they are exported mainly to European countries such as France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Spain for consuming [1]. Together with taste, snail meat (escargot) has several advantages over others such as calorific values, rich mineral, essential amino acids and fatty acids content, especially, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids). ...
... Fatty acid contents of marine molluscs [2][3][4] have been more extensively studied then land representatives. Few investigations have been carried out on edible terrestrial forms [1,[5][6][7][8], particularly, on the content of phospholipid, neutral and total lipids. However, in Türkiye, little is known about nutritional value of land gastropods and their fatty acid compositions. ...
The purpose of this work is to reveal the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, neutral and total lipid content of edible land snails Helix lucorum, Eobania vermiculata and non-edible land slug Limax flavus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). The analyses revealed that the snails and slug are rich in C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9 and C18:2ω6 acids. Phospholipid fractions contained very high amounts of C20:4ω6 (15.37% in H. lucorum, 12.37% in E. vermiculata and 8.59% in L. flavus) which is the most important precursor of eicosanoids. The level of ΣPUFA, in edible snails, was found to be higher than ΣSFA and ΣMUFA. However, in the slug, ΣMUFA level was higher than ΣSFA and ΣPUFA levels in neutral and total lipid contents. Ʃω6 / Ʃω3 (Omega 6 / Omega 3) ratio was defined to be very high in the phospholipid of H. lucorum, E. vermiculata and L. flavus; 6.07, 8.29 and 5.39, respectively. Furthermore, the study showed that all three species are valuable sources of omega 6 and essential fatty acids; C18:2ω6 and C18:3ω6.
... The topography of the area is composed of narrow and long mountain ranges surrounding depression areas where lakes are formed. The altitude is relatively high, but decreasing slightly in depression areas like Burdur and Eğirdir [11]. The area is known one of the richest areas with hundreds of natural and man-made lakes. ...
In order to determine habitat preferences of aquatic Oligochaeta in the Lake District area of Turkey, quantitative sampling and measurements of some of the selected physicochemical variables were done seasonally from June 1999 to November 2000. Total of 45 Oligochaeta species were collected from 75 different habitats. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) explained 81% of the correlation among species and environmental variables with about % 32.5 of variance. Influential variables on the species distribution from most to least affective follow as water depth, Secchi depth, pH, dissolved oxygen, elevation, temperature, CaCO3 = , electrical conductivity and salinity. Species were clustered into six groups with Unweighted Pair Group Mean Averages (UPGMA) analyses based on species occurrence. Overall, results suggest that each Oligochaeta species has species-specific habitat preferences although some of them overlap in their requirements.
In this brief paper, we give some photographs and observations on the slug hunting of Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810), a member of the Lacertidae, from Zonguldak, a province in western Turkey near the Black Sea.
This study was carried out on the composition of fatty acids in selected tissues (gonad, mantle, hepatopancreas, foot and whole body) of Eobania vermiculata (Muller, 1774) to associate the nutritional value of the edible parts. A total of 22 fatty acids were detected and quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). In all tissues, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9, C18:2ω6, C18:3ω3, C20:2ω6 and C20:4ω6 have been discovered as dominant components. C18:1ω9 was found in high levels in the whole body (21.20%) and hepatopancreas (18.18%). C18:2ω6 was low in the gonad (15.83%) compared to the other four tissues. C20:4ω6, the precursor of eicosanoids, was detected at the highest level in the gonad (17.98%) and the lowest level in the hepatopancreas (9.75%). C18:3ω3 (16.39%) was found high in the hepatopancreas. C20:2ω6 was found at high proportions in mantle and gonad tissues, 14.52% and 14.49%, respectively. The ∑PUFA levels were higher than the ∑SFA and ∑MUFA levels in all tissues. ∑PUFA levels were between 55.73% and 61.57%. The overall ratio of ω6/ω3 was defined as follows: gonad 13.23, mantle 7.66, hepatopancreas 2.40, foot 7.01 and whole body 4.87. Edible snails have significant amounts of essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins A, K, E and B12 and low cholesterol. They are a good source of PUFAs, which help heart disease and boost the immune system. Consequently, the study found that five tissues from E. vermiculata are good sources of PUFAs, C18:2ω6 (the essential fatty acid), C20:2ω6 and C20:4ω6.
In the present work, main organs (digestive gland, cephalopedal, gonad and mantle) and lipid classes (total, neutral and phospholipid) of land snails Assyriella escheriana and Assyriella gutta-ta from southeastern Anatolia were examined for their fatty acids. the major components detected in both of the species were c16:0, c18:0, c18:1ω9, c18:2ω6, c18:3ω3, c20:2ω6 and c20:4ω6. c18:2ω6 was identified as the primary fatty acid ranging from17.07% to 28.12% in A. guttata and 18.02% to 27.43% in A. escheriana. the proportions of c20:4ω6 modified to form prostaglandins that are directly involved in regulation of reproduction, ranged from10.01% to 20.30% in A. es-cheriana and 11.05 % to 16.58% in A. guttata. taking into consideration that ΣPUFA levels were always higher than ΣsFA and ΣMUFA levels in all treatments of both species. this was an expected finding for the snails collected during the breeding season because PUFA plays an important role as precursors for signal-transduction involved in the regulation of mating and reproduction. A significant amount of c20:2ω6 was concentrated in the cephalopedal of A. guttata (13.42%) and A. escheriana (14.93%). Probably, cephalopedal serves as a storage organ of this component. consequently , the findings revealed that the snail's fatty acid profiles were qualitatively similar, but quantitatively there were some differences. Most important of all, tissues of the snails were good source of essential fatty acids (c18:2ω6 and c18:3ω3) and PUFA, particularly omega 6 fatty acids.
This investigation was carried out on fatty acid compositions and total lipid quantities in selected tissues (gonad, mantle, digestive gland, cephalopedal and whole body) o f Helix lucorum with the aim o f evaluating biochemical and nutritional value o f edible snail parts. C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ra9, C18:2ra6, C20:2ra6 and C20:4ra6 were found as dominant components. C18:2ra6 (24.44%) and C20:4ra6 (17.49%) were present in fair amounts in the digestive gland and gonad, respectively. The gonad and mantle had a good proportion o f C20:2ra6 and the cephalopedal contained significant amount o f C20:1ra9. XPUFA levels were higher than XSFA and XMUFA levels in all tissues. Overall ratio o f Xra6/Xra3 was defined as follow: gonad, 9.07; mantle, 7.26; cephalopedal, 6.02; whole body, 4.86; digestive gland, 4.06. Among the organs, digestive gland and gonad showed the highest p roportion of total lipid. Consequently, the study revealed that tissues o f the snail are a good source for PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids), essential fatty acids C18:2ra6, C20:4o>6 (precursors of eicosanoids) and other omega 6 family fatty acids, however the total lipid contents were not found at the expected amount. In numerous studies, it is stated that snail meat has several advantages including rich minerals, essential amino and fatty acids and high content o f PUFA. Their meat is believed to be a factor affecting higher life span and lower cancer rate in some countries. High amount o f C18:2ra6, C20:4ra6 and PUFA make them important nutrition due to preventing cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders and retina and brain development.
In this study, Arion vulgaris which was found in a private garden and known as Spanish snail, killer snail and has adverse effects on agricultural areas and biodiversity is recorded for the first time in Turkey. Also ınvasive features of the species is discussed.
In this study, Arion vulgaris which was found in a private garden and known as Spanish snail, killer snail and has adverse effects on agricultural areas and biodiversity is recorded for the first time in Turkey. Also ınvasive features of the species is discussed.
All previously known former Yugoslavian terrestrial slugs of the families Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae and Agriolimacidae have been discussed in this paper. The author conducted his research in the former Yugoslavia's territory in 1982-1983. He has also examined material from museums and private collections. The taxa, from the family to the species, are provided with full synonymy, more important references, descriptions of the external appearance and systematically useful anatomical characters, information on ecology and distribution in the world, list of new and already known localities, and comments, which - e.g. - help to distinguish a particular taxon from other ones. There are also keys to all the families and species, characteristics of the former Yugoslavia's slug fauna, figures of all the species (nearly all made by the author himself) and distribution maps on a simplified UTM grid. The occurrence of 48 species has been established. Six other, in the author's opinion, were erroneously recorded in literature and should not be reckoned among the fauna of this area. Besides, 11 species mentioned by former authors still have a completely unclear status. Two species new to science have been described, i.e. Tandonia rara and Deroceras maasseni, and 20 names synonymized.
Das in diesem Beitrag behandelte aus der Türkei stammende Material gehört dem Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden (Holland) und wurde von W. J. M. Vader während der im Titel erwähnten Expedition gesammelt. Zur Beschreibung der neuen Art diente auch Material aus anderen Sammlungen, wobei der Verbleib entsprechend im Text angegeben wurde. Es wurde bei den von Vader gesammelten Exemplaren nicht jedesmal der Name des Sammlers wiederholt, sondern nur die Notiz „V" mit der Nummer des Standortes angegeben. Genauere Angaben über die numerierten Standorte sind den allgemeinen Expeditionsnotizen von Anonymus (1963) zu entnehmen. Das von der holländischen Expedition gesammelte Material wird durch verschiedene Spezialisten bearbeitet und in Teilen veröffentlicht. Über Weichtiere erschienen bereits Veröffentlichungen betreffs folgender Gruppen: Opisthobranchia (Swennen, 1961), Prosobranchia (Schütt, 1965), Clausiliidae (Loosjes, 1963), Enidae (Gittenberger, 1967) und Zonitidae (Riedel, 1970). Das Material aus der Sammlung in Leiden wurde mir durch die freundliche Vermittlung des Herrn Drs. E. Gittenberger (Leiden) ausgeliehen. Zur Bearbeitung der Beschreibung von Deroceras (Krynickillus) urbanskii n. sp. habe ich auch Material aus der Sammlung des Herrn Prof. Dr. J. Urbański (Poznań) benutzt. Beiden erwähnten Herren spreche ich meinen herzlichen Dank für ihre uneigennützige Hilfe aus. Dankverpflichtet bin ich ferner den Herren Dr. L. Forcart (Basel) und Dr. I. M. Likharev (Leningrad) für die Unterstützung mit schwer zugänglicher Literatur und für Erläuterungen zu einigen taxonomischen Problemen. Die Nacktschnecken gehören zu den am wenigsten durchforschten
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Die türkische landschnecken 1758-2000
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