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Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research
Abstract
We clarify differences among moderation, partial mediation, and full mediation and identify methodological problems related to moderation and mediation from a review of articles in Strategic Management Journal and Organization Science published from 2005 to 2014. Regarding moderation, we discuss measurement error, range restriction, and unequal sample sizes across moderator-based subgroups; insufficient statistical power; the artificial categorization of continuous variables; assumed negative consequences of correlations between product terms and its components (i.e., multicollinearity); and interpretation of first-order effects based on models excluding product terms. Regarding mediation, we discuss problems with the causal-steps procedure, inferences about mediation based on cross-sectional designs, whether a relation between the antecedent and the outcome is necessary for testing mediation, the routine inclusion of a direct path from the antecedent to the outcome, and consequences of measurement error. We also explain how integrating moderation and mediation can lead to important and useful insights for strategic management theory and practice. Finally, we offer specific and actionable recommendations for improving the appropriateness and accuracy of tests of moderation and mediation in strategic management research. Our recommendations can also be used as a checklist for editors and reviewers who evaluate manuscripts reporting tests of moderation and mediation.
... This provides more accurate estimates regarding the effect of CSR contracting on green innovation performance. Furthermore, most previous studies that have investigated the mediation effect have relied on cross-sectional designs (Aguinis et al., 2017;Radu & Smaili, 2022). However, some scholars have suggested that mediator models with panel data can produce more unbiased estimates than cross-sectional data because they involve the passage of time (Maxwell & Cole, 2007). ...
... Regarding the indirect effect, the causal steps approach or four-step mediation model established by Baron and Kenny (1986) is the most extensively used method to examine the mediation effect. However, it has been heavily criticized due to its low power (Aguinis et al., 2017;Hayes, 2017;Radu & Smaili, 2022). Therefore, we adopted the method proposed by Hayes (2017) to examine the indirect mediation effect. ...
... Our findings suggest that the adoption of CSR contracting contributes to the promotion of green innovation performance. This study builds on previous research that emphasizes the importance of aligning executive compensation with CSR goals to promote sustainable development for various stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, and the environment (Aguinis et al., 2017;Flammer et al., 2019;Focke, 2022;Phung et al., 2023). This study highlights the critical importance of incorporating CSR criteria into executive compensation plans to promote eco-friendly practices and green innovation performance. ...
This study examines how the integration of corporate social responsibility (CSR) criteria in executive compensation can improve green innovation performance in European countries. Using agency theory and stakeholder theory, and a database of 5,603 firm-year observations from European companies in the period 2012–2021, we find that CSR aligns the interests of senior executives with the company’s green innovation goals through green compensation contracts. We also explore the indirect effect in this relationship and reveal that the implementation of green practices mediates the impact of CSR contracting on green innovation performance. These findings indicate that CSR contracting as an effective governance mechanism could be strengthened by green practices, such as reducing resource use, water efficiency, energy reuse, emission reduction and pollution prevention. This study offers valuable insights for senior executives and policymakers who wish to manage CSR initiatives and green practices to improve their green innovation performance.
JEL CLASSIFICATION: Q56 M12
... Statistical power was evaluated using the Post-hoc Statistical Power Calculator [63]. For both dependent variables, social distancing and cleanliness control, the observed statistical power was 0.99. ...
... We cannot rule out the possibility that our proposed framework operates differently (e.g., information sharing and scientific discussion shape or redefine family communication patterns). In addition, several recent studies have pointed out that cross-sectional data may be biased when applying mediation analysis [63], and therefore our results may be affected. We thus call for future research that examines causal relationships through experimental or longitudinal designs. ...
Background
This study explores and compares the influences of family communication patterns (conversation orientation and conformity orientation) on family discussion and preventive behaviors for older parents and their adult children in the context of the early COVID-19 outbreak.
Methods
A total of 248 participants, including 117 parents and 131 adult children, participated in an online survey in February 2020. Participants reported family communication patterns, family discussions related to COVID-19, and their preventive behaviors.
Results
Conversation orientation was positively associated with information sharing and scientific discussion for older parents and adult children. Our results revealed the differential influences of conformity orientation on older parents and adult children. Conformity orientation was positively associated with scientific discussion for older parents but was not significantly associated with any form of family discussion reported by adult children. There was a significant interaction effect of conversation orientation and conformity orientation on disputed communication within the family, suggesting that conflicts may arise in COVID-related discussions when parents and adult children value conversation and conformity. Scientific discussion was found to mediate the relationships between family communication patterns and preventive behaviors. The effects of scientific discussions were stronger for older parents than for adult children.
Conclusions
Family communication patterns can be associated with preventive behaviors through different forms of family discussion about COVID-19. Conversation orientation is a strong facilitator for positive behavioral effects and scientific discussion is the most benign form of family health discussion. Health communication efforts should enhance the agency role of the family and motivate scientific discussion in health practices.
... The mediation refers to the potential mechanism and process (Aguinis et al. 2017) of the cause and result of the connection. In the theoretical analysis section, this article demonstrates the relationship between digital transformation, CSR, and high-quality development of enterprises from theoretical level. ...
... Currently, the commonly used testing methods for mediating effect mainly include the causal steps approach and the product of coefficients approach. Based on the research of Baron and Kenny (1986), and referring to the research of Aguinis et al. (2017), the following models are further established to explore whether CSR plays a mediating role in the impact of digital transformation on the high-quality development of manufacturing industry based on Model (2). ...
Environmental governance has emerged as a crucial tactic to support the sustainable development of human civilization in light of the serious environmental issues. Meanwhile, during the process of promoting the high-quality development of China’s economy, digital transformation plays a significant role in improving the total factor productivity of the manufacturing sector. We seek to find out whether urban environmental governance has an impact on micro-enterprises, and therefore, the study selects the data of A-share listed manufacturing companies from 2012 to 2020 to study the effect of digital transformation on the total factor productivity of the manufacturing industry and how the effect of environmental governance affects the relationship between digital transformation and total factor productivity. The results unveil that digital transformation can significantly contribute to the total factor productivity of the manufacturing industry. At the same time, digital transformation can promote the high-quality development of enterprises by promoting the fulfillment of corporate social responsibility. Additionally, it is shown that poor environmental governance will weaken the promoting effect of digital transformation on total factor productivity. Furthermore, in state-owned companies and non-heavy polluting industries, environmental governance has a more significant moderating influence on digital transformation and total factor productivity. This study enriches the literature on urban environmental governance and micro-enterprise development, and they support the notion that, from the standpoints of environmental protection and economic development, the level of environmental governance should be continuously optimized and the development of ecological civilization should be strengthened.
... To test the hypotheses we estimate three separate OLS specifications with robust standard errors (Baron and Kenny, 1986;Aguinis, Edwards and Bradley, 2017). In the first step of the mediation analysis, the outcome Yi of the focal venture's crowdfunding campaign, as reflected in the amount of funds raised (Raised amounti) and the number of investors (No. of investorsi) respectively, is regressed on Prior VC fundingi and the control variables Ci, which relate to the characteristics of venture i and its campaign (Equation 1). ...
... implies that the estimated coefficient β2 is not significantly different from null. Partial mediation implies that the estimated coefficient β1 and β2 are both positive and significant, but β1 > β2 > 0. As recommended by Aguinis et al. (2017), we also resort to the test proposed by MacKinnon, Lockwood and Williams (2004) to check for the statistical significance of the indirect effect of Prior VC funding on the crowdfunding outcome as reflected in the product ϑ*σ. Lastly, to discriminate between partial and full mediation, we use a LR test of the exclusion of β2 from equation (3). of Raised amount directly attributable to VC backing is about 80 percentage points lower than the value estimated using Model (3), but at 338 percent is still very large. ...
In equity crowdfunding, it is unclear whether unsophisticated inexperienced crowd investors are capable of correctly interpreting ventures’ quality signals, even strong ones like affiliation with venture capital investors. Because of cognitive limitations, crowd investors may consider signals revealing platform’s private information on issuers’ quality to be more informative than ventures’ signals. Our findings based on 550 equity crowdfunding offerings in the U.S. show that the positive effect of affiliation with VCs on the success of equity crowdfunding campaigns is mediated by platforms’ choice of an equity compensation (i.e. their “skin in the game”) but only very partially. We deduce that crowd investors’ cognitive limitations may be less severe than one may believe.
JEL Classification: D26, G24, L26, M13
... The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables in the IBM SPSS AMOS software. Structural equation modeling has gained popularity due to its effectiveness in mitigating the impact of measurement errors (Aguinis et al., 2017) and is widely used for testing mediation effects in management research (Stone-Romero and Rosopa, 2011). In this section, we initially present descriptive statistics and pairwise correlations. ...
... Although online panel data are increasingly used in management science (Porter et al., 2019) and online data collection yields comparative results to traditional data collection methods (Walter et al., 2019), online respondents can have specific characteristics that affect the nature of responses that we are not able to rule out. Like most studies in management research (Aguinis et al., 2017), our paper investigates mediation using a cross-sectional design. The cross-sectional nature of the data used in our study does introduce limitations when it comes to establishing causality. ...
Purpose
The goal of this paper is to examine the mediating role of organizational social capital between family firms' organizational culture, characterized by their group vs individual orientation and external vs internal orientation, and their performance.
Design/methodology/approach
A structural equation model is developed and tested in a sample of 176 US family firms recruited through Prolific Academic.
Findings
The authors show that group vs individual cultural orientation fosters bonding social capital, while external vs internal cultural orientation fosters bridging social capital. In turn, family firm performance is only enhanced by bridging social capital, not bonding social capital, which appears to have neutral to negative direct performance effects. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that bonding social capital facilitates the establishment of bridging ties, leading to overall positive performance outcomes.
Originality/value
The understanding of how organizational culture influences family business heterogeneity and performance, along with the clarification of how bonding social capital fosters or hinders performance, provides novel insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand the complexities within the unique context of family businesses.
... Another possible explanation for the lack of mediation could be the research methodology adopted. Testing mediation paths using cross-sectional data could have resulted in biased estimates (Aguinis et al. 2017;Pan et al. 2018;Ramayah et al. 2018), since "mediated models contain causal paths that imply the passage of time" (Aguinis et al. 2017:677). In addition, several recent studies on ITA have suggested that a longitudinal time horizon may be required to understand how ITA influences organisational capabilities, such as OA, at different points in time (Lee et al. 2021;Nwankpa and Datta 2017;Syed et al. 2020aSyed et al. , 2020b, suggesting an area of future research. ...
... Finally, the cross-sectional time horizon inhibited testing the predictive validity of the measurement model ) and could have adversely affected the results of the mediation analysis, since mediation models have causal paths that conjecture the conduit of time (Aguinis et al. 2017). Future work should consider testing the relationships longitudinally, as this could also facilitate an explanation of the evolutionary characteristics of the impact of AI and ITA on OA, which are key capabilities in a dynamic business environment (Lee et al. 2015;Mithas andRust, 2016 Tallon et al. 2019;Teece et al. 2016). ...
Artificial intelligence capabilities (AICs) are of particular interest, given the contemporary business challenges facing firms. However, their effect on organisational agility (OA) and information technology ambidexterity (ITA), two key organisational capabilities required for competitiveness, is still unknown. To address this gap, the study assesses the impact of AICs on ITA and OA. To test these relationships, a higher-order structural model was developed and tested with a sample of 173 survey respondents. The results indicate AICs can foster OA, and ITA, but that ITA does not translate an AIC into OA. Investing in complementary AI resources to harness AICs is also emphasised.
... Therefore, social sustainability practices connect an antecedent (social sustainability orientation) with an outcome (financial performance), and the concept of mediation, explained by Aguinis et al. (2017), is addressed. For that reason, the following hypotheses are proposed: ...
... For a bias-corrected 95% confidence interval with 5000 bootstrap samples, the direct effect of the antecedent (SSO) on the outcome variable (FP) is not statistically significant ( = 0.230, = 0.075). Thus, if there is mediation, it will be total mediation, since all the influence of the SSO variable will be transmitted to the FP variable through the mediating variables, BSSPs and/or ASSPs, as explained by Aguinis et al. (2017). Furthermore, the results show that SSO drives the adoption of BSSPs ( = 0.664, < 0.05). ...
Growing concerns about social sustainability has prompted companies to adopt social sustainability practices, responding to stakeholder pressures and reducing social issues in their supply chains. This study examines the impact of basic and advanced social sustainability practices on the relationship between a company's social sustainability orientation and its financial performance. Testing two hypotheses using data from 142 Portuguese industrial companies, the results show that only advanced social sustainability practices mediate this relationship. This paper contributes to social sustainability literature in non-emerging economies and offers recommendations for social sustainability practices to improve financial performance.
... For fully temporally separating the study variables and, thus, for thoroughly testing the intraand interindividual indirect processes associated with parenting perfectionism in a longitudinal fashion, four (intraindividual process) or five (interindividual process) instead of three waves of data collection would be necessary (see Aguinis et al., 2017). However, because employees' parenting perfectionism and overprotection were both only concurrently assessed in odd-year waves and partners' co-parenting conflicts and family-work conflicts were both only concurrently assessed in even-year waves, a meaningful temporal separation 26 AIMING TO BE A PERFECT PARENT was not completely possible for our model. ...
More and more employees aim to be perfect parents. However, it is largely unclear what implications this striving might have. Drawing on central theoretical principles of family-work research, we studied parenting perfectionism and its possible implications for employees’ own and their intimate partners’ family and work lives. In detail, we investigated how employees’ parenting perfectionism relates to overprotection in their role as a parent and whether this overprotection, in turn, relates to employees’ own family-work conflict (i.e., spillover) as well as to their partners’ family-work conflict (i.e., crossover) via co-parenting conflicts. We also examined whether parenting perfectionism indirectly relates to employees’ and partners’ reduced well-being, family satisfaction, and weekly working hours over time. To test our hypotheses, we analyzed multi-wave (T1, T2 = one year later, T3 = two years later) survey data of 541 employed couples with parental obligation participating in The German Family Panel pairfam. Results from structural equation modeling showed that parenting perfectionism was indirectly related to employees’ family-work conflict at T2 via overprotection at T1 and, ultimately, to their reduced well-being and family satisfaction at T3. Parenting perfectionism was also indirectly related to partners’ family-work conflict at T2 via overprotection at T1 and co-parenting conflicts at T2. Our results highlight perfectionism’s potential impact on oneself and others. Particularly, parenting perfectionism can permeate boundaries between family and work life and can affect both employees and their intimate partners. We discuss key theoretical insights of our findings for family-work and perfectionism research as well as implications for organizational practice.
... This is because the direct path between IEO and VCR (β = 0.36, p < 0.05), IEO and SEF (β = 0.75, p < 0.05), and SEF and VCR (β = 0.50, p < 0.05) were all found to be positive and significantly related. As such, conforming with the criteria in Aguinis, Edwards, and Bradley (2017), and Hair et al. (2017). ...
Sequel to the rising challenges of unemployment and the inability of most Nigerian graduates to secure jobs upon graduation, this phenomenon has contributed to rising insecurity problems and its accompanying consequences on the socioeconomic well-being of the country. Therefore, with the evidence in this research showing attempt by some past studies to probe the phenomena, only a few investigated the mechanism of entrepreneurship and its implications on venture creation (VCR) activities. Therefore, this exploratory research studied the influence of self-efficacy (SEF) on the relationship between individual's entrepreneurial orientation (IEO; innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness) and VCR activities among Nigerian graduates. Conducting the study using the formative approach with 291 survey responses, the result of Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) showed that the indirect relationship between IEO and VCR through SEF was found to be positive and significantly related. This implies not all instances of IEO will result to VCR through SEF, because IEO can directly leads to VCR. The limitation of the study was based on design that weakens generalization. However, future studies considering a longitudinal assessment or extending the population by splitting the graduates based on specialization and nature of venture undertaking were proposed. The study advanced the IEO model to enhance VCR literature theoretically and practically. Therefore, graduate entrepreneurs pursuing self-enterprising careers are advised to maximize the magnifying roles of SEF and IEO, while concerned stakeholders are advised to intensify these attributes and complement them with supporting facilities needed to cushion the implementation of VCR activities.
... The result for the under-skill variable (β III = 0.775, ρ ≤ 0.05) corroborates our conclusion about the Hypothesis 1; as Aguinis et al. (2017) indicate, the direct effects are to be interpreted from full models including the predictor, the moderator, and the product terms. Also, the increase in the coefficient β is justified because "in the additive model the coefficients estimate the average or main effect, whereas in the moderator model they estimate simple effects of one variable when the other variable is fixed at 0″ (Whisman and McClelland, 2005, p. 114). ...
This paper analyzes the effect of worker under-skilling on occupational safety. We estimate the impact of skill deficits on the probability of suffering an accident at work and, second, on the duration of sick leave. In addition, we test whether the company's measures to control the actions of these workers reduce this effect. We propose two moderation models in a sample of 42,871 workers obtained from the Sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS6). The results show that under-skilled workers suffer more accidents and longer periods of sick leave. Furthermore, the results suggest that on-the-job training, safety information, and teamwork weaken the relationship between under-skilling and accidents. However, the duration of sick leave is only reduced by teamwork. Our analysis shows that certain organizational and regulatory practices need to be modified to address the health effects of a lack of skills. The article includes some proposals in this regard.
... We performed a mediation analysis by bootstrapping procedure [41] to examine whether IEQ measured parameters are directly associated with respiratory symptoms and FI, or if the association is mediated by IEQ satisfaction. We limited the mediation analysis to IEQ parameters that showed significant direct associations with respiratory symptoms and FI (i.e., CO 2 and PM 2.5 ). ...
Growing evidence suggests that environmental attributes of office spaces have significant impacts on human health, well-being and job productivity. Therefore, understanding the associations between environmental and social factors of work and human health is necessary for improving the design and operation of a new type of commercial real estate that support the triple bottom line: people, planet, and profit.
Methods
We used a validated survey-based health evaluation tool-the Flourishing Index (FI), to assess the well-being of office workers and its association with indoor environmental quality (IEQ). We deployed environmental monitoring sensors and measured carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5), temperature and relative humidity, PM2.5and asked participants to rate the environmental factors on a 5-point scale, based upon their perception. We surveyed 574 employees from one company with workplaces in seven buildings located in downtown Bangkok.
Results
Participants' FI scores had significant positive correlations with reported satisfaction of IAQ, noise, temperature, and light in their workspace. We found that increased CO2 concentrations, lower IAQ satisfaction, and lower FI scores were associated with increased reports of respiratory symptoms, including shortness-of-breath, cough, and sore-throat. Moreover, PM2.5 and CO2 concentration were negatively correlated with FI scores. However, the relationship between CO2 and FI was fully mediated by IAQ satisfaction while PM2.5 directly affected FI. Our research characterizes the interconnected relationships between IEQ and the well-being of office workers and highlights the application of continuous environmental monitoring for assessing employees’ health indoors.
... Lastly, a multi-group SEM was employed to test the moderating role of ISBT (high and low ISBT groups) and previous sports gambling experience (EXP) on the hypothesized relationships in this study. If the main objective of moderator analyses is to explore the moderation effects on the entire structural model, using PLS-MGA is preferred, compared to testing the moderation effects using the interaction term [36]. Consequently, per Hair et al's recommendations, K-means cluster analysis was used to define meaningful subgroups of the respondents based on their betting/gambling experience (i.e., high and low EXP groups) because cluster analysis can increase the heterogeneity between groups while maximizing the homogeneity of groups within clusters [34]. ...
Purpose
Given the risk and increased incidence of problem betting for young adults, the purpose of the current study was to understand what influences college students’ problem sports betting behavior using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Methods
An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected from 311 college students in the U.S. using a survey questionnaire and primarily analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique to investigate the relationships between the study variables. In addition, multi-group SEM analyses were conducted to investigate the moderating roles of betting frequency and impulsive betting tendencies regarding sports betting.
Results
The results suggested that college students’ sports betting intentions (SBI) were associated with attitude towards sports betting, motivation to comply with others, and subjective norm, in this order, but not with perceived behavioral control (PBC). Problem sports betting (PSB) was significantly positively related to their SBI and negatively correlated with PBC. In addition, multigroup analyses found the moderating roles of betting frequency and impulsive betting tendency, especially in the relationship between SBI and PSB. The SBI-PSB relationship was stronger with the infrequent/low-betting group and low-impulse betting group, compared to the frequent/high-betting and high-impulse betting group.
Conclusion
Overall, the results highlighted the importance of peer influence and attitude formation concerning sports betting. Recognizing what influences PSB and the roles of habitual and impulse sports betting in this population are recommended in developing proper public health programs to mitigate PSB issues.
... (2018)serta(Lockwood & Pyun, 2019) berpendapat bahwa variabel organisme secara otomatis dapat menjadi mediator antara rangsangan dan perilaku respon.Aguinis et al. (2017) menyatakan bahwa harus ada alasan di balik hubungan ini. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini, penulis menempatkan attitude dan brand image sebagai mediator dalam model SOR. Berikut ini adalah hipotesis hubungan antara celebrity endorsement, attitude, brand image, dan continuation of use: ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh celebrity endorsement terhadap attitude, pengaruh celebrity endorsement terhadap brand image, pengaruh brand image terhadap attitude, pengaruh brand image terhadap continuance of use intention, pengaruh attitude terhadap continuance of use intention, pengaruh celebrity endorsement terhadap continuance of use intention melalui attitude, pengaruh celebrity endorsement terhadap continuance of use intention melalui brand image, dan pengaruh celebrity endorsement terhadap continuance of use intention melalui brand image dan attitude secara berurutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada individu yang merupakan mahasiswa muslim yang menggunakan produk kosmetik tanpa sertifikat halal. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui kuesioner online (Google Form). Teknik penarikan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu purposive sampling. Alat analisis data yang digunakan adalah Structural Equation Model (SEM). Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa variabel celebrity endorsement berpengaruh positif terhadap attitude, variabel celebrity endorsement berpengaruh positif terhadap brand image, variabel brand image berpengaruh terhadap attitude, variabel brand image berpengaruh positif terhadap continuance of use intention, variabel attitude terhadap continuance of use intention, variabel celebrity endorsement berpengaruh positif terhadap continuance of use intention melalui brand image, dan variabel celebrity endorsement berpengaruh positif terhadap continuance of use intention melalui brand image dan attitude secara berurutan.
... *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. (Aguinis et al., 2017). As Becker et al. (2016) recommend, we tested the hypotheses both without (Model 1) and with (Model 2) the controls to rule out the possibility that the results are due to their influence. ...
Many studies document employees’ value-creating reactions to perceptions of their organization's corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Unknown, however, is whether perceived CSR can have value-protecting effects by mitigating employees’ negative responses when they believe the organization's other actions harm their interests, as proposed by theory on the insurance-like effect of CSR. In this respect, we develop hypotheses about the moderating role of CSR-based moral capital, such that higher levels mitigate the effect of psychological contract breach (PCB) on employees’ negative assessment of the organization (i.e., corporate hypocrisy) and associated value-eroding responses (i.e., lower loyal boosterism and higher turnover intentions). In Study 1, we use data from time-lagged employee surveys. In Study 2, we conduct two experiments in a causal-chain design. The findings support nuanced hypotheses from our theorized model and provide new insights that contribute to the broader CSR literature on value-protection and insurance-like effects, micro-CSR scholarship, and PCB research.
... where Y represents the dependent variable, stands as the regression intercept, X serves as the independent variable, Z is the moderator variable, XZ represents the interaction of the independent variable and moderator variable, and is the error term. Thus, according to Aguinis et al. (2017), the moderation effect arises when the interaction term coefficient is statistically significant. ...
This paper explores the moderating role of family ownership in the relationship between board diversity and financial performance. The study sampled data of 98 Saudi non-financial companies from 2012 to 2021. The data were analysed using fixed effect regression, while a generalised method of moments (GMM) was employed for a robustness test. The empirical evidence suggests that board gender may not have much relevance in enhancing the financial performance of Saudi firms. In contrast, the research findings emphasised that coupled with stringent monitoring from family ownership, foreign directorship, CEO tenure, and board financial expertise may serve as crucial control mechanisms that can minimise agency costs, leading to higher financial performance. This research modelled how the interaction between family ownership and board diversity attributes may determine financial performance. Hence, the study contributes to the body of knowledge by unveiling a more robust control governance mechanism, particularly in developing economies with ineffective markets for corporate controls.
... As seen in Model IV, the β value for NIHS now becomes insignificant, whereas the β value for external social capital is still strong at 0.440 and highly significant at p < 0.01. This demonstrates that the negative impact of NIHS on the innovation performance of a collaborative project is fully mediated through external social capital (Aguinis et al., 2017), implying that NIHS negatively affects a firm's ability to communicate with external partners and eventually causes reduced innovation performance under an inbound OI strategy. ...
Despite having consensus on the negative relationship between individuals' biased attitude towards externally generated ideas and the applicability of inbound open innovation (OI) as a strategy, we find a gap in the literature regarding how individual unwillingness-not-invented-here syndrome (NIHS)-actually affects the innovation performance achieved through collaboration and what management tools are available to counter it. This study addresses these two questions by testing the relationship between NIHS and innovation performance and the impact of innovation climate as a way to reduce this negative attitude. Based on quantitative survey data collected from 250 firms across France, Italy, Spain, and Sweden, we confirm that innovation climate is a useful management tool for managing NIHS by opening individuals towards external ideas, ultimately helping firms to improve their innovation performance through collaboration. Most interestingly, we also find that the impact of NIHS on inbound open innovation performance achieved through a collaborative project is mediated through external social capital rather than having a direct impact. Since external social capital serves as a link between two collaborating firms, it's weakening caused by NIHS, subsequently leads to reduced project performance achieved through the inbound OI strategy.
... Third, we tested mediation hypotheses but did not fully separate the assessments of predictor, mediator, and outcome variables (Aguinis et al., 2017). Precisely, we assessed planning in the noon survey (as recommended in previous research, see Parke et al., 2018) concurrently with perfectionism. ...
Work-related perfectionism is widespread among employees. Nevertheless, it is largely unclear how perfectionism might impact employees in their daily work. In line with whole trait theory, we took a dynamic perspective to investigate how daily fluctuations in both dimensions of work-related perfectionism (i.e., perfectionistic strivings and concerns) relate to an employee’s daily planning, procrastination, and self-blaming at work. We also examined relationships between these cognitions and behaviours and employees’ work-related self-efficacy and feelings of shame and guilt. During two workweeks, 78 employees completed daily surveys that assessed perfectionistic strivings and concerns as well as planning, procrastination, and self-blaming during work, and work-related self-efficacy, shame, and guilt at the end of the workday. Multilevel path modelling of data from 514 workdays showed that daily work-related perfectionistic strivings related positively to planning and daily work-related perfectionistic concerns related positively to self-blaming. Self-blaming served as a mechanism linking perfectionistic concerns with shame and guilt. Our findings show that both perfectionism dimensions relate differently to employees’ cognitions, behaviours, and emotions in their daily work. Thereby, our study helps to better understand why perfectionism can be both beneficial and detrimental for employees.
... Para solucionar problemas potenciales de multicolinealidad se recurre al centrado medio de las variables predictoras. Esta técnica hace posible la reducción de los inconvenientes estadísticos vinculados con una correlación entre variables predictoras demasiado alta (Aguinis et al., 2017). Por último, la figura 1 expone el modelo de mediación con coeficientes no estandarizados (macro amos v.26spss). ...
El efecto del liderazgo ético sobre el comportamiento empresarial es un área de interés que no ha recibido suficiente atención en los últimos años. En consecuencia, esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar la repercusión del liderazgo ético sobre el compromiso organizacional, utilizando la motivación intrínseca como variable mediadora, a través de cinco modelos independientes. La muestra está constituida por 448 empleados. El liderazgo ético se relaciona con el compromiso organizacional y, específicamente, con las dimensiones afectiva, normativa y de sacrificios percibidos (continuidad 2), pero no con la faceta de falta de alternativas laborales (continuidad 1). La motivación intrínseca es un mecanismo que facilita la relación del liderazgo ético con el compromiso organizacional y en concreto con el afectivo. Sin embargo, no logra explicar empíricamente cómo el líder ético se asocia con el compromiso normativo o de sacrificiospercibidos (continuidad 2). Como era de esperar, la motivación intrínseca no se relaciona, ni media, la falta de alternativas laborales (continuidad 1). En conclusión, la relación entre el liderazgo ético y el compromiso organizacional no depende, en todo caso, de la motivación intrínseca del seguidor.
... | Miami, v. helps the researchers to analyse the mediation effect of a latent variable in research work. "Mediation analysis considers the presence of an intermediate variable or mechanism that transmits the effect of an antecedent variable to an outcome"(Aguinis H, 2017). ...
Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the mediating role of SDG Goal Four target seven Quality Education for Sustainable Development (QESD) and Quality Education for Global Citizenship (QEGC) in the Performance of Christian Higher Education Institution Management. Theoretical Framework: The research study developed a conceptual framework and questionnaire for evaluating the mediation role of QESD and QEGC in the Performance of Christian Higher Education Institution Management. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study examines the observation of 647 respondents from six universities of various disciplines like Medical, Engineering, and Arts and Science. PLS-SEM is used for the analysis of data and hypothesis testing. Findings: The study reveals that SDG Goal Four target seven QESD and QEGC has a partial mediation in the performance of Christian Higher Education Institution Management. Research, Practical, Social Implication: The research construct and variables are identified from the indicators of SDG Goal Four target seven of Quality Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship. Therefore, this study will be a model for further research for evaluating the implementation of SDG Goal Four target seven in other Higher Education Institutions Management. Originality/Value: The originality and value in this article are the conceptual framework and questionnaire prepared and proved for evaluating the SDG Goal Four target seven QESD and QEGC in the evaluation of Higher Education Institution Management Performance.
... Finally, our findings also have implications by identifying PSM as a boundary condition that helps clarify the relationships between organizational identity threat, shame, and exemplification. Understanding a relationship's boundary conditions can lead to important and useful theoretical and practical insights (Aguinis, Edwards and Bradley 2017). ...
How do public employees respond to organizational identity threats? The present study investigates how public employees make sense of and react to threatening events that may call into question organization's core attributes and status. Using social identity theory and the appraisal theory of emotions, we develop a model in which organizational identity induced by negative media coverage threat provokes shame that results in exemplification. We further explain the role of public service motivation as a moderator of the proposed mediated relationships. Predictions are tested in an experimental study and a field study involving French police officers. Our results show that shame mediated the positive effect of organizational identity threat on police officers’ exemplification behaviors. When public service motivation is high, police officers are more likely to engage in exemplification to cope with organizational identity threat than when it's low. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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... By eliminating selected inner model relationships and estimating changes in the criterion's estimates, Q 2 can measure an individual construct's predictive relevance for the model. Therefore, we checked Q 2 values and found them to be greater than 0. The Q 2 values for WIS (0.52), CCS (0.51), CST (0.77), CSE (0.73), and SSP (0.83).Concerning mediation,Aguinis et al. (2017) discussed issues with the causal-steps procedure, cross-sectional design inferences about mediation, whether a relationship between the antecedent and the outcome is required for testing mediation, the routine inclusion of a direct path from the antecedent to the outcome, and the significances of measurement error. ...
Although the circular economy is commonly used among industries in developing countries to achieve carbon neutrality targets, its impact on social sustainability must be clarified. Stakeholders (for instance, community stakeholders) have been observed to be unaware of the focal firm's circular supply chain activities. Because this gap has not been generally reflected in the literature, it is critical to perform an empirical study to bridge the gap between theory and practice. The goal of this research was to determine whether new technologies such as big data and predictive analytics might influence an organization's propensity to share information related to circular economy practices with stakeholders as well as to increase connectivity with those stakeholders in the Industry 4.0 era. We also investigated whether these actions could increase stakeholder trust and engagement and social sustainability as a result. We tested our theoretical model using samples from food supply chain firms in South Africa. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using WarpPLS 7.0 software. The findings show that firms that deploy big data and predictive analytics are more likely to share information related to the circular economy with stakeholders and that these firms are also well‐connected with those stakeholders, resulting in increased trust and engagement. This, in turn, contributes to the social sustainability of supply chains. Our research has made a significant contribution by encouraging a theoretical debate regarding the willingness to share information regarding the circular economy and the social sustainability of the supply chain.
... , "any apparent multicollinearity created by the interaction does not cause problems for moderation tests, provided such tests include the focal variable and the moderator along the interacting variables as a predictor in the regression." Finally, a power analysis is also conducted to confirm if a sample size of 192 has sufficient power to detect an interaction (Aguinis et al., 2017); the results show that a sample of 60 is needed to achieve a statistical power of 0.90 and above. The low sample size aligns with the arguments of prior studies (e.g., McClelland & Judd, 1993) that the power for testing an interaction effect is generally low. ...
2023). Corporate governance quality, corporate life cycle and investor confidence in commercial banks: Evidence from Nigeria. Abstract A dominant strand of literature advances a positive association between corporate governance quality and investor confidence. However, the corporate life cycle may influence the relationship. Therefore, this study investigated the moderating role of the corporate life cycle in the association between corporate governance quality and investor confidence in the Nigerian banking industry. Corporate governance quality was proxied using a composite measure of board characteristics comprising board size, board meeting, independence, and board gender diversity, while investor confidence was proxied using the price-earnings ratio. Secondary data were obtained from the audited annual financial statements of 12 banks from 2006 to 2021. The study adopted a pooled regression model based on the results of Hausman, and the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test. The results showed that corporate governance quality positively and significantly impacted investor confidence at the introduction (coef = .318, p = 0.017) and decline (coef = 383, p = 0.011) phases of the life cycle. Banks at the introduction and decline phases of the life cycle were characterized by a narrow resource base, low profitability, and higher risky investments sufficient to attract investor confidence. The study concludes that corporate governance quality enhanced investor confidence at the introduction and decline phases of the banks' life cycle.
... Thus, when a moderator is categorical, previous research uses simple slopes analysis referred to as "multi-group analysis (MGA)." MGA examines moderation effects by assessing whether the effect of a focal predictor is different across groups specified by a moderator (e.g., Aguinis et al., 2017;MacKinnon, 2011). ...
It is a standard practice to investigate moderation effects with two common analyses: moderated regression analysis examining interaction effects and simple slopes analysis examining individual simple slopes. However, existing research lacks clear explanations on how to assess and report differences between simple slopes in moderation analysis. Consequently, there is little research focusing on a difference between simple slopes as an effect size. This paper proposes a contrast analysis assessing the difference between simple slopes by evaluating whether their confidence intervals overlap. In addition, it reexamines the simple slopes reported in six articles published in business journals with the proposed contrast analysis. By incorporating the proposed contrast analysis alongside moderated regression analysis and simple slopes analysis, researchers can gain deeper insights into moderation effects. Thus, this paper recommends employing a combination of three analyses when examining moderation effects.
... However, there are studies with contradicting findings on the relationship between ERM and firms' outcomes (Alkhyyoon et al., 2022). For example, some found positive results (Ricardianto et al., 2023;Annamalah et al., 2018;Chen et al., 2019;Horvey and Ankamah, 2020;Lechner and Gatzert, 2018;Malik et al., 2020;Otieno et al., 2020;Saeidi et al., 2021;Saeidi et al., 2019), whilst others found negative or a non-existence of significant positive results and reverse results (Abdullah et al., 2017;Abuzarqa, 2019;Aguinis et al., 2017;Al-Nimer et al., 2021;Kanu, 2020;Li et al., 2014;Okeke et al., 2018;Sayilir and Farhan, 2016). Such uncertainty causes a base for additional research on whether there is indeed a relationship between comprehensive risk management and firm performance (Al-Nimer et al., 2021;Horvey and Ankamah, 2020;Kanu, 2020;Otieno et al., 2020;Saeidi et al., 2021). ...
Purpose
This study aims to test the effects of enterprise risk management (ERM) on firms’ outcomes and the moderating role of knowledge management (KM) on ERM–firms’ outcomes relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected via a questionnaire survey among public listed companies on the principal stock exchange market in Malaysia. A total of 124 questionnaires were received by mail questionnaire. The results were examined through structural equation modelling and partial least squares.
Findings
The outcomes specified that ERM has a positive and noteworthy influence on firms’ outcomes, and KM has a moderating influence on the correlation among ERM and firms’ outcomes.
Research limitations/implications
The qualities, procedures and laws of the Malaysian corporations chosen as the sample firms, as well as their regulations, may not be representative of all other countries. Moreover, this study considered only one variable as a moderator, while there are many variables that different studies can consider as moderator or mediators.
Practical implications
The results of this research imply that employees’ awareness and knowledge of events, opportunities and risk, along with their engagement in the institute’s strategy, are critical for risk management and controlling. For the managers, the results of this research can be helpful to their businesses by identifying the effective KM capability that may enhance their positive outcomes. Managers and organizations can use KM as an instrument to increase ERM effect on firms’ outcomes.
Social implications
KM and ERM are both significant intangible resources that are hard to imitate and are uniquely specified programs, which are important contributors to firm success in the long run. Moreover, the contingency theory of ERM was proved through the results of this study as it was identified in the public companies, that implementation of ERM as a strategic management practice, by organizations along with an effective KM may enhance the achievement of objectives and outcomes.
Originality/value
This study helps to measure ERM comprehensively and how intangible assets such as KM can affect the comprehensive risk management process and its effectiveness.
... Finally, our findings also have implications by identifying PSM as a boundary condition that helps clarify the relationships between organizational identity threat, shame, and exemplification. Understanding a relationship's boundary conditions can lead to important and useful theoretical and practical insights (Aguinis, Edwards and Bradley 2017). ...
How do public employees respond to organizational identity threats? The present study investigates how public employees make sense of and react to threatening events that may call into question organization’s core attributes and status. Using social identity theory and the appraisal theory of emotions, we develop a model in which organizational identity induced by negative media coverage threat provokes shame that results in exemplification. We further explain the role of public service motivation as a moderator of the proposed mediated relationships. Predictions are tested in an experimental study and a field study involving French police officers. Our results show that shame mediated the positive effect of organizational identity threat on police officers’ exemplification behaviors. When public service motivation is high, police officers are more likely to engage in exemplification to cope with organizational identity threat than when it’s low. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Introduction
Solitude represents an important context for emerging adults' well‐being; but to date, little is known about how emerging adults spend their time alone. The goals of this study were to: (1) describe and characterize solitary activities among emerging adults attending university; (2) examine links between solitary activities and indices of adjustment; and (3) explore the moderating role of affinity for solitude in these associations.
Methods
Participants were N = 1798 university students aged 18–25 years ( M age = 19.73, SD = 1.46; 59.7% female) who completed assessments of how/why they spend time alone and indices of psychosocial adjustment (e.g., well‐being, psychological distress, loneliness, and aloneliness).
Results
Emerging adults who spent time alone predominantly thinking reported poor adjustment outcomes (i.e., higher loneliness and psychological distress, and lower well‐being) and dissatisfaction with solitude, whereas those who engaged in active leisure activities or passive technology use while alone reported lower psychological distress and higher satisfaction with solitude. The negative implications of doing nothing were not attenuated at higher levels of affinity for solitude.
Discussion
These findings suggest that some solitary activities are more beneficial than others.
Deviant behaviour, according to studies, is a serious problem for manufacturing and service organisations in developing and emerging nations, and this has also been observed even in academia. The study specifically looked at the role of spirituality as a mediator in the link between informational justice and deviant behaviour among university academics. Data were collected among university academics in Gombe state university and Federal university Kashere, Gombe state Nigeria. Structural Equation Model with Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the data. The results of the hypotheses reveal that informational justice has no significant negative effect directly on deviance behaviour; spirituality has a significant negative effect on deviance behaviour. Informational justice has a significantly positive effect on spirituality. The non-significance of informational justice direct effect on workplace deviance proves that there is a full mediation effect of spirituality. This implies that, to reduce deviant behaviour among university academics, merely informational justice is not enough, but it should increase spirituality. This study’s findings prove that informational justice can significantly reduce deviant behaviour among university academics when mediated by high spirituality.
Research Summary
Gaucher, Friesen, and Kay (2011: “GFK” hereafter) found that women perceive jobs to be less appealing when job adverts use masculine wording—a result they attributed to women's lower evaluations of “belongingness.” As masculine wording is used more often in male‐dominated jobs, GFK concluded that gendered wording in job adverts may deter women from entering such jobs. In light of growing general interest in joining new ventures (“start‐ups”), we replicate and extend GFK's study to compare start‐ups and established firms. Interestingly, we find that GFK's original findings are replicated in the context of start‐ups, but not in established firms. We propose and adduce evidence that the unique context of start‐ups may prime women to respond especially sensitively to gendered wording, via positive expectancy violation.
Managerial Summary
This article builds on a previous study that found masculine wording in job adverts deters women from entering male‐dominated jobs. Our purpose is to try to replicate these findings using a more recent sample of data and distinguishing new ventures (“start‐ups”) from established firms. Interestingly, we show that the prior finding is only replicated in the context of start‐ups and not established firms. Hence, women's responsiveness to gendered wording in job adverts appears to depend on the context. Implications are that incorporating feminine wording in job adverts is likely to be more effective in contexts where women anticipate greater challenges in becoming integrated into the workplace culture. Entrepreneurs' recruitment strategies designed to assemble a diverse workforce should therefore differ from those of established firms.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of work environment upon employees’
commitment and how the mediator variable – job satisfaction affects such relations. In doing so, data
was collected from 220randomly selected samples of the total population of 526 employees working in
Dashen Brewery found in Gondar city. Questionnaires prepared for this purpose was used to collect
the required quantitative data from selected employees. The data collected was entered to the SPSS
computer software and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics that include mean, standard
deviations, correlations and regressions including their significance levels. In addition, PROCESS
macro of SPSS was conducted to evaluate the mediation effect. Results were presented using tables,
graphs and texts. The findings of the study indicated that firstly employees of Dashen Brewery judge
the conduciveness of their work environment, commitment and their job satisfaction at mediocre level
–not bad or good. Secondly work environment as a whole or its parts (physical or behavioral) found to
have significant effect on employee commitment as a whole or with respect to its dimensions (affective
continuance and normative). The amount of variance of commitment or its dimensions explained by
work environment and combinations of its parts ranged 49.7% - 67% and effect size (regression
coefficients) ranged .497 - .818; all of which were significant beyond p .000. It was also noted that
physical work environment has more effect compared to behavioral work environment upon
commitment or its dimensions. Thirdly analysis of mediation process showed that the mediator (job
satisfaction) controlling for work environment, was significant, b = .3959, t(217) = 5.487, p = .000.
Based on this it was concluded that work environment or its component parts have significant effect
upon employee commitment or its dimension and job satisfaction has significant partial mediating
effect upon employee commitment. Finally, it was recommended for the management to improve the
situation of work environment to increase employees’ commitment or job satisfaction.
Key Words: 1.Commitment, 2.Dashen Brewery, 3.Job Satisfaction, 4.Work Environment
As in much of the world, during the COVID-19 pandemic Turkey switched to mandatory distance education at all formal educational levels, and teachers were required
to work from home. Despite the fexibility of working from home, infrastructural
challenges adversely afected the efectiveness and quality of teaching and boosted
work–family confict (WFC), creating compatibility issues between teachers’ work
and family roles. The study presented in this article used structural equation modelling to explore the moderating efects of gender on the relationship between infrastructural and distance education-related challenges and WFC among teachers in
Turkey. Data were drawn from an online survey conducted in December 2021 as
part of a master’s project at Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University. In the survey, 562
teachers (367 female, 195 male) were asked about challenges they faced in mandatory distance education that adversely afected their work and family balance during
the COVID-19 pandemic. The results reveal that infrastructural and distance education-related challenges were positively associated with WFC among teachers during
the pandemic. Gender was found to play a signifcant moderating role in the efect
of infrastructure-related challenges on WFC during mandatory distance education:
the interaction was stronger among female teachers. However, gender was not found
to play a signifcant moderating role with regard to distance education-related challenges and WFC. The article concludes with several practical implications to help
mitigate WFC for teachers and to improve distance education in the future.
Purpose
This study aims to examine the role of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) under turbulent market conditions and reveal the role of an entrepreneur's perception of a crisis in shaping the impact of EO on firm performance.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), multiple linear regression (MLR) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The study sample was comprised of 117 one- and two-star hotels that were operating in Poland.
Findings
The results showed that proactiveness and risk-taking significantly affected firm performance. Furthermore, the results revealed that an entrepreneur's perception of a crisis moderated the impact of risk-taking and proactiveness on firm performance. In particular, the findings suggested that, in firms where the crisis strongly influenced their operations, performance was affected by proactiveness, while in those firms where the crisis influenced their operations to a low or moderate degree, performance was affected by risk-taking. Furthermore, fsQCA unveiled the role of innovativeness, which (along with risk-taking) is a sufficient condition that leads to firm performance.
Originality/value
Two characteristics make this study original: first, it investigates EO under turbulent market conditions, and second, it analyzes the role of an entrepreneur's perception of crisis consequences for business operations. The study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship and crisis management with findings on the different roles of EO dimensions under crisis conditions and an observation about the moderating role of an entrepreneur's perception of the impact of a crisis on operational management and how this perception differentiates the impact of risk-taking and proactiveness on firm performance.
The maturing state of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) research has seen exceptional knowledge advances over the past decade. However, advances in practice among lay researchers have advanced at a slower pace. We conclude that this gap between PLS-SEM research and practice may be attributed to the sophisticated and arcane approach to detailing new methodological advances. Moreover, prediction has been a peripheral topic in PLS-SEM mediation literature to date. This chapter sits at the intersection of these two gaps. We first seek to advance understanding of the intertwining roles of prediction and mediation. We then provide practical demonstrations of two particularly occluded topics in mediation research: specific indirect effects and indirect effect sizes.
Although practitioners and scientists agree that user adoption of new technologies is a key success factor in digital transformations, little is known about how specific management factors are related to user behavior. In particular, the temporal nature of digital transformation projects is largely neglected. Therefore, we propose a systematic, theory-based framework for the management of digital adoption (MDA) and derive specific process-oriented hypotheses for content-, process-, and context-related management factors, their relationships to user adoption, and underlying psychological processes (e.g., performance expectancy or social influence). We applied the MDA framework in the context of a large digital transformation project in a logistics company in a two-wave research design. We tested the process-oriented hypotheses based on latent change score analysis among 1,095 users. The results support the assumption that changes in management factors, largely mediated by changes in the psychological processes, lead to changes in user behavior.
Green credit policy, as an environmental regulation instrument in the financial sector, is gradually having an impact on corporate performance in environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG). Based on the implementation of the Green Credit Guidelines policy, this paper investigates the impact of green credit policies on corporate ESG performance from 2011 to 2019 using the double‐difference propensity score matching method (PSM‐DID) and the Heckman two‐stage method, using a sample of A‐share listed companies. It was found that the implementation of the Green Credit Guidelines effectively improved the ESG performance of firms in green credit‐restricted industries relative to non‐green credit‐restricted industries. It is further found that this is mainly due to the increased green focus of corporate executives, while the incremental effect of green credit policies on corporate ESG performance is further strengthened by the increased quality and quantity of corporate green technology innovation. Finally, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the boosting effect of green credit policy on ESG performance of enterprises in green credit‐restricted industries is more prominent in the sample of enterprises with more analyst attention, less financially developed regions and private ones. How to leverage the green credit policy dividend to enhance the ESG performance of enterprises, further refine, and improve the green credit policy to help enterprises' sustainable development are the most direct policy implications of this paper.
This empirical study on employee perspectives of latent leader value orientations (LVOs), employee psychological job states, and work intentions deployed an online survey to 944 employees within global organizations. Empirical analysis using structural equation modeling confirmed that employee job state positive affect fully mediated relations between LVOs and employee work intentions more so than employee job state negative affect and cognitive-based and affective-based trust in leader. LVO1 (low self-concern and high other-orientation) triggered positive employee psychological job states of greater magnitude than LVO2 (high self-concern and high other-orientation). This finding offers new insight relating to the influence of high leader other-orientation on employee psychological experiences of work considering LVO2 had been reported as ideal. LVO3 (high self-concern and low other-orientation) had the strongest differential associations with employee psychological job states implying that leaders who are perceived by employees to be driven by high self-concern, even in the presence of low other-orientation, evoke strong negative employee psychological responses. Implications for theory and practical strategies to develop leader other-orientation in organizations are presented.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the teacher’s perception of organizational justice (POJ) and the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and to reveal the mediating effects of teachers’ job burnout (JB) in POJ-OCB. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 1325 teachers in Chongqing and Chen Zhou, Hunan Province in China. Through a series of hierarchical regression analyses, mediating effects testing, structural equation modeling testing and dominance analysis, the results consistently showed that procedural justice is the positive predictor of OCB, while the teachers’ JB is the negative predictor of OCB. Furthermore, the result also demonstrated that teachers’JB could produce prominent mediating effects on the relationship between teachers’POJ and OCB, especially the passion burnout and professional self-effectiveness burnout.
Purpose
This paper aims to conceptualize a framework drawn upon the self-regulation theory to study the effect of system quality features on the continuous usage intention of social network users. The study explores the relationship among the selected variables and identifies the determinants of continuous usage intention of social networks.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey method was used to collect data from 301 male and 311 female social network users to test the research model with the help of the structural equation modelling technique.
Findings
The results show a difference between male and female social media users for the continuous usage intention of social networks. A substantial difference in the relationship was seen between the attitude and continuous usage intention, where female social network users had a more robust and significant relationship than their male counterparts.
Originality/value
This study uses the self-regulation theory to understand the continuous usage intention of social networks in the Indian context. This research study contributes to the existing literature on social networks/social media and the adoption intention.
Purpose: The study sought to analyze the role of leadership in strategic management in Nigeria Methodology: The research was conducted entirely on desktop review methoods. Secondary data, or data that doesn't require actual observation in the field, are the focus of desk research. Because it requires little more than an executive's time, telephone rates, and directories, desk research is generally seen as a low-cost strategy in comparison to field research. As a result, the research used data that had already been collected and reported. Secondary sources such as internet journals and libraries made this information readily available. Findings: The results show that Leadership is a critical element of strategic management. Leaders are responsible for setting the direction, vision and culture of the organization. They must also be able to develop and execute plans to achieve the organization’s objectives. Leaders in Nigeria must be able to anticipate, plan, lead, motivate and manage change. They must be able to develop strategies that are aligned with the organization’s objectives, and that will enable the organization to achieve a competitive advantage. They must also be able to effectively manage risk, create an environment of performance and excellence, and create a culture of trust and collaboration. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Future research in the field of strategic management may employ the transformational leadership theory and the contingency leadership theory as a foundation. Policymakers, researchers, and academics from all across the world will all stand to gain from this study's findings. The study's findings will also be used by the country's top strategic management executives to boost the effectiveness of their teams' leadership across the board. Effective strategic management policies in the leadership are advocated for in the study as a means to boost efficiency across key operations and activities.
Objectives
Neuroticism is a significant predictor of adverse psychological outcomes in patients with cancer. Less is known about how this relationship manifests in those with noncancer illness at the end-of-life (EOL). The objective of this study was to examine the impact of neuroticism as a moderator of physical symptoms and development of depression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and frailty in the last 6 months of life.
Methods
We met this objective using secondary data collected in the Dignity and Distress across End-of-Life Populations study. The data included N = 404 patients with ALS ( N = 101), COPD ( N = 100), ESRD ( N = 101), and frailty ( N = 102) in the estimated last 6 months of life, with a range of illness-related symptoms, assessed longitudinally at 2 time points. We examined neuroticism as a moderator of illness-related symptoms at Time 1 (∼6 months before death) and depression at Time 2 (∼3 months before death) using ordinary least squares regression.
Results
Results revealed that neuroticism significantly moderated the relationship between the following symptoms and depression measured 3 months later: drowsiness, fatigue, shortness of breath, wellbeing (ALS); drowsiness, trouble sleeping, will to live, activity (COPD); constipation (ESRD); and weakness and will to live (frailty).
Significance of Results
These findings suggest that neuroticism represents a vulnerability factor that either attenuates or amplifies the relationship of specific illness and depressive symptoms in these noncancer illness groups at the EOL. Identifying those high in neuroticism may provide insight into patient populations that require special care at the EOL.
Purpose
This study aims to focus on the direct, mediating and moderating effects of corporate governance (CG) and capital structure (CS) in their relationships with firm performance (FP).
Design/methodology/approach
Multivariate panel data regression techniques are employed to analyse the direct, mediating and moderating impacts of the CG and CS on FP of 38 listed Mauritian non-financial companies from 2009 to 2019.
Findings
This study shows that CG has a positive but insignificant influence on return on equity (ROE) and Tobin's Q. CS has a significant negative impact on both ROE and Tobin's Q and supports the pecking order theory (POT). The interaction of CG and CS influences FP, but the strength of the moderating effects depends on the performance measure being used. Both CS and CG have no mediation effects in their relationship with FP measured by ROE and Tobin's Q.
Practical implications
The results indicate that the combination of the high leverage ratio and good governance practices of companies can improve FP and increases investor confidence resulting in a positive reaction on their market share prices.
Originality/value
This paper contributes to the CG and CS literature by introducing a more precise and comprehensive research approach and is the first to attempt to extend CG and CS in their associations with FP by incorporating both CG and CS as profound moderator and mediator variables simultaneously in the same study.
Aims:
To investigate whether insula network connectivity modulates the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ, Tau, and pTau) and cognition across Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum.
Methods:
Forty-six cognitive normal (CN), 35 subjective memory complaint (SMC), 41 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 32 AD subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were obtained. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the main effects and interaction of the APOE genotype and disease status on the insula functional connectivity (IFC) network. Mediation and moderation analysis were performed to investigate whether IFC strengths regulate the association between APOE genotype, CSF biomarkers and cognition. Additionally, the support vector machine (SVM) model integrating APOE genotype, CSF biomarkers, and neuroimaging biomarkers (insula volumes and altered regional IFCs) was used to classify the AD spectrum.
Results:
The interactive effect of the APOE genotype and disease on the insula network was found in the left medial superior frontal gyrus (SFGmed.L), right anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC.R), and bilateral thalamus (THA.B). The functional connectivities (FCs) in the left insula (LIns) connecting with the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG.L), SFGmed.L, and right lingual gyrus (LING.R) were correlated with cognition. LIns-SFGmed.L and LIns-pMTG.L FCs could moderate the effects of Tau on cognition. Furthermore, LIns-SFGmed.L FC may suppress the association between APOE genotype and cognition. More importantly, the integrated biomarkers from the SVM model yielded strong powers for classifying the AD spectrum.
Conclusions:
Insula functional connectivity regulated the association between APOE genotype, CSF Tau and cognition and provided stage-dependent biomarkers for early differentiation of the AD spectrum. The present study used a cross-sectional design. Follow-up studies are needed to validate the relationship.
Industry groups engage in venue shifting when they seek to overturn or alter restrictive regulations imposed by one political venue through another. A critical step in this process is resolving uncertainties surrounding the preference of the targeted venue and the nature of the relevant policy proposal. While existing studies emphasize a long-term trial-and-error process of policy learning, we focus on nascent industries and argue that ventures seek other information sources to resolve these uncertainties quickly. In particular, nascent industry groups are likely to perceive that the targeted venue will support their policy proposal if the targeted venue is ideologically distant from the venue that has enacted the restrictive regulations, if the targeted venue has recently supported other nascent industry groups’ similar policy proposals, or if the industry groups themselves are more exposed to industry peers’ success in promoting the same policy proposal in other jurisdictions. Under these conditions, the industry groups invest more to influence the targeted venue in response to restrictive regulations enacted by other venues. We find support for our theory by examining how from 2013 to 2019 the small unmanned aircraft systems industry trade associations in the United States lobbied state governments to nullify local regulations.
In this study, leadership style was used as a mediating variable to investigate the relationship between workplace conditions and jobs stress among administrative hotel personnel in Klang Valley. The determinants examined in this study include heavy workload, lack of recognition, and lack of opportunity to grow. A survey instrument in the form of a close-ended questionnaire was developed for the data collection process. Based on an examination of 131 respondents with a 65.5% response rate, heavy workload and lack of recognition demonstrated a weak but significant relationship with job stress. A high correlation was found between job stress and a lack of growth opportunities. Further findings revealed that the relationship between heavy workload, lack of recognition, and a lack of growth opportunities is fully mediated by leadership style. Overall, it is usual for hotel staff members to experience deadline pressure, lengthy workdays, shift work, unforeseen visitor interactions, and conflicts with superiors. While leadership plays a crucial role for the employees in their work environment, the hospitality industry’s administrative staff would experience less job stress if the relationship between these aspects could be identified.KeywordsJob stressHeavy workloadLack of recognitionLack of opportunity to growLeadershipHotel industry
This research aims to investigate how creativity at individual and team levels relates to ethical organisational climate (EOC). A mediated and moderated model is proposed to explain the role of EOC in enhancing individual and team creativity of international business executives. Applying moderating-mediating model design, based on feedback from 302 employees, our research reveals and confirms that creativity and ethics can co-exist. A positive relationship is found between EOC and individual creativity, while EOC is linked to team creativity through individual creativity. Further, we found that business size moderates the relationship between EOC and creativity at individual and team levels. This study contributes to the literature by offering empirical evidence on how EOC can be a catalyst to creativity. Managerial and theoretical implications of our findings are also discussed.
Although affect is a factor likely to impact the success of innovation, little research has been done on the relationship between affect and innovation implementation performance (i.e., an employee’s ability to successfully implement innovative ideas and practices). We address this oversight by adopting a social network approach to examine relational energy (i.e., how energized one person is when interacting with another) as a form of high activation positive affect likely to influence innovation implementation. We test our hypotheses using a sample of employees in a pharmaceutical research firm (Study 1). Our results indicate that the number of people an employee goes to for political support who report being energized by that employee is positively related to innovation implementation performance. In contrast, the number of people an employee seeks out for political support who are not energized by that employee has negative implications for innovation implementation performance. The average network centrality of an individual’s energized network contacts also relates to implementation performance, with this effect being stronger for employees not in a managerial position. A scenario-based experiment (Study 2) provides support for the causal linkage between feeling energized by a co-worker and one’s willingness to provide instrumental help to the co-worker.
In some developed countries with lower union density, bargaining coverage becomes almost universal through the extension of a collective agreement beyond union members to non-unionised employees. However, such extensions are criticised for creating a negative incentive for union membership, undermining the independence of unions vis-a-vis the state and distorting competition in the market. The current study presents a moderated mediation analysis to examine the relationship between union density and bargaining coverage through the bargaining level, using data from the OECD/AIAS’s ICTWSS. Empirical results confirm that the extension has a positive moderated mediation impact on the link between union density and bargaining coverage with an indirect effect of bargaining level. Also, the conditional direct effect of the extension negatively interacts with the association between union density and bargaining coverage, while the conditional indirect effect of the extension positively moderates their relationship through the centralised bargaining level.
The purpose of this paper was to explore the mediating role of innovative work behavior and the impact of talent management on innovative work behavior and organizational performance. A total of 378 practitioners participated in a questionnaire survey from a sample of small and medium-sized catering enterprises in Zhengzhou City, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship between talent management, innovative work behavior, and organizational performance. The results show that talent management has a strong positive effect on organizational performance and innovative work behavior; innovative work behavior has a strong positive effect on organizational performance, and innovative work behavior mediates the relationship between talent management and organizational performance. This study empirically tests the mediating role of innovative work behavior (IWB), adds to the literature support of IWB, and fills the population gap in the study of innovative work behavior and organizational performance, the mediating role of innovative work behavior provides a new basis and supplement, provides a new pathway for talent management to motivate IWB to influence organizational performance, and verifies the relevance of this pathway for subsequent related research provide the basis for subsequent related research.
Introduction: Content marketing continues to gain importance in organizations' marketing mix. However, its effectiveness has received little academic attention. This is particularly true of customer magazines, which, despite increasing digitization, remain a key pillar of content marketing and account for considerable investments. Therefore, this paper examines how reading experiences affect the effectiveness of customer magazines, mediated by media engagement.
Methods: Based on the uses-and-gratifications-theory and literature on sensory perception, journalistic quality, and media engagement, several hypotheses are proposed. To investigate the hypotheses, the study uses a cross-sectional survey. The dataset for the analyses consists of 1,396 consumers and is analyzed by structural equation modeling.
Results: The results indicate that hedonically gratifying, as well as identity-enforcing content experiences and visually and haptically gratifying process experiences are associated with higher effectiveness. Media engagement mediates these effects. Experienced journalistic quality directly and positively influences customer magazine effectiveness.
Discussion: This study's findings are important to marketing communications research. In particular, the study contributes to the still limited literature on content marketing effectiveness and helps practitioners optimize customer magazines.
The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on critical values from the standard normal distribution. This article uses a simulation study to demonstrate that confidence limits are imbalanced because the distribution of the indirect effect is normal only in special cases. Two alternatives for improving the performance of confidence limits for the indirect effect are evaluated: (a) a method based on the distribution of the product of two normal random variables, and (b) resampling methods. In Study 1, confidence limits based on the distribution of the product are more accurate than methods based on an assumed normal distribution but confidence limits are still imbalanced. Study 2 demonstrates that more accurate confidence limits are obtained using resampling methods, with the bias-corrected bootstrap the best method overall.
Studies that combine moderation and mediation are prevalent in basic and applied psychology research. Typically, these studies are framed in terms of moderated mediation or mediated moderation, both of which involve similar analytical approaches. Unfortunately, these approaches have important shortcomings that conceal the nature of the moderated and the mediated effects under investigation. This article presents a general analytical framework for combining moderation and mediation that integrates moderated regression analysis and path analysis. This framework clarifies how moderator variables influence the paths that constitute the direct, indirect, and total effects of mediated models. The authors empirically illustrate this framework and give step-by-step instructions for estimation and interpretation. They summarize the advantages of their framework over current approaches, explain how it subsumes moderated mediation and mediated moderation, and describe how it can accommodate additional moderator and mediator variables, curvilinear relationships, and structural equation models with latent variables.
A Monte Carlo study compared 14 methods to test the statistical significance of the intervening variable effect. An intervening variable (mediator) transmits the effect of an independent variable to a dependent variable. The commonly used R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) approach has low statistical power. Two methods based on the distribution of the product and 2 difference-in-coefficients methods have the most accurate Type I error rates and greatest statistical power except in 1 important case in which Type I error rates are too high. The best balance of Type I error and statistical power across all cases is the test of the joint significance of the two effects comprising the intervening variable effect.
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
One result of the increasing sophistication and complexity of MIS theory and research is the number of studies hypothesizing and testing for moderation effects. A review of the MIS and broader management literatures suggests researchers investigating moderated relationships often commit one or more errors falling into three broad categories: inappropriate use or interpretation of statistics, misalignment of research design with phenomena of interest, and measurement or scaling issues. Examples of nine common errors are presented. Commission of these errors is expected to yield literatures characterized by mixed results at best, and thoroughly erroneous results at worse. Procedures representing examples of best practice and reporting guidelines are provided to help MIS investigators avoid or minimize these errors.
Additive transformations are often offered as a remedy for the common problem of collinearity in moderated regression and polynomial regression analysis. As the authors demonstrate in this article, mean-centering reduces nonessential collinearity but not essential collinearity. Therefore, in most cases, mean-centering of predictors does not accomplish its intended goal. In this article, the authors discuss and explain, through derivation of equations and empirical examples, that mean-centering changes lower order regression coefficients but not the highest order coefficients, does not change the fit of regression models, does not impact the power to detect moderating effects, and does not alter the reliability of product terms. The authors outline the positive effects of mean-centering, namely, the increased interpretability of the results and its importance for moderator analysis in structural equations and multilevel analysis. It is recommended that researchers center their predictor variables when their variables do not have meaningful zero-points within the range of the variables to assist in interpreting the results.
Integrating theorizing on situational strength and complementarity with control theory, we investigate the mediating processes that transmit peer control combination effects to team performance. We argue that two critical peer control mechanisms—norm strength and peer pressure—complement each other such that their joint impact on team members becomes stronger than the sum of their parts. In a multiple mediator model, we identify effort and trust as two distinct mediating processes that explain the relationship between peer control combinations and team performance. Multisource, multiwave data from 41 self-managing healthcare teams largely support our model. The pattern of mediation was more complex than we anticipated, revealing an indirect effect of peer controls on effort via trust. Together, our findings offer insight into how controls complement each other and the processes through which they do so.
Acritical omission in the coworker influence literature is how a coworker influences a closely related (focal) employee's job performance behaviors and whether this influence is contingent on that coworker's own behaviors. By integrating social information processing and social cognitive theories with social exchange and role theories, we hypothesize that there are, at least, three distinct types of coworker dyadic influence. Accordingly, we developed and tested a moderated mediation model to explicate such influence. Two multisource, field-design studies conducted in Hong Kong support the modeled relationships in that employee role ambiguity partially mediated the relationships between coworker-employee exchange and two types of employee job performance behaviors-task performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Furthermore, coworker OCB fostered employee job performance behavior both directly and interactively, acting as a moderator to weaken the relationships between employee role ambiguity and the two types of job performance behaviors.
Construct measurement is a cornerstone for research in any area. In the absence of information on the caliber of measurement practices within and across studies, it is extremely difficult to synthesize research and develop normative guidelines for managers. This Feature Topic aims to advance measurement practices by strategic management scholars. The Feature Topic includes six articles from a diverse array of perspectives. We describe the context of strategic management and measurement, examine how the Feature Topic articles address critical issues, and conclude with advice for authors and reviewers on this topic.
In this paper we use simulations to examine how endogeneity biases the results reported by ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. In addition, we examine how instrumental variable techniques help to alleviate such bias. Our results demonstrate severe bias even at low levels of endogeneity. Our results also illustrate how instrumental variables produce unbiased coefficient estimates, but instrumental variables are associated with extremely low levels of statistical power. Finally, our simulations highlight how stronger instruments improve statistical power and that endogenous instruments can report results that are inferior to those reported by OLS regression. Based on our results, we provide a series of recommendations for scholars dealing with endogeneity.
Theoretical and mathematical issues related to the study of interaction effects are discussed. Constraints imposed by the theoretical expectation of ordinal or monotone interactions are defined by the general concept of inversion values. The mathematical constraints implied by these values are demonstrated by the derivation of a general formula. Further definitions related to this general formula are discussed for qualitative and quantitative variables. It is argued that interaction effects of substantial magnitude may not be routinely detected in behavioral science because many interactive theories may be implicitly ordinal. Levels of predictability common to behavioral science make such effects mathematically nonexistent, and thus impossible to detect. To have strong ordinal moderation, there must be a strong effect to be moderated.
This paper critically examines available theoretical models which have been derived from statistically established patterns of association between contextual and organizational variables. These models offer an interpretation of organizational structure as a product of primarily economic constraints which contextual variables are assumed to impose. It is argued that available models in fact attempt to explain organization at one remove by ignoring the essentially political process, whereby power-holders within organizations decide upon courses of strategic action. This `strategic choice' typically includes not only the establishment of structural forms but also the manipulation of environmental features and the choice of relevant performance standards. A theoretical re-orientation of this kind away from functional imperatives and towards a recognition of political action is developed and illustrated in the main body of the paper.
Despite being a relatively young discipline, strategic management has grown dramatically in size and influence over the past few decades. As with any field, the findings generated within strategic management are only as robust as the research methods used to conduct the analyses. Although strategic management's accomplishments with regard to methods have been substantial, it is confronted by significant challenges as well. The authors describe these accomplishments and challenges, explain how the articles offered in this feature topic help to address certain challenges, and offer suggestions for future work that may create additional progress.
The authors review and critique the conduct and reporting of mediation analyses in 409 studies published in five leading organization studies journals over the past 25 years. The aim of the study is to learn from past practice and to use that knowledge to signal to researchers the importance of correctly applying mediation tests as well as to facilitate the valid testing of mediation models and the reporting of mediation results in future studies. The authors content code their sample for a wide range of characteristics and find that the majority of inferences of full and partial mediation are based on testing procedures that deviate significantly from procedures recommended by statisticians. In addition, the reporting of results is often incomplete and inefficient. The authors discuss and evaluate the findings of the study and make recommendations for future testing and reporting of results for mediation models.
This introductory article for the feature topic on mediation is designed to provide a context for the articles that follow. Specifically, the authors revisit the history of mediational inferences in social and organizational sciences and illustrate how mediational inferences have been evident for more than a century. Some of the important milestones and the evolution of thought leading to today are chronicled. Then a modern-day framework for understanding mediational inferences is outlined that serves to highlight how the articles included in this feature topic contribute to the continued evolution of the bases of mediational inferences. The article concludes with the authors' vision of what may be fruitful directions for future research.
Experimental tests of assumed mediation models have been recommended by numerous methodologists. However, they may prove problematic for a number of reasons. Thus, this article considers (a) experimental designs that can be used in tests of mediation, (b) problems that may arise in manipulating mediator variables, (c) distributional issues in experimental tests of mediation, (d) statistical approaches for testing mediation models, including strategies for testing for direct versus indirect effects in experimental tests of mediation models, and (e) a set of conclusions stemming from our analysis.
The field of strategic management is predicated fundamentally on the idea that managements' decisions are endogenous to their expected performance implications. Yet, based on a review of more than a decade of empirical research in the Strategic Management Journal, we find that few papers econometrically correct for such endogeneity. In response, we now describe the endogeneity problem for cross-sectional and panel data, referring specifically to management's choice among discrete strategies with continuous performance outcomes. We then present readily implementable econometric methods to correct for endogeneity and, when feasible, provide STATA code to ease implementation. We also discuss extensions and nuances of these models that are sometimes difficult to decipher in more standard treatments. These extensions are not typically discussed in the strategy literature, but they are, in fact, highly pertinent to empirical strategic management research.
Tests of assumed mediation models are common in the organizational sciences. However, the validity of inferences about mediation is a function of experimental design and the setting of a study. Regrettably, most tests of mediation have relied on the application of so-called ``causal modeling'' techniques to data from nonexperimental studies. As we demonstrate, inferences about the validity of assumed mediation models are highly suspect when they are based on the findings of nonexperimental research. One of the many reasons for this is the failure of the model being tested to be consistent with reality. Valid research-based inferences about mediation are possible. However, inferences from such tests are most likely to be valid when they are based on research that uses randomized experimental designs. Strategies for conducting research using these and other designs are described. Finally, we offer a set of conclusions and recommendations that stem from our analysis.
This book provides an up-to-date review of commonly undertaken methodological and statistical practices that are sustained, in part, upon sound rationale and justification and, in part, upon unfounded lore. Some examples of these "methodological urban legends", as we refer to them in this book, are characterized by manuscript critiques such as: (a) "your self-report measures suffer from common method bias"; (b) "your item-to-subject ratios are too low"; (c) "you can "t generalize these findings to the real world"; or (d) "your effect sizes are too low". Historically, there is a kernel of truth to most of these legends, but in many cases that truth has been long forgotten, ignored or embellished beyond recognition. This book examines several such legends. Each chapter is organized to address: (a) what the legend is that "we (almost) all know to be true"; (b) what the "kernel of truth" is to each legend; (c) what the myths are that have developed around this kernel of truth; and (d) what the state of the practice should be. This book meets an important need for the accumulation and integration of these methodological and statistical practices.
Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to examine the degree to which the statistical power of moderated multiple regression (MMR) to detect the effects of a dichotomous moderator variable was affected by the main and interactive effects of (a) predictor variable range restriction, (b) total sample size, (c) sample sizes for 2 moderator variable-based subgroups, (d) predictor variable intercorrelation, and (e) magnitude of the moderating effect. Results showed that the main and interactive influences of these variables may have profound effects on power. Thus, future attempts to detect moderating effects with MMR should consider the power implications of both the main and interactive effects of the variables assessed in the present study. Otherwise, even moderating effects of substantial magnitude may go undetected.
Seeking to explain the processes by which one construct causes another is a staple of psychological research. This is typically done with statistical procedures using observations of the hypothesized cause, mediator, and effect. Unfortunately, interpretations of mediation are generally weak on internal validity when using this approach. As an alternative, a causal chain approach has been advocated, but that approach is often impractical. In this article, a third method that involves measuring or manipulating a moderator is described. The core of the argument for a moderation approach hinges on the recognition that mediation refers to a mechanism or process that might be blocked or enhanced via a moderator. Thus, finding interactions with manipulations, variables, or constructs that might affect the efficiency, rate, or operation of a mechanism, or the links to or from the mechanism, implies that mechanism is involved in determining the relationship between a cause and an effect. Examples and implications regarding the potential use as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the approach for applied researchers are described.
We rely on classic as well as recently published sources to offer a review of theory, research design, and measurement issues that should be considered prior to conducting any empirical study. First, we examine theory-related issues that should be addressed before research design and measurement considerations. Specifically, we discuss how to make meaningful theoretical progress including the use of inductive and deductive approaches, address an important issue, and conduct research with a practical end in mind. Second, we offer recommendations regarding research design, including how to address the low statistical power challenge, design studies that strengthen inferences about causal relationships, and use control variables appropriately. Finally, we address measurement issues. Specifically, we discuss how to improve the link between underlying constructs and their observable indicators. Our review offers a checklist for use by researchers to improve research quality prior to data collection and by journal editors and reviewers to evaluate the quality of submitted manuscripts.
Mediation has to do with the transfer of causality from an independent variable to a dependent variable via a third variable called a “mediator.” Because the experimental method is the universally recognized gold standard for establishing causality, we propose that conducting two experiments, one manipulating the independent variable and another manipulating the hypothesized mediator, most rigorously tests mediation hypotheses. When there are several experiments in which the independent variable was manipulated and also several experiments in which the mediator was manipulated, synthesizing these two sets of experiments using meta-analysis yields the ultimate mediation evidence. If these experiments were conducted in the field, both internal validity and external validity would be maximized. An example of the synthesis of multi-experiment mediation tests is provided and its potential and limitations are discussed.
Rubin's model for causal inference in experiments and observational studies is enlarged to analyze the problem of "causes causing causes" and is compared to path analysis and recursive structural equations models. A special quasi-experimental design, the encouragement design, is used to give concreteness to the discussion by focusing on the simplest problem that involves both direct and indirect causation. It is shown that Rubin's model extends easily to this situation and specifies conditions under which the parameters of path analysis and recursive structural equations models have causal interpretations.
This paper demonstrates how meta-analysis can be combined with structural equation modeling (MASEM) to address new questions in strategic management research. We review this integration, describe its implementation, and compare findings from bivariate meta-analyses, a direct-effect structural equations model, and two mediating frameworks using data on the strategic leadership and performance relationship. Results drawn from 208 articles that collectively included data on 495,638 observations demonstrate the new insights available from MASEM while also suggesting a revision to conventional thinking on strategic leadership. Whereas some theories posit that boards of directors influence firm performance through monitoring and disciplining the top management team, MASEM provides more support for the view that boards mediate the top management teams’ decisions. Implications for applying MASEM in strategic management are offered.
Strategic Management Journal 2014 discusses quantitative empirical analysis in strategic management. One of the trademark of strategic management research is the use of unique data; attention paid during data collection to potential pitfalls in empirical estimation can pay off later by enabling simpler or more robust analyses. Decisions regarding which archival and survey data to collect or obtain access to can benefit from an understanding of subsequent empirical issues that such data may present. Beyond the presentation of facts, good data enable the use of simpler statistical approaches, such as comparisons of means and medians and other relatively simple parametric and non-parametric statistics. Regression analysis is required in order to assess the role of specific variables while holding other variables constant. Sample selection correction can help to control for bias due to a nonrandom sample, generally using two-stage estimation.
The arrival of a new member can provide the impetus for learning and performance improvement in groups, but only if the newcomer is accorded status within the new group. We examine newcomer status in cases of member replacement, i.e., when a newcomer assumes an existing role within an established group. Drawing from status characteristics and status construction theories, we suggest that status in role-differentiated groups is inertial—nominal roles acquire status value, and these role-related status attributions carry forward to affect the status of a replacement newcomer. We also suggest that these inertial status dynamics can be affected by the relative performance of the host versus donor group and that they will have consequences for group performance. These hypotheses were supported in a controlled setting using teams engaged in several rounds of a management simulation exercise. The theory and results of this study have important implications for research on intragroup status, membership change in groups, and the transfer of knowledge through member rotation.
We discuss seven methodological improvements that would stimulate important advancements in management research. We refer to these improvements as ‘wishes’ that we hope will materialize within the next decade. To promote the implementation of these improvements, we offer concrete and actionable recommendations that researchers can apply when designing and conducting empirical research and that journal editors and reviewers can consider when evaluating manuscripts for publication. These improvements address: (1) accelerating theoretical progress; (2) improving the construct validity of measures; (3) strengthening causal inferences; (4) incorporating multilevel design, measurement, and analysis; (5) balancing trade-offs between internal and external validity, (6) understanding the nature and impact of outliers; and (7) offering a realistic and useful description of a study's limitations.
The authors conducted a content analysis of the 193 articles published in the first 10 volumes (1998 to 2007) of Organizational Research Methods (ORM). The most popular quantitative topics are surveys, temporal issues, and electronic/Web research (research design); validity, reliability, and level of analysis of the dependent variable (measurement); and multiple regression/correlation, structural equation modeling, and multilevel research (data analysis). The most popular qualitative topics are interpretive, policy capturing, and action research (research design); surveys and reliability (measurement); and interpretive, policy capturing, and content analysis (data analysis). The authors found upward trends in the attention devoted to surveys and electronic/Web research, interpretive, and action research (research design); level of analysis of the dependent variable and validity (measurement); and multilevel research (data analysis). Implications for training doctoral students, retooling researchers, future research on methodology, the advancement of the organizational sciences, and the extent to which ORM is fulfilling its mission are discussed.
We adopt a construct validity lens to provide a critical reexamination of established corporate governance research. In particular, we focus on the body of work relying on the theoretical bases of agency theory and involving boards of directors’ independence, CEO duality, equity holdings, and their relationships to corporate financial performance. We offer a five-step protocol involving the following components: (1) establishing the base rate for the phenomenon in question, (2) evaluating the extent to which the dependent variables are germane, (3) evaluating the extent to which the independent variables are germane, (4) determining whether explanatory power is improved as a consequence of improved measurement, and (5) concluding whether previously established estimates should be revised. We implemented the proposed protocol and used alternative measures that reduce threats to construct validity. Results yielded substantially higher estimates of relationships in corporate governance research. Future research can adopt the proposed protocol to understand whether a similar improvement in explanatory power could be achieved in other research domains.
Prior studies of strategic consensus and firm performance have yielded inconsistent results. The authors synthesize and account for these divergent findings using a mediated moderation model. Results based on a sample of manufacturing companies in Spain suggest a pattern of mediated moderation such that the relationship between competitive method consensus (i.e., means) and organizational performance, which is moderated by environmental dynamism, is mediated by consensus on objectives (i.e., goals or ends). These results provide an alternative explanation for prior inconsistencies in research results regarding the consensus–performance relationship and point to the need for a more complex conceptualization of the relationship among competitive method consensus, consensus on objectives, organizational performance, and the organization’s surrounding environment.
Bootstrap methods are a collection of sample re-use techniques designed to estimate standard errors and confidence intervals. Making use of numerous samples drawn from the initial observations, these techniques require fewer assumptions and offer greater accuracy and insight than do standard methods in many problems. After presenting the underlying concepts, this introduction focuses on applications in regression analysis. These applications contrast two forms of bootstrap resampling in regression, illustrating their differences in a series of examples that include outliers and heteroscedasticity. Other regression examples use the bootstrap to estimate standard errors of robust estimators in regression and indirect effects in path models. Numerous variations of bootstrap confidence intervals exist, and examples stress the concepts that are common to the various approaches. Suggestions for computing bootstrap estimates appear throughout the discussion, and a section on computing suggests several broad guidelines.
The purpose of this article is to provide an update on a selected set of issues that might be considered if and when the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures is revised. The following issues that have been subject to a considerable number of research-based advances in the field of industrial and organizational psychology are discussed: (a) adverse impact, the four-fifths rule, and statistical significance testing; (b) criterion measures; (c) cutoff scores; and (d) differential prediction. In addition, implications for practice of research findings in each of these areas are discussed.
This commentary reviews the author's history with mediation. In the second part, the author attempts to explain why there is such interest in the topic. In the third part, the author comments on the five articles in this feature topic.
Homogeneity of within-subgroup error (residual) variance is a necessary statistical assumption for the appropriate use of moderated multiple regression (MMR) for assessing the effects of categorical moderator variables (e.g., ethnicity, gender). We provide a conceptual review of the homogeneity of error variance assumption in the context of MMR analyses. First, we clarify issues pertaining to the violation of the homogeneity of error variance assumption and differentiate it from the homoscedasticity assumption. Second, we delineate the implications of violating the homogeneity of error variance assumption for organizational theory and practice. Finally, we critically review solutions recently proposed to mitigate the detrimental effects of violating the homogeneity of error variance assumption on conclusions regarding the effects of categorical moderator variables.
Despite the mounting number of criticisms of the use of a relatively restricted set of methodologies in the organizational sciences, few studies have attempted to empirically determine the extent of this restriction or the potential reasons why some methods are used so exclusively. For this review, the authors content-analyzed all of the articles from the 1985 volumes of the Academy of Management Journal, Administrative Science Quarterly, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Management, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes to determine the range of strategies used in organizational research. Our analysis of the literature does, indeed, suggest that there is a relatively limited set of research strategies and analytical procedures that represent the "methods of choice" in the organizational sciences. Potential reasonsfor thesefindings, as well as some of their implications are provided.
This article presents the rationale and procedures for conducting a process analysis in evaluation research. Such an analysis attempts to identify the process that mediates the effects of some treatment, by estimating the parameters of a causal chain between the treatment and some outcome variable. Two different procedures for estimating mediation are discussed. In addition we present procedures for examining whether a treatment exerts its effects, in part, by altering the mediating process that produces the outcome. Finally, the benefits of process analysis in evaluation research are underlined.