Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome
Abstract
Recent advances in cognitive psychology, socio-linguistics, and socio-anthropology are revolutionizing our understanding of literacy. However, this research has made only minimal inroads among classicists. In turn, historians of literacy continue to rely on outdated work by classicists (mostly from the 1960s and 1970s) and have little access to the current reexamination of the ancient evidence. This timely volume seeks to formulate interesting new ways of conceiving the entire concept of literacy in the ancient world, as text-oriented events embedded in particular socio-cultural contexts. This book rethinks from the ground up how students of classical antiquity might best approach the question of literacy in the past, and how that investigation might materially intersect with changes in the way that literacy is now viewed in other disciplines. The result provides new ways of thinking about specific elements of "literacy" in antiquity, such as the nature of personal libraries, or what it means to be a bookseller in antiquity; new constructionist questions, such as what constitutes reading communities and how they fashion themselves; new takes on the public sphere, such as how literacy intersects with commercialism, or with the use of public spaces, or with the construction of civic identity; new essentialist questions, such as what do "book" and "reading" signify in antiquity, why literate cultures develop, or why literate cultures matter.
... Moreover, that Greco-Roman literature was accessible throughout a chronologically and geographically vast extension in Eurasia around the turn of the millennium can be corroborated by the data. The Hellenistic world has book depositories since the foundation of the library of Alexandria, circa 300 BCE, a trend to which the Roman world also contributed, at least since the opening of Rome's first public library, around the 30s BCE (White, 2009). ...
This volume presents a sophisticated and intricate examination of the parallels between Sanskrit and Greco-Roman literature. By means of a philological and literary analysis, Morales-Harley hypothesizes that Greco-Roman literature was known, understood, and recreated in India. Moreover, it is argued that the techniques for adapting epic into theater could have been Greco-Roman influences in India, and that some of the elements adapted within the literary motifs (specifically the motifs of the embassy, the ambush, and the ogre) could have been Greco-Roman borrowings by Sanskrit authors.
This book draws on a wide variety of sources, including Iliad, Phoenix, Rhesus and Cyclops (Greco-Roman) as well as Mahābhārata, The Embassy, The Five Nights and The Middle One (Sanskrit). The result is a well-supported argument which presents us with the possibility of cultural exchange between the Greco-Roman world and India – a possibility which, though hypothetical, is worth acknowledging.
Due to its comparative nature, this volume will appeal to both Indologists and Classicists, including Mahābhārata scholars, Sanskrit theater scholars, and those interested in comparative work with Sanskrit literature. It brings an original perspective to the field, and provides inspiration for new lines of research.
... The considerable difference in the social conditions of literacy, education and book production between classical antiquity and the Middle Ages also figures in the history and nature of variants. Studies of the levels of literacy in antiquity by Harris (1989), or Johnson and Parker (2009) have shown that while literacy rates never exceeded 10-15 percent, ancient literacy must be treated as a broader, more complex term than our rather narrow modern concept. The latitude and complexity of ancient literacy stems in part from the varied, often informal nature of its educational venues as Raffaella Cribiore observes: "besides occupying a private or public building, a school could have been located within the perimeter of an 3 James R. Royse (2014) 461-462, notes: "[…] scribes tended to confuse letters or groups of letters that had a similar pronunciation. ...
... Сказавший 29 Сандаларий или Сандалиарий, расположенный на северо-востоке римского форума мира, был известным римским кварталом, в котором находились книжные лавки и часто собирались городские интеллектуалы. О роли этих лавок в жизни римской интеллектуальной элиты см.: White (2009), Tucci (2008. ...
Thanks to the extensive corpus of Galen's writings, which includes numerous autobiographical works and individual notes, we possess a wealth of information regarding his upbringing and education. According to a fami-ly tradition, he received a classical Greek education (known as paideia), which allowed him to transition from a provincial intellectual to one of the influential figures in Roman society and achieve the status of a court physi-cian. His brilliant command of language, extensive erudition, and active participation in the intellectual life of the Roman elite justify considering Galen as one of the authors of the so-called "Second Sophistic." This article scrutinizes Galen's various accounts of his mentors, early education, and scholastic experiences, with their veracity corroborated by contemporaneous testimonials. In addition to reading and scrutinizing the classical texts that formed the cornerstone of Greek paideia, Galen's education placed great emphasis on the study of exact sciences such as Euclidean geometry and arithmetic, which, together with Aristotle's logic, enabled Galen to adhere to the evidence-based method in medicine. An analysis of Galen's citation fre-quency of classical authors revealed that his foundational education was similar to other authors of his time, whereas the citation of medical authors is unparalleled in ancient literature. Unfortunately, we can only form a vague notion of his library since much of it was lost in a fire during Galen's lifetime in 192 AD. However, his collection of texts is a mix of various knowledge, rare writings, and quotes. Galen's interest in language and words, which confirmed his status as an intellectual, suggests his association with the "Second Sophistic" group. He wrote several works on ancient grammar, word usage, and rhetoric, criticiz-ing both extreme linguistic purism and loose interpretations of old-fashioned Attic language. This paints Galen not just as a doctor but also as a knowledgeable figure of his time.
... Budaya literasi, berdasrkan konteks di Eropa, Mesir, dan Mesopotamia, berdasarkan sejarahnya berkembang pada kelompok terpelajar (Johnson, 2009). Kedekatan kelompok terpelajar dengan kompetensi baca didasarkan pada pengenalan budaya baca tulis. ...
p> Abstract: The construction of agent subjectivity in learning, from a social point of view, is formed through learning. The subjectivity of literature lecturer readings is formed through structuration carried out by educational institutions. Therefore, this study aims to (1) describe the disposition of literary readings of literature lecturers and (2) describe the objectivity of the subjectivity of literature lecturers to literary readings. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The data analysis in this research is based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction. The results of this study indicate that the socio-cultural background is the basis for the initial formation of value subjectivity in literary reading. The accumulated experience during the education period structures the subjectivity of literature lecturers in choosing literary readings. The objectification of the subjectivity of literature lecturers is manifested in the form of choosing reading materials that are suggested to students in college learning.
Abstrak: Konstruksi subjektivitas agen dalam pembelajaran, dalam sudut pandang social, terbentuk melalui pembelajaran. Subjektivitas bacaan dosen sastra dibentuk melalui strukturasi yang dilakukan oleh lembaga pendidikan. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan disposisi bacaan sastra dosen sastra dan (2) mendeskripsikan objektivikasi subjektivitas dosen sastra terhadap bacaan sastra Penelitian ini merupakan penilitian kualittatif dengan metode deskriptif. Analisis data pada peneilitian ini didasarkan pada pemikiran teori reproduksi budaya Pierre Bourdieu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang sosio-budaya menjadi dasar pembentukan awal subjektivitas nilai pada bacaan sastra. Akumulasi pengalaman pada masa pendidikan menstrukturkan subjektifitas dosen sastra dalam memilih bacaan sastra. Objektivikasi subjektifitas dosen sastra diwujudkan dalam bentuk pemilihan bahan bacaan yang disarankan kepada mahasiswa pada pmebelajaran di perguruan tinggi.
... Wiseman's2015 studyisdiachronic and multi-generic, and argues for awider culture of recitation than previouslythought(arguments he had alreadym ade in the past,e .g.1981;1988). Johnson 2010,e specially4 2-56 is characteristically excitinga nd incisive.T he main literature on the topic is Funaioli 1914; Quinn 1982, especially 140 -165;Starr 1987;Salles 1992, 93 -100;B inder 1995, Dupont 1997, Valette-Cagnac 1997White1993, 59 -63;293 -294;and Parker 2009.Werner 2009,abibliographic essayfocused on literacy, is helpful. As for recitations of history specifically, Asinius Pollio is thoughtt ohavebeen the first to have done so (Sen. ...
... Harris, 1989, p. 26). Thanks to Johnson and Parker (2009), since 2009 Classicists speak about plural literacies for Antiquity, where the culture was expressed in multimodal ways, through orality, visuality and sometimes writing. We are just beginning to really reconsider a "culture" where a maximum of 10% of people were able to read. ...
This journal is now hosted by Brill, but the previous issues were in OA and have stayed in OA.This article is the tex of the French main paper given at the SNTS 2013 in Perth.
... Or, "Luther's famous 95 Theses went through 14 print runs of 1,000 copies each in 1518 alone" (32). Other points in this same chapter are briefly considered, and further studies on reading practices in antiquity should perhaps have been consulted (e.g., Johnson and Parker 2009). The existence of mini-scrolls-before the mini-codices-showing the emergence of private intimate reading practices (Clivaz 2015) is surely a factor worth considering in general reflections on transition practices. ...
... FUNARI, 1985;FABIÃO, 2014), tijolos, telhas, selos, mobiliário em bronze, joias (Cf. COOLEY, 2012, p. 185;WOOLF, 2009;p. 46) por esta razão, os vivos deveriam incorporar a pietas, ao cuidar de seus mortos. ...
Estudo da morte no mundo romano antigo.
... Chartier (2001), em colóquio com Bourdieu, defende a idéia de que, historicamente variáveis, as situações de leitura nem sempre fazem com que ela em si seja um ato que "reenvie à individualidade", porque essa concepção não foi sempre a dominante. Assim, em oposição a nosso entendimento contemporâneo de leitura como uma atividade eminentemente silenciosa e particular, estudos sobre oralidade e letramento na Antiguidade, quer sejam recentes, como o empreendido por Johnson (2009), quer sejam continuação de pesquisas iniciadas em décadas anteriores, como o de Havelock (1986), dão-nos base teórica para que se possa apontar uma série de elementos ligados à oralidade que permeiam as literaturas grega e latina, embora ambas diferenciem-se histórica e cronologicamente quanto ao momento e à forma da influência da oralidade na literatura. ...
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Atualmente, o paradigma de leitura é a prática individual e silenciosa. Entretanto, longe de ser o único modelo possível, não era nem mesmo a principal forma de leitura na Antiguidade. O texto não existe fora de uma materialidade que, se no paradigma atual é um objeto impresso, foi, durante muito tempo, uma forma de transmissão ligada às práticas da oralidade. No mundo romano, a principal forma de circulação do texto literário era a recitação, que ocorria sob diversas formas: recitações privadas ou públicas, concursos literários em que o texto era julgado a partir de uma leitura em voz alta, e mesmo a recitação quando da própria composição do texto. Procuramos, então, resgatar as práticas de leitura da sociedade romana através dos textos poéticos legados por ela e conhecer seus protocolos de leitura no momento em que a cultura escrita alcançou sua máxima expansão, os séculos I e II d.C.
Literacy and recitation in the Roman Empire
Abstract
In our modern societies, the paradigm of reading is individual and silent. However, far from being the only one possible, this wasn ’ t even the main form of reading in the Ancient times. The text doesn ’ t exist outside its materiality, and, if the current standard is the printed object, it was, for a long time, a form of transmission connected to practices of orality. In the Roman world, the main form of circulation of the literary text was the recitation, which happened in various ways: public or private recitations, literary contests where the text was judged from an oral performance, and even recitation when the text was been produced. We aim at observing the reading practices of the Roman society through poetic texts and at getting to know the reading protocols of that society at the moment when the maximum expansion of the written culture is achieved, i.e., the first and second centuries AD.
Keywords: Recitation. Orality. Literacy. History of reading. Roman Empire
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The Cambridge Critical Guide to Latin Literature offers a critical overview of work on Latin literature. Where are we? How did we get here? Where to next? Fifteen commissioned chapters, along with an extensive introduction and Mary Beard's postscript, approach these questions from a range of angles. They aim not to codify the field, but to give snapshots of the discipline from different perspectives, and to offer provocations for future development. The Critical Guide aims to stimulate reflection on how we engage with Latin literature. Texts, tools and territories are the three areas of focus. The Guide situates the study of classical Latin literature within its global context from late antiquity to Neo-Latin, moving away from an exclusive focus on the pre-200 CE corpus. It recalibrates links with adjoining disciplines (history, philosophy, material culture, linguistics, political thought, Greek), and takes a fresh look at key tools (editing, reception, intertextuality, theory).
This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs.
In keeping with the call of this Special Issue, this article is but one voice in the midst of a much broader conversation, attending to whether the differences between narrative and performance criticism are a matter of degree or kind. Narrative and biblical performance criticisms are natural bedfellows. The two appear genealogically related as they share similar founders, attend to similar features, and to a degree share similar interests with regard to interpretation. In fact, their interests appear to be so closely aligned at several points that attempts to distinguish between these two approaches run the risk of simply “splitting hairs”. Yet, our recognition of these distinctions is essential for highlighting the unique contribution of each approach. In what follows, I suggest that the differences between performance and narrative criticisms are rather (at least theoretically) a “shifting of gears”, a progression toward a more complex understanding of how biblical texts work in various contexts and how we as scholars may approach them as objects of study. While the object of study in narrative criticism is relatively well established (again, at least theoretically), this is not necessarily the case for performance criticism. In short, by way of contrast, I will suggest that for performance criticism, its object is similar to yet distinct from the object of study of narrative criticism. Such a claim is by no means groundbreaking, especially among the performance critics, nor should it necessarily be viewed as controversial. Rather, in exploring the contours of each approach, this contribution aims to provide additional theoretical credence to certain areas within this conversation. In doing so, this inadvertently has implications not only for our thinking in this particular volume, but also perhaps more broadly for biblical studies.
In New Testament scholarship, there is a division between practitioners of performance criticism and those who engage the sociology of reading and reading cultures in the ancient Mediterranean context. The former, as the name of their methodology implies, tend to emphasize the performative nature of engaging textual traditions and downplay the importance of the physical document in a performance event. The latter stress the importance of the physical text in a reading event. This article reaches across the division between performance and reading, suggesting that written manuscripts play different roles in different kinds of performance and reading events. It surveys primary source evidence of two types: one in which the physical text is absent from or de-emphasized in the performance event and another in which the document is explicitly present and figures prominently in the reading event. The article concludes by suggesting that performance critics ought to be more explicit about what role they imagine physical documents to have in hypothetical performance events and that those engaging the sociology of reading ought to be more attuned to the performative potential of communal reading events.
Resumen
La riqueza epigráfica de las ánforas olearias de la provincia Bética es bien conocida gracias a los numerosos sellos de alfarero, rótulos pintados ( tituli picti ) y grafitos grabados en la arcilla fresca ( ante cocturam ). Éstos últimos suelen contener signos y simples letras, pero a veces, también nombres de personas y fechas calendariales y consulares. En este trabajo presentamos un grafito de carácter excepcional por su contenido estrictamente literario. En él, proponemos identificar un fragmento de poema de Virgilio. Analizamos y discutimos el contexto en que se realizó, la autoría del mismo y su significación para el conocimiento del grado de alfabetización de la sociedad rural romana en el Valle del Guadalquivir. Constituye el primer caso constatado sobre ánfora romana y es de excepcional interés para arqueólogos, epigrafistas y filólogos del latín vulgar.
Ancient Greek Lists brings together catalogic texts from a variety of genres, arguing that the list form was the ancient mode of expressing value through text. Ranging from Homer's Catalogue of Ships through Attic comedy and Hellenistic poetry to temple inventories, the book draws connections among texts seldom juxtaposed, examining the ways in which lists can stand in for objects, create value, act as methods of control, and even approximate the infinite. Athena Kirk analyzes how lists come to stand as a genre in their own right, shedding light on both under-studied and well-known sources to engage scholars and students of Classical literature, ancient history, and ancient languages.
Carpe diem – 'eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die!' – is a prominent motif throughout ancient literature and beyond. This is the first book-length examination of its significance and demonstrates that close analysis can make a key contribution to a question that is central to literary studies in and beyond Classics: how can poetry give us the almost magical impression that something is happening here and now? In attempting an answer, Robert Rohland gives equal attention to Greek and Latin texts, as he offers new interpretations of well-known poems from Horace and tackles understudied epigrams. Pairing close readings of ancient texts along with interpretations of other forms of cultural production such as gems, cups, calendars, monuments, and Roman wine labels, this interdisciplinary study transforms our understanding of the motif of carpe diem.
In this book, Maggie Popkin offers an in-depth investigation of souvenirs, a type of ancient Roman object that has been understudied and that is unfamiliar to many people. Souvenirs commemorated places, people, and spectacles in the Roman Empire. Straddling the spheres of religion, spectacle, leisure, and politics, they serve as a unique resource for exploring the experiences, interests, imaginations, and aspirations of a broad range of people - beyond elite, metropolitan men - who lived in the Roman world. Popkin shows how souvenirs generated and shaped memory and knowledge, as well as constructed imagined cultural affinities across the empire's heterogeneous population. At the same time, souvenirs strengthened local identities, but excluded certain groups from the social participation that souvenirs made available to so many others. Featuring a full illustration program of 137 color and black and white images, Popkin's book demonstrates the critical role that souvenirs played in shaping how Romans perceived and conceptualized their world, and their relationships to the empire that shaped it.
La présente étude prend le parti de considérer la langue latine en tant que langue vivante : ce travail a pour objet d’expliquer la manière dont la norme linguistique latine se définit, du premier siècle avant notre ère au premier siècle de notre ère. Plus que d’expliquer les évolutions lexicales, phonétiques et grammaticales que connaît toute langue vivante, il s’agit de retracer les débats que la norme linguistique a pu susciter dans la Rome classique, et la manière dont l’idée même de norme linguistique naît. À travers les œuvres de Varron, Cicéron et Quintilien, nous chercherons d’abord à expliciter les critères de correction linguistique qui apparaissent à la fin de la République, et à étudier l’évolution même de ces critères. Puis, d’un point de vue plus général, nous examinons la manière dont la langue latine, désormais vue comme un tout unifié, est conçue et enseignée.Tout au long de ce travail il s’agira de mettre en évidence l’idéologie, les mentalités qui sous-tendent la pensée linguistique et les conceptions politiques, sociales et éthiques dans lesquelles la norme linguistique en construction trouve sa source, dans l’optique de retrouver, derrière la langue latine que nous envisageons aujourd’hui comme un tout, la société complexe des Romains de l’époque classique, et de reconstituer ainsi le lien entre le latin et ses locuteurs, prouvant ainsi que les réflexions sur la langue s’inscrivent dans une problématique générale de mémoire culturelle.
This chapter analyzes how some spaces or places become distributors of cultural values. The relevance of these places lies in the fact that, together with a direct relationship with their activities, they become structures of irradiation of values considered positive. This emphasizes how these activities are carried out when they occur in these places, where the most important thing is represented by the synergies that make possible the transformation of the environment through modifying the habits of the people who go there. The public library is taken as an example. The modern library is the result of the evolution of reading and writing. These activities have a very high cultural value that influences the moral perception we have of the people who perform them. For this reason, the library occupies a very prominent place in society, not only because of the importance given to the activities that can be carried out there but also because wanting to go there implies adopting an attitude. In the same way, certain behaviors are assumed by the simple fact of being near them. This phenomenon is approached from an eco-cognitive perspective: libraries are distributive ethical mediators that allow the application of cognitive strategies to interact morally with the environment. Likewise, the design of the building itself also acts as a moral distributor because it incites us to behave correctly within socially and culturally accepted patterns. Abductive reasoning is presented as the ideal mechanism to represent this complex process of imbrication between values, facts, expectations, and emotions.
Tony Woodman's commentary has provided a convincing explanation of the apparently contradictory message of Odes 3.6. If the closing stanza does indeed allow the corruption of Roman morals to be reversed, the poem is best understood as a contribution to the celebrations in February 28 BC of Imperator Caesar's vow to restore the temples that had been allowed to fall into neglect by the corrupt oligarchy defeated in the civil wars. The widely held belief that Horace's references to performance are all metaphorical is shown to be unjustified.
The series is currently divided into Serie occidentale and Serie orientale , which will gather research of philological nature (critical editions, monographs, researches on printed and manuscript traditions, methodological essays, proceedings of seminars and conferences); its primary goal is to be the ‘place’ of exchange and of intellectual collaboration among scholars of the Western and Eastern traditions: first of all, those who work in the University, but also, and with particular attention, the external ones. Texts written in the main languages of modern cultures will be welcomed; special attention will be devoted to testing of computer critical editions.
En este texto se analizará la forma en que los elementos deícticos, específica- mente los de lugar (aquí) y tiempo (ahora), influyen para que algunos epitafios de la región ática, de la época clásica, sean considerados una representación de un “acto de habla”; es decir, cada vez que se leen se vuelve a presentar un acto comunicativo en un contexto determinado, con la presencia de tres elementos: emisor, receptor e intención del mensaje. Los epitafios son una fuente relevante para conocer el pensamiento griego: lo allí escrito debía tener sentido para la sociedad en su conjunto.
Le but de cet article est de présenter la matière d’un chapitre des Nuits Attiques (III 1), dans lequel Aulu-Gelle dépeint une conversation tenue par le philosophe Favorin d’Arles avec quelques-uns de ses disciples. Les lettrés discutent d’un passage de la Conjuration de Catilina (11, 3). Salluste y fait une vigoureuse attaque contre l’avaritia. Une des idées introduites par Salluste est que la cupidité rend efféminé non seulement l’âme, mais également le corps. Les diverses interprétations que les interlocuteurs d’Aulu-Gelle donnent à cette accusation, sont ici examinées en tenant compte non seulement du contexte plus large du passage sallustéen, mais aussi de la figure de Favorin et particulièrement telle qu’elle nous est présentée dans les Nuits Attiques. On tente de démontrer que Favorin, qui mène la conversation, n’est pas sérieux, comme on l’a souvent cru, mais que, ironisant sur sa propre condition (il était à la fois extrêmement riche et efféminé), il se moque des grammairiens. Ce passage d’Aulu-Gelle appartient donc à cette catégorie de chapitres des Nuits Attiques dans lesquels on dévoile l’ignorance de pédants.
Πέλοπας / Pelopas, 2(1): 202-210, 2018. Διαθέσιμο από: http://library.uop.gr/magazine/index.php/pelopas/issue/view/5/showToc
Is this the Varronian moment? After decades of comparative neglect, especially in Anglophone scholarship, the late republican polymath is suddenly everywhere. There are conferences and conference panels dedicated to his work, some subsequently published as edited volumes. Varro is the subject of dissertations and monographs, either on his own or as a prime exhibit in discussions of such diverse subjects as ancient agricultural writing and late republican religious scholarship. Much needed new editions of his work have appeared or are in preparation. Thus we can look forward to Robert Rodgers' OCT of De re rustica , Giorgio Piras’ Teubner of De lingua Latina and a Loeb edition of Varronian fragments by Joseph McAlhany.
Reading Latin. Easy as it sounds, Latin teachers know it is not. Students are able to analyze words or recognize constructions, yet this knowledge does not enable them to read and let the Latin words form images in their minds. In order to develop a reading method focusing on the visualization of the story following the Latin word order, an applied research project was set up. The research approach was that of educational design research. Based upon knowledge of word order and colometry, a reading method was developed focusing on the way the story is directed by the Roman author.
En el 2007, durante las excavaciones arqueológicas para la realización de una estación de metro en la Piazza Venezia de Roma aparecieron dos auditorios datados en la primera mitad del siglo II d.C. que fueron identificados por varios arqueólogos como una parte del Athenaeum fundado por Adriano, la primera gran institución académica romana que aparece mencionada en las fuentes clásicas. Este libro es el resultado de un análisis exhaustivo a través de la topografía, la arquitectura y la filología en un intento de desvelar la funcionalidad de las estructuras, que pudieron formar parte del Athenaeum o quizás de una institución judicial integrada en el conjunto de tribunales del Foro de Trajano.
Der Beitrag widmet sich der Inszenierung von Händen und ihrem den Autorfiguren bald willkommenen, bald unwillkommenen Kontakt mit der Papyrusrolle in der augusteischen Buchdichtung. Anhand Properz, Horaz und Ovid wird dargelegt, wie die Referenz auf alltägliche Medienhandlungen aufgrund vielschichtiger kultureller Konnotationen des Begriffs der ‚Hand’ spezifisches metapoetisches und -mediales Potenzial entwickelt.
This article argues for classical education's trivium—grammar, logic, and rhetoric—and its step-by-step building of knowledge as a heuristic for general education courses. Specifically, courses must intertwine the four rhetorical acts of reading, writing, speaking, and listening to achieve a trivium-based heuristic. Current curricula, however, have separated these four rhetorical acts—especially listening—from one another and have left their teaching to competing departments. All general education courses—regardless of department—should combine the rhetorical acts through this trivium-based heuristic to better prepare students for communicating and transferring knowledge. A reorientation toward listening and self-reflective practices as a theoretical basis in general education achieves this trivium-based heuristic and the goals of a liberal arts education.
This dissertation investigates homo- and bisexuality in the Roman world, by focusing primarily on Pompeii’s graffiti. Scratched on walls, street facades, public buildings, within the domus and often inserted in paintings or frescoes, Pompeian graffiti differ in topic, structure and kind: they vary from insults to dedications, from political notices to salutations, from jokes to love poems. The quantity of homoerotic graffiti is, in particular, worthy of note, since they offer an important contribution to the study of homo- and bisexual attitudes in the Roman world. If today sexuality is divided into distinct categories and homo- and bisexuality are seen as “unnatural” and “against nature” in some countries, Pompeii’s homoerotic graffiti help us overturn this view: not only do they show that homo- and bisexual behaviours were widespread among the Romans but also that our modern conception of sexuality can be applied only in part to the Roman world, since it was not present in the same form. The graffiti from Pompeii demonstrate that sexuality is a transient concept, which varies according to time, society and culture, and they also invite us to think afresh about our modern way of considering of homo- and bisexual attitudes.
Este livro decorre das duas primeiras edições do Ciclo de Conferências “Do manuscrito ao livro impresso”, cujos programas se apresentam no final da nota de abertura, realizadas no Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro, no primeiro semestre dos anos letivos de 2015/16 e de 2016/17. Trata-se de uma iniciativa com o objetivo principal de promover a investigação e a divulgação científica na área da História do Livro e da Edição, no âmbito das atividades curriculares da Licenciatura em Línguas e Estudos Editoriais e do Mestrado em Estudos Editoriais do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro. As conferências proferidas versam sobre temas muito diversos da História do Livro e da Edição, entendida em sentido lato, desde a antiguidade até à atualidade. Pretendeu-se promover uma reflexão crítica alargada sobre o nascimento e a evolução da escrita e da edição de textos ao longo dos tempos, dando destaque aos principais suportes e técnicas, desde o rolo de papiro ao códice de pergaminho, desde o livro de papel ao digital, em particular, como se compreende, no que concerne à arte tipográfica.
In 2001, in a special issue of the Annales de démographie historique, four historians provided the first historiographical assessment on the history of childhood in the Western World: this field of study, born following the work of Philippe Ariès, had indeed generated researches in the 1970-1990’s, even if Véronique Dasen, who had written the part of the file dedicated to the ancient period, pointed out the relative delay of the Hellenists in this area. Fifteen years later, this article intends reviewing the works led since 2001, many studies having completed a field of research that historians and archaeologists of ancient Greece have now captured successfully.
Since the late nineteenth century, studies of Ammianus’ audience have reached widely divergent conclusions. Research has focused on two opposed theses: while some scholars have seen the pagan senatorial aristocracy as the audience of the Res Gestae , others have assigned that role to the imperial bureaucracy. However, in thinking that a work could reach—or target—exclusively the members of a specific social group, the prevalent views on Ammianus’ audience contradict what we know about the circulation of books in the late Roman world. In contrast to previous research, this study proposes a new approach based on an analysis of the information available on book circulation in Ammianus’ time. This analysis shows that the audience of the Res Gestae was most likely socially diverse.
[engl. Reading as a Socio-cultural Phenomenon in the Course of History. Part I.] //
FÁZIK, Jakub. Čítanie ako sociokultúrny fenomén v prieniku dejín. 1. časť: starovek a antika. In: Knižnica. 2018, roč. 19, č. 2, s. 8-18. ISSN 1336-0965. //
Článok prezentuje komplexný obraz úlohy čítania a gramotnosti z historického, kultúrneho a sociálneho hľadiska v období staroveku a antiky. Autor podrobne popisuje vývoj písma od obrázkových foriem až po systém fonetickej abecedy. Uvádza rôzne účely používania písma, konkrétne formy čítania, predstavuje hlavných nositeľov gramotnosti a konkrétne triedy ľudí, ktorí boli schopné čítať a písať v jednotlivých obdobiach a kultúrach. //
The article outlines the history of reading from ancient times to the present, focusing on cultural influences which have impacted on reading and literacy development in Europe. The author describes in detail the evolution of writing from picture writing to phonetic
symbols. He states the various purposes of the use of writing, the specific forms of reading, various principal bearers of literacy, and particular classes of people able to read and write, throughout the history. Thus the article provides a complex image of the role of reading for people from the historical, cultural and social point of view.
Recent scholarship has started to read biblical commentaries not only for their theological contents but also for the writing mastery of their authors. Commentaries (biblical or not) are slowly emerging from the literary darkness of technical texts. This chapter explores the development of the commentary in Christian literature from a type of proof in polemical literature to the production of commented narratives in biblical epics. Examples taken from Theophilus of Antioch, Origen, Basil of Caesarea, Ambrose of Milan, Ambrosiaster, Augustine of Hippo, and Cyprian of Gaul illustrate how Genesis 1:26, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion,” with its two themes of image and speech, has inspired orators, writers, and poets.
Rome's literary culture had initially developed through contact with and emulation of the Greek world. In the first half of the second century BCE Rome's Macedonian wars and the wars with Antiochus introduced Roman generals directly to the books, authors, and libraries of the Greek world. Rome's first three public libraries were all founded within a short period of about fifteen years at the advent of the Principate. Bath‐house libraries aside, there was by the time of Hadrian a concentration of library buildings in the center of the city, clustering around the Palatine Hill and at either end of the suite of imperial fora to the north‐east. Late Republican literary figures like Varro and Cicero could draw on very extensive libraries, and both were personally interested in the acquisition and ordering of large book collections.
This article seeks to jumpstart the politico-historicist scholarship on Virgil's Georgics in the direction of Marxist criticism. I argue that the Georgics should be understood less as a battle site for intra-elite power struggles or civil strife, more as an ideological stomping ground to work out, and dig in, the particular relationships of slavery and imperialism disfiguring the Roman world in 29 b.c.e . After a brief analysis of the dynamics of labor in Books 1–3, I train on a close reading of Book 4, which sees the bees ( et al .) as crucial to the new dominant logic of compelling others (whether slaves or provincial subjects) to produce and give up the fruits of their labour — all for the leisured enjoyment of the upper crust.
Segundo a tradição biográfica tardo-antiga, Virgílio expressou antes de morrer o desejo de incinerar os livros da Eneida, uma vez que o trabalho da composição estava incompleto. Até a invenção do códice, o principal meio de divulgação da Eneida era muito provavelmente o volumen constituído por folhas de papiro. Tendo em vista as limitações deste tipo de suporte, é provável que os livros do poema circulassem separadamente. A julgar pelo corpus papirológico (31 papiros identificados até o atual estágio da pesquisa), pela epigrafia e pelas menções esporádicas dos autores latinos, o épico virgiliano alcançou uma rápida difusão nos quadros do Império logo nos dois primeiros séculos de sua publicação (séc. I a.C.). Como parte da tipologia da fonte pertinente à proposta de abordagem histórica do épico, debruçamo-nos neste artigo sobre um recorte da arqueologia do texto anterior aos codices antiquores (séculos IV-V). Nossa abordagem considera a problemática do suporte do volumen e a difusão dos poemas virgilianos, tendo em vista sua fruição poética e seu uso escolar a partir de um grupo de papiros categorizados como exercitationes scribendi.
Se presenta una nueva lámina de plomo con texto griego, posiblemente una carta del s. IV a. C. La edición y traducción parcial va acompañada de estudio cronológico, paleográfico
y lingü.stico y de algunas hipótesis sobre su interpretación dentro de este género de documentos cuyo número e importancia está en continuo crecimiento.
Uma das principais transformações ocorridas no campo historiográfico desde a constituição da História como uma ciência (Geschichtswissenschaft) foi a ampliação da noção de documento, que deixou de ser compreendido apenas como texto escrito para englobar qualquer indício da presença humana. Assim como outras áreas, a História Antiga também acompanhou estas mudanças, o que permitiu uma renovação das fontes, dos materiais e dos métodos para o estudo da Antiguidade. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar algumas questões sobre um corpus documental pouco trabalhado pela historiografia brasileira, as Ogham Stones, fontes importantes da cultura material para o estudo da Hibernia e da Britannia romana (e pós-romana).
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Este trabalho objetiva analisar um aspecto fundamental da existência do fenômeno literário na antiguidade: a relação que se estabelece, para seu pleno funcionamento, entre oralidade e letramento. Para tanto, tomamos como base teórica os estudos na área de História da Leitura, desenvolvidos por Roger Chartier e outros, bem como o conceito de campo literário utilizado por Maingueneau (e retomado de Pierre Bourdieu) em sua explicação acerca dos fatores constituintes do contexto de uma obra literária. Com esse referencial teórico, buscamos compreender as variações espaço-temporais a que se submetem os ritos da produção, da recepção e da difusão do fenômeno literário, para, valendo-nos de poemas de Marco Valério Marcial, exemplificar em que medidas a forte relação entre oralidade e letramento, que perpassa o mundo antigo de maneira ampla, se faz presente no próprio ato de composição dessa poesia.
Reflections on the relation between orality and poetry in Martial’s poetic
Abstract
This work aims to analyze a fundamental aspect of the existence of the literary phenomenon in antiquity: the relation that is established, for its perfect functioning, between orality and literacy. To do that, we have taken as theoretical basis the studies in the area of History of reading, developed by Roger Chartier and others, as well as the concept of literary field used by Maingueneau (and recovered from Bourdieu) in his explanation about the constitutive factors of a literary work’s context. With this theoretical referential, we intend to understand the spatial and temporal variations to which the rites of production, reception, and circulation of the literary phenomenon are submitted, to, by using poems of Marcus Valerius Martial, exemplify in what sense the strong relation between orality and literacy, that passes through the ancient world in a wide manner, makes itself present in the very compositional act of this poetry.
Keywords: orality and literacy; Martial’s poetry; metalanguage; poetic composition.
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The Peripatetics explores the development of Peripatetic thought from Theophrastus and Strato to the work of the commentator Alexander of Aphrodisias. The book examines whether the internal dynamics of this philosophical school allowed for a unity of Peripatetic thought, or whether there was a fundamental tension between philosophical creativity and the notions of core teachings and canonisation. The book discusses the major philosophical preoccupations of the Peripatetics, interactions with Hellenistic schools of thought, and the shift in focus among Greek philosophers in a changing political landscape. It is the first book of its kind to provide a survey of this important philosophical tradition.
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