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Reconsidering the Police Role: A Challenge to A Challenge of A Popular Conception

Authors:
Clifford Shearing at University of Cape Town
Clifford Shearing
Jeffrey Leon
Jeffrey Leon
Jeffrey Leon
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Abstract

For some time now a debate has been taking place both within academic and police circles with respect to the role of the police. This debate has taken the form of a challenge to the popular conception of the police officer's role as principally a crime-fighter and law-enforcer. Social scientists and police administrators have argued that in fact policemen, at least at the patrol level, spend relatively little of their time fighting crime or enforcing the law; rather, they spend the vast majority of their time doing social service type work.
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... When empirical studies of police practice began in the early 1960s, on both sides of the Atlantic, a key focus was what they revealed about the police role in practice. The way these studies presented their findings can be seen as following a dialectic pattern (Shearing and Leon 1977). The implicit thesis of this dialectic was the popular cultural conception of police as crime busters. ...
... More recent research has suggested a synthesis of what used to be debated as the force vs. service conceptions of the police role. Most police work seeks to keep order in emergency conflict situations, in which there may be potential crimes, and is neither pure consensual service delivery nor unequivocal law enforcement (Shapland and Vagg 1988;Reiner 2010pp.141-7). 'Force is part of the service', as a 1992 episode of The Bill put it succinctly. ...
In praise of fire brigade policing: contra common sense conceptions of the police role
Book
Full-text available
  • Jan 2012
First in a series of What if... pamphlets aiming to challenge conventional thinking on penal issues. It focuses on policing and has been written by Professor Robert Reiner, London School of Economics, who challenges the current view of the role of the police and argues for a rediscovery of the social role of policing, beyond crime control, and a frank recognition that they are primarily there as a first line response to people in distress. The pamphlet series is the first arising out of a partnership between the Howard League for Penal Reform and the Mannheim Centre at the London School of Economics.
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... Rather than the police being seen as self-evidently a public service, it is identified as an arm of government control. The legal authority of the police, and its appeal to the law for a mandate, and the authorization of force to maintain law and order, are emphasized by the Canadian criminologists Shearing and Leon (1976) and by Bayley in his comparative policing text: ...
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... This has been a regular feature of policing in response to COVID-19 across the globe, where enforcement of social distancing and quarantining was a feature of police work, often, as was the case in Australia, with police issuing fines when regulations at either the state or federal level were violated. Police have effectively participated in an essentially public health domain, where their capacity and licence to deploy non-negotiable force (Shearing & Leon, 1977) has been extensively used. ...
Policing the pandemic: Public health, law enforcement, and the use of force
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2022
This article delves into the relationship between policing and public health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The police have been seen as a crucial and extensively mobilised resource that has been utilised in responding to a public health crisis. The response to the pandemic shows the police mainly as enforcing state orders in which they have a traditional function related to the use of force. It is argued here that the classic definition of policing in terms of the use of force allows for the police becoming ‘decoupled’ from the institutional frames of criminal justice and public order. The perspective of a decoupled police would have real consequences for their involvement in public health. The article concludes with the conditions necessary for police to be a legitimate force in the public health domain.
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... • First, the policies sought to ensure that South Africa had an effective and accountable police force (and broader criminal justice system) that would focus its attention on doing what police do best. Namely, successfully and legitimately, applying what Egon Bittner (1970) has termed "non--negotiable coercive force" or the credible threat of such force (Shearing and Leon 1977), by agents of the state that would restore peace in the face of threats to it. Bittner (1974, 30) expressed this sense of force as a source of peace when he argued that police were, and should be, an agency to which people can confidently turn when something-serious that "ought--not--to--be--happening--and--that--someone--had--better--do-something--about--now" has occurred. ...
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... They see their role less as offering services directly, and more as guarantors of order who act to ensure that networks of capable guardians exist and are operating to promote safety (see also Wood and Marks, 2007). Their role is primarily to provide informational support for the coaches and helpers by providing back-up support in cases where the unique legal authority and coercive capacity of the police is required (see Shearing and Leon, 1976). Particularly noteworthy in the case of street coaches is the fact that the vast bulk of the infrastructure is provided by a private foundation. ...
The Many Faces of Nodal Policing: Team Play and Improvisation in Dutch Community Safety
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2013
In this article, we seek to explain how one police organization, the Dutch police, has situated itself in various partnership arrangements that make innovative use of its authority and capacities. Such arrangements are notable for their strategic attention to high-risk places, and the flows of people, information and other goods in the spaces between them. We use the term ‘policing assemblages’ to capture the eclectic and rather fluid character of such partnerships. Four particular initiatives in Amsterdam are used to illustrate the ways in which such assemblages can emerge and function. We adopt the metaphor of ‘team play’ to characterize the relations between police and their partners in this ‘nodal’ policing field. We suggest that if nodal policing continues, the public police may play more varied and indirect roles in managing risky spaces and behaviors. Nodal policing could be helpful in a period of high public demand for security, but its stability and longevity requires further consideration.
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... • First, the policies sought to ensure that South Africa had an effective and accountable police force (and broader criminal justice system) that would focus its attention on doing what police do best. Namely, successfully and legitimately, applying what Egon Bittner (1970) has termed "non--negotiable coercive force" or the credible threat of such force (Shearing and Leon 1977), by agents of the state that would restore peace in the face of threats to it. Bittner (1974, 30) expressed this sense of force as a source of peace when he argued that police were, and should be, an agency to which people can confidently turn when something-serious that "ought--not--to--be--happening--and--that--someone--had--better--do-something--about--now" has occurred. ...
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... • First, the policies sought to ensure that South Africa had an effective and accountable police force (and broader criminal justice system) that would focus its attention on doing what police do best. Namely, successfully and legitimately, applying what Egon Bittner (1970) has termed "non-negotiable coercive force" or the credible threat of such force (Shearing and Leon 1977), by agents of the state that would restore peace in the face of threats to it. Bittner (1974, 30) expressed this sense of force as a source of peace when he argued that police were, and should be, an agency to which people can confidently turn when somethingserious that "ought-not-to-be-happening-and-that-someone-had-better-dosomething-about-now" has occurred. ...
Curbing the Killing Fields: Making South Africa Safer
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2014
South Africa is often held up as an enviable example of a country that avoided a full-blown civil war. Twenty years into the new constitutional democracy, however, the continuation of social conflict and criminal violence begs the question as to whether South Africa deserves to be described as “postconflict.” In this article, we take stock of contemporary conversations about crime. First, key dimensions of South Africa’s crime problem are described, drawing on a composite report on violent crime published in 2009 by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (Johannesburg). We then focus on three recent episodes to illustrate some of the dimensions of violence in South Africa’s multifaceted society. Finally, we take stock of some select approaches to dealing with violent criminality and review ideas for containing crime and making South Africa safer. Full text: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/652/1/186.short
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The Public and the Police: Training Implications of the Demand for a New Model Police Officer
Chapter
  • Jan 1986
When Robert Peel presented his “Bill for improving Police in and near the Metropolis” to the British parliament in 1829, he faced considerable opposition, based somewhat on fear that the notorious activities of the pre-Revolutionary French police would be duplicated in England. Indeed, a parliamentary report in 1818 recommended against the establishment of a police force, arguing that rational and humane laws, an enlightened magistracy, and “above all, the moral habits and opinions of the people” (Reith, 1938) were sufficient to ensure both the maintenance of order and protection of individual rights.
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Ponsaers, P., Devroe, E. (2012), “On how a failing government creates an intrusive police force”, Cahiers Politiestudies , n° 25.
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2012
Deze bijdrage zoomt in op de verhouding tussen politie en politiek. Peacekeeping is van oudsher de kerntaak van de politie. We beschrijven deze stelling aan de hand van resultaten van empirisch onderzoek, zowel in de Verenigde Staten als in Europa. We stellen in deze bijdrage vast dat de verwachtingen van de politieke klasse ten opzichte van de politie afgelopen drie decennia grondig transformeerden. Steeds meer kwam de klemtoon te liggen op de bestrijding van criminaliteit. Dit gegeven strookt niet met een realistische visie op het concrete politiefunctioneren, dat voornamelijk uit preventieve handelingen bestaat. Dit laatste lichten we toe aan de hand van historische inzichten, waaruit blijkt politie vooral de dagelijkse rust en kalmte in de buurten moest bewaren. In deze bijdrage lichten we een aantal oorzaken toe voor deze politieke visieverandering. Eerst en vooral is een falende overheid de indirecte aanleiding tot de vraag om een ‘sterke arm’. Een overheid die er niet in slaagt sociale rechtvaardigheid voor haar inwoners te garanderen, leidt tot oproer. De bevolking keert zich tegen de meest zichtbare vertegenwoordiging van die overheid: de politie; waarop dan wordt gereageerd met een zero-tolerance politiek. Een tweede oorzaak voor een accentverschuiving naar criminaliteitsbestrijding is de economische crisis: politie is te duur geworden. Andere veiligheidsberoepen (en zelfs de private sector) nemen het dagdagelijks contact met de bevolking over en politie blijft voorbehouden voor de grootschalige criminaliteitsbestrijding. Deze bijlage plaatst deze nieuwe verhouding tussen politie en politiek onder een kritische loep.
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The Social Power of a Uniform'
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 1974
  • J APPL SOC PSYCHOL
The degree and basis of social power of uniformed figures was investigated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were stopped in the street by an experimenter dressed in one of three ways: a civilian, a milkman, or a guard. They were asked to pick up a paper bag, or to give a dime to a stranger, or to move away from a bus stop. The results indicated that the subjects complied more with the guard than with the civilian or milkman. In the second field experiment, designed to examine the basis of the guard's power, subjects were asked to give a dime t o a stranger under conditions of either surveillance or nonsurveillance. The guard's power was not affected by the surveillance manipulation. A logical analysis of social power indicated that the guard's power was most likely based on legitimacy. Two questionnaire studies indicated, however, that college students did not perceive the guard as having either more. power or more legitjmacy than the milkman or civilian. The nature and importance of understanding legitimacy was discussed.
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Policeman as Philosopher, Guide and Friend
Article
  • Jan 1965
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
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The Police on Skid Row: A Study of Peace Keeping
Article
  • Oct 1967
Following the distinction proposed by Banton, police work consists of two relatively different activities: "law enforcement" and "keeping the peace." The latter is not determined by a clear legal mandate and does not stand under any system of external control. Instead, it developed as a craft in response to a variety of demand conditions. One such condition is created by the concentration of certain types of persons on skid-row. Patrolmen have a particular conception of the social order of skid-row life that determines the procedures of control they employ. The most conspicuous features of the peace keeping methods used are an aggressively personalized approach to residents, an attenuated regard for questions of culpability, and the use of coercion, mainly in the interest of managing situations rather than persons.
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Police Encounters and Social Organization: An Observation Study
Article
  • Jan 1968
Microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms, 1969. 1 reel. 35mm. Thesis-University of Michigan.
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The Theory of Social and Economic Organization / M. Weber ; ed. e introd. de de T. Parson ; tr. por A.M. Henderson, T. Parsons.
Article
El contenido de la obra corresponde a la primera parte del libro Economía y sociedad, del sociólogo alemán Max Weber (1864-1920), misma que fue publicada originalmente en tres volúmenes. La presente obra estudia los conceptos fundamentales de la sociología y la economía y analiza los factores sociales que han incidido en la conformación de los mismos.
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The Policeman in the CommunityThe Social Power of a Uniform
  • Jan 1964
  • 47-61
  • M Banton
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