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On Utilizing Static Courier Nodes to Achieve Energy Efficiency with Depth Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
Under water sensor networks(UWSNs) have attracted significantly to explore natural and undersea resources and gathering scientific data in aqueous conditions. The adverse characteristics in UWSNs communication and high cost limit the sensor nodes to spare deployment, causing delay, low propagation , power efficiency and floating node mobility. This proposed protocol is developed to handle these problems in under water sensor networks, two static sinks and four courier nodes are used to perform routing. Sensor nodes select their appropriate nearby static courier node to forward their data towards destination. Courier nodes have maximum energy, as compare to sensor nodes causing to enhance the network life time and provide equal distribution of energy consumption resulting to provide maximum throughput and stability of the network. Network field is hundred by hundred and providing maximum rounds through which we can closely over view the network life time, energy efficiency and throughput. Simulation results show maximum packet delivery per round. Courier nodes have maximum energy so the maximum routing will be performed by the courier nodes and sensor nodes will only sense their data and forward it to courier nodes causing to minimize the destabilization period of the network. Simulation results provide maximum throughput, minimum dead versus alive nodes and equal energy consumption per round.
... Rahman et al. [5] have addressed the problem of cost involvement in underwater sensor network by introducing two sink nodes in static position. The study outcome was found to offer higher transmission of data packet with good energy consumption. ...
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the promising technologies in today’s world. Applications can be from home, science, industry, medical and so on. In every field it is proving to be one of the best methods adopted like for example patient monitoring from home to hospitals using sensors and internet at a low cost is possible. In this paper study on node placement is considered as most of the sensor network has random based deployment of nodes during simulation. Random node placements have densely placed nodes in a certain area and sometimes only few nodes are deployed in a same area. This is purely because of random distribution of nodes and thus has impact on overall performance of WSN. Proposed method considers circular based deployment for routing in WSN with its own algorithm. Circular based node deployment is a combination of random and grid based approach and proves to be effective way of routing packets to destination. Simulation results show that performance of network in terms of computation is better than the existing methods.
... In [15], when a node fails to send data packets, only the nodes on the surface near void perform the fallback algorithm, which reduces the PDR. OUSCRP [21] applies to a specific network environment, but it does not apply to network environment with multi-mobile sink nodes. EEBET [22] can adjust the node's depth threshold to avoid energy consumption caused by retransmission packets. ...
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is facing a great challenge in designing a routing protocol with longer network lifetime and higher packet delivery rate(PDR) under the complex underwater environment. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware and void-avoidable routing protocol (EAVARP). EAVARP includes layering phase and data collection phase. During the layering phase, concentric shells are built around sink node, and sensor nodes are distributed on different shells. Sink node performs hierarchical tasks periodically to ensure the validity and real-time of the topology. It makes EAVARP apply to dynamic network environment. During the data collection phase, data packets are forwarded based on different concentric shells through opportunistic directional forwarding strategy (ODFS), even if there are voids. The ODFS takes into account the remaining energy and data transmission of nodes in the same shell, and avoids cyclic transmission, flooding, and voids. The verification and analysis of simulation results show that the effectiveness of our proposed EAVARP in terms of selecting performance matrics in comparison to existing routing protocols.
... Here the transmission of data can be obtained by different parameters such as optical, radio or sound waves. Light waves and frequency are not as much suitable due to the high absorption, attenuation and scattering as there is very large area for monitoring in sea so distance transmission creates problems [5]. UWSNs are used for the monitoring requirement of aqueous environment where the acoustic sensors gather interesting information and forward this data to the end node using any specific routing technique [6]. Figure 1 shows the general phenomena of UWSNs. ...
Recent research has seen remarkable advancement in the field of Under Water Sensor Networks (UWSNs). Many different protocols are developed in the recent years in this domain. As these protocols can be categorized in a variety of ways according to the mechanisms and functionalities they follow, hence it becomes important to understand their principal working. In this research we have introduced three analysis methods; Clustering based, Localization based and Cooperation based routing by selecting some recent routing protocols in the field of UWSN and presented a comparative analysis according to the categories in which they lie. This research has been taken theoretically and is qualitative one. Also a detail analysis of their key advantages and flaws are also identified in this research.
The chapter focuses on the recent development in the field of the sensor node deployment in the UWSN (under water wireless sensor network). In the chapter, the technical challenges during the node deployment of the sensor nodes in the UWSN (under water wireless sensor network) are represented with prefacing the background. The chapter focuses on the different methods of node deployment and presents a generalized model for ensure the reliability. A view of analyzing the deployment of sensor nodes is also shown in the example by following the recent researches in the domain. Finally, the future scope and conclusion is represented with the idea of new paradigms in the deployment of sensor nodes in the UWSN.
Data collection is an important procedure of ocean monitoring systems. Due to limited bandwidth and extreme high cost of satellite communication, the majority of data is unable to transmit via satellites. For the moment, there are no efficient data collection methods provided for data collection in underwater sensor networks. After collecting and analyzing GPS data of 40 ships for two months, we find the mobility pattern of ships. On the basis of the mobility pattern, we propose a new data collection strategy for underwater sensor networks through delay tolerant routing. Through simulations and real data analysis, we provide quantitative analysis of the proposed strategy, such as data collection ratio, complexity of the algorithm and energy consumption. Especially, the data collection ratio on real data analysis could reach 95%-100% in acceptable time, which is 30% more than the radio of the strategy that data stored as they come.
Most applications of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) demand reliable data delivery over a longer period in an efficient and timely manner. However, the harsh and unpredictable underwater environment makes routing more challenging as compared to terrestrial WSNs. Most of the existing schemes deploy mobile sensors or a mobile sink (MS) to maximize data gathering. However, the relatively high deployment cost prevents their usage in most applications. Thus, this paper presents an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-aided efficient data-gathering (AEDG) routing protocol for reliable data delivery in UWSNs. To prolong the network lifetime, AEDG employs an AUV for data collection from gateways and uses a shortest path tree (SPT) algorithm while associating sensor nodes with the gateways. The AEDG protocol also limits the number of associated nodes with the gateway nodes to minimize the network energy consumption and to prevent the gateways from overloading. Moreover, gateways are rotated with the passage of time to balance the energy consumption of the network. To prevent data loss, AEDG allows dynamic data collection at the AUV depending on the limited number of member nodes that are associated with each gateway. We also develop a sub-optimal elliptical trajectory of AUV by using a connected dominating set (CDS) to further facilitate network throughput maximization. The performance of the AEDG is validated via simulations, which demonstrate the effectiveness of AEDG in comparison to two existing UWSN routing protocols in terms of the selected performance metrics.
Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is a representative three-dimensional wireless sensor network. Due to the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic communication, providing energy-efficient and low-latency routing protocols for UWSNs is challenging. Major challenges are water currents, limited resources, and long acoustic propagation delay. Network topology of UWSNs is dynamic and complex as sensors have always been moving with currents. Some proposed protocols adopt geographic routing to address this problem, but three-dimensional localization is hard to obtain in underwater environment. As depth-based routing protocol (DBR) uses depth information only which is much more easier to obtain, it is more practical for UWSNs. However, depth information is not enough to restrict packets to be forwarded within a particular area. Packets may be forwarded through multiple paths which might cause energy waste and increase end-to-end delay. In this paper, we introduce underwater time of arrival (ToA) ranging technique to address the problem above. To maintain all the original advantages of DBR, we make the following contributions: energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol that reduces redundancy energy cost in some blind zones; low-latency depth-based routing protocol that is able to deliver a packet through an optimal path. The proposed protocols are validated through extensive simulations.
Performance enhancement of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
in terms of throughput maximization, energy conservation and Bit Error Rate (BER)
minimization is a potential research area. However, limited available bandwidth, high
propagation delay, highly dynamic network topology, and high error probability leads to
performance degradation in these networks. In this regard, many cooperative communication
protocols have been developed that either investigate the physical layer or the Medium
Access Control (MAC) layer, however, the network layer is still unexplored. More
specifically, cooperative routing has not yet been jointly considered with sink mobility.
Therefore, this paper aims to enhance the network reliability and efficiency via dominating
set based cooperative routing and sink mobility. The proposed work is validated via
simulations which show relatively improved performance of our proposed work in terms
the selected performance metrics.
Appropriate network design is very significant for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). Application-oriented UWSNs are planned to achieve certain objectives. Therefore, there is always a demand for efficient data routing schemes, which can fulfill certain requirements of application-oriented UWSNs. These networks can be of any shape, i.e., rectangular, cylindrical or square. In this paper, we propose chain-based routing schemes for application-oriented cylindrical networks and also formulate mathematical models to find a global optimum path for data transmission. In the first scheme, we devise four interconnected chains of sensor nodes to perform data communication. In the second scheme, we propose routing scheme in which two chains of sensor nodes are interconnected, whereas in third scheme single-chain based routing is done in cylindrical networks. After finding local optimum paths in separate chains, we find global optimum paths through their interconnection. Moreover, we develop a computational model for the analysis of end-to-end delay. We compare the performance of the above three proposed schemes with that of Power Efficient Gathering System in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) and Congestion adjusted PEGASIS (C-PEGASIS). Simulation results show that our proposed 4-chain based scheme performs better than the other selected schemes in terms of network lifetime, end-to-end delay, path loss, transmission loss, and packet sending rate.
The underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is a state-of-the-art approach to exploring potential information and resources in the aquatic environment. However, underwater communication has unique features, such as long propagation delay, low bandwidth capacity, high bit error rates, and mobility, memory, and battery limitations. In this paper, we propose a round-based clustering scheme that can overcome the UWSN's confines mainly by resolving the transmission of redundant data in the network - one of the significant factors that reduces network lifetime. Our proposed scheme works in rounds, with each round consisting of four main phases: initialization, cluster-head selection, clustering, and data aggregation. Suitable mechanisms are chosen to apply in each round. By dealing with most of the redundant data, our proposed clustering scheme better reduces network consumption, thus increasing network throughput. Moreover, the minimum percentage of received data at the sink/base station is guaranteed.
Clustering is a fundamental and effective technique for utilizing sensor nodes' energy and extending the network lifetime for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a novel clustering protocol, LECP-CP (local energy consumption prediction-based clustering protocol), the core of which includes a novel cluster head election algorithm and an inter-cluster communication routing tree construction algorithm, both based on the predicted local energy consumption ratio of nodes. We also provide a more accurate and realistic cluster radius to minimize the energy consumption of the entire network. The global energy consumption can be optimized by the optimization of the local energy consumption, and the energy consumption among nodes can be balanced well. Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that LECP-CP has high efficiency of energy utilization, good scalability and significant improvement in the network lifetime.
We propose forwarding-function (íµí°¹ íµí°¹) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time (íµí°» íµí±) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold (íµí°» th), soft threshold (íµí± th), and prime energy limit (íµí±
prime). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD.
Nowadays, there is a greater need for energy efficient and stable underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). Underwater sensors usually do not have enough power, so the goal of underwater sensor networks is to make the network have a long lifetime. An underwater heterogeneous sensor network (UWHSN) is one way to cluster the sensors, and the application of UWHSNs is simple and fast, but robots, lifetime and energy-partition are all drawbacks of UWHSNs. In this paper we propose the underwater isomorphic sensor network (UWISN) clustering technology. By analyzing the characteristics of UWISNs, we determine that an UWISN has strong expansibility, mobility, energy-efficiency and long lifetime. An UWISN adopts normal sensor nodes to be cluster heads, and these cluster heads communicate with each other. This paper seeks the optimal number of clusters and uses FCM to elect cluster heads and establish the network. In addition, an idea of real cluster heads and the method to elect them have been proposed. Finally, the simulation results show that the solution is effective and UWISNs can improve the energy consumption of an UWSN.
The 3-D nature of the underwater environment has made geographical-routing a popular choice in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW-ASNs). A geographical (geo) routing protocol works by using the position information to find the best route from a source to a destination. These algorithms, often try to minimize the line-of-sight (LOS) Euclidean distance between hops, which is not always possible due to blocked LOS paths resulting in voids (or local minimum). Thus, traditional geo-routing algorithms typically employ a face routing recovery scheme that allows for back-tracking when blocked LOS links are encountered, which adds delay to the data delivery time. To overcome this, we propose a geo-routing scheme that does not depend on the LOS and utilize directional antennas to incorporate surface-reflected non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links in the routing process. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is configured to optimize the route selection to achieve maximum network throughput. Simulation results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Low data delivery efficiency and high energy consumption are the inherent problems in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) characterized by the acoustic channels. Existing energy-efficient routing algorithms have been shown to reduce energy consumption of UWSNs to some extent, but still neglect the correlation existing in the local data of sensor nodes. In this paper, we present a Multi-population Firefly Algorithm (MFA) for correlated data routing in UWSNs. We design three kinds of fireflies and their coordination rules in order to improve the adaptability of building, selecting, and optimization of routing path considering the data correlation and their sampling rate in various sensor nodes. Different groups of fireflies conduct their optimization in the evolution in order to improve the convergence speed and solution precision of the algorithm. Moreover, after the data packets are merged during the process of routing path finding, MFA can also eliminate redundant information before they are sent to the sink node, which in turn saves energy and bandwidth. Simulation results have shown that MFA achieves better performance than existing protocols in metrics of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and network throughput.
Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much research attention from both academia and industry, in order to explore the vast underwater environment. UWSNs have peculiar characteristics; that is, they have large propagation delay, high error rate, low bandwidth, and limited energy. Therefore, designing network/routing protocols for UWSNs is very challenging. Also, in UWSNs, improving the energy efficiency is one of the most important issues since the replacement of the batteries of underwater sensor nodes is very expensive due to the unpleasant underwater environment. In this paper, we therefore propose an energy efficient routing protocol, named (energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol) EEDBR for UWSNs. EEDBR utilizes the depth of sensor nodes for forwarding data packets. Furthermore, the residual energy of sensor nodes is also taken into account in order to improve the network lifetime. Based on the comprehensive simulation using NS2, we observe that EEDBR contributes to the performance improvements in terms of the network lifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay. A previous version of this paper was accepted in AST-2011 conference.
Sensor technology has matured enough to be used in any type of environment. The appearance of new physical sensors has increased the range of environmental parameters for gathering data. Because of the huge amount of unexploited resources in the ocean environment, there is a need of new research in the field of sensors and sensor networks. This special issue is focused on collecting recent advances on underwater sensors and underwater sensor networks in order to measure, monitor, surveillance of and control of underwater environments. On the one hand, from the sensor node perspective, we will see works related with the deployment of physical sensors, development of sensor nodes and transceivers for sensor nodes, sensor measurement analysis and several issues such as layer 1 and 2 protocols for underwater communication and sensor localization and positioning systems. On the other hand, from the sensor network perspective, we will see several architectures and protocols for underwater environments and analysis concerning sensor network measurements. Both sides will provide us a complete view of last scientific advances in this research field.
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) is an emerging technology, comprising of sensor nodes and unattended automated vehicles (AUVs), all working in a collaboration to sense various phenomenon, process digital information, store processed data and communicate among each other and base stations. Acoustic propagation in water is characterized by high and variable delays, fading effect, Doppler spread and multi path which in turn lead to a limited bandwidth and high error rates. Also, battery life and storage capacity of nodes is limited. So there is a need of suitable routing protocol that takes all these limitations into consideration and makes communication in underwater networks viable. This is the first attempt to analyze the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols in underwater acoustic network environment. We used performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, routing overhead and energy consumption of the sensor nodes. AODV, DSDV, DSR and OLSR are compared for their performance at different traffic conditions, number of nodes and depths. By analyzing our simulation results, we found that among the discussed protocols, AODV may be used for denser networks but with less traffic and DSDV is suitable for higher traffic conditions with optimal number of nodes.
In this paper, we investigate a mobicast, also called a mobile geocast, problem in three-dimensional (3-D) underwater sensor networks (USNs), which aims to overcome the hole problem and minimizes the energy consumption of the sensor nodes while maximizing the data collection. In this paper, all underwater sensor nodes are randomly distributed in a 3-D underwater environment in the sea to form a 3-D USN. Considered a mobile sink or an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), all possible sensor nodes near the AUV form a 3-D geographic zone called a 3-D zone of reference (3-D ZOR). The AUV travels a user-defined route and continuously collects data from sensor nodes within a series of 3-D ZORs at different times. The main problem is how to efficiently collect data from sensor nodes within a 3-D ZOR while those sensor nodes are usually in sleep mode for a long period. The routing protocol relies on two phases: the first phase consists of collecting data within a 3-D ZOR, and the second phase consists of waking up those sensor nodes in the next 3-D ZOR to be queried while trying to avoid topology holes. To save power, only sensor nodes in a 3-D ZOR are notified to enter the active mode in order to deliver sensed results to the AUV. The specific characteristics of USNs, including low communication bandwidth, large propagation delay, and ocean current, are significantly different from wireless sensor networks. To consider the characteristics of USNs, a new mobicast routing protocol is developed in 3-D USNs. The key design challenge is to develop a power-saving mobicast protocol in 3-D USNs to overcome the unpredictable 3-D hole problem. To solve the hole problem, an “apple slice” technique is used to build multiple segments to surround the hole and to assure routing path continuity. Finally, performance analysis is derived, and simulation results illustrate the performance improvement in successful delivery rate, power consumption, and message overhead.
Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs) are a transformative technology that is helping expand military, commercial and scientific applications in deep sea environments. The nature of network deployment in these deep sea environments has spurred a new paradigm in network routing known as pressure routing. Pressure routing is based on geographic routing but only uses limited location information, namely depth information, to route data from the sea floor to the surface. Recent work has shown that existing pressure routing protocols are vulnerable to malicious intrusions. In this paper we propose a resilient pressure routing protocol that seeks to reduce the effectiveness of malicious attackers, such as spoofing attacks. We evaluate our proposed protocol in a simulation environment and show that it reduces the effectiveness of spoofing attacks and maintains routing performance with minimal trade-off.
With the advance of the Internet of Underwater Things, smart things are deployed under the water and form the underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), to facilitate the discovery of vast unexplored ocean volume. A routing protocol, which is not expensive in packets forwarding and energy consumption, is fundamental for sensory data gathering and transmitting in UWSNs. To address this challenge, this paper proposes E-CARP, which is an enhanced version of the Channel-Aware Routing Protocol (CARP) developed by S. Basagni et al., to achieve the location-free and greedy hop-by-hop packet forwarding strategy. Generally, CARP does not consider the reusability of previously collected sensory data to support certain domain applications afterwards, which induces data packets forwarding which may not be beneficial to applications. Besides, the PING-PONG strategy in CARP can be simplified for selecting the most appropriate relay node at each time point, when the network topology is relatively steady. These two research problems have been addressed by our E-CARP. Simulation results validate that our technique can decrease the communication cost significantly and increase the network capability to a certain extent.
Sensor networks feature low-cost sensor devices with wireless network capability, limited transmit power, resource constraints and limited battery energy. Usage of cheap and small-sized wireless sensors allow very large networks to be deployed at a feasible cost to provide a bridge between information systems and the physical world. Cooperative routing exploits the broadcast nature of wireless medium and transmits cooperatively using nearby sensor nodes as relays. It is a promising technique that is a mixture of a routing protocol and cooperative communication to improve the communication quality of single-antenna sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a cooperative transmission scheme for UnderWater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) to enhance the network performance. Cooperative diversity has been introduced to combat fading. Cooperative UWSN (Co-UWSN) is proposed, which is a reliable, energy efficient and high throughput routing protocol for UWSN. Destination and potential relays are selected from a set of neighbor nodes that utilize distance and signal-to-noise ratio computation of the channel conditions as cost functions. This contributes to sufficient decrease in path-losses occurring in the links connecting sensors in UWSN and transferring of data with much reduced path-loss. March 11, 2015 DRAFT 2 Simulation results show that Co-UWSN protocol performs better in terms of end-to-end delay, energy consumption and network lifetime. Selected protocols for comparison are non-cooperative routing protocols Energy-Efficient Depth-Based Routing (EEDBR) and Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (iAMCTD) and a cooperative routing protocol for UWSN, Cooperative Partner Node Selection Criteria for Cooperative Routing (Coop Re and dth).
Regarding energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Net-works (WSNs), routing protocols are engaged in a playful manner suggesting a consciousness of high value. In this research work, we present Away Cluster Heads with Adaptive Clustering Habit ((ACH) 2) scheme for WSNs. Our proposed scheme increases the stability period, network lifetime and throughput of the WSN. The beauty of our proposed scheme is its away Cluster Heads (CHs) formation, and free association mechanisms. The (ACH) 2 controls the CHs' election and selection in such a way that uniform load on CHs is ensured. On the other hand, free association mechanism removes back transmissions. Thus, the scheme operations minimize the over all energy consumption of the network. In subject to throughput maximization, a linear programming based mathematical formulation is carried out in which the induced subproblem of bandwidth allocation is solved by mixed-bias resource allocation scheme. We implement (ACH) 2 scheme, by varying node density and initial energy of nodes in homogeneous, heterogeneous, reactive and proactive simulation environments. Results justify its applicability.
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), many flooding-based routing protocols have been proposed because of their low routing overhead. However, they rely on the location information and current underwater localization techniques cannot provide the exact location information to all sensor node. Therefore, we need a new routing protocol which considers the characteristics of underwater localization in order to support packet transmissions from both localized nodes and unlocalized nodes to the sink. In this paper, we therefore propose an Underwater Hybrid Routing Protocol (UHRP) which has the hybrid features of flooding-based routing protocols and reactive ad-hoc routing protocols, based on our new routing metric. In addition, the expanded ring search technique is revised to be applied to reduce routing overhead in underwater environment.
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have recently been attracted significant attention from both academia and industry for resources exploration and for scientific data gathering in underwater environments. The important characteristic of a UASN is that most underwater acoustic sensor nodes have a certain beam width and a three dimension direction, which is ignored by the existing underwater routing protocols. This characteristic will reduce the network connectivity and cause a large number of asymmetric links, so it will lead to sharp decline of the existing protocol performance. We develop a routing protocol to tackle this problem in UASNs. A link detection mechanism is employed to get link state information (symmetrical link or asymmetric link), and an adaptive routing feedback method is adopted to make full use of the underwater asymmetric link and save energy. We propose a time-based priority forwarding mechanism and utilize downstream node table to prevent flooding, and a credit-based routing table update mechanism is adopted to avoid energy consumption caused by frequent update of routing table. The proposed protocol is compared with a representative routing protocol for UASNs. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed protocol.
Underwater wireless sensor networks have attracted significant attention recently from both academia and industry to explore natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in aqueous environments. The nature of an underwater sensor network, such as low bandwidth and large propagation latency, floating node mobility, and power efficiency, is significantly different from traditional ground-based wireless sensor networks. Power-efficient communication protocols are thus urgently demanded in the deployment of underwater sensor networks. In this paper, a routing protocol is developed to tackle these problems in underwater wireless sensor networks. A forwarding node selector is employed to determine the appropriate sensors to forward the packets to the destination, and a forwarding tree trimming mechanism is adopted to prevent excess spread of forwarded packets. The proposed protocol is compared with a representative routing protocol for UWSNs in the literature. The experimental results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed work.
Providing scalable and ecient routing services in underwater sensor net- works (UWSNs) is very challenging due to the unique characteristics of UWSNs. Firstly, UWSNs often employ acoustic channels for communications because radio signals do not work well in water. Compared with radio-frequency channels, acous- tic channels feature much lower bandwidths and several orders of magnitudes longer propagation delays. Secondly, UWSNs usually have very dynamic topology as sen- sors move passively with water currents. Some routing protocols have been proposed to address the challenging problem in UWSNs. However, most of them assume that the full-dimensional location information of all sensor nodes in a network is known in prior through a localization process, which is yet another challenging issue to be solved in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing (DBR) protocol. DBR does not require full-dimensional location information of sensor nodes. Instead, it needs only local depth information, which can be easily obtained with an inex- pensive depth sensor that can be equipped in every underwater sensor node. A key advantage of our protocol is that it can handle network dynamics eciently with- out the assistance of a localization service. Moreover, our routing protocol can take advantage of a multiple-sink underwater sensor network architecture without intro- ducing extra cost. We conduct extensive simulations. The results show that DBR can achieve very high packet delivery ratios (at least 95%) for dense networks with only small communication cost.
Mobicast routing protocol for underwater sensor networks
- Chen
- Yun-Wei Yuh-Shyan
- Lin
Chen, Yuh-Shyan, and Yun-Wei Lin. "Mobicast routing protocol for
underwater sensor networks." Sensors Journal, IEEE 13, no. 2 (2013):
737-749.