No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Global Poverty, Hunger, and Malnutrition: A Situational Analysis
Abstract
The world continued to face problems of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition, although good progress has been made in this direction by national governments and international development institutions. About 52 % of the population in the developing world thrives on less than $1.25 per day during 1981 which has declined significantly to 17 % during 2011. Despite over 59 % increase in population in the developing world, the people living in extreme poverty have significantly declined from 1.96 million in 1981 to 1.01 million in 2011. Sub-Saharan African and South Asian regions are home to most number of poor people. Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of hunger. Still about 805 million people are suffering from chronic hunger and nearly two billion people worldwide are affected by micronutrient deficiencies. Among children, about 162 million (one fourth) under five years of age are chronically malnourished (stunted), about 99 million are underweight, and nearly 55 million are acutely malnourished (wasted). In this context, a situational analysis is carried out involving an integrated approach including agricultural development as it is the key for eradicating poverty and reducing the prevalence of hunger and malnutrition. In addition, biofortification of food crops is a feasible alternative to reduce malnutrition.
... In order to solve food insecurity problem and enhancing copping strategies household incomes, have to be diversifying and expand. Low-cost, straightforward technology can also be used to manage water resources, rotate crops, and practice agroforestry [39]. Links that maximize synergy Democratic Leadership thriving civil society Effective "Fourth Estate" purchasing local food for safety nets, assistance for rural organizations; primary healthcare and services related to reproductive health; Asset redistribution (including land reforms), prevention, and treatment education, particularly for women and girls potable water for drinking [39]. ...
... Low-cost, straightforward technology can also be used to manage water resources, rotate crops, and practice agroforestry [39]. Links that maximize synergy Democratic Leadership thriving civil society Effective "Fourth Estate" purchasing local food for safety nets, assistance for rural organizations; primary healthcare and services related to reproductive health; Asset redistribution (including land reforms), prevention, and treatment education, particularly for women and girls potable water for drinking [39]. Give people easy access to food feeding mothers and babies; providing pregnant women and children with supplemental nutrition (such as midday meals in schools); Pension benefits and unemployment Food in exchange for attendance at work or school; targeted conditional cash. ...
... The results from household consumption surveys indicate decline in the consumption of pulses leading to increase in malnutrition and decline in protein intake (Shailendra et al., 2013) [12] . India is still a home to about 24% of undernourished people in the world (Sharma et al., 2016) [13] . About 15.2% of people in India are undernourished. ...
... The results from household consumption surveys indicate decline in the consumption of pulses leading to increase in malnutrition and decline in protein intake (Shailendra et al., 2013) [12] . India is still a home to about 24% of undernourished people in the world (Sharma et al., 2016) [13] . About 15.2% of people in India are undernourished. ...
Cluster Frontline demonstration (CFLD) on pulse crops was carried out in 15 villages of 5 blocks in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh during the Kharif and rabi season of 2017-18, 2018-19, and 2019-20. Total 537 demonstrations on pigeon pea, chickpea, Field pea, and lentil crops were carried out in the area of 99.9 ha with the active participation of farmers. The objective of CFLD was to demonstrate the improved technologies of pulses for production potential. The improved technologies consisting the use of improved variety, seed treatment with Rhizobium and PSB culture, Sowing method, balanced fertilizer application, and improved pest management techniques. The results of 3 years CFLD indicated that improved varieties with improved packages of practice recorded higher yields as compared to farmer's practices. The improved technologies recorded a higher mean seed yield of 18.62 q/ha, 23.66 q/ha, 16.23 q/ha, and 16.09 q/ha in pigeon pea, chickpea field pea, and lentil respectively than 13.88, 16.36, 12.76, and 12.15 q/ha recorded under farmers practice. The average percentage increased in the yield over farmer's practices was 34.3 in pigeon pea, 44.6 in chickpea, 27.2 in field pea, and 27.13 in lentil. The mean technological yield gap was recorded highest in pigeon pea (6.37 q/ha) followed by lentil (5.90 q/ha) and field pea (5.76 q/ha) while lowest in chickpea (1.33 q/ha). The maximum mean extension yield gap in the study was recorded at 7.3 q/ha in chickpea followed by pigeon pea (4.74 q/ha) and lentil (3.94 q/ha) while the lowest extension yield gap was recorded in field pea (3.46 q/ha). The mean technology index varied from 5.33 to 27.78% while the lowest (5.33) recorded with chickpea. The highest gross return (Rs. 10323/ha), net return (Rs. 80890/ha), and benefit-cost ratio (4.06) were recorded with chickpea demonstration followed by pigeon pea and field pea while the lowest gross return (Rs. 50593/ha), net return (Rs.27398 /ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.17) which was markedly higher compared to gross return (Rs. 39715/ha), net return (Rs.16587 /ha) and benefit-cost ratio (1.71) in farmers practice. The improved technologies gave higher gross return, net return with a higher benefit-cost ratio compared to farmer's practices.
... The results from household consumption surveys indicate decline in the consumption of pulses leading to increase in malnutrition and decline in protein intake (Shailendra et al., 2013) [12] . India is still a home to about 24% of undernourished people in the world (Sharma et al., 2016) [13] . About 15.2% of people in India are undernourished. ...
... The results from household consumption surveys indicate decline in the consumption of pulses leading to increase in malnutrition and decline in protein intake (Shailendra et al., 2013) [12] . India is still a home to about 24% of undernourished people in the world (Sharma et al., 2016) [13] . About 15.2% of people in India are undernourished. ...
Cluster Frontline demonstration (CFLD) on pulse crops was carried out in 15 villages of 5 blocks in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh during kharif and rabi season of 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. Total 537 demonstrations on pigeon pea, chick pea, Field pea and lentil crops were carried out in area of 99.9 ha with the active participation of farmers. The objective of CFLD was to demonstrate the improved technologies of pulses for production potential. The improved technologies consisting use of improved variety, seed treatment with rhizobium and PSB culture, Sowing method, balanced fertilizer application and improved pest management techniques. The results of 3 years CFLD indicated that improved varieties with improved package of practice recorded higher yield as compared to farmer’s practice. The improved technologies recorded higher mean seed yield of 18.62 q/ha, 23.66 q/ha, 16.23 q/ha and 16.09 q/ha in pigeon pea, chick pea field pea and lentil respectively, than 13.88, 16.36, 12.76 and 12.15 q/ha recorded under farmers practice. The average percentage increased in the yield over farmer’s practices was 34.3 in pigeon pea, 44.6 in chickpea, 27.2 in field pea and 27.13 in lentil. The mean technological yield gap was recorded highest in pigeon pea (6.37 q/ha) followed by lentil (5.90 q/ha) and field pea (5.76 q/ha) while lowest in chickpea (1.33 q/ha). Maximum mean extension yield gap in study was recorded 7.3 q/ha in chickpea followed by pigeon pea (4.74 q/ha) and lentil (3.94 q/ha) while lowest extension yield gap was recorded in field pea (3.46 q/ha). The mean technology index varied from 5.33 to 27.78% while lowest (5.33) recorded with chickpea. Highest gross return (Rs. 10323/ha), net return (Rs. 80890/ha) and benefit cost ratio (4.06) was recorded with chickpea demonstration followed by pigeon pea and field pea while lowest gross return (Rs. 50593/ha), net return (Rs.27398 /ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.17) which was markedly higher compared to gross return (Rs. 39715/ha), net return (Rs.16587 /ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.71) in farmers practice. The improved technologies gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio compared to farmer’s practices.
... Around the world, poverty is associated with a multitude of risk factors for deleterious health outcomes such as: unemployment or insecure employment; homelessness and mental illness; drug use and violence; poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water; poor housing and dangerous living conditions; poor nutrition and unhealthy lifestyles; greater urbanization and unregulated industrialization; lower levels and poor quality of education; lower health awareness and lack of healthcare access. Poverty is strongly linked with the emergence and spread of existing and emerging infectious diseases [9-13, [15][16][17][18]. ...
... Instead, it should reflect a dynamic state within and among countries where harm can be reduced during pandemics such as COVID-19. In addition, we believe that preparedness is deeply intertwined with the other "Ps" [15][16][17][18][19][20]. For example, let us consider a large group of people living close together (i.e., high population density) in a slum in a large city in a developing country. ...
In the past century, there have been several pandemics. Within the context of global health, these pandemics have often been viewed from the lens of determinants such as population, poverty, and pollution. With an ever-changing world and the COVID-19 pandemic, the current global determinants of public health need to be expanded. In this editorial, we explore and redefine the major determinants of global public health to prevent future pandemics. Policymakers and global leaders should keep at heart the determinants suggested hereby in any planning, implementation, and evaluation of efforts to improve global public health and prevent pandemics.
... Achieving this feat has been one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Globally, 52% of the total population lives on less than $1.25 in a day in 1981, with the figure reduced to 17% in 2011 (Sharma et al, 2016). In Nigeria, 61.8% of the total populace is poor with 52% living under chronic poverty (NBS, 2010). ...
... Open Access malnutrition. In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 0.805 billion are affected by protracted hunger, with almost 2 billion suffering from micronutrient deficiencies (Sharma et al, 2016). Child malnutrition was regarded as major cause of sickness and death, which has resulted in more than 50 % of the children deaths worldwide (Cheah, et al. 2010). ...
Child malnutrition has been a cause for concern in Sub-Saharan Africa, so does poverty. Establishing the link between the two phenomena is however pertinent in achieving the key Sustainable Development Goals. The study examined the effects of household poverty on child nutrition in Rural Nigeria. National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS 2013) data sampled by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) were used. Analytical tools adopted were: descriptive statistics, fuzzy set, body mass index (BMI) and multinomial logistic regression models. The multidimensional poverty index threshold was set at 30% with 81.85% of the entire rural households being poor. Also, 91% of the population of children, 5years and below was underweight. The regression analysis revealed that households" poverty had adverse effect on child nutrition. Poverty alleviation programs targeting the rural households need to be intensified in order to reduce household poverty, which would lead to the improvement of the nutrition of children.
... According to W HO and FAO, utilizing underutilized legumes can significantly contribute to "Food security and the right to food." These legumes, rich in protein, dietary fibre and micronutrients, offer numerous health benefits (Katoch, 2015) while India still hosts about 24% of the undernourished global population (Sharma et al., 2016), highlighting the crucial role of pulses in ensuring food and nutrition security. ...
Background: Soil fertility depletion is a major constraint on agricultural production, necessitating a balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrients while effective crop residue management post-harvest enhances soil quality and structure, mitigates evaporation and aids carbon fixation. In Nagaland, agriculture faces challenges like nutrient loss from erosion and minimal use of external inputs while sustainable agriculture requires a viable cropping system and effective crop management; technological advancements in agro-techniques, particularly in cropping systems and nutrient management, are crucial for improving productivity in a ricebean-based linseed cropping system. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to focus on green manuring followed by cultivating a legume crop, rice bean and subsequently linseed in 2019-2021, the investigation would carry out to study the growth, yield and quality parameter and the study was laid in randomized block design with three replications and nine treatments with sources of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers. Result: The study revealed substantial influence of growth and yield which included a combination of poultry manure at 0.7 tons ha-1 along with 100% RDF exhibited superior performance in ricebean, a similar trend was also observed in the subsequent crop, which was linseed and also yielded promising results in terms of plant height, nodules, pods plant-1 , seeds pods-1 and yield and concluded to achieve higher seed yield, improve seed quality, preserve soil quality.
... The results from household consumption surveys indicate a decline in protein intake (Shalendra et al., 2013;Tomar et al., 2021). India is still home to about 24% of undernourished people in the world (Sharma et al., 2016). About 15.2% of people in India are undernourished (Tomar et al., 2021). ...
Large scale pulse seed production demonstrations on black gram under the TN IAMP scheme conducted by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vazhavachanur, Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India in 2 cluster villages at 50 farmer’s holdings during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, respectively. The result and data analysis show an extension gap of 0.09 q/ha over farmers' traditional practices. The results revealed that TNIAMP intervention demonstrated registered higher growth and yield parameters viz., no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, grain yield and benefit-cost ratio compared to farmer’s practice grain yield and benefit cost ratio. TNIAMP pulse seed production intervention has had a good impact on pulse growing farmers of the Aliyar sub-basin, as they were motivated by good agricultural practices in the TNIAMP intervention plots and yielded an increase of 15.8 % higher than farmer’s practices.
... Although MNs are only required in trace amounts, their removal from the diet has a deleterious impact on children's survival and development. Furthermore, the MN deficiency has devastating effects such as stunting, wasting, weakened immunity, and delayed cognitive development [11][12][13]. ...
Background
To address iron deficiency anemia, Multiple Micronutrient Powders (MMNPs) can be sprinkled onto any semisolid diet and given to young children. There is currently no data on actual MMNPs uptake by children; hence, the study’s goal was to investigate MMNPs and determinants among children aged 6–23 months in East Africa.
Methods
Data from the 2016–2022 East Africa demographic and health survey extracted from Kids Records (KR) files were used in this study. A total of 33,324 weighted 6- to 23-month-old child samples were included. For assessing model fitness and contrast, the intra-class correlation coefficient, median odds ratio, proportional change in variance, and deviance were used. A multilevel logistic regression model was applied to identify variables that may influence MMNPs intake. In the multivariable multilevel logistic regression analyses, variables were judged to be significantly linked with MMNPs intake if their p-values were < 0.05.
Results
In East Africa, the prevalence of MMNPs intake among infants aged 6–23 months was 6.45% (95% CI, 6.19%, 6.22%). Several factors were found to be significantly associated with MMNPs consumption. These factors include older maternal age (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.09, 1.39) and (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.23, 1.73), poorer (AOR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.64, 0.84), middle (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.66, 0.86), richer (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.52, 0.71), and richest (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI, 0.41, 0.59) as compared to poorest, having employment status (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.59, 0.71), mass media exposure (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.35, 1.78), longer birth interval (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI, 1.28, 1.36), place of delivery (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.28,1.66), and mothers from rural areas (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI, 0.62,0.80).
Conclusions
Overall, MMNPs intake was lower than the national and international recommendations. Only seven out of every hundred children received MMNPs. Improving maternal preventive health care and supporting marginalized women will have a positive impact.
... Global malnutrition is the primary contributor to immunodeficiency, impacting individuals across various age groups, including infants, children, and the elderly, and pregnant and lactating women (PLW) (Sharma et al., 2016). In 2022, around 148.1 million children endured stunting because of wasting, and about 45 million children under the age of five experienced stunted growth and development as a result of malnutrition (UNICEF, 2022). ...
... Even according to NPS (Head of the Wajo District Fisheries Office) that it is not only that but encouraging them to switch or diversify their work, for example by developing coastal tourism or other businesses that can reduce fishing pressure on fish resources. Developing the potential of palawang workers is not just about providing financial or technical assistance, but also about empowering them with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to better manage their own resources and enterprises (Erenstein, 2011;Sharma et al., 2016). Through this collaborative effort, they can improve their quality of life and become more empowered in the face of social, economic, and environmental changes. ...
One form of fishing practice in Tempe Lake that still takes place today is palawang, which is a particular place on the edge of the lake whose boundaries have been determined to be controlled by using a splint, which is a fishing tool made of woven bamboo which is installed around it according to predetermined limits. This study aims to determine the potential sustainability of the palawang practice in terms of its social and institutional dimensions. The qualitative method used in this research uses the primary data collection instrument, namely interview guidelines. The results showed that the sustainability of palawang practices in Tempe Lake depends on the bonds of fishing traditions institutionalized through the Maccera Tappareng tradition as well as compliance with the rules set in the palawang practice from the time of the auction to the time of work starting with the installation of fishing aids until the completion of the fishing period in the palawang land area.
... The influence of political dynamics is significant in shaping policy priorities, allocating resources, and establishing urgency in resolving poverty concerns. Moreover, the effectiveness of policies in bringing about tangible change is directly influenced by economic factors such as labor market circumstances and access to capital (Dhanani & Islam, 2002;Guan, 2014;Sharma et al., 2016). Beneficiaries frequently need help utilizing governmental programs due to social stigma and cultural impediments. ...
This study examines the inherent duality in poverty policy, analyzing the discrepancy between the goals established by policies and the actual outcomes of their execution. The study employs an analytical methodology to examine diverse poverty programs implemented in various countries, emphasizing their accomplishments and shortcomings. The paper begins by providing an overview of the historical development of poverty policy and elucidating how economic and social perspectives have influenced strategies for poverty management. The study subsequently explores the implementation of these rules, encompassing the frequently encountered issues and obstacles. Emphasis is placed on examining case studies that demonstrate effective poverty reduction measures and cases when expectations were not fulfilled. Using data and case studies, the paper examines the crucial aspects that impact the efficacy of poverty initiatives, including the political framework, economic resources, and community participation. In addition, the topic encompasses the influence of technology and innovation on developing more flexible and receptive poverty policies. Ultimately, the study thoroughly examines the interplay between theory and practice in poverty policy. This indicates that a more all-encompassing and inclusive strategy may be required to tackle poverty concerns effectively. Hence, the article's objective is to offer valuable perspectives for policymakers, practitioners, and academics concerned with addressing poverty in a constantly evolving global environment.
... Additionally, it depletes valuable resources and exacerbates environmental degradation. With approximately ten percent of the global population suffering from undernourishment, the issue of food waste carries significant moral implication (Sharma et al., 2016). However, in the context of the PFSC, minimization of food waste has been the subject of more studies recently than ever before, concentrating on agricultural, postharvest management, processing, distribution, retail, and consumer phases of the FSC (Grinberga-Zalite & Zvirbule, 2022). ...
The reduction of food loss and waste (FLW) serves as a vital indicator for achieving the targets set within sustainable development goals (SDGs). Reduced FLW and SDGs are interrelated concepts that share a common focus on sustainability and global development. In this study, FLW barriers in the perishable food supply chain (PFSC) are identified through an extensive literature study and expert opinions gathered through brainstorming sessions. Subsequently, assessed using fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) analysis, which enables a comprehensive understanding of the complex interrelationships among these barriers. The result reveals that the factors like ‘Inefficient Transport,’ ‘Bulk Purchase,’ and ‘Distribution Lead Time’ exhibit the highest level of interaction among all factors. These findings underscore the significance of addressing challenges related to transportation processes and bulk purchasing practices to enhance overall supply chain efficiency and reduce FLW. Moreover, ‘Inadequate connectivity between farmers and processing units’ and ‘Inefficient Transport’ are identified as the most influential factors in the entire FLW within the PFSC system. Their pivotal role in shaping the supply chain’s performance underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve connectivity between stakeholders and enhance transportation efficiency. The deployment of the fuzzy DEMATEL model provides robust ranks for the factors based on their (R + C) values, affirming the reliability of the methodology. These ranks remain consistent across sensitivity analyses, reinforcing the study’s findings and the reliability of the identified influential factors. Eventually, the study includes valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and stakeholders which may lead them to better resource utilization, waste reduction, and enhanced sustainability in the PFSC, contributing to the achievement of SDGs. However, the study’s limitations include the reliance on expert opinions and data availability, which may impact the comprehensiveness of the identified factors.
... Initially inappropriate production and distribution of the food was thought to be the key causes of malnutrition as declared by WHO (Pee et al., 2015). However certain related concerns such as social status, environment, economy, gender roles, behavior, and education found enormously impacted on this global disease (Sharma et al., 2016).Safeguarding adequate food supply is an important development towards eradicating hunger though equal availability and affordibity of food enriched with macro and micro nutrients to the growing population are the ultimate solutions of malnutrition (Adesogan et al., 2020). ...
Arthrospiraplatensis is a WHO recognized super food. However, it is not extensively commercialized due to the high cost associated with its cultivation media. This study was designed to devise a cost effective media for the culturing of A. platensis. Standard Zarouk’s media (ZK) was used a reference media for nutrient composition to formulate six cost effective cultivation media (XR-1-XR- 6). Growth of A. platensis was analyzed on the basis of cell count, growth percentages and biomass production. Amino acid contents were determined through Amino Acid Analyzer. Growth of A. platensis cultivated in XR-1 and XR-3 media was observed comparable with ZK in terms of cell count and spiral structure The XR-3 medium formulated in this study was found to produce improved percent growth rate and amino acid content when compared with A. platensis cells grown inconventionally used Zarouk’s medium.
... Despite the fact that currently there is enough food for about 7 billion people, almost 1 billion people suffer from malnutrition or hunger due to the unequal distribution of wealth and poverty [67]. The challenge is not only to feed the 10 billion people predicted by 2050, but also how to do this in a sustainable way, taking into account losses in biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions [20]. ...
Yarrowia lipolytica has found many biotechnological applications. The species has a number of regulatory mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis, enabling biomass growth in complex media. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Y. lipolytica yeast as a platform for the simultaneous management of several industrial by-products and the production of microbial lipids with application potential in the chemical and food industries. Batch cultures of KKP 379 strain were conducted in media with post-frying rapeseed oil (PFO) and a by-product of curd cheese production—acid whey. To evaluate the potential of Yarrowia as a nutraceutical, quantitative and qualitative analyses of microbial sterols were carried out along with an assessment of the biomass mineral composition. It was indicated that the composition and content of sterols varied depending on the phase of cell growth in batch culture. During culture in medium with 20% (v/v) whey and 50 g/L PFO, the cellular lipid content reached 39% (w/w). The highest amount of sterols per dry biomass (7.38 mg/g) and cellular lipids (21.08 mg/g) was recorded after 38 h of culture. The dominant was ergosterol 12.10 mg/g (57%). In addition, the composition of carbon and nitrogen sources in the medium affected the content of selected elements in biomass, indicating that substrate modification can be a tool for manipulating the composition of yeast cells. The results of the study showed that the selection of waste substrates is an important factor in regulation of the cellular lipid accumulation efficiency, as well as the content of certain sterols.
... Fighting malnutrition while addressing environmental sustainability-related issues requires multisectoral and multistakeholder interventions as well as coordination between researchers, funders, and policymakers. To this end, nutrition-sensitive agriculture programs such as livestock transfer, irrigation programs, homestead food production systems, large-scale food fortification, and biofortification have been designed and implemented to improve diets and promote human health while meeting global nutrition targets (Khalid et al., 2019;Miller and Welch, 2013;Sharma et al., 2016). To date, several large-scale biofortified crops, such as iron-fortified beans, rice and millet, vitamin A orange, cassava, maize, and sweet potato programs, have been implemented in Rwanda, Mozambique, Uganda, India, Nepal, and Bolivia with widespread endorsement across Africa, South Asia and Latin and South America (Blakstad et al., 2022;Huey et al., 2022;Pandey et al., 2016). ...
... India would require 39 mt pulses by 2050 and hence requires an increase in production of pulses at the rate of 2.2% per annum (Sewhag et al. 2021). About 24% of the total Indian population is undernourished and this emphasize the importance of improving the pulse production (Sharma et al. 2016). ...
Pigeonpea is the second most important legume crop grown in India after chickpea. India is the largest producer of pigeonpea in the world. However, the productivity of pigeonpea in India remains stagnant over the years. The productivity of pigeonpea can be improved through exploitation of heterosis. The cytoplasmic genetic male sterility is the predominant method employed in hybrid development in pigeonpea during the recent days owing to the advantages involved. The present study involved the identification of fertility restorers for three Cajanus scarabaeoides (A2) based short duration (120–130 days) male sterile lines, namely CORG 990047A, CORG 990052A and CORG 7A. A total of 77 inbreds were involved in the hybridization programme. The pollen fertility of the 186 hybrids ranged from 0.00 to 94.89%. The independent confirmation of fertility restoration based on pollen fertility and pod set by selfing showed that, the hybrids, namely CORG 990047A × AK 261322, CORG 990052A × AK 261322 and CORG 7A × AK 261322 were identified as fertile. The inbred AK 261322 was the potential restorer of fertility in A2 male sterile lines. The hybrids, namely CORG 990047A × AK 261322 (35.19%), CORG 990052A × AK 261322 (12.75%) and CORG 7A × AK 261322 (19.77%) showed high heterosis for single plant yield over CO(Rg)7, a commercial check variety. The hybrids identified in the present study can be exploited for commercial cultivation after evaluation under various yield trials to estimate its performance. The polymorphic SSR markers identified in the present study can be utilized in future to assess the genetic purity of the hybrids.
... However, it has declined since the financial crisis, and there has been a marked decrease in absolute poverty, as well as in China [35]. Meanwhile, absolute poverty can be reduced by various policies, such as financial and income sector policies [36][37][38][39][40], fiscal and social security policies [41], tourism sector improvement [42][43][44], equality and economic growth [45], geo-information contribution to poverty improvement in China [35]. ...
Poverty is a classic problem that is never solved except with comprehensive efforts by looking at the problem from various perspectives. This study aims to analyze from the perspective of low-income families the role of short-term vision and uncontrolled consumption as antecedents of absolute poverty. This study used a quantitative approach, using SEM-Amos version 23. The population in this study was all low-income families in South Sulawesi, especially in six districts, namely Makassar City, Jeneponto District, Selayar Islands District, Bone District, North Luwu District, and North Toraja District. The sampling technique was random through 201 heads of households who filled out the questionnaire and were declared complete from low-income families in the six districts. The results of data analysis show that compared to short-term vision, uncontrolled consumption is an antecedent that has a major influence on increasing absolute poverty. This study’s results show a positive and significant contribution of short-term vision to uncontrolled consumption. Partially, uncontrolled consumption is also able to mediate the effect of short-term vision on absolute poverty. Family behavior can be an influential factor in increasing absolute poverty. The family’s ability to overcome internal and external obstacles will reduce the possibility of the family being trapped in absolute poverty.
... One of the main reasons for malnutrition leading to the TBM is "poverty" which is the consequence of hunger. Further, it has been opined that by eradicating poverty, hunger can be reduced and, on the contrary one step to reduce malnutrition (e.g., undernutrition) is the bio-fortification of food eating crops (Meenakshi, 2016;Sharma et al., 2016;. The recent national nutritional survey known as the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) was conducted in 2016-2018, and it was observed that the burden of malnutrition during the very early childhood phase reduced educational capabilities. ...
Malnutrition is a serious emerging public health issue directly related to human health concerns of all ages starting from infancy to senescence. India, being a low-to-middle income country with a large population, is facing major challenges to combat the nutritional gap that persists mainly among nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Prevalence of triple burden of malnutrition encompasses both undernutrition and overnutrition with the addition of micronutrient deficiencies. The objectives of the present review paper are to evaluate the various nutritional issues related to the triple burden of malnutrition in the population. Further, the paper also focuses on the recent trends, factors, causes, and consequences that have led to a shift from "Double-Burden" to "Triple Burden" of malnutrition with special reference to Indian populations. Further, the appropriate interventions and recommendations have been discussed to face the challenges regarding the triple burden of malnutrition among nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population.
... It is estimated that over 1.3 billion people live on less than US$1.25 per day, and 1 billion people cannot meet basic requirements. Furthermore, 415 million people (one in every two people) in sub-Saharan Africa survive on less than US$ 1.25 per day and 184 million people (16 percent of African population) suffer from malnutrition (Sharma et al., 2016). ...
... Micronutrients (MNs) deficiency among children is a worldwide public health problem, and it is a predisposing for any disease associated with children [6,7]. Even though MNs are only needed in fewer amounts, their absence and inadequacy in diet negatively affect children's survival and development [8], and leads to deliberate causes of anemia, stunting, wasting, weak immunity, and delay in cognitive development [9]. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children is a critical factor for children's death due to measles, diarrhea, malaria, and infectious disease [10]. ...
... Due to population explosion and growing health issues among the people, the demand towards consumption of pulses is increasing leading to high export of pulses to address the country's deficit. According to reports by Sharma et al. (2016), out of 24% of undernourished people over the world, 15.6% are found in India which also gives a sign that how important our pulses are for food and nutrition security to Indians. In 1956, the pulses availability per capita was 70.3 g day -1 capita -1 and by 1981 it reduced to 37.5 g day -1 capita -1 and as on 2003, it further reduced to 29.1 g day -1 capita -1 (Tomar et al., 2021). ...
... Micronutrients (MNs) deficiency among children is a worldwide public health problem, and it is a predisposing for any disease associated with children [6,7]. Even though MNs are only needed in fewer amounts, their absence and inadequacy in diet negatively affect children's survival and development [8], and leads to deliberate causes of anemia, stunting, wasting, weak immunity, and delay in cognitive development [9]. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children is a critical factor for children's death due to measles, diarrhea, malaria, and infectious disease [10]. ...
Background:
Inadequate micronutrients in the diet and vitamin A deficiency are worldwide public health problems. In developing regions, many preschool children are undernourished, become blind every year and died before the age of 23 months. This study was aimed to explore the spatial distribution of vitamin A rich foods intake among children aged 6-23 months and identify associated factors in Ethiopia.
Methods:
Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019 dataset with a total 1407 children aged 6-23 months was used. Data management and processing were done using STATA version 15 software and Microsoft Office Excel. ArcMap version 10.7 software was used for mapping and spatial visualization of the distribution. Spatial scan statistics was performed using SaTScan version 9.5 software for Bernoulli-based model. Multilevel mixed effect logistic regression model was employed to identify associated factors.
Results:
Overall, 38.99% (95% CI: 36.46-41.62) of children aged 6- 23 months took vitamin A rich foods. Poor intake of vitamin A rich foods was significantly clustered Dire Dawa city, Somali and Harari regions of Ethiopia. Children aged 6-23 months lived in the primary cluster were 70% (RR = 1.70, P-value < 0.001) more likely to intake vitamin A rich foods than children lived outside the window. In the multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis, Primary educational status (AOR:1.42, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.93) and higher educational status (AOR:3.0, 95% CI: 1.59, 5.65) of mother, Dire Dawa (AOR:0.49, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.12) city, Afar (AOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.36), Amhara (AOR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.71) and Somali (AOR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.08) regions of Ethiopia, children aged 13-23 months (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.28, 2.36), Mothers' exposure to media (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.92) were statistically significant factors for vitamin A rich foods intake among children aged 6-23 months.
Conclusions:
Only 4 out of ten children took vitamin A rich foods which is too low compared to the national target and significantly clustered in Ethiopia. Mother's educational status, Region, Child age and Mother's media exposure are significant factors vitamin A rich foods intake. Stakeholders should strengthen mothers' education status, creating awareness for mothers on child feeding and using locally available natural resource to produce vitamin A rich foods.
... Although MNs are only needed in small quantities, their absence from diet negatively affects children's survival and development. Furthermore, MN deficiency contribute to debilitating consequences, like stunting, wasting, weak immunity, and delay in cognitive development [6][7][8][9][10]. Notably, MNs are critical during the first 1000 days of a child's life; adequate nutrition during this period promotes healthy growth and development, but less attention has been given to MN [11,12]. ...
Background
Micronutrient (MN) deficiency among children is recognised as a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The scarcity of MNs in Ethiopia, particularly in pastoral communities, might be severe due to poor diets mitigated by poor healthcare access, drought, and poverty. To reduce MNs deficiency, foods rich in vitamin A (VA) and iron were promoted and programs like multiple micronutrient powder (MNP), iron and vitamin A supplements (VAS) and or deworming have been implemented. Nationally for children aged 6–23 months, consumption of four or more food groups from diet rich in iron and VA within the previous 24 hours, MNP and iron supplementation within seven days, and VAS and >75% of deworming within the last 6 months is recommend; however, empirical evidence is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the recommended MN intake status of children aged 6–23 months in the emerging regions of Ethiopia.
Methods
Data from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 were used. A two-stage stratified sampling technique was used to identify 1009 children aged 6–23 months. MN intake status was assessed using six options: food rich in VA or iron consumed within the previous 24 hours, MNP or iron supplementation with the previous seven days, VAS or deworming within six months. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was computed, and a p-value of < 0.05 and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were used to identify the individual and community-level factors.
Results
In this analysis, 37.3% (95% CI: 34.3–40.3) of children aged 6–23 months had not received any to the recommended MNs sources. The recommended MNs resulted; VAS (47.2%), iron supplementation (6.0%), diet rich in VA (27.7%), diet rich in iron (15.6%), MNP (7.5%), and deworming (7.1%). Antenatal care visit (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4–2.8), work in the agriculture (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3–3.8) and children aged 13 to 23 months (AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2–2.4) were the individual-level factors and also Benishangul (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3–4.9) and Gambella regions (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0–3.4) were the community-level factors that increased micronutrient intake whereas residence in rural (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1–0.9) was the community-level factors that decrease micronutrient intake.
Conclusions
Micronutrient intake among children aged 6–23 months in the pastoral community was low when compared to the national recommendation. After adjusting for individual and community level factors, women’s occupational status, child’s age, antenatal visits for recent pregnancy, residence and region were significantly associated with the MN intake status among children aged 6–23 months.
... The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reported global food prices rose in May 2021 at the fastest monthly rate in more than a decade (The FAO global Food Price Index, Report, 03 June 2021, Rome). Although currently there is enough food for the roughly seven billion people on planet Earth, due to poverty and unequal wealth distribution, nearly a billion people go hungry or are malnourished (Sharma, Dwivedi, & Singh, 2016). ...
Background
Population growth, climate change, and food shortage have led to increased demand for alternate sources of lipids to meet our food and energy needs. Oleaginous microorganisms such as yeasts, bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and thraustochytrids are good resources for producing lipids.
Scope and approach
Many factors affect the amount and composition of lipid accumulation in microorganisms, such as genetic makeup and environmental conditions during growth, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, and exposure to natural light in growing media. Food biotechnology advances such as improvements in fermentation technology, genetic and metabolic engineering of oleaginous microorganisms, and the use of low-cost carbon sources, such as food and agricultural waste materials, make lipid production using microbial sources more feasible.
Key findings and conclusions
Microbial lipid production has some unique benefits for the production of specialty fats and oils, including cocoa butter equivalents, polyunsaturated fatty acid oils and biosurfactants. Moreover, microbial oil production has advantages over plant and marine oils, including lower cultivation costs and the ability to engineer oil structure and thus functionality using genetic modification. Microbial oils production allows for the production of more sustainable and safer oils, without pesticides, herbicides or heavy metals, year-round with a small footprint and without the need for land.
... Large-scale commercial agriculture (primarily cattle ranching and cultivation of soya bean and oil palm) accounted for 40 per cent of tropical deforestation between 2000 and 2010, and local subsistence agriculture for another 33 per cent (FAO and UNEP 2020). Especially in Latin America, the development of the local economy through harvesting of both wood and cropscan help local people overcome poverty, thus leading to reduced prevalence of undernourishment(Sharma, Dwivedi and Singh 2016). Indeed, the significant positive correlations between undernourishment (SDG indicator 2.1.1) ...
Measuring Progress report analyses the progress made in 92 environment related SDG
indicators, and explores the potential and limitations of using statistical correlation
analyses to show the interlinkages between state of environment indicators and
direct drivers of change and state of society indicators, using the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework. While conceptualizing interlinkages in abstract terms is useful, the statistical correlation analysis which has been
explored in this report may contribute to further exploration of interlinkages
between the environmental and socio-economic SDG indicators through statistical
methods. The report also discusses how filling data gaps could enable even more
robust statistical analyses of interlinkages.
... Countries in the African continent account for 32 (84%) of the 38 countries listed in the low human development category (the least developed category) in the 2018 Human Development Index ranking which is a composite indicator with three dimensionslong and healthy life, knowledge and decent standard of living (UN, 2018). Africa and Asia are home to most of the world's poor people (Sharma et al., 2016) and Beegle et al (2016: 3) project that 'the world's poor will be increasingly concentrated in Africa' in particular. Currently, about 56% of the world's 740 million extreme poor live in Sub-Saharan Africa and by 2030, nine in ten extreme poor people will be from Sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank, 2018). ...
The progress of African countries towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is uneven, with the Northern African countries and small island states taking the lead. Little is known about the influence of population size, growth, urbanization, age structure/dependency ratio on SDGs 1-3, which border on eradication of poverty, hunger and access to healthcare for all. We analysed the relationship between these population-related, we found population growth rate, urbanization and fertility to significantly predict indicators of SDGs 1-3 among African countries. High fertility is associated with a low proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel and high maternal and child mortality. Urbanization is associated with a reduced proportion of the population living in poverty and hunger. The results show that population growth rate is negatively associated with maternal and child mortality. We discussed the implications of the findings for achieving SDGs 1-3 and recommended a multi-level approach to helping African countries achieve these goals.
... Countries in the African continent account for 32 (84%) of the 38 countries listed in the low human development category (the least developed category) in the 2018 Human Development Index ranking which is a composite indicator with three dimensionslong and healthy life, knowledge and decent standard of living (UN, 2018). Africa and Asia are home to most of the world's poor people (Sharma et al., 2016) and Beegle et al (2016: 3) project that 'the world's poor will be increasingly concentrated in Africa' in particular. Currently, about 56% of the world's 740 million extreme poor live in Sub-Saharan Africa and by 2030, nine in ten extreme poor people will be from Sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank, 2018). ...
The progress of African countries towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is uneven, with the Northern African countries and small island states taking the lead. Little is known about the influence of population size, growth, urbanization, age structure/dependency ratio on SDGs 1-3, which border on eradication of poverty, hunger and access to healthcare for all. We analysed the relationship between these population-related, we found population growth rate, urbanization and fertility to significantly predict indicators of SDGs 1-3 among African countries. High fertility is associated with a low proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel and high maternal and child mortality. Urbanization is associated with a reduced proportion of the population living in poverty and hunger. The results show that population growth rate is negatively associated with maternal and child mortality. We discussed the implications of the findings for achieving SDGs 1-3 and recommended a multi-level approach to helping African countries achieve these goals.
... These data demonstrate the important role of aquatic products in the human food supply. On the other hand, aquaculture promotes reduction of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition and improves the social, economic, and the political problems in the developed and developing countries (Smith & Peterson 1982;Naylor et al. 2000;Sharma et al. 2016;Burgess & Shier 2018;FAO 2018). Speaking of China's aquaculture, the production grows from 0.8 million tonnes in the year of 1950 to about 50 million tonnes in the year of 2018, accounting for 13.3-60.98% of the world's aquaculture production. ...
According to the statistics, 8.3 billion metric tonnes of plastics have been produced since 1950s, which is far more than other synthetic materials and the annual production which are about 500 million tonnes per year at present. The production of plastics makes microplastics pollution extremely widespread distribution, which will have a lasting impact on the global environment, especially on the aquaculture systems. And the distribution of the microplastics is extremely imbalanced around the global waters. In the present review, we have summarized the development of aquaculture in the World and China based on the existing data sources. And the total aquaculture production of the World will over 90 million tonnes, which will exceed the capture production in 2020. Aquaculture products will become one of the most important sources of high‐quality protein. However, we found that many kinds of microplastics are detected and enriched in both farmed and captured species. Both endogenous and exogenous factors like the use of fishing plastic products, factory farming facility and equipment, natural and synthetic feed, animal health products, aquaculture fortifier and aquatic food additives make accumulation of microplastics easier. In addition, the safety of aquaculture products is closely related to human health because the residues of microplastics in fish leading to various potential hazards. In summary, this paper reviewed the relationship between microplastics and aquaculture, aimed at calling for the rational and restricted use of plastic products in the aquaculture ecosystems.
... The results from household consumption surveys indicate decline in the consumption of pulses leading to increase in malnutrition and decline in protein intake (Shalendra et al., 2013). India is still a home to about 24% of undernourished people in the world (Sharma et al., 2016). About 15.2% of people in India are undernourished. ...
Pulses, supplemented with cereals, provide a perfect mix of vegetarian protein of high biological value. India is the largest producer, importer and consumer of pulses, accounting for 25% of global production from 35% of global area under pulses. The productivity of pulses in India is less than half of the productivity levels in the USA and Canada, as the pulses are mainly grown under rainfed condition in India in the areas with high rainfall variability.The persistent and growing demand-supply gap is putting pressure on prices and this good source of vegetarian protein is turning inaccessible to the poor. The production of pulses in India has caught in the vicious cycle of low and uncertain yields, poor per hectare returns resulting in farmers' least preference to grow pulses on irrigated and fertile parcel of land, thereby leading to unstable and low yields. Inadequate adoption of production technology, higher price volatility, production risk and low level of irrigation are the important influencing factors responsible for stagnation in the productivity of these crops. The country would require 39 million tonnes of total pulses by 2050, which will require pulses production to grow at an annual rate of 2.2%. To fulfil the growing requirement , the country has to produce enough pulses as well as remain competitive to protect the domestic production. It is imperative to develop and adopt more efficient crop-production technologies along with favourable policies and market support to encourage farmers to bring more area under pulses. In order to provide the nutritional security to the poor masses relying on vegetarian diet, making pulses affordable through boosting domestic production of pulses is the best alternative. In order to augment the supply of pulses to poor masses, under the current scenario supply through public distribution system will not only distribute pulses to poor at affordable prices and enhance nutritional security, but will also lead to stabilize prices and provide boost to the farmers through assured procurement. The lack of an assured market is one of the major issues in the poor performance of pulses. Government procurement would provide adequate marketing support to growers. Alternative marketing arrangements through contract farming, farmer producer company model, needs to be promoted.
... Some researchers defined them as those that have limited purchasing ability of basic needs, experiencing food insecurity, and thus needing and receiving public assistance from the government (Alderman 2009;Indrianingrum 2017;Kaufman and Karpati 2007;Reicks et al. 2003). Other researchers (Indrianingrum 2017;Miewald, Ibanez-Carrasco, and Turner 2010;Sharma, Dwivedi, and Singh 2016) defined low-income based on neighborhood living conditions such as poor sanitation and housing, and lower access to basic services (e.g., water and electricity). The household experiencing material hardship can also be categorized as a household facing economic disadvantage (Acs and Nichols 2006). ...
The combination of rapid economic growth and urbanization, market dependency for food purchases, disposal of a significant portion of income to obtain food, and diverse dietary needs increase an urban household’s vulnerability to food insecurity. Hence, it is crucial to focus on urban food insecurity. Achieving urban food security is one of the development challenges in the twenty first century in most developing countries, including Indonesia. To examine this issue, a survey was conducted in Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya. The experience-based food security scale was adapted to measure the food security status in the study area. This scale assesses food insecurity over a 12-month recall period. This study aims to explore the food insecurity status and examine the factors that affect urban food insecurity of low-income households in three megacities. The random sampling technique was applied to collected data from 150 households of selected residential areas through paper-based questionnaire survey. Subsequently, the Rasch model was used to measure the food security status, finding that 27.4% of the participants were food insecure. A binary logistic regression was employed to identify main factors that influence the low-income urban household’s food security status in the study area. The significant predictors of urban food insecurity were also identified, including income, employment status, dependency ratio, a respondent’s urbanization status, and home ownership status. Therefore, an effective cross-sectoral policy intervention monitoring is needed to cope with the food insecurity issue both in regional and national levels of the country.
... Half of the world's 7.4B people have a nutritional problem, with about 2B hungry or malnourished and 2B overweight (Sharma et al. 2016). Potato improvement can address all of these problems. ...
Potato has a great impact on the economic and nutritional status of people worldwide. To capitalize on its potential, continued improvements in the current crop through breeding, production, and management technology are needed. We also need to expand potato use in diverse market outlets. In this review, we provide background on the challenge, examples of innovation in adapting other foods in response to changes in society, and explore several new possibilities for expansion of potato use.
Due to the high concentration of dietary proteins that may be found in legumes, they constitute an essential component of the world’s food supply. In addition to having a large amount of plant protein, legumes also have a high concentration of a wide variety of other nutrients as well as helpful phytochemical compounds. In order to improve the nutritional value of legumes and so contribute to the fight against malnutrition on a global scale, biofortification has been shown to be the most effective method currently available. Researchers and scientists are putting forth their best effort to make use of a wide variety of biofortifying strategies in order to accomplish their mission and compose a compelling narrative. As a result, the topic of food legume biofortification and how it may function as a nutritional powerhouse to avoid malnutrition will be the primary focus of this chapter, which will also include a critical discussion on the topic. In addition, this chapter looked at a number of different ways to biofortification, some of which are more current while others are more conventional. In addition, we investigated our current situation and the work that we have completed, as well as the challenges that lie ahead and opportunities that lie ahead for the biofortification of food legumes. Our goal is to meet the demands of the rapidly expanding global population for food and animal feed in this way.
Blockchain technology has the capacity to facilitate a circular food economy by mitigating food loss and waste (FLW) within the perishable supply chain (PSC) while aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Utilizing the Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (Fuzzy DEMATEL) method, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of blockchain-driven enablers vital for FLW reduction. The findings underscore the critical importance of Transparency and Traceability (TAT) as the most influential enabler, essential for enhancing food safety, reducing FLW, and promoting sustainable consumption and production (SDGs 2 and 12). Smart Contracts (SC) follow closely, automating processes, improving supply chain efficiency, and contributing to food security (SDGs 2 and 9). Regulatory Compliance (RC) ensures adherence to food safety and traceability regulations, directly impacting food security and responsible production (SDGs 2 and 12). Consumer Engagement (CE) empowers consumers and encourages responsible consumption, a core principle of a circular food economy (SDG 12). Digital Identity Verification (DIV) and IoT Integration (ITI) enhance sustainability and real-time environmental monitoring, supporting the principles of a circular economy, particularly climate action (SDG 13). While Decentralization (DC), Interoperability (IP), and Sustainability Metrics (SM) have broader supply chain implications, their indirect impact on the circular economy is substantial. Future research directions include exploring enabler integration, technological advancements, cross-sectoral collaboration, and robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for FLW reduction within the circular food economy. Disseminating knowledge, emphasizing policy implications, and addressing regional variations are crucial steps in realizing the potential of blockchain-enabled FLW reduction and SDG alignment in the circular food economy.
This research explores the crucial role of collaboration in addressing the multifaceted challenge of poverty. Drawing on case studies from diverse contexts, the study examines how partnerships between governments, non-governmental organizations, private sector actors, and communities themselves can contribute to more effective and sustainable poverty alleviation efforts. The analysis highlights the synergistic effects of collaborative approaches, demonstrating how pooling resources, sharing expertise, and coordinating efforts can amplify impact and overcome the limitations of siloed interventions. The study delves into the key elements of successful collaborations, including shared vision and goals, clear roles and responsibilities, effective communication channels, and mechanisms for mutual accountability. Furthermore, it examines the specific contributions of different stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of community ownership and leadership in driving sustainable change. By showcasing successful collaborative models and distilling key lessons learned, this research aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and community leaders seeking to forge effective partnerships and weave together a stronger safety net for those experiencing poverty.
Wheat has been a part of human civilization and is regarded as one of the important foodgrains in global agriculture. It is a major staple for its nutritive value as a key source of protein and calories and hence the main contributor to food and nutritional security. This chapter highlights the production, trade, consumption, and stock scenario across major wheat-growing countries/regions in terms of growth trends using the statistics sourced from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). In addition, the regional-level constraints hampering production and trade have been discussed. During the period under study i.e., 1970 TE and 2020 TE, Asia witnessed the highest growth in the area (47.06 %), production (336.86 %), and productivity (209.47 %) of wheat. In the year 2020 TE India, China, and New Zealand grab the topmost position in the global area (30.1 Mha), production (135 Mt), and productivity (9100 kg/ha) of wheat, respectively. Despite being in the topmost position in wheat production China registered an efficiency gap of more than 60 per cent owing to the type of wheat cultivated. In terms of wheat trade, Europe (110 Mt) registered the highest exports while Asia (78 Mt) registered the highest imports in the 2020 TE. In 2019 TE, East Asia occupies the highest position in both wheat opening as well as closing stocks out of which China alone accounts for 85 and 98 per cent of opening and closing stocks, respectively. To conclude, the chapter briefs down the strategies for strengthening the value chain in wheat production, trade, and distribution.
The current period marked by addressing environmental sustainability challenges and the instability of government institutions has heightened the issue of food security, especially in developing countries as they work towards achieving Zero Hunger as highlighted in the Sustainable Development Goals. To assess the effect of environmental sustainability and government institutions on food security in West Africa with data from 1990 to 2021, two models have been deployed. The Generalized Method of Moments was deployed as the main model and while Two-Stage Least Squares was used as the robustness check. The findings of the study reveal that carbon emissions which represent environmental sustainability has no direct significant effect on food security, while government institutions has negative effect on food security. The study also reveals that income and urbanization promote food security, while renewable energy and population growth reduce food security. The findings of the study could be a reflection of the current political instability and attitude towards tackling carbon emissions mitigation in the region. Government institutions are encouraged to exercise authority without fear to implement policies that would encourage food security and restrict the use of high-emission technologies.
Pulses are nutrient-dense crops and the cheapest source of protein. Among the countries in the world, India produces and consumes the most pulses. These are the third most important crops after cereals and oilseeds. More than 80% of pulses are grown in rainfed and semi-arid regions across diverse climatic conditions. In the era of the Green Revolution, cereals were prioritized which brought self-sufficiency in food production. However, being exhaustive crops and high nutrient responsive, the demand for chemical fertilizers and ground water increased tremendously resulting in land degradation, a decline in the water table, and depletion in the soil fertility level. For the past several decades, pulses were largely ignored and these precious crops were pushed more towards marginal lands. As a result, the productivity of pulses stagnated and the demand-supply gap kept on widening. Many pulse-based technologies have been developed in the past, including region-specific varieties, advanced crop production and protection measures, crop diversification, micro-nutrient supplementation, promoting efficient Rhizobium strains, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and hybrid technologies together have boosted pulse production in India. Along with scientific advancement supported by policy support such as the launching of various Government schemes such as the creation of pulse villages, accelerated pulse programmes under NFSM, increasing MSP and creation of seed hubs as per seed demand in different locations have brought the country self-sufficiency in pulse production. During this period both vertical and horizontal expansion of pulses including crop diversification in non-traditional areas took place which enabled further scope to expand pulse cultivation in the country. With the development of improved short-duration varieties and the use of genomic-assisted selection, breeding programs have been accelerated. Whole-genome sequencing of major pulses such as pigeon pea and chickpea provided vast information on specific gene-location imparting resistance towards biotic and abiotic stress. The present article analysed the critical gap in our understanding and explored further possibilities for enhancing pulse production in the country.KeywordsPulsesNutritional securitySustainabilityTrend analysisResearch and developmentClimate resilience
Grain legumes or pulses are among the most accessible source of nutritional
food, especially to the large economically constraint and resource-poor population in developing nations including India. The crop improvement
programmes aiming at yield enhancement, disease resistance, and stress adaptability have been going on for decades now to meet out the increasing demand emerging from exploding population. Although, the advancement from classical to modern plant breeding techniques had accelerated the process significantly, but the constant pressure from increasing production demand and various stress factors make this a continuous evolutionary process, necessitating the innovative interventions. Among such technique,
induced mutagenesis impresses the breeder’s imagination the most, as
with mutation everything is possible. Thus, mutation breeding in a way
empowered plant breeder to do controlled and directed evolution of crop genome toward desirable traits suitable for best adaptability and resistance. Therefore, the economic value, production statistics, and mutation breeding technique were discussed in detail for understanding the current changing scenario of pulse production and future improvement strategies
This comprehensive three-volume set book, Biotechnologies and
Genetics in Plant Mutation Breeding, aims to help combat the
challenge of providing enough food for the world by use of the advanced
process of genetics to improve crop production, in both quantity and quality.
Volume 1: Mutagenesis and Crop Improvement first deals with
mutagenesis, cytotoxicity, and crop improvement. It discusses the processes,
mutagenic effectiveness, and efficiency and mechanisms of mutagenesis and
covers the principles, applications, and scope of mutagenesis as well. Several
chapters focus on mutation-induced cytological aberrations and cytotoxicity.
There is also emphasis on improvement of agronomic characteristics by
manipulating the genotype of plant species, resulting in increase in
productivity.
Volume 2: Revolutionizing Plant Biology presents the use of
mutagenesis and biotechnology to explore the variability of mutant genes for
crop improvement. In this volume, the chapters deal with in-vitro
mutagenesis to exploit the somaclonal variations induced in cell culture. The
chapters highlight the importance of in-vitro mutagenesis in inducing salt
resistance, heat resistance, and draught resistance.
Volume 3: Mechanisms for Genetic Manipulation of Plants covers
the different genetic engineering techniques that are used to mutant genes
and to incorporate them in different plant species of cereals, pulses,
vegetables, and fruits. Chapters also address in-vitro mutagenesis, which
allows specific mutations to be tailored for type and position within the gene.
Also discussed are the principles of genetic engineering in which mechanism
and action of transfer of desired genes from plants to animals to
microorganism and vice versa.
Background: Inadequate micronutrients in the diet, and vitamin A deficiency, are worldwide public health problems. In developing regions, many preschool children are undernourished, become blind every year, and died before the age of 23 months. This study was aimed to explore the spatial distribution of foods rich in vitamin A intake status among children aged 6-23 months and identify associated factors in Ethiopia.
Methods: Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019 dataset with a total 1407 children aged 6-23 months was used. Data management and processing were done using STATA version 15 software and Microsoft Office Excel. ArcMap version 10.7 software was used for mapping, spatial visualization. Spatial scan statistics was performed using SaTScan version 9.5 software. Multilevel mixed effect logistic regression model was employed to identify associated factors.
Results: Overall, 38.99% (95% CI: 36.46–41.62) of children aged 6– 23 months had foods rich in vitamin A intake in Ethiopia. The spatial distribution of intake of foods rich in vitamin A was non-random and its hot spots were observed in Oromia and South Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Regions. Whereas, cold spots were observed in the Harari and Dire Dawa. A total of 85 significant (84 primary, 1 secondary) clusters were identified. Children aged 6–23 months who lived in the primary cluster were 70% (RR = 1.70, LLR = 32.38, P-value < 0.001) more likely to intake foods rich in vitamin A. Primary (AOR:1.42, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.93) and higher (AOR:3.0, 95% CI: 1.59, 5.65) educational status of mother, Afar (AOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.36), Amhara (AOR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.71), Somali (AOR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.08), Dire Dawa (AOR:0.49, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.12), children aged 13 to 23 months (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.28, 2.36), Media exposure (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.92) were significant factors for intake of foods rich in vitamin A.
Conclusions: Intake of foods rich in vitamin A among children aged 6-23 months is inadequate. Mother’s educational status, Region, Child age, and Media exposure are significant factors. Providing formal education, nutritional counseling to mothers, and creating awareness of mothers is important to further improvement of intake of foods rich in vitamin A among children. Agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are also use locally available natural resource for productions of vitamin A rich food items and stakeholders better to give priority for the hot spots areas.
Hidden hunger merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi kurangnya asupan atau penyerapan vitamin dan mineral yang penting bagi kebutuhan tubuh. Istilah Hidden Hunger ini juga bisa disebut sebagai defisiensi zat gizi mikro, yang meliputi vitamin dan mineral.
Pengkayaan kandungan mineral dan vitamin pada hasil tanaman dapat dilakukan melalui kegiatan pemuliaan tanaman, teknik transgenik, maupun praktek-praktek agronomis, dikenal sebagai biofortifikasi. Biofortifikasi tersebut telah dikumandangkan melalui Program HarvestPlus untuk mengatasi defisiensi unsur-unsur mineral esensial seperti Fe, Zn, dan provitamin A.
Program Biofortifikasi dikembangkan dengan memanfaatkan kebiasaan penduduk miskin dan berpenghasilan rendah di negara-negara sedang berkembang yang mengkonsumsi bahan pangan pokok dalam jumlah besar, sehingga kandungan Fe, Zn dan provitamin-A yang tinggi pada tanaman pangan pokok tersebut menjamin terjadinya peningkatan asupannya bagi penduduk. Biofortifikasi juga merupakan program yang komplementer dengan program diversifikasi pangan, suplementasi, dan fortifikasi.
The study was conducted the growth of area, production and productivity of major pulse crops i.e. gram, black gram, green gram and pigeon pea crops in Karnataka. The study was based on secondary data from 1988-89 to 2017-18. The study period (1988-89 to 2017-18) has been divided into four periods i.e. period-I (1988-89 to 1997-98), period-II (1998-99 to 2007-08), period-III (2008-09 to 2017-18) and overall period (1988-89 to 2017-18). Compound annual growth rates (CAGR) of area, production and productivity of selected pulse were worked out for different periods as well as for entire period of analysis by fitting exponential function. To measure the relative contribution of area, yield and interaction towards the total output change with respect of selected major pulse crops i.e. gram, black gram, green gram and pigeon pea in Karnataka, Minhas and Vaidyanthan, (1965) model has been used. The study revealed that the positive and significant growth rate were observed in area, production and productivity of gram and pigeon pea while decreasing growth was observed in production and productivity of black gram and green gram in the Karnataka. The area effect was more dominant than yield and interaction effect in gram and black gram crops while interaction effect was most powerful to increase in the production of green gram and pigeon pea of Karnataka.
The study was conducted the growth of area, production and productivity of major pulse crops i.e. gram, black gram, green gram and pigeon pea crops in Karnataka. The study was based on secondary data from 1988-89 to 2017-18. Instability in area, production and productivity of selected pulse were worked out for entire period of analysis by Cuddy-Della Valle index and to measure the cause of instability with respect of selected pulse crops i.e. gram, black gram, green gram and pigeon pea in Karnataka, acreage response function (log linear function) and yield response function have been used. The study revealed that production of selected crops were highly instable in Karnataka. In case of area, gram was highly instable and black gram was less instable while green gram and pigeon pea were medium instable. In the mean time, productivity of gram and pigeon pea were medium instable while productivity of black gram and green gram were highly instable. Green gram growers in Karnataka showed contrary response to lagged area under its competing crop i.e. the decrease in area of competing crop in last year season, thereby that was tendency to increase the area under green gram in Karnataka. while quite responsive to lagged area under gram, black gram and pigeon pea crop in Karnataka. It means the increase in area of gram, black gram and pigeon pea crops in last year season, there is tendency to increase the area under gram, black gram and pigeon pea in Karnataka. The time trend factor showed positive influence on productivity of gram and pigeon pea crops while negative influence on productivity of black gram and green gram crops in Karnataka. Further, seasonal rainfall was recorded positive impact on gram crop while negative influence on productivity of black gram green gram and pigeon pea crops in Karnataka.
Malnutrition is a major challenge for the world to develop a think-tank to alleviate and provide the right access to food globally and also secure them nutritionally. Among various factors, these micronutrients, namely, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) played important role in human health which is most deficient in the diet in developing countries including African and Asian Continent. According to WHO (2020), Asia stands top in the case of undernourished people (381 million), followed by Africa (250 million) and last Latin America and the Caribbean (48 million). In case of child malnutrition, approximately 191 million children of less than 5-year age were stunted and wasted during 2019, whereas 38 million children under less than 5 years were overweight. Although, there is more option to improve dietary foods with essential micronutrient and this can only be possible through food fortification, supplementation, dietary diversification, and biofortification. Among, biofortification with essential micronutrients in the targeted crop can be achieved through breeding, agronomic, genetic engineering, and microorganism approaches. These approaches can be employed in the pulse crops to exploit essential micronutrients. Few pulse crops like pigeon pea, chickpea, and lentils showed great potential to overcome micronutrient deficiencies prevalent among the vulnerable group. This chapter is dedicated to the importance of pulse crops along with their nutritive values and bioavailability of micronutrients in human beings’ vis-a-vis enrichment of pulse grains through biofortification involving various approaches. Also enlighten the role of pulse biofortification in providing opportunities, challenges, and future strategies to alleviate malnutrition across the world.
Grain legumes are excellent source of protein, dietary fibres, starch, micronutrients and vitamins
particularly for economically poor section of population in India. The study is targeted to analyse the
growth in area and production, demand, availability and trade of pulses in India and also to examine policy
options for enhancing pulses production. Pulses reached to all high time production level of 23.92 million
tonnes in TE 2018-19.The pulses production registered an annual increase of 3.84 percent in production
in nearly last two decades owing to expanding area and better yield. Madhya Pradesh alone contributed
about one third (30.95%) of pulses production in India indicating a growth rate of 5.57 percent. Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh share about 70 percent of total pulses production in
India. Chickpea, lentil and pigeon pea are vastly cultivated in these states. Uttar Pradesh has indicated a
negative growth in pulses due to shifting of area towards wheat, paddy, oilseeds and sugarcane production
due to encouraging public policies and profitability. The chickpea area is mostly concentrated in central and
southern region of India owing to evolution of short duration with tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses.
The net availability of pulses in India improved noticeably in recent years reaching to level of 20.40 kg/ year
/capita as result of higher internal production and large import from North America, Russia, Australia,
Myanmar and African nations. India imported one fourth of total pulses production mainly lentil, dry peas,
pigeon pea, mung bean and urad bean to meet rising demand of vegetarian population. India also exported
kabuli chickpea and organic pulses to markets in Indian sub-continent, African nations and Gulf countries.
Hidden Hunger merupakan fenomena yang terjadi di seluruh dunia dan telah mempengaruhi sepertiga dari penduduk dunia. Mayoritas yang terkena dampak adalah wanita dan anak-anak. Dampak Hidden Hunger sangat luas bagi kelangsungan hidup, tumbuh kembang dan kesehatan serta produktivitas kerja. Berbagai upaya untuk mengatasi kejadian Hidden Hunger telah dilakukan, seperti melalui program diversifikasi pangan, suplementasi, maupun fortifikasi; namun program-program tersebut masih dinilai tidak berhasil, karena masih bersifat tidak sustainable, membutuhkan biaya yang sangat besar dan kurang dapat mencapai sasaran penduduk secara menyeluruh. Oleh karena itu diperlukan pendekatan baru, yang berupa program Bio-fortifikasi. Biofortifikasi ini menawarkan pendekatan yang berke-lanjutan dan hemat biaya dibandingkan dengan program fortifikasi dan suplementasi. Strategi biofortifikasi juga lebih mampu mencapai sasaran yakni pada penduduk yang paling membutuhkan. Program biofortifikasi juga bersifat komplementer dengan program-program yang disebutkan sebelumnya, dilakukan melalui metode pemuliaan tanaman secara konvensional atau melalui rekayasa genetik. Tujuan dari biofortifikasi ini adalah memperkaya kandungan vitamin dan mineral, terutama pada tanaman pangan utama dunia, seperti padi, jagung, gandum, maupun tanaman umbi-umbian, serta tanaman kacang-kacangan. Target utama vitamin dan mineral yang perlu ditingkatkan pada bahan pangan utama dunia adalah vitamin A, besi (Fe) dan zinc (Zn), karena ketiganya telah ditetapkan oleh WHO sebagai mikronutrien yang berada pada kondisi defisien dan memiliki prevalensi yang tinggi, karena pada umumnya telah diderita oleh sebagian besar penduduk yang tersebar di seluruh dunia.
Background: Black gram (Vigna mungo) is one of the most important pulse crops grown throughout the country. It is hardy crop and fixes nitrogen in soil. Organic black gram fetch higher price in market i.e., Rs. 175 whereas other receive Rs. 120. Vermiwash, is one among the organic manures which has high potential to increase the crop growth and yield. Thus, present study aims to evaluate the influence of vermiwash prepared from different combination of organic sources on growth and yield of black gram. Methods: The field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2018 at Organic Farming Unit, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, with nine treatments [T1= vermiwash from 100% cow dung, T2= vermiwash from 100% buffalo dung, T3= vermiwash from 50% cow dung + 25% dry farm waste + 25% green farm waste, T4= vermiwash from 50% buffalo dung + 25% dry farm waste + 25% green farm waste, T5= vermiwash from 90% green waste incubated with 10% cow dung, T6= vermiwash from 90% green waste incubated with 10% buffalo dung, T7= vermiwash from 90% dry waste incubated with 10% cow dung, T8= vermiwash from 90% dry waste incubated with 10% buffalo dung and T9= water spray (control)] and were replicated thrice in Randomize Block Design. Result: The result of experiment revealed that the application of vermiwash from 100% cow dung significant influence towards growth parameters and yield attributes thus achieved maximum seed yield, haulm yield and B:C ratio (2.3). On the basis of field performance, it may be concluded that the treatment T1(top dressing in two equal split application at the rate of 10% at initiation of flowering and 15 days after 1st spray) may be recommended as a better organic package of blackgram.
Soil fertilization with trace‐metal rich organic fertilizers such as Fucus serratus seaweed may be an effective way to combat micronutrient deficiency. In this study the kinetics of zinc release from Fucus serratus seaweed was investigated in a packed soil column leaching experiment over 1,776 h. The release of zinc from control (soil only) and treatment (soil + seaweed; equivalent zinc application rate of 1.42 kg ha−1) columns, measured by ICP‐MS, demonstrated two distinct release stages. The cumulative zinc release data for each phase were fitted to five kinetic models: zero order, first order, Elovich, power function and parabolic diffusion. In the first stage (0–400 hours) the release of zinc from both control and treatment was best described by a parabolic rate law, indicating release of zinc from a soluble soil reservoir. In the second stage (400–1,776 h) zinc release followed a zero order rate law indicative of slow release from an essentially insoluble reservoir. The modelled difference between the amount of zinc released from treatment and control columns in stage 1 (230 ± 11 µg) represented the total amount of zinc added via seaweed. The parabolic rate constant for seaweed zinc release was 12.09 µg g−1 h−0.5. In summary, the addition of F. serratus to soil is a viable source of labile zinc and a low cost agronomic option for mitigating zinc deficiency in soils.
While less apparent than outright hunger or obesity, the lack of essential vitamins and minerals in people’s diets is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. Current interventions, such as supplementation or fortification, are being implemented with varying success, but—while important—overall progress in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition has been limited. Biofortification, the breeding of crops for higher contents of vitamins and minerals, is a new approach to complement existing interventions. This chapter gives an overview of the problem of micronutrient malnutrition and how it is measured; it briefly discusses current micronutrient interventions, and then presents the reasoning behind biofortification before it examines the feasibility of biofortifying crops and summarizes studies on their potential impact and economic justification. After listing current biofortification programs, the chapter looks into the political controversy surrounding genetic engineering in agriculture and how it relates to biofortification; it then concludes with an assessment of the current status of biofortification and its potential.
Keywords: hunger, malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, zinc deficiency, public health, biofortification, plant breeding, genetically modified organisms, disability-adjusted life years
With one more year before the 2015 deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals, the 2014 Global Hunger Index report offers a multifaceted overview of global hunger that brings new insights to the global debate on where to focus efforts in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. The state of hunger in developing countries as a group has improved since 1990, falling by 39 percent, according to the 2014 GHI. Despite progress made, the level of hunger in the world is still “serious,” with 805 million people continuing to go hungry, according to estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The global average obscures dramatic differences across regions and countries. Regionally, the highest GHI scores—and therefore the highest hunger levels—are in Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia, which have also experienced the greatest absolute improvements since 2005. South Asia saw the steepest absolute decline in GHI scores since 1990. Progress in addressing child underweight was the main factor behind the improved GHI score for the region since 1990.
Maternal and child malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries encompasses both undernutrition and a growing problem with overweight and obesity. Low body-mass index, indicative of maternal undernutrition, has declined somewhat in the past two decades but continues to be prevalent in Asia and Africa. Prevalence of maternal overweight has had a steady increase since 1980 and exceeds that of underweight in all regions. Prevalence of stunting of linear growth of children younger than 5 years has decreased during the past two decades, but is higher in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere and globally affected at least 165 million children in 2011; wasting affected at least 52 million children. Deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc result in deaths; deficiencies of iodine and iron, together with stunting, can contribute to children not reaching their developmental potential. Maternal undernutrition contributes to fetal growth restriction, which increases the risk of neonatal deaths and, for survivors, of stunting by 2 years of age. Suboptimum breastfeeding results in an increased risk for mortality in the first 2 years of life. We estimate that undernutrition in the aggregate-including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding-is a cause of 3·1 million child deaths annually or 45% of all child deaths in 2011. Maternal overweight and obesity result in increased maternal morbidity and infant mortality. Childhood overweight is becoming an increasingly important contributor to adult obesity, diabetes, and non-communicable diseases. The high present and future disease burden caused by malnutrition in women of reproductive age, pregnancy, and children in the first 2 years of life should lead to interventions focused on these groups.
How important is agricultural growth to poverty reduction? This article
first sets out the theoretical reasons for expecting agricultural growth to reduce poverty. Several plausible and strong arguments apply – including the creation of jobs on the land, linkages from farming to the rest of the rural economy, and a decline in the real cost of food for the whole economy – but the degree of impact is in all cases qualified by particular circumstances. Hence, the article deploys a cross-country estimation of the links between agricultural yield per unit area and measures of poverty. This produces strong confirmation of the hypothesised linkages. It is unlikely that there are many other development interventions capable of reducing the numbers in poverty so effectively.
Micronutrient malnutrition, the so‐called hidden hunger, affects more than one‐half of the world's population, especially women and preschool children in developing countries. Despite past progress in controlling micronutrient decencies through supplementation and food fortification, new approaches are needed to expand the reach of food‐based interventions. Biofortification, a new approach that relies on conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to increase the micronutrient density of staple crops, holds great promise for improving the nutritional status and health of poor populations in both rural and urban areas of the developing world. HarvestPlus, a research program implemented with the international research institutes of the CGIAR, targets a multitude of crops that are a regular part of the staple‐based diets of the poor and breeds them to be rich in iron, zinc, and provitamin A. This paper emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research and addresses the key research issues and methodological considerations for success. The major activities to be undertaken are broadly grouped into research related to nutrition research and impact analysis, and research considerations for delivering biofortified crops to end‐users effectively. The paper places particular emphasis on the activities of the plant breeding and genetics component of this multidisciplinary program. The authors argue that for biofortification to succeed, product profiles developed by plant breeders must be driven by nutrition research and impact objectives and that nutrition research must understand that the probability of success for biofortified crops increases substantially when product concepts consider farmer adoption and, hence, agronomic superiority.
BACKGROUND: Adequate zinc nutrition is essential for adequate growth, immunocompetence and neurobehavioral development, but limited information on population zinc status hinders the expansion of interventions to control zinc deficiency. The present analyses were conducted to: (1) estimate the country-specific prevalence of inadequate zinc intake; and (2) investigate relationships between country-specific estimated prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy and dietary patterns and stunting prevalence. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: National food balance sheet data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Country-specific estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake were calculated based on the estimated absorbable zinc content of the national food supply, International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group estimated physiological requirements for absorbed zinc, and demographic data obtained from United Nations estimates. Stunting data were obtained from a recent systematic analysis based on World Health Organization growth standards. An estimated 17.3% of the world's population is at risk of inadequate zinc intake. Country-specific estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake was negatively correlated with the total energy and zinc contents of the national food supply and the percent of zinc obtained from animal source foods, and positively correlated with the phytate: zinc molar ratio of the food supply. The estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake was correlated with the prevalence of stunting (low height-for-age) in children under five years of age (r = 0.48, P
The major subsistence food systems of the world that feed resource‐poor populations are identified and their capacity to supply essential nutrients in reasonable balance to the people dependent on them has been considered for some of these with a view to overcoming their nutrient limitations in sound agronomic and sustainable ways. The approach discusses possible cropping system improvements and alternatives in terms of crop combinations, external mineral supply, additional crops, and the potential for breeding staples in order to enhance their nutritional balance while maintaining or improving the sustainability and dietary, agronomic, and societal acceptability of the system. The conceptual framework calls for attention first to balancing crop nutrition that in nearly every case will also increase crop productivity, allowing sufficient staple to be produced on less land so that the remaining land can be devoted to more nutrient‐dense and nutrient‐balancing crops. Once this is achieved, the additional requirements of humans and animals (vitamins, selenium, and iodine) can be addressed. Case studies illustrate principles and strategies. This chapter is a proposal to widen the range of tools and strategies that could be adopted in the HarvestPlus Challenge Program to achieve its goals of eliminating micronutrient deficiencies in the food systems of resource‐poor countries.
Excess bodyweight is a major public health concern. However, few worldwide comparative analyses of long-term trends of body-mass index (BMI) have been done, and none have used recent national health examination surveys. We estimated worldwide trends in population mean BMI.
We estimated trends and their uncertainties of mean BMI for adults 20 years and older in 199 countries and territories. We obtained data from published and unpublished health examination surveys and epidemiological studies (960 country-years and 9·1 million participants). For each sex, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean BMI by age, country, and year, accounting for whether a study was nationally representative.
Between 1980 and 2008, mean BMI worldwide increased by 0·4 kg/m(2) per decade (95% uncertainty interval 0·2-0·6, posterior probability of being a true increase >0·999) for men and 0·5 kg/m(2) per decade (0·3-0·7, posterior probability >0·999) for women. National BMI change for women ranged from non-significant decreases in 19 countries to increases of more than 2·0 kg/m(2) per decade (posterior probabilities >0·99) in nine countries in Oceania. Male BMI increased in all but eight countries, by more than 2 kg/m(2) per decade in Nauru and Cook Islands (posterior probabilities >0·999). Male and female BMIs in 2008 were highest in some Oceania countries, reaching 33·9 kg/m(2) (32·8-35·0) for men and 35·0 kg/m(2) (33·6-36·3) for women in Nauru. Female BMI was lowest in Bangladesh (20·5 kg/m(2), 19·8-21·3) and male BMI in Democratic Republic of the Congo 19·9 kg/m(2) (18·2-21·5), with BMI less than 21·5 kg/m(2) for both sexes in a few countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and east, south, and southeast Asia. The USA had the highest BMI of high-income countries. In 2008, an estimated 1·46 billion adults (1·41-1·51 billion) worldwide had BMI of 25 kg/m(2) or greater, of these 205 million men (193-217 million) and 297 million women (280-315 million) were obese.
Globally, mean BMI has increased since 1980. The trends since 1980, and mean population BMI in 2008, varied substantially between nations. Interventions and policies that can curb or reverse the increase, and mitigate the health effects of high BMI by targeting its metabolic mediators, are needed in most countries.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.
Ending food insecurity, hunger and malnutrition is a pressing global ethical priority. Despite differences in food production systems, cultural values and economic conditions, hunger is not acceptable under any ethical principles. Yet, progress in combating hunger and malnutrition in developing countries has been discouraging, even as overall global prosperity has increased in past decades. A growing number of people are deprived of the fundamental right to food, which is essential for all other rights as well as for human existence itself. The food and nutrition crisis has deepened in recent years, as increased food price volatility and global recession affected the poor. In a strategic agenda, it will be necessary to promote pro-poor agricultural growth, reduce extreme market volatility and expand social protection and child nutrition action.
"The A stochastic frontier production function is used to estimate agricultural efficiency index. Then, controlling for household characteristics and other exogenous variables, the efficiency index is regressed on the probability of being sick. Estimation is performed using the treatment effect model where the probability of being sidelined by sickness is modeled as a probit. This framework allows policy simulations that underscore the impact of farmers' health status on both agricultural efficiency and poverty reduction. Overall, regression results confirm the negative impact of health impediment on farmers' agricultural efficiency. Simulation results show that improving farmers' agricultural efficiency by investing in farmers' health may not necessarily lead to poverty reduction. Additional policy instruments may be needed to achieve simultaneous increase in agricultural productivity and reduction in poverty rate." from authors' abstract
"Good health and productive agriculture are both essential in the fight against poverty. In a rapidly changing world, agriculture faces many challenges, both old (natural resource constraints, extreme weather conditions, and agricultural pests) and new (globalization, environmental degradation, problems of maintaining production in conflict situations). At the same time, new global health threats emerge, such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, and avian influenza, while old ones persist. Not only do malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, respiratory infection, and malnutrition continue to take a heavy toll, but the health sector is faced with increasing problems of chronic disease, drug and insecticide resistance, and a diminishing arsenal of effective interventions. And as the world becomes more integrated, so do the agricultural and health problems the world faces... The briefs in this series aim to communicate what is known about the linkages between agriculture and health in science and policy, thereby stimulating interest in and dialogue on agriculture and health. With a focus on the poor in developing countries, the briefs deal with the relationship between agricultural producers, systems, and outputs and the world's leading causes of death and disease. They examine the various trade-offs involved and set out some of the approaches needed to create improved synergies between the agricultural and health sectors." From text
Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious public health problem in many developing countries. Different interventions are currently used, but their overall coverage is relatively limited. Biofortification-that is, breeding staple food crops for higher micronutrient contents-is a new agriculture-based approach, but relatively little is known about its ramifications. Here, the main factors influencing success are discussed and a methodology for economic impact assessment is presented. "Ex ante" studies from India and other countries suggest that biofortified crops can reduce the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in a cost-effective way, when targeted to specific situations. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings and address certain issues still unresolved. Copyright 2007 International Association of Agricultural Economists.
The Millennium Development Goals--global targets that the world's leaders set at the Millennium Summit in September 2000--are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty. As a central plank, these goals include halving the proportion of people living below a dollar a day from around 30 percent of the developing world's population in 1990 to 15 percent by 2015--a reduction in the absolute number of poor of around one billion. This paper examines what economic research can tell us about how to fulfill these goals. It begins by discussing poverty trends on a global scale--where the poor are located in the world and how their numbers have been changing over time. It then discusses the relationship of economic growth and income distribution to poverty reduction. Finally, it suggests an evidence-based agenda for poverty reduction in the developing world.
List of Maps, Illustrations, and Tables Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction: Anthropology with an Accent PART ONE: The Talk of Crime 1. Talking of Crime and Ordering the World Crime as a Disorganizing Experience and an Organizing Symbol Violence and Signification From Progress to Economic Crisis, from Authoritarianism to Democracy 2. Crisis, Criminals, and the Spread of Evil Limits to Modernization Going Down Socially and Despising the Poor The Experiences of Violence Dilemmas of Classification and Discrimination Evil and Authority PART TWO: Violent Crime and the Failure of the Rule of Law 3. The Increase in Violent Crime Tailoring the Statistics Crime Trends, 1973-1996 Looking for Explanations 4. The Police: A Long History of Abuses A Critique of the Incomplete Modernity Model Organization of the Police Forces A Tradition of Transgressions 5. Police Violence under Democracy Escalating Police Violence Promoting a "Tough" Police The Massacre at the Casa de Detencao The Police from the Citizens' Point of View Security as a Private Matter The Cycle of Violence PART THREE: Urban Segregation, Fortified Enclaves, and Public Space 6. Sao Paulo: Three Patterns of Spatial Segregation The Concentrated City of Early Industrialization Center-Periphery: The Dispersed City Proximity and Walls in the 198s and 199s 7. Fortified Enclaves: Building Up Walls and Creating a New Private Order Private Worlds for the Elite From Corticos to Luxury Enclaves A Total Way of Life: Advertising Residential Enclaves for the Rich Keeping Order inside the Walls Resisting the Enclaves An Aesthetic of Security 8. The Implosion of Modern Public Life The Modern Ideal of Public Space and City Life Garden City and Modernism: The Lineage of the Fortified Enclave Street Life: Incivility and Aggression Experiencing the Public The Neo-international Style: Sao Paulo and Los Angeles Contradictory Public Space PART FOUR: Violence, Civil Rights, and the Body 9. Violence, the Unbounded Body, and the Disregard for Rights in Brazilian Democracy Human Rights as "Privileges for Bandits" Debating Capital Punishment Punishment as Private and Painful Vengeance Body and Rights Appendix Notes References Index
In 2013, the Nutrition for Growth Summit called for a Global Nutrition Report (GNR) to strengthen accountability in nutrition so that progress in reducing malnutrition could be accelerated. This article summarizes the results of the first GNR. By focusing on undernutrition and overweight, the GNR puts malnutrition in a new light. Nearly every country in the world is affected by malnutrition, and multiple malnutrition burdens are the "new normal." Unfortunately, the world is off track to meet the 2025 World Health Assembly (WHA) targets for nutrition. Many countries are, however, making good progress on WHA indicators, providing inspiration and guidance for others. Beyond the WHA goals, nutrition needs to be more strongly represented in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework. At present, it is only explicitly mentioned in 1 of 169 SDG targets despite the many contributions improved nutritional status will make to their attainment. To achieve improvements in nutrition status, it is vital to scale up nutrition programs. We identify bottlenecks in the scale-up of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive approaches and highlight actions to accelerate coverage and reach. Holding stakeholders to account for delivery on nutrition actions requires a well-functioning accountability infrastructure, which is lacking in nutrition. New accountability mechanisms need piloting and evaluation, financial resource flows to nutrition need to be made explicit, nutrition spending targets should be established, and some key data gaps need to be filled. For example, many UN member states cannot report on their WHA progress and those that can often rely on data >5 y old. The world can accelerate malnutrition reduction substantially, but this will require stronger accountability mechanisms to hold all stakeholders to account.
Although the world witnessed an unprecedented pace of poverty reduction over the last decades, reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty by more than 700 million, approximately 1.2 billion people remained entrenched in destitution in 2010. 1 In order to leverage developing country efforts and galvanize the international development community to exert concerted effort to end extreme poverty, the World Bank has established the twin goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and promoting shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population in every country. Ending extreme poverty in just one generation is a formidable challenge by all accounts that requires a thorough understanding of the state of the poor.
Background:
Excess bodyweight is a major public health concern. However, few worldwide comparative analyses of long-term trends of body-mass index (BMI) have been done, and none have used recent national health examination surveys. We estimated worldwide trends in population mean BMI.
Methods:
We estimated trends and their uncertainties of mean BMI for adults 20 years and older in 199 countries and territories. We obtained data from published and unpublished health examination surveys and epidemiological studies (960 country-years and 9·1 million participants). For each sex, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean BMI by age, country, and year, accounting for whether a study was nationally representative.
Findings:
Between 1980 and 2008, mean BMI worldwide increased by 0·4 kg/m(2) per decade (95% uncertainty interval 0·2-0·6, posterior probability of being a true increase >0·999) for men and 0·5 kg/m(2) per decade (0·3-0·7, posterior probability >0·999) for women. National BMI change for women ranged from non-significant decreases in 19 countries to increases of more than 2·0 kg/m(2) per decade (posterior probabilities >0·99) in nine countries in Oceania. Male BMI increased in all but eight countries, by more than 2 kg/m(2) per decade in Nauru and Cook Islands (posterior probabilities >0·999). Male and female BMIs in 2008 were highest in some Oceania countries, reaching 33·9 kg/m(2) (32·8-35·0) for men and 35·0 kg/m(2) (33·6-36·3) for women in Nauru. Female BMI was lowest in Bangladesh (20·5 kg/m(2), 19·8-21·3) and male BMI in Democratic Republic of the Congo 19·9 kg/m(2) (18·2-21·5), with BMI less than 21·5 kg/m(2) for both sexes in a few countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and east, south, and southeast Asia. The USA had the highest BMI of high-income countries. In 2008, an estimated 1·46 billion adults (1·41-1·51 billion) worldwide had BMI of 25 kg/m(2) or greater, of these 205 million men (193-217 million) and 297 million women (280-315 million) were obese.
Interpretation:
Globally, mean BMI has increased since 1980. The trends since 1980, and mean population BMI in 2008, varied substantially between nations. Interventions and policies that can curb or reverse the increase, and mitigate the health effects of high BMI by targeting its metabolic mediators, are needed in most countries.
Funding:
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.
Cassava is a drought-tolerant, staple food crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas where many people are afflicted with undernutrition, making it a potentially valuable food source for developing countries. Cassava roots are a good source of energy while the leaves provide protein, vitamins, and minerals. However, cassava roots and leaves are deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and some nutrients are not optimally distributed within the plant. Cassava also contains antinutrients that can have either positive or adverse effects on health depending upon the amount ingested. Although some of these compounds act as antioxidants and anticarcinogens, they can interfere with nutrient absorption and utilization and may have toxic side effects. Efforts to add nutritional value to cassava (biofortification) by increasing the contents of protein, minerals, starch, and β-carotene are underway. The transfer of a 284 bp synthetic gene coding for a storage protein rich in essential amino acids and the crossbreeding of wild-type cassava varieties with Manihot dichotoma or Manihot oligantha have shown promising results regarding cassava protein content. Enhancing ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in cassava roots or adding amylase to cassava gruels increases cassava energy density. Moreover, carotenoid-rich yellow and orange cassava may be a foodstuff for delivering provitamin A to vitamin A–depleted populations. Researchers are currently investigating the effects of cassava processing techniques on carotenoid stability and isomerization, as well as the vitamin A value of different varieties of cassava. Biofortified cassava could alleviate some aspects of food insecurity in developing countries if widely adopted.
This paper argues that the global poverty problem has changed because most of the world's poor no longer live in low income countries (LICs). Previously, poverty was viewed as an LIC issue predominantly; nowadays such simplistic assumptions/classifications are misleading because some large countries that graduated into the MIC category still have large numbers of poor people. In 1990, we estimate 93 per cent of the world's poor lived in LICs; contrastingly in 2007–8 three quarters of the world's poor approximately 1.3bn lived in middle‐income countries (MICs) and about a quarter of the world's poor, approximately 370mn people live in the remaining 39 low‐income countries – largely in sub‐Saharan Africa.
This startling change over two decades implies a new ‘bottom billion’ who do not live in fragile and conflict‐affected states, but in stable, middle‐income countries. Such global patterns are evident across monetary, nutritional and multi‐dimensional poverty measures. This paper argues the general pattern is robust enough to warrant further investigation and discussion.
Politics matter for human development. Reducing poverty depends as much on whether poor people have political power as on their opportunities for economic progress. Democracy has proven to be the system of governance most capable of mediating and preventing conflict and of securing and sustaining well-being. By expanding people's choices about how and by whom they are governed, democracy brings principles of participation and accountability to the process of human development. This Report is about politics and human development. It is about how political power and institutions—formal and informal, national and international—shape human progress. And it is about what it will take for countries to establish democratic governance systems that advance the human development of all people—in a world where so many are left behind. Politics matter for human development because people everywhere want to be free to determine their destinies, express their views and participate in the decisions that shape their lives. These capabilities are just as important for human development—for expanding people’s choices—as being able to read or enjoy good health.
The combining of benefits for human nutrition and agricultural productivity, resulting from breeding staple food crops which are more efficient in the micronutrient metal uptake from the soil, and which accumulate more micronutrients into their seeds, results in extremely high ex ante estimates of benefit/costs ratios for investments in agricultural research in this area. This finding derives from the confluence of several complementary factors:•Rates of micronutrient malnutrition are high in developing countries, as are the consequent costs to human welfare and economic productivity.•Because staple foods are eaten in large quantities every day by the malnourished poor, delivery of enriched staple foods (fortified by the plants themselves during growth) can rely on existing consumer behavior.•A significant percentage of the soils in which these staple foods are grown are `deficient' in these micronutrient metals, which has kept crop yields low. In general, these soils in fact contain relatively high total amounts of micronutrient metals. However, because of binding to soil constituents, these nutrients have poor soil availability to staple crop varieties that are currently available to farmers.•Adoption and spread of nutritionally-improved varieties by farmers can rely on profit incentives, either because of agronomic advantages on trace mineral-deficient soils or incorporation of nutritional improvements in the most productive varieties being released by agricultural research stations.•Benefits to relatively small investments in agricultural research may be disseminated widely, potentially accruing to hundreds of millions of people and millions of hectares of cropland.•Benefits from breeding advances, derived from initial, fixed costs, typically do not involve high recurring costs, and thus tend to be highly sustainable as long as an effective domestic agricultural research infrastructure is maintained.
Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia are likely to hold large numbers of very poor rural people into the foreseeable future. Although both history and theory suggest a pre-eminent role for agricultural growth in poverty reduction in poor agrarian economies, such growth today faces new difficulties. Many of these difficulties are endogenous to today’s poor rural areas, others result from broader processes of global change, but some are due to changes in the dominant policy environment, emphasizing liberalization and state withdrawal. Examination of 20th century Green Revolutions suggests that active state interventions were important in supporting critical stages of agricultural market development. Unfortunately such interventions’ benefits in institutional development are easily overlooked, whereas their high costs are much more visible. Policy implications are discussed.
The world's demand for food is expected to double within the next 50 years, while the natural resources that sustain agriculture will become increasingly scarce, degraded, and vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In many poor countries, agriculture accounts for at least 40 percent of GDP and 80 percent of employment. At the same time, about 70 percent of the world's poor live in rural areas and most depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. World Development Report 2008 seeks to assess where, when, and how agriculture can be an effective instrument for economic development, especially development that favors the poor. It examines several broad questions: How has agriculture changed in developing countries in the past 20 years? What are the important new challenges and opportunities for agriculture? Which new sources of agricultural growth can be captured cost effectively in particular in poor countries with large agricultural sectors as in Africa? How can agricultural growth be made more effective for poverty reduction? How can governments facilitate the transition of large populations out of agriculture, without simply transferring the burden of rural poverty to urban areas? How can the natural resource endowment for agriculture be protected? How can agriculture's negative environmental effects be contained? This year's report marks the 30th year the World Bank has been publishing the World Development Report.
The diets of over two-thirds of the world's population lack one or more essential mineral elements. This can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentrations and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in produce (biofortification). This article reviews aspects of soil science, plant physiology and genetics underpinning crop biofortification strategies, as well as agronomic and genetic approaches currently taken to biofortify food crops with the mineral elements most commonly lacking in human diets: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I) and selenium (Se). Two complementary approaches have been successfully adopted to increase the concentrations of bioavailable mineral elements in food crops. First, agronomic approaches optimizing the application of mineral fertilizers and/or improving the solubilization and mobilization of mineral elements in the soil have been implemented. Secondly, crops have been developed with: increased abilities to acquire mineral elements and accumulate them in edible tissues; increased concentrations of 'promoter' substances, such as ascorbate, beta-carotene and cysteine-rich polypeptides which stimulate the absorption of essential mineral elements by the gut; and reduced concentrations of 'antinutrients', such as oxalate, polyphenolics or phytate, which interfere with their absorption. These approaches are addressing mineral malnutrition in humans globally.
A new data set on national poverty lines is combined with new price data and almost 700 household surveys to estimate absolute
poverty measures for the developing world. We find that 25% of the population lived in poverty in 2005, as judged by what
“poverty” typically means in the world's poorest countries. This is higher than past estimates. Substantial overall progress
is still indicated—the corresponding poverty rate was 52% in 1981—but progress was very uneven across regions. The trends
over time and regional profile are robust to various changes in methodology, though precise counts are more sensitive.
Iodine deficiency is a global public health problem, and estimates of the extent of the problem were last produced in 2003.
To provide updated global estimates of the magnitude of iodine deficiency in 2007, to assess progress since 2003, and to provide information on gaps in the data available.
Recently published, nationally representative data on urinary iodine (UI) in school-age children collected between 1997 and 2006 were used to update country estimates of iodine nutrition. These estimates, alongside the 2003 estimates for the remaining countries without new data, were used to generate updated global and regional estimates of iodine nutrition. The median UI was used to classify countries according to the public health significance of their iodine nutrition status. Progress was measured by comparing current prevalence figures with those from 2003. The data available for pregnant women by year of survey were also assessed.
New UI data in school-age children were available for 41 countries, representing 45.4% of the world's school-age children. These data, along with previous country estimates for 89 countries, are the basis for the estimates and represent 91.1% of this population group. An estimated 31.5% of school-age children (266 million) have insufficient iodine intake. In the general population, 2 billion people have insufficient iodine intake. The number of countries where iodine deficiency is a public health problem is 47. Progress has been made: 12 countries have progressed to optimal iodine status, and the percentage ofschool-age children at risk of iodine deficiency has decreased by 5%. However, iodine intake is more than adequate, or even excessive, in 34 countries: an increase from 27 in 2003. There are insufficient data to estimate the global prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women.
Global progress in controlling iodine deficiency has been made since 2003, but efforts need to be accelerated in order to eliminate this debilitating health issue that affects almost one in three individuals globally. Surveillance systems need to be strengthened to monitor both low and excessive intakes of iodine.
Deficiencies of vitamin A, iron, and zinc affect over one-half of the world's population. Progress has been made to control micronutrient deficiencies through supplementation and food fortification, but new approaches are needed, especially to reach the rural poor. Biofortification (enriching the nutrition contribution of staple crops through plant breeding) is one option. Scientific evidence shows this is technically feasible without compromising agronomic productivity. Predictive cost-benefit analyses also support biofortification as being important in the armamentarium for controlling micronutrient deficiencies. The challenge is to get producers and consumers to accept biofortified crops and increase their intake of the target nutrients. With the advent of good seed systems, the development of markets and products, and demand creation, this can be achieved.
The use of conventional breeding techniques and biotechnology to improve the micronutrient quality of staple crops is a new strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. This strategy, referred to as "biofortification," is being developed and implemented through the international alliance of HarvestPlus to improve iron, zinc, and vitamin A status in low-income populations.
The objective of this paper is to review the challenges faced by nutritionists to determine and demonstrate the ability of biofortified crops to have an impact on the nutritional and health status of target populations.
We reviewed available published and unpublished information that is needed to design and evaluate this strategy, including issues related to micronutrient retention in staple foods, micronutrient bioavailability from plant foods, and evidence for the efficacy of high-micronutrient-content staple foods to improve micronutrient status.
Further information is needed on the retention of micronutrients in staple foods, in particular of provitamin A carotenoids, when stored and prepared under different conditions. The low bioavailability of iron from staple foods and the ability to demonstrate an impact on zinc status are specific challenges that need to be addressed. In target countries, infections and other micronutrient deficiencies may confound the ability to affect micronutrient status, and this must be taken into account in community-based studies.
Information to date suggests that biofortification has the potential to contribute to increased micronutrient intakes and improved micronutrient status. The success of this strategy will require the collaboration between health and agriculture sectors.
Eradicating poverty and hunger as a national security issue for the United States
- P P Anderson
Anderson PP (2015) Eradicating poverty and hunger
as a national security issue for the United States.
www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF59B4.doc.
Accessed 31 Jan 2015
Economic growth and the income of the poor. CAER II discussion paper no. 36. Harvard Institute for International Development
- J Gallup
- S Radelet
- A Warner
Gallup J, Radelet S, Warner A (1997) Economic growth
and the income of the poor. CAER II discussion paper
no. 36. Harvard Institute for International Development, Boston
The contribution of agricultural growth to poverty reduction. ACIAR impact assessment series report number 76 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Understanding the links between agriculture and health
- B Grewal
- H Grunfeld
- P B Sheehan
- C Hawkes
- M Ruel
- S Babu
Grewal B, Grunfeld H, Sheehan P (2012) The contribution
of agricultural growth to poverty reduction. ACIAR
impact assessment series report number 76. Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra
Hawkes C, Ruel MT (2006) Understanding the links
between agriculture and health. International Food
Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC
Hotz C, McClafferty B, Hawkes C, Ruel M, Babu S
(2007) From harvest to health: challenges for developing biofortified staple foods and determining their
impact on micronutrient status. Food Nutr Bull 28:
S271–S279
Analysis of the relation between rural poverty, malnutrition and hunger, and the interlinks with agricultural production growth and productivity growth with special reference to Mozambique and Bangladesh
- R A Ingutia
- Zahidul Islam
- K A Hossain
Ingutia RA, Zahidul Islam KA, Hossain MM (2009)
Analysis of the relation between rural poverty, malnutrition and hunger, and the interlinks with agricultural
production growth and productivity growth with special reference to Mozambique and Bangladesh. Discussion paper no. 32. Department of Economics and
Management, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
Conflict: a cause and effect of hunger. ECSP report 7, environmental change and security program
- E Messer
- Mj Cohen
- T Marchione
Messer E, Cohen MJ, Marchione T (2001) Conflict: a cause
and effect of hunger. ECSP report 7, environmental
change and security program. http://www.wilsoncenter.
org/sites/default/files/ECSP7-featurearticles-1.pdf
The state of the poor: where are the poor, where is the extreme poverty harder to end, and what is the current profile of the world's poor? PREM economic premise note no. 125 HarvestPlus: breeding crops for better nutrition Economics of biofortification
- P Olinto
- K Beegle
- C Sobrado
- U Hiroki
Olinto P, Beegle K, Sobrado C, Hiroki U (2013) The state
of the poor: where are the poor, where is the extreme
poverty harder to end, and what is the current profile
of the world's poor? PREM economic premise note
no. 125. World Bank, Washington, DC
Pfeiffer WH, McClafferty B (2007) HarvestPlus: breeding crops for better nutrition. Crop Sci 47:S88–S105
Qaim M, Stein AJ, Meenakshi JV (2007) Economics of
biofortification. Agric Econ 37:119–133
Exploring a vision: integrating knowledge for food and health. a workshop summary
- T I Rouse
- D P Davis
Rouse TI, Davis DP (2004) Exploring a vision:
integrating knowledge for food and health. a workshop summary. Board on Agric. and Nat. Resources,
Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research
Council of the National Academies, The National
Academies Press, Washington, DC. http://www.nap.
edu/openbook.php?record_id ¼10936
2014 global hunger index: the challenge of hidden hunger Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting
- K Von Grebmer
- A Saltzman
- E Birol
- D Wiesman
- N Prasai
- S Yin
- Y Yohannes
- P Menon
- J Thompson
- A Sonntag
von Grebmer K, Saltzman A, Birol E, Wiesman D,
Prasai N, Yin S, Yohannes Y, Menon P,
Thompson J, Sonntag A (2014) 2014 global hunger
index: the challenge of hidden hunger. International
Food Policy Research Institute/Concern Worldwide/
Welthungerhilfe, Washington, DC/Dublin/Bonn
Wessells KR, Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global
prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc
availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7(11), e50568. doi:10.
1371/journal.pone.0050568
Micronutrient deficiencies: iron deficiency anaemia World Health Organization, Geneva http://www.who.int/nutrition) Micronutrient deficiencies: vitamin A deficiency. World Health Organization
WHO (2015a) Micronutrient deficiencies: iron deficiency
anaemia. World Health Organization, Geneva
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/. Accessed
1 February 2015
WHO (2015b) Micronutrient deficiencies: vitamin A
deficiency. World Health Organization, Geneva.
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/vad/en/.
Accessed 19 Jun 2015
Poverty and hunger: Issues and options for food security in developing countries. A World Bank Policy Study Agriculture for development: world development report From Agriculture to Nutrition: Pathways, Synergies, and Outcomes Global monitoring report 2014/2015: ending poverty and sharing prosperity
- S Wiggins
Wiggins S (2005) Southern Africa's food and humanitarian
crisis of 2001–04: causes and lessons, Nottingham.
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001240/P1388-
Wiggins_May2005.pdf
World Bank (1986) Poverty and hunger: Issues and options
for food security in developing countries. A World
Bank Policy Study, World Bank, Washington, DC
World Bank (2007) Agriculture for development: world
development report 2008. World Bank, Washington, DC
World Bank (2007a) From Agriculture to Nutrition:
Pathways, Synergies, and Outcomes. Report
No. 40196-GLB, Agriculture and Rural Development
Department, World Bank, Washington, DC
World Bank (2015) Global monitoring report 2014/2015:
ending poverty and sharing prosperity. World Bank,
Washington, DC
World Bank (2015a) Poverty overview. http://www.
worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview. Accessed
January 2015