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Vascular flora of the Verdugo Mountains and San Rafael Hills, Los Angeles County, California
Abstract
Available online here: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/211133#page/5/mode/1up.
The Verdugo Mountains and San Rafael Hills in Los Angeles County, California, are a 21 km (13 mi) long mountainous region that encompasses approximately 14,646 ha (36,192 acres) surrounded by the greater Los Angeles area. Urbanization from the greater Los Angeles area has encroached upon these mountains over the years. Despite the mountains’ proximity to high population densities, recent botanical collections from the range are sparse. The goal of our study was to compile historic and recent botanical collections from the range to document the flora of the Verdugo Mountains and San Rafael Hills. We first compiled information on the natural and cultural history of the study area from literature reviews, internet searches, and local herbaria. We then performed botanical surveys in the Verdugo Mountains and San Rafael Hills to document vascular plant taxa with herbarium vouchers, develop an annotated checklist, describe plant communities, and document fire-following species for the region. The vegetation within the study area was predominantly chaparral (chamise or mixed chaparral) and southern coastal scrub with occasional woodlands (coast live oak or California walnut), riparian communities (California sycamore or mixed riparian woodlands), and grasslands (native bunchgrass or valley and southern coastal grassland). We identified fire-following species from three burn areas in the study area one to five years later. A total of 422 native and 163 non-native taxa were confirmed from the area, including 12 rare taxa.
... Of course, these are also some of the most speciesrich families, so further analysis is needed to reveal patterns of extirpation.Table 2lists species known from just one or two small populations in the park, sometimes just a handful of individuals, and includes those that may be possibly be extirpated, as they have not been refound in recent years. While the locations are scattered around the park, a few names appear more than once, including Royce Canyon, which includes the moss gardens on the north-facing slope south of the stream; Western Canyon/One-Mile Tree, an important, and fairly undisturbed, clay lens just west of Western Canyon Road near a pullout roughly one mile up the road from Fern Dell; and Cahuenga-Burbank Peak, the highest ridge in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains.Table 2. " Scarce " native taxa of Griffith Park, known only from one or two populations in study area; excludes cryptic species (e.g., certain grasses) and those for which more work is needed (e.g., Camissoniopsis; see text).A recent treatment of the flora of the Verdugo Mountains/San Rafael Hills just northeast of the park (422 native taxa, including historical collections;Soza et al. 2013) allows for a full comparison with Griffith Park, and a comparison of native species extirpated from each range provides important conservation insights. While nearly 100 more native taxa are known from the Verdugos than occur or occurred historically at Griffith Park, fully 96% of the currently-or historicallyknown taxa in Griffith Park also occur or occurred in the Verdugos. ...
... exserta, Penstemon centranthifolius, Plantago erecta, Leptosiphon liniflorus, and Ranunculus californicus. While it is impossible to prove, several other taxa extirpated from Griffith Park (seeTable 1) yet unknown from the Verdugos actually may have been been present in the Verdugos in the recent past but not collected, including such locally rare and declining native forbs such as Achyrachaena mollis, Lasthenia californica, and Microsteris gracilis.I made an effort to be consistent with the analysis bySoza et al. (2013)when determining whether a non-native taxa is naturalized; for example, they also omit common, established groups like eucalyptus that are known only from planted individuals.Data from herbaria at the following institutions were used: CAS (California Academy of Sciences), CDA (California Department. of Food and Agriculture), JEPS (Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley), UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), POM (Pomona Herbarium at RSA); RSA (Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden), SBBG (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden), SD (San Diego Natural History Museum), UC (University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley), UCR (University of California, Riverside), and UCSB (University of California, Santa Barbara). All are part of the Consortium of California Herbaria, with data available online (Consortium of California Herbaria 2016). ...
... subsp. coronaria (Greene) Gottlieb may yet be discovered in the park or, material collected may be re-identified as this species, as it has been documented in the Santa Monica Mountains and in the nearby Verdugo Mountains (Soza et al. 2013). Prigge 16131, 20 Oct 2011 (LA). ...
Covering roughly 17 square km (4,200 acres), Griffith Park represents one of the most significant reserves of natural habitat in the central Los Angeles Basin and the largest contiguous expanse of open space in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains. The study area covers all of Griffith Park and adjacent openspace west to State Route 101 and north to State Route 134. Here I provide information on 430 native or naturalized plant taxa reported from Griffith Park, including 326 naturally-occurring natives and 104 naturalized non-natives. Most of these taxa are vouchered with herbarium specimens, and I provide additional lists for unvouchered specimens and those documented only by photographs, as well as vouchered taxa for which there exists some question as to the origin of their occurrence within the park. The species richness of the park flora may becompared to that of the nearby Verdugo Mountains (585 native or naturalized taxa)and the Santa Monica Mountains/Simi Hills (875-1005 taxa). This represents thefirst full treatment of the native plant species of Griffith Park, and it provides abaseline of diversity for what is arguably the most significant area of open spacein the central Los Angeles Basin, informing and encouraging future investigation and documentation of the flora of the Los Angeles area.
A revised and updated classification for the families of flowering plants is provided. Many recent studies have yielded increasingly detailed evidence for the positions of formerly unplaced families, resulting in a number of newly adopted orders, including Amborellales, Berberidopsidales, Bruniales, Buxales, Chloranthales, Escalloniales, Huerteales, Nymphaeales, Paracryphiales, Petrosaviales, Picramniales, Trochodendrales, Vitales and Zygophyllales. A number of previously unplaced genera and families are included here in orders, greatly reducing the number of unplaced taxa; these include Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales), Haptanthaceae (Buxales), Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Huaceae (Oxalidales), Centroplacaceae and Rafflesiaceae (both Malpighiales), Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae and Strasburgeriaceae (all Crossosomatales), Picramniaceae (Picramniales), Dipentodontaceae and Gerrardinaceae (both Huerteales), Cytinaceae (Malvales), Balanophoraceae (Santalales), Mitrastemonaceae (Ericales) and Boraginaceae (now at least known to be a member of lamiid clade). Newly segregated families for genera previously understood to be in other APG-recognized families include Petermanniaceae (Liliales), Calophyllaceae (Malpighiales), Capparaceae and Cleomaceae (both Brassicales), Schoepfiaceae (Santalales), Anacampserotaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae and Talinaceae (all Caryophyllales) and Linderniaceae and Thomandersiaceae (both Lamiales). Use of bracketed families is abandoned because of its unpopularity, and in most cases the broader circumscriptions are retained; these include Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceace and Xanthorrheaceae (all Asparagales), Passifloraceae (Malpighiales), Primulaceae (Ericales) and several other smaller families. Separate papers in this same volume deal with a new linear order for APG, subfamilial names that can be used for more accurate communication in Amaryllidaceae s.l., Asparagaceace s.l. and Xanthorrheaceae s.l. (all Asparagales) and a formal supraordinal classification for the flowering plants.
A revised taxonomic classification of Phrymaceae down to species level is presented, based on molecular-phylogenetic and morpho-taxonomic studies, setting a framework for ongoing work. In the concept adopted, the family includes 188 species divided into 13 genera. All species as currently understood are listed and assigned to genera and sections which in several cases have new circumscriptions requiring many new combinations. Four main clades are recognized. Clade A. An Asian-African-Australasian-centered clade of 7 genera: Mimulus L. sensu stricto (7 species) of North America, Asia to Africa, and Australasia is sister to an Australian-centered group that comprises Elacholoma (2 species), Glossostigma (5 species), Microcarpaea (2 species), Peplidium (4 species), Uvedalia (2 species) and a new monotypic genus Thyridia, described here. The remaining three clades are largely American, with a few east Asian species. Clade B. Monotypic Phryma forms its own clade. Clade C. Hemichaena (5 species), Mimetanthe (1 species), and Diplacus (46 species). Clade D. Leucocarpus (1 species) and Erythranthe (111 species). A new infrageneric classification is constructed for the two largest genera –– Diplacus with six sections, and Erythranthe with 12. The sessile to subsessile flowers and parietal placentation of Diplacus distinguish it from Erythranthe, which has long-pedicellate flowers and axile placentation. Descriptions are provided for all inframilial, generic, and infrageneric taxa and full synonymies enable a comparison with previous classifications.
Contrary to recurring perceptions that the flora of North America north of Mexico has been fully explored and cataloged, the rate of ongoing discoveries has remained remarkably constant for much of the last century and shows no evidence of tapering off. This is particularly evident in western and southeastern North America, where dramatic new species and occasional monotypic genera are still coming to light, even along highways and near major cities. Furthermore, the same level of ongoing discovery also characterizes other aspects of floristic information, including the distribution of rare species and the occurrence of invasive pest plants. The majority of ongoing discoveries are dependent on individuals and organizations operating outside of academia, with declining opportunities for formal training in floristics or access to scientific expertise when complex situations are encountered. This situation is connected to the perception of floristics as rote data compilation, when it is in fact better understood in the context of a massive attempt to model biodiversity, resulting in an intricate suite of nested hypotheses that are constantly being tested and modified. The incompleteness of our floristic knowledge takes on critical significance in an era when decisions are being made that will irrevocably determine the fate of our national floristic heritage. The cost of this ignorance can cut multiple ways, increasing the risk of misplaced mitigation efforts as well as avoidable loss of irreplaceable biodiversity. Although the magnitude of the task is daunting, significant advances are achievable in a collaborative framework, which would yield a vastly improved floristic knowledge base for informed decision-making.
NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) currently archives over 1.5 petabytes of climatological data from various networks and sources including in-situ, numerical models, radar and satellite. Access to these datasets is evolving from interactive web interfaces utilizing database technology to standardized web services in a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). NCDC is currently offering several web services using Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), XML over Representational State Transfer (REST/XML), Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Service (WMS) / Web Feature Service (WFS) / Web Coverage Service (WCS) and OPeNDAP web service protocols. These services offer users a direct connection between their client applications and NCDC data servers. In addition, users may embed access to the services in custom applications to efficiently navigate and subset data in an automated fashion. NCDC currently provides gridded numerical model data through a THREDDS Data Server and GrADS Data Server which offers OPeNDAP and WCS access. In-situ network metadata are available through WMS and WFS while the corresponding time-series data are accessible through SOAP and REST web services. These in-situ services are a part of the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science (CUAHSI) WaterOneFlow services, a consolidated access system for hydrologic data, and comply with the WaterOneFlow specifications. NCDC's Severe Weather Data Inventory (SWDI), which provides user access to archives of several datasets critical to the detection and evaluation of severe weather, is also accessible through REST/XML services. Providing cataloging, access and search capabilities for many of NCDC's datasets using community driven standards is a top priority for the ever increasing data volumes being archived at NCDC. Providing interoperable access is critical to supporting data stewardship across multiple scientific disciplines and user types. This demonstration will showcase NCDC's latest work towards standardized web services with both server and client examples.
Perennial herb. Scarce, along northwestern base of range near Sunland; restricted to heavy soil on small outcropping of volcanic rock, in grassy opening in mixed chaparral and coastal scrub
- Stipa Pulchra Hitchc
- Purple Needlegrass
Stipa pulchra Hitchc., PURPLE NEEDLEGRASS. Perennial herb. Scarce, along
northwestern base of range near Sunland; restricted to heavy soil on small
outcropping of volcanic rock, in grassy opening in mixed chaparral and
coastal scrub. Gross et al. 406, 4 Jun 2001 (RSA).
Scarce, documented by a historic collection near Eagle Rock; apparently a waif derived from pigeon feed. Collected more recently near Flint Peak in the San Rafael Hills, in xeric openings in coastal scrub at the urban-wildland interface
- L Triticum
- Annual
- Common
- Wheat
*Triticum aestivum L. Annual., COMMON WHEAT. Scarce, documented by a
historic collection near Eagle Rock; apparently a waif derived from pigeon
feed. Collected more recently near Flint Peak in the San Rafael Hills, in
xeric openings in coastal scrub at the urban-wildland interface. Gross 813,
9 Mar 2003 (RSA).
Morong) Graebn., SIMPLE-STEM BUR-REED. Aquatic perennial herb. Scarce
- Eurycarpum A Typhaceae Sparganium
- Gray
- Greenei
TYPHACEAE
Sparganium eurycarpum A. Gray var. greenei (Morong) Graebn., SIMPLE-STEM BUR-REED. Aquatic perennial herb. Scarce, documented by a historic collection from near Glendale. Davidson s.n., Aug 1907 (RSA).
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Scarce, on northern flank of the range in La Tuna Canyon, on ridgetop in small area of reddish clay substrate within chaparral opening
- Cleveland's Cryptantha Clevelandii Greene
- Cryptantha
- Annual
Cryptantha clevelandii Greene, CLEVELAND'S CRYPTANTHA. Annual.
Scarce, on northern flank of the range in La Tuna Canyon, on ridgetop in
small area of reddish clay substrate within chaparral opening. Gross et al.
243, 8 Jun 2000 (RSA).
Occasional on slopes, ridges, and alluvial benches throughout the range, in xeric openings in chaparral and coastal scrub, and especially following fire
Cryptantha muricata (Hook. & Arn.) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr., POINTED
CRYPTANTHA. Annual. Occasional on slopes, ridges, and alluvial benches throughout the range, in xeric openings in chaparral and coastal scrub,
and especially following fire. Gross & Moore 224, 5 Jun 2000 (RSA).
Small shrub. Scarce, although locally common where present, in northern San Rafael Hills, planted along road and naturalizing on adjacent northwesterly slopes, in burned chaparral and coastal scrub; flowers varied from white to lavender, pale blue, and dark blue
- L F Echium
- Pride
- Madeira
*Echium candicans L. f., PRIDE OF MADEIRA. Small shrub. Scarce, although
locally common where present, in northern San Rafael Hills, planted along
road and naturalizing on adjacent northwesterly slopes, in burned chaparral and coastal scrub; flowers varied from white to lavender, pale blue, and
dark blue. Gross 1211, 19 Mar 2004 (RSA).
Annual. Occasional on slopes and ridges throughout the range, in openings in chaparral and coastal scrub, and more frequent as a post-fire species in these habitats
- Whispering Emmenanthe Penduliflora Benth. Var. Penduliflora
- Bells
Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. var. penduliflora, WHISPERING BELLS. Annual. Occasional on slopes and ridges throughout the range, in openings
in chaparral and coastal scrub, and more frequent as a post-fire species in
these habitats. Soza & Moore 848, 10 May 2000 (RSA).
Large shrub. Occasional on slopes and alluvial benches at scattered sites across the range, generally in chaparral and coastal scrub, usually in deep or sandy soils, and sometimes forming extensive stands, especially following fire
- Eriodictyon Crassifolium Benth
- Brand
- Yerba Thickleaf
- Santa
Eriodictyon crassifolium Benth. var. nigrescens Brand, THICKLEAF YERBA
SANTA. Large shrub. Occasional on slopes and alluvial benches at scattered sites across the range, generally in chaparral and coastal scrub, usually in deep or sandy soils, and sometimes forming extensive stands, especially following fire. Soza & Moore 836, 10 May 2000 (RSA).
Common and widespread on slopes, ridges, and alluvial benches throughout the range, generally in openings in chaparral and coastal scrub, but tolerant of shade in oak woodlands; especially frequent as a post-fire species
Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene var. chrysanthemifolia, SPOTTED
HIDESEED. Annual. Common and widespread on slopes, ridges, and alluvial benches throughout the range, generally in openings in chaparral
and coastal scrub, but tolerant of shade in oak woodlands; especially frequent as a post-fire species. Moore et al. 43, 8 Jun 2000 (RSA).
Perennial herb. Scarce, documented by a historic collection from La Tuna Canyon. MacFadden 11073
- Canaigre Rumex Hymenosepalus Torr
Rumex hymenosepalus Torr., CANAIGRE. Perennial herb. Scarce, documented
by a historic collection from La Tuna Canyon. MacFadden 11073, Apr
1933 (RSA).
Scarce, documented by historic collections from San Rafael Hills, presumably in heavy soil
- Primulaceae Dodecatheon Clevelandii Greene Subsp. Clevelandii
- Padre's Shooting-Star
- Geophyte
PRIMULACEAE
Dodecatheon clevelandii Greene subsp. clevelandii, PADRE'S SHOOTING-STAR. Geophyte. Scarce, documented by historic collections from San
Rafael Hills, presumably in heavy soil. Webb s.n., 16 Feb 1935 (RSA).