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THE DEVELOPMENT OF LACUNOLOGY THESAURUS IN PROTOTERMS OF LACUNICON
Abstract
Abstract
The linguistics gave birth to a new science – laсunology. The words and clusters of the lacunarity are described in this article. The ontology of lacunikon goes back to Greece, initiating the first cluster of lacunicon (i) liquid cluster of the lac- etymon, later there appeared the second cluster: lacuna cluster of the lac- etymon, (ii), then, the third lacuna cluster: lack/absence cluster of the lac- etymon, (iii) which is seen as pre-terminological cluster of the lacunicon. The author views the proсess of lacunae formation as semantic deviations of the systems of languages, defining close and near cognates of lacunicon in English and Ukrainian.
Keywords: lacunology thesaurus, lac-clusters, prototerms of lacunicon.
The article opens the current observation on lacunology studies where lacunae are regarded as results of change, innovation, substitution and transfer. Lacuna can be interpreted as empty place in contrasting languages, zero verbalization in the written and oral discourse, null transfer or the explicit substitute instead of the lacunar original. The paper has revealed how lacunae, rare words or hapaxes, can found in texts and corpus data. In terms of translation debates it relates to domestication and foreignization area of translation techniques. Lacunae are very closed off and inaccessible and only the ''outside'' parts of the lacunar artifacts or phenomena, often implicit, so translations must preserve lacunae to be lacunae or reveal the lacunae thus eliminating them. The ''inside'' and the ''outside'' of lacunar artifacts and phenomena depend upon a translator. The commentary can be added in the book, a footnote added in the article and the extensive commentary may be missed in speech. Thus, the techniques of elimination and adding work or fail.
Biocompatible nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings for intrabone titanium implants have been obtained by plasma spraying. The HA coatings have an average grain size within 10–30 nm and are characterized by improved characteristics of morphological heterogeneity that is acquired due to the induction heat treatment (IHT) of substrates prior to plasma spray deposition. Based on the data of scanning electron microscopy with computer-aided processing of images, it is established that the average grain size depends on the IHT temperature.
En considerant des aphorismes tels que aucun homme n'est une ile, qui signifie que les etres humains ne sont pas des creatures isolees, l'A. tente de determiner ce qui contribue a ajouter ce sens supplementaire : est-ce le fait que, lorsqu'il est interprete litteralement, ce type d'enonce transgresse clairement la maxime griceenne selon laquelle une declaration doit etre informative ? Ou est-ce le fait qu'il existe une implication fausse sous-jacente qui declenche l'interpretation metaphorique ? Certains chercheurs modernes ont argumente en faveur de la premiere explication et ont ainsi abandonne l'idee d'une interpretation metaphorique basee sur la verite. Dans cet article, l'A. montre que cet abandon est premature et qu'il existe un grand nombre d'exemples qui ne peuvent pas etre expliques a moins que l'on ne suppose que les metaphores litteralement vraies presupposent une ou plusieurs implications litteralement fausses
We pursue here our exploration of conceptual blending and of the "many-space" model, which replaces the standard "two-domain" model. In blending, structure from two or more input mental spaces is projected to a separate "blended" space, which inherits partial structure from the inputs, and has emergent structure of its own. New examples are presented. We show that meaning is not compositional in the usual sense, and that blending operates to produce understandings of composite forms. Formal expression in language is a way of prompting hearer and reader to assemble and develop conceptual constructions, including blends; there is no encoding of concepts into words or decoding of words into concepts. Blending is at work in many areas of cognition and action, including metaphor, counterfactuals, and conceptual change. We point out two fundamental aspects of this general process: cross-space mapping of counterparts, and integration of events.
Seven different strains were selected for their ability to degrade citrus pectin. Alkaline pectinases were produced by five bacterial soil isolates, whereas two fungal strains produced pectinase in an acidic environment. The bacteria were isolated from soil of a plum orchard in Northern Ireland. These isolates produced significant amounts of pectin lyase (PL) and polygalacturonase (PG) with maximum activities of 30.1 and 29.1 U/ml respectively. Fungal strains Aspergillus sp. and PN-1 produced four different pectinolytic activities; endo-PG, exo-PG, pectin esterase (PE) and PL. The Aspergillus sp. produced higher amounts of pectinase than PN-1. The Aspergillus sp. excreted highly stable pectinases, which may be of importance for industrial applications.
Interactions between two types of affect sensitivity and two types of affect regulation were tested: low sensitivity to positive affect and high sensitivity to negative affect were expected to become maladaptive when self-motivation and self-relaxation are low, respectively. Consistent with expectations, specific Sensitivity × Regulation interactions emerged: low sensitivity to positive affect (i.e., independent, schizoid-like personality) was only associated with reduced emotional well-being when self-motivation was low. High sensitivity to negative affect (i.e., self-critical, avoidant-like personality) was only associated with psychosomatic symptoms when self-relaxation was low. In a subsample, the same results were obtained longitudinally. Findings support the distinction between affect sensitivity and affect regulation. Furthermore, affect regulation can be differentiated into self-motivation and self-relaxation.
"Like Dewey, he has revolted against the empiricist dogma and the Kantian dualisms which have compartmentalized philosophical thought. . . . Unlike Dewey, he has provided detailed incisive argumentation, and has shown just where the dogmas and dualisms break down." --Richard Rorty, The Yale Review
The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"--metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them.
In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language.
With an ageing population, war, and sports related injuries there is an ever-expanding requirement for hard tissue replacement such as bone. Engineered artificial scaffold biomaterials with appropriate mechanical properties, surface chemistry and surface topography are in a great demand for enhancing cell attachment, cell growth and tissue formation at such defect sites. Most of these engineering techniques are aimed at mimicking the natural organization of the bone tissues and thereby create a conducive environment for bone regeneration. As the interaction between the cells and tissues with biomaterials at the tissue–implant interface is a surface phenomenon, surface properties play a major role in determining both the biological response to implants and the material response to the physiological condition. Hence surface engineering of biomaterials is aimed at modifying the material and biological responses through changes in surface properties while still maintaining the bulk mechanical properties of the implant. Therefore, there has been a great thrust towards development of Ca–P-based surface coatings on various metallic and nonmetallic substrates for load bearing implant applications such as hip joint prosthesis, knee joint prosthesis and dental implants.
My dissertation provides an analysis of the Soviet television mini-series released between the late 1960s and early 1980s, specifically the spy thriller, the police procedural, and the detective series. I argue that serialized production were an ideal form for the negotiation of the inherited models of individual and collective identity with the new cultural, social, and political values that came into play during the Brezhnev era. Chapter One provides an overview of Russian and Western studies of Soviet television and describes the methodology used in the three analytical chapters. I approach the three genres as variations of the socialist realist masterplot, which undergoes fragmentation and transformation in mini-series. Chapter Two discusses the spy thriller, which addresses the issue of "inside" vs. "outside" of the political system, revealing the absence of a stable meaning behind the category of the Soviet "us." My case studies in this chapter are Evgenii Tashkov's His Highness's Adjutant (1969) and Tat'iana Lioznova's Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973). Chapter Three analyzes the genre of police procedural. The "institutional" version of the genre—The Investigation Is Conducted by Experts (1971-89)--lays bare the absurdity of the Soviet economy, while The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed (Stanislav Govorukhin 1979) redefines police narrative as a populist story of idealized past. Chapter Four discusses detective mini-series. As case studies I use the Aniskin series of made-for-TV films (1968, 1974, 1978) and The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson (Igor' Maslennikov 1979-86). These productions use temporal and spatial displacement to construct a protagonist, whose status of positive hero is entirely determined by the utopian nature of the community he represents. In late Soviet culture, modernist utopia turns into a stylized "Victorian" past, which above all values stability. Finally, Conclusion discusses the role of Brezhnev era productions on post-Soviet television. I argue that these series both fulfill a "therapeutic" function by establishing a link with the past culture and serve as models for the construction of a new Russian identity. I interpret Russian television's privileging of the police procedural as the revival of Russians' search for a communal, rather than an individual identity.
This article analyzes the legal theories of Lon L. Fuller (1902- 1978) as contrasted with the legal framework adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade and its progeny. Fuller was a professor of general jurisprudence at Harvard Law School for many years until his retirement in 1972. The scope of his writings on law included legal philosophy, contracts, mediation, comparative law, and legal procedure. As far as can be determined, Fuller never commented on abortion in his writings. He believed that law should stand the scrutiny of reason and stressed the importance of good orderi (emphasis added). He criticized the views of philosophers such as Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart, Ronald Dworkin, and Marshall Cohen. Fuller opposed legal positivism, the idea that law is no higher than a particular authority, that is, a sovereign state or a rule of recognition, is morally neutral, and is merely an instrument of external ends such as utility.ii His leading work on legal theory, The Morality of Law (1964,1969), has been translated into several languages and has been used as the text for teaching legal principles in developing nations. The book advocated a kind of secular natural law,iii and it was initially severely attacked by many lawyers and philosophers. The Morality of Law offers an extended discussion of the difference between the morality of duty and the morality of aspiration and took the position that the purpose of law was both practical and moral.
This article, written for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of American Philosophy, offers an overview of the most important American contributions to legal philosophy - American legal realism, law and economics, various critical schools of jurisprudence, Lon Fuller, and Ronald Dworkin - while speculating on what might be distinctive of American legal philosophy. One obvious recurring theme is a focus on practical application in general, and adjudication (especially constitutional adjudication) in particular.
Despite all the dramatic successes we have witnessed in recent years in unraveling the physics and chemistry behind biological phenomena, we still have a very long way to go. The most fundamental question of what is the difference between living and nonliving matter remains unanswered. Unlike most physical and chemical systems, living systems must-at the very least-be endowed with function, a concept that to this day remains indispensable to biology, yet is effectively missing from the vocabulary of physics and chemistry. Accordingly, we need an account of the evolution of function out of simple physical and chemical dynamics which we do not as yet have. Nevertheless, I retain a guarded optimism: we are, I believe, moving closer to answering this basic question. Yet doing so, I argue, requires fundamental transformations in the conventional approaches of both physics and chemistry.
There is an ongoing debate in the philosophical and jurisprudential literature regarding the nature and possibility of Contract theory. On one hand, are those who argue (or assume) that there is, or should be, a single, general, universal theory of Contract Law, one applicable to all jurisdictions and all times. On the other hand, are those who assert that Contract theory should be localized to particular times and places, perhaps even with different theories for different types of agreements. This article considers one facet of this debate: evaluating the relevance of the fact that the remedies available for breach of contract can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another. This wide variation in remedies for breach of a (contractual) promise is one central difference between promises in morality and enforceable agreements in law. The article asserts that variation of remedies strongly supports the conclusion that there is (and can be) no general, universal theory of Contract Law.
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