ResearchPDF Available

Circular Economy: A Critical Literature Review of Concepts

January 2016

Authors:

Université de Sherbrooke

Circular Economy is generally described as being a transformative, restorative and regenerative economic or industrial system that could enable humanity to exist within existing planetary limits while ensuring that organizations keep on thriving. It is a concept that is usually presented as an alternative to the ‘linear economy’, which according to certain stakeholders is synonymous with a ‘take-make-waste’ approach. It is usually pegged against a background of impending economic and environmental crisis, and as such, has prompted much interest from business, academia and governments in the last 5 to 10 years. Against this backdrop, it seemed imperative to the CIRAIG and its international industrial partners to explore through a science-based white paper what are Circular Economy’s historical and conceptual background as well as make sense of its key associated concepts, such as Sustainable Development, Green Economy, Industrial Ecology and Functional Economy. Within this literature review, the following main elements have been investigated: - A general portrait of the associated key concepts that underlie Circular Economy, including a conceptual timeline; - What is (or should be) Circular Economy, including definitions, principles, implementation and barriers; - Positioning and mapping of Circular Economy according to scope and concreteness, sustainability approach and circularity thinking. Conceiving of Circular Economy from historical and conceptual perspectives, this critical literature review allows interested audiences to perceive that it is far from being a static theoretical idea.

-1: Sustainable development according to Jacobs and Sadler. From: Jacobs and Sadler (1990) • Passet (1997), in which there are 4 dimensions subordinated to each other

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-3: Sustainable development according to Gendron. From: Gendron (2005)

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-7: Life cycle stages.

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-8: Eco--effectiveness strives to generate an entirely (100%) beneficial impact upon ecological systems.

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+21

-9: Material flows in the context of an Intelligent Materials Pooling community. From: Braungart et al. (2007), p. 1347

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Figures - uploaded by Marie-Luc Arpin

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Marie-Luc Arpin

Content may be subject to copyright.

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Table&of#contents'

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3.1.1!The!Ellen!MacArthur!Foundation!...........................................................................................................!27!

3.1.2!Other!definitions!....................................................................................................................................!29!

3.1.3!Circular!Economy!Principles!...................................................................................................................!33!

3.1.4!Discussion!and!key!takeaways!...............................................................................................................!36!

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3.2.1!Implementation!at!region!or!country!scale!............................................................................................!37!

3.2.2!Circular!Economy!in!various!legislations!................................................................................................!40!

3.2.3!Circular!Economy!in!China!.....................................................................................................................!40!

3.2.4!Implementing!Circular!Economy!at!company!scale:!new!business!models!............................................!42!

3.2.5!Barriers!to!Circular!Economy!implementation!.......................................................................................!45!

3.2.6!Measuring!circularity!.............................................................................................................................!46!

3.2.7!Discussion!and!key!takeaways!...............................................................................................................!52!

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,-)(*'-!./!*#'!?'1'&,2!>%%'K.2/!,*!*#'!'1-!)4!*#'!5)14'&'15':!5,22'-!The!future!we!want:!%*,*'%e!!

“(…)!we!consider!green!economy!in!the!context!of!sustainable!development!and!poverty!

eradication! as! one! of! the! important! tools! available! for! achieving! sustainable!

development!and!that!it!could!provide!options!for!policymaking!but!should!not!be!a!rigid!

set! of! rules.! We! emphasize! that! it! should! contribute! to! eradicating! poverty! as! well! as!

sustained! economic! growth,! enhancing! social! inclusion,! improving! human! welfare! and!

creating! opportunities! for! employment! and! decent! work! for! all,! while! maintaining! the!

healthy!functioning!of!the!Earth’s!ecosystems”!=Rc!?'1'&,2!>%%'K.2/:!CDEC@A!

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(1)! the! shifting! of! responsibility! (physically! and/or! economically;! fully! or! partially)! upstream!

toward!the!producer!and!away!from!municipalities,!and!(2)!to!provide!incentives!to!producers!to!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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*&,1%$*$)1! *)+,&-%! ,! 5$&592,&! '5)1)K/A! 0*! 5)22,.)&,*'%! +$*#! )<'&! `D! 1,*$)1,2! ,1-! $1*'&1,*$)1,2! (,&*1'&%! ,1-!

K'K.'&%!)1!<,&$)9%!5)15'(*9,2!,1-!,((2$'-!(&)L'5*%A!#**(eUU+++A5$&52'M'5)1)K/A5)K!

©CIRAIG'

Final'Report'

Page'38'

CIRCULAR'ECONOMY:'A'CRITICAL'LITERATURE'REVIEW'OF'CONCEPTS'

October'2015'

' '

!"#$%&'()*&+,%-,.%/&01&0#23"4$%25&6.47%&23%82&"69&:".623-%":.6;&23%82&10-&"&4.-4<$"-&%4060:=&

+#23"4$%2&

>.47%&23%82&

?".623-%":.6;&23%82&

)@&?"A0-&<8(1-063&.6,%23:%63&40232'

1.'Set'up'a'simple'index'for'circular'performance.'

Organisations'(companies,'harbours,'

governments,'investors)'can'use'this'to'give'

incentives'to'their'value'chain'partners'

encouraging'circularity'

10.'Replace'traditional'financial'reporting'by'

mandatory'and'accountable'integrated'reporting'

and'develop'the'concept'of'True'Value'

B@&C6,.-06:%63"$&40232&D%E3%-6"$.3.%2F&"-%&603&3"G%6&.630&

"440<63'

'@&H7"-%70$9%-2&/.37&270-3(3%-:&";%69"&90:.6"3%&40-80-"3%&

;0,%-6"64%'

I@&J%4=4$%9&:"3%-."$2&"-%&013%6&23.$$&:0-%&%E8%62.,%&37"6&

,.-;.6'

11.'Create'a'tax'shift'from'labour'towards'natural'

resources'

K@&L.;7%-&40232&10-&:"6";%:%63&"69&8$"66.6;'

2.'Encourage'experimentation,'innovation'and'

redesign.'In'NL,'use'Green'Deals'to'remove'

legislative'obstacles'and'support'access'to'

finance'and'a'resource'passport'

M@&N6$%,%$&8$"=.6;&1.%$9&4-%"3%9&#=&4<--%63&.623.3<3.062'

12.'Implement'a'new'economic'indicator'beyond'

GDP'that'steers'towards'circularity'

O@&P.6"64."$&;0,%-6:%63"$&.64%63.,%2&2<880-3&37%&$.6%"-&

%4060:='

Q@&R.-4<$"-.3=&.2&603&%11%43.,%$=&.63%;-"3%9&.6&.660,"3.06&

80$.4.%2'

S@&R0:8%3.3.06&$%;.2$"3.06&.67.#.32&40$$"#0-"3.06&#%3/%%6&

40:8"6.%2'

3.'Gather'and'spread'successful'business'

examples'

13.'Establish'international'independent'systems'

to'organise'materials'flows,'including'data'

gathering'and'exchange,'labelling'and'

certification,'impact'assessment,'standardisation'

and'material'pooling'

)T@&J%4=4$.6;&80$.4.%2&"-%&.6%11%43.,%&30&0#3".6&7.;7&U<"$.3=&

-%4=4$.6;'

4.'Integrate'circular'economy'principles'in'

education'and'training'programmes'(leadership,'

inXcompany,'MBA,'economics,'engineering,'

design'and'policy'sciences)'

))@&V0,%-6"64%&.22<%2&4064%-6.6;&-%28062.#.$.3.%25&$."#.$.3.%2&

"69&0/6%-27.8'

)B@&W.:.3%9&"88$.4"3.06&01&6%/&#<2.6%22&:09%$2'

5.'Develop'a'longXterm'company'vision'

C'Circular'Economy'Working'Group'

©CIRAIG''

October'2015'

CIRCULAR'ECONOMY:'A'CRITICAL'LITERATURE'REVIEW'OF'CONCEPTS'

Page'39'

)'@&W"4G&01&"6&.610-:"3.06&%E47"6;%&2=23%:'

identifying'linear'risks'and'circular'economy'

opportunities'

)I@&R061.9%63."$.3=&"69&3-<23&.22<%2&7":8%-&%E47"6;%&01&

.610-:"3.06'

6.'Search'for'material'pooling'opportunities'

)K@&CE47"6;%&01&:"3%-."$2&.2&$.:.3%9&#=&4"8"4.3=&01&-%,%-2%&

$0;.23.42'

7.'Promote'circular'products'using'modern'

marketing'techniques'and'social'media'

)M@&W"4G&01&"/"-%6%22&"69&2%62%&01&<-;%64=5&"$20&.6&

#<2.6%22%2'

14.'Adjust'national'and'international'government'

policies'for'corporate'governance,'accounting,'

competition,'recycling,'and'health,'safety'and'

environment'

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8.'Prepare'roadmaps'for'established'economic'

sectors'

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9.'Initiate'and'stimulate'stakeholder'fora'about'

the'circular'economy'Set'up'a'simple'index'for'

circular'performance.'

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Figure!3+7:!The!5!circular!business!models.!

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Figure!3+8:!Circular!Economy's!10!disruptive!technologies.!

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Figure!3+9:!Stakeholder!perception!of!existing!indicators.!

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Figure!3+10:!MCI!input!and!output!model.!

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Figure!3+11:!Demarcation!between!existing!indicators!and!those!to!be!defined.!

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Figure!3+13:!Circularity!indicators!materials!flow!diagram!

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4 Positioning(and(mapping'the'concepts!

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4.1 Methodology!

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4.2 !Scope!versus!concreteness!mapping!

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B+*'C-'I--*J'1G-'B/*B-.1I' +0-'0/L3G,R'./I)1)/*-N'+,/*3' +'N)+3/*+,J' 0-P,-B1)*3'1G-' 3-*-0+,' )N-+' 1G+1'1G-'

,+03-0' 1G-' IB/.-' /P' 1G-' K)I)/*' B+00)-N' CR' 1G-' B/*B-.1J' 1G-' ,-II' B/*B0-1-' 1G-' B/*B-.1' )I' 0-3+0N)*3' )1I'

)M.,-M-*1+1)/*X'>G-'N)IBLII)/*'C-,/Q'0/L3G,R'P/,,/QI'1G)I'N)+3/*+,J'I1+01)*3'Q)1G'1G-'1/.'0)3G1'-*NX'

1)!Sustainable!Development,!Ecological!Transition,!Green!Economy,!Circular!Economy!

>G-I-'P/L0'B/*B-.1I',)-'B,/I-'1/' -+BG'/1G-0'/*'1G-'M+..)*3J' 0-P,-B1)*3'1G-'P+B1' 1G+1'1G-R'+,,'.0/./I-' +'

G)3G',-K-,'K)I)/*'P/0'V.+01I'/PW'I/B)-1RX'

$-3+0N)*3'1G-' IB/.-'IB+,-'V<\+O)IWJ'&0--*'-B/*/MR'+*N'")0BL,+0'-B/*/MR',)-',/Q-0'1G+*'1G-'/1G-0'1Q/'

B/*B-.1I'C-B+LI-'1G-)0'P/BLI')I'1G-'-B/*/M)B'+B1/0I'Q)1G)*'1G-'I/B)-1RX'"8',)-I'-K-*'I,)3G1,R',/Q-0'1G+*'

30--*'-B/*/MR' +I' )1'G+I'+'I10/*3-0'P/BLI' /*' K+,L-' BG+)*IJ' 1G/L3G'L,1)M+1-,R'+)M)*3'1/'C0)*3' +C/L1' +'

3,/C+,' -B/*/M)B' IRI1-M' .+0+N)3M' IG)P1X' ALI1+)*+C,-' N-K-,/.M-*1' +*N' -B/,/3)B+,' 10+*I)1)/*' ,)-' +1' 1G-'

G)3G-I1'-*N'/P' 1G-' +O)IJ'+I' 1G-R' -O.,)B)1,R'1+03-1'I/B)-1R'+1',+03-')*'1G-)0'K)I)/*J'+*N'*/1'/*,R'-B/*/M)B'

)*1-0+B1)/*IX''

$-3+0N)*3' 1G-' B/*B0-1-*-II' IB+,-' Vq\+O)IWJ' +,,' P/L0' B/*B-.1I' B/00-I./*N' 1/' 1G-' S.G),/I/.GRU' ,-K-,' +I'

*/*-'/P'1G-M'/PP-0'r')*'1G-)0'-II-*B-'r'3L)N-,)*-I'0-3+0N)*3'1G-)0')M.,-M-*1+1)/*X'"8',)-I'I,)3G1,R'M/0-'

"'")0BL,+0'8B/*/MR'@/0a)*3'&0/L.'

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2+3-'Fj'

1/'1G-',-P1'+I'1G-')N-+'/P'B)0BL,+0)1R'r'+1')1I'B/0-'r'3)K-I'+'0/L3G'N)0-B1)/*'0-3+0N)*3'1G-'SG/QUX'%3+)*J')1')I'

)M./01+*1' 1/' a--.' )*' M)*N' 1G+1' 1G)I' -K+,L+1)/*' )I' C+I-N' /*' B/0-' B/*B-.1L+,' 1-*-1IJ' +*N' */1' /*'

)M.,-M-*1+1)/*',)1-0+1L0-',)*a-N'1/'1G-MX'(/0'-O+M.,-J'-B/N-I)3*'B/L,N'C-'+*')M.,-M-*1+1)/*'/P'+*R'/P'

1G-'P/L0' B/*B-.1IJ' CL1')1' )I' L.'1/'.0+B1)1)/*-0I' 1/' N-B)N-' )*' QG)BG' G)3G-0\,-K-,'/.-0+1)/*+,)Z+1)/*'K)-Q'

1G-R',/B+1-'1G-)0'-PP/01IX''

2)!Shared!Value!

AG+0-N' ?+,L-' G+I' +' P/BLI' /*' K+,L-' BG+)*I' +*N' ,/B+,' B/MML*)1)-IX' #1' 3)K-I' +' 3-*-0+,' P0+M-Q/0a' CL1'

)M.,-M-*1+1)/*' )I'3-*-0+,,R' ,-P1' )*'1G-' G+*NI' /P'B/M.+*)-IJ'QG)BG' M-+*I'I10+1-3)B' )M.,-M-*1+1)/*' )I'

*/1'.L1' )*1/' +B1)/*' +BB/0N)*3' 1/'+' B/G-0-*1' P0+M-Q/0a' +*N' N/-I' */1' -*+C,-'B/M.+0)I/*' C-1Q--*'

B/M.+*)-IX' T-.-*N)*3' /*'1G-' N-.1G'/P')1I' )M.,-M-*1+1)/*J' AG+0-N'?+,L-'B+*' C-' P+0'0-+BG)*3'+*N' B/\

-O)I1'Q)1GJ'-X3XJ'AT'+*N'"A$'+*N'-*+C,-'B/M.+0)I/*'LI)*3'1G-'&,/C+,'$-./01)*3'#*)1)+1)K-'V&$#WX'#1')I'K-0R'

K+,L-'BG+)*\B-*10)B'CL1'B/L,N'./1-*1)+,,R'I.+*'M/0-'1G+*'1G-'K+,L-'BG+)*J'1GLI')1I'G-)3G1'1G+1'/K-0P,/QI'

I,)3G1,R'1G-' K+,L-'BG+)*X'A)*B-')1')I'VCR'N-I)3*W'*/1'+'.0-IB0).1)K-'+..0/+BGJ')1')I'I)1L+1-N'I/M-QG+1'+I'+'

M/0-'3-*-0+,'./I)1)/*'1G+*'P0+M-Q/0aIm3L)N-,)*-IJ'CL1'*/1'kL)1-'+1'1G-'.G),/I/.G)B+,',-K-,J'+I')1'N/-I'

B/*1+)*'I/M-')*N)B+1)/*I'/P'/.-0+1)/*+,)Z+1)/*X''

3)!Cradle+to+cradle!

>G-' G)3G-0' -*N' /P' 1G-' -,,).I-' 0-,+1-I' 1/' 1G-' P+B1' 1G+1' "D"'1G)*a)*3' -*K)I)/*I' +*' -B/*/MR' QG-0-' +,,'

M+1-0)+,' )*.L1I' +*N' /L1.L1I' +0-' I--*' +I' 1-BG*)B+,' /0' C)/,/3)B+,' *L10)-*1Ig' 3,/C+,' -B/*/MR' C-B/M-I'

-II-*1)+,,R' Q+I1-' P0--X' >G)I' K)I)/*' 3)K-I' +' P0+M-Q/0a' /*'G/Q' 1/' +BG)-K-' 1G)IJ' )X-X' CR' 0-N-I)3*)*3'

.0/NLB1)/*' IRI1-MI' +I' B,/I-N' ,//.IX' #*' .0+B1)B-J' 1G-' B/*B-.1' 3)K-I' 3L)N-,)*-I' 1/' C-' +..,)-N' +1' 1G-'

SML,1).,-'B/M.+*)-IU'/0' SK+,L-'BG+)*U',-K-,J'-K-*'1G/L3G'1G-'1//,'1G+1')I'M+)*,R'LI-N')I'1G-'"0+N,-\1/\

B0+N,-'B-01)P)B+1)/*'VP/0'.0/NLB1IWX''

4)!Life!Cycle!Thinking,!Life!Cycle!Management!and!Life!Cycle!Assessment!

7)P-' "RB,-' >G)*a)*3' )I' +' M)*NI-1'/0' ./I1L0-'VS.G),/I/.GRU' ,-K-,W' 1G+1' )M.,)-I' ,//a)*3' +1' 1G-' B/M.,-1-'

K+,L-'BG+)*IJ'+Q+R'P0/M'1G-'P/BLI'/*')*N)K)NL+,'.-0P/0M+*B-X'7">')I'.L1')*1/'+B1)/*'1G0/L3G'7";J'QG)BG'

B+*'C-'I--*' +I'+'CLI)*-II'M+*+3-M-*1'+..0/+BG'/0'+I'+'1//,C/OX'A.-B)P)B'1//,I'+,I/'-O)I1J'ILBG'+I'7"%'

V-*K)0/*M-*1+,J'I/B)+,'/0'-B/*/M)BWX'>G-'P/BLI')I'+,Q+RI'/*'1G-',)P-'BRB,-IJ'/0'K+,L-'BG+)*IX''

5)!Functional!Economy!

>G)I' B/*B-.1' .0-I-*1I' +' *-Q' K)I)/*' /P' B/M.+*)-I`' +*N' 3/K-0*M-*1I`'0/,-I' /*' 1G-' .+1G' 1/Q+0NI' +'

ILI1+)*+C,-' -B/*/MRX' (L01G-0M/0-J' )1' +,I/' 3)K-I' M/0-' .0-B)I-' 3L)N+*B-' P/0' )M.,-M-*1)*3' B/*B0-1-'

CLI)*-II' M/N-,I' V-X3X' I-,,)*3' I-0K)B-I' )*I1-+N' /P' .0/NLB1IWX' %..,)B+1)/*I' 0-,+1)*3' 1/' .-0P/0M+*B-'

-B/*/MR'B+*'C-')M.,-M-*1-N'CR'/*-'B/M.+*R'/*')1I'/Q*'/0'B+*')*K/,K-'I-K-0+,'+B1/0I'/P'+'K+,L-'BG+)*X'

6)!Industrial!Ecology!

#*NLI10)+,'8B/,/3R`I'3/+,')I'1G+1')*NLI10)-I'Q/0a'1/3-1G-0')*'/0N-0'1/' M/K-' P0/M'+',)*-+0'1/'+'BRB,)B+,'/0'

B,/I-N' ,//.' IRI1-MX' >G-' B/*B0-1-' )M.,-M-*1+1)/*' N-.-*NI' /*' 1G-' I.-B)P)B' B/*1-O1J' CL1' 1G-' B/*B-.1'

/PP-0I'+'B,-+0'+..0/+BG'0-3+0N)*3'G/Q'1/'I1LNR'1G-')*NLI10)+,'IRI1-M')*'/0N-0'1/'P)*N'I/L*N'I/,L1)/*IX'^R'

N-P)*)1)/*J'#*NLI10)+,'8B/,/3R')*K/,K-I'M/0-'1G+*'/*-'B/M.+*RX'>G-I-'B/M.+*)-I'+0-'3-*-0+,,R'.GRI)B+,,R'

B,/I-'1/'-+BG'/1G-0'I/'+I'1/'C-'+C,-'1/'-OBG+*3-'P,/QI'/P'-*-03R'/0'M+1-0)+,Ig'1G-0-'+0-'G-*B-'*/1'per!se'

.+01I'/P'1G-'I+M-'.0/NLB1'BG+)*X'

7)!Extended!Producer!Responsibility!

8O1-*N-N' 20/NLB-0' $-I./*I)C),)1R' )IJ' )*' 1G-/0RJ' +..,)B+C,-' 1/' I)*3,-' B/M.+*)-I' +,1G/L3G' )1I'

)M.,-M-*1+1)/*' B+*'0-kL)0-'B/,,+C/0+1)/*' Q)1G' I)M),+0'B/M.+*)-I'V*/1' .+01I'/P' 1G-' I+M-'K+,L-' BG+)*W'

+*N' /1G-0' I1+a-G/,N-0I' V-X3X' P/0' )M.,-M-*1)*3' +' ,+03-\IB+,-' 1+a-\C+Ba' +*N' 0-BRB,)*3' IRI1-M' P/0' +,,'

!"#$%#&'

()*+,'$-./01'

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@888WX' >G-' B/*B-.1' )I' M+)*,R' .L1' )*1/' +B1)/*' 1G0/L3G' ./,)B)-IJ' 3)K)*3' )*B-*1)K-IJ' 3L)N-,)*-I' +*N'

/C]-B1)K-I'1/'B/M.+*)-I'/P'I/M-'I.-B)P)B'I-B1/0IX''

8)!Ecodesign!

8B/N-I)3*' +,,/QI' 1G-' )*1-30+1)/*' /P' -*K)0/*M-*1+,' B/*I)N-0+1)/*' )*1/' .0/NLB1' N-K-,/.M-*1X' >G)I' )I' +'

K-0R' .0+B1)B+,' B/*B-.1J' +K+),+C,-' L*N-0' K+0)/LI' P/0MIJ' ILBG' +I' BG-Ba,)I1I' /0' +*+,R1)B+,' 1//,IX' #1I'

+..,)B+1)/*')I'M/I1,R'+1'.0/NLB1',-K-,J'CL1')1'B+*')*K/,K-'1G-'K+,L-'BG+)*'1G0/L3G'1G-')*1-30+1)/*'/P'7">X'

;:8I'Q),,'/P1-*')M.,-M-*1'+P1-0J'/0')*'B/*]L*B1L0-'Q)1G'7"%J'-X3X':-I1,s'QG)BG'G+I'CL),1'+*'-B/N-I)3*'

1//,J' 8B/N8qJ' )*' /0N-0' 1/' 0-NLB-' 1G-' *LMC-0' /P' 7"%I' .-0P/0M-N' +*N' -*+C,-' K+0)/LI' :-I1,s' .0/NLB1'

M+*+3-0I'+*N'N-I)3*-0I'1/'+II-II'.0/NLB1I'+*N'P+B),)1+1-'$lT'VABG-*a-0!et!al.J'D5E4WX'''

4.3 EMF!circularity!thinking!mapping!

>G)I'M+..)*3'-O.,/0-I'1G-'-O1-*1'1/'QG)BG' "8`I'.0)*B).,-I'+0-'.0-I-*1')*'1G-'+II/B)+1-N'a-R' B/*B-.1I`'

N-P)*)1)/*IX'(/0'-+BG'.0)*B).,-J'1G-'+L1G/0I'-K+,L+1-N'QG-1G-0'1G-')N-+'C-G)*N')1',)-I'+1'1G-'B/0-'/P'1G-'

-O+M)*-N' B/*B-.1J' QG-1G-0' )1' )I' I)M.,R' .0-I-*1J' +1' 1G-' M+03)*' /0' +CI-*1X' @G-*' +' .0)*B).,-' B+*' C-' +'

B/*I-kL-*B-' /P' 1G-' B/*B-.1' +..,)B+1)/*' CL1' )I' */1' .+01' /P' 1G-' B/*B-.1`I' N-P)*)1)/*J' )1' Q+I' M+0a-N' +I'

S+CI-*1UX'%'IB/0-')I'3)K-*'1/'0+*a'1G-'B/*B-.1I'+BB/0N)*3'1/'1G-)0'+NG-I)/*'1/'1G-'"8'.0)*B).,-I'VIB/0-'t'

ILM' /P' I1+0IWX' "8' )I' */1' +*+,RZ-N' Q)1G' 1G-' /1G-0' B/*B-.1IJ' I)*B-' )1' P/0MI' 1G-' 0-P-0-*B-' +BB/0N)*3' 1/'

QG)BG'1G-'+*+,RI)I')I'.-0P/0M-NX'$-IL,1I'+0-'.0-I-*1-N')*'>+C,-'4\EX'

Table!4+1:!Circularity!thinking!mapping!based!on!the!pillars!underlying!the!Ellen!

MacArthur!Foundation!definition!

Systems!

thinking!

Waste!is!

food!

Design!out!

waste!

Diversity!is!

strength!

Renewable!

energy!

Score!

Sustainable!

Development!!

★★★'

\\'

★'

★★'

Ecological!

Transition!

★★★'

\\'

★★'

Green!Economy!

\\'

★★'

Functional!

Economy!

★★★'

\\'

★'

\\'

Life!Cycle!

Thinking!

★★★'

★'

\\'

Cradle+to+

cradle!thinking!

★★★'

EF'

Shared!Value!

★★'

\\'

★★'

\\'

"'")0BL,+0'8B/*/MR'@/0a)*3'&0/L.'

!"#$%#&''

9B1/C-0'D5EF'

"#$"67%$'8"9:9;<='%'"$#>#"%7'7#>8$%>6$8'$8?#8@'9('"9:"82>A'

2+3-'FH'

Systems!

thinking!

Waste!is!

food!

Design!out!

waste!

Diversity!is!

strength!

Renewable!

energy!

Score!

Industrial!

Ecology!

★★★'

★'

★★★'

\\'

E5'

Extended!

Producer!

Responsibility!

★★★

\\

★★★

\\

\\'

Ecodesign!

★★★'

\\'

★'

\\'

7-3-*N='A)3*)P)B+*B-'/P'1G-'8"'.0)*B).,-I'P/0'1G-'N-P)*)1)/*'/P'1G-'+II/B)+1-N'a-R'B/*B-.1I'

"/0-='★★★'g'20-I-*1='★★'g';+03)*+,=★'g'%CI-*1='\\''

AB/0-'t'*LMC-0'/P'I1+0I'

>G)I' M+..)*3' IG/QI' 1G+1' +,,' "8' .0)*B).,-I' +0-' .0-I-*1' )*' 1G-'+II/B)+1-N' a-R' B/*B-.1IJ' Q)1G'K+0R)*3'

)*1-*I)1RX'&-*-0+,,R'I.-+a)*3J'1G-'SIRI1-MI'1G)*a)*3U'.0)*B).,-')I'1G-'M/I1'B/MM/*,R'IG+0-N'C-1Q--*'+,,'

B/*B-.1IJ'./)*1)*3' 1/' +'*/Q' 3-*-0+,)Z-N' 0-B/3*)1)/*' 1G+1' ILI1+)*+C,-'N-K-,/.M-*1' BG+,,-*3-I' *--N' 1/'

C-' 1+Ba,-N' +1' +' IRI1-M' ,-K-,X' A-B/*N' B/M-I'SN)K-0I)1RUX' S$-*-Q+C,-' -*-03RUJ' SQ+I1-' )I'P//NU' +*N'

SN-I)3*'/L1'Q+I1-U'B/M-'1/3-1G-0'+I'1G)0NX''

"/*B-.1I'+0-'N)IBLII-N'C-,/Q'CR'N-B0-+I)*3'/0N-0'/P'IB/0-X'

EX C2C!thinking'IG+0-I'1G-' I+M-' B/0-' .0)*B).,-I' +I' "8' /0J' QG)BG' Q/L,N' C-' BG0/*/,/3)B+,,R'+*N'

B/*B-.1L+,,R'M/0-'+..0/.0)+1-J'"8'-MC0+B-I'1G-'.0)*B).,-I'/P'"D"X'>G)I'I10/*3,R'),,LI10+1-I'1G+1'"D"'

,)-I'+1'1G-'G-+01'/P'1G-'N-K-,/.M-*1'/P'1G-'"8'B/*B-.1X'

DX Industrial! Ecology'IG+0-I' M/I1' "8' .0)*B).,-IJ' M+)*,R' 1G-' SIRI1-MI' 1G)*a)*3UJ' SQ+I1-' )I'P//NU' +*N'

SN)K-0I)1RU'.0)*B).,-IX'

[X Sustainable!Development'Q+I'.+01)BL,+0,R'N)PP)BL,1'1/'+II-IIJ'+I')1I'*LM-0/LI')*B+0*+1)/*I'1-*N' 1/'

M-03-'Q)1G' )1I'/0)3)*+,'N-P)*)1)/*X'^-I)N-IJ' 1G-' S10L-U'N-P)*)1)/*'/P'ILI1+)*+C,-'N-K-,/.M-*1')I'I1),,'

N-C+1-NX' <-1J' Q)1G' 1G-' IL../01' /P' +' P-Q' P/L*N)*3' 1-O1IJ' )1' Q+I' +II-II-N' 1G+1' ILI1+)*+C,-'

N-K-,/.M-*1')*B,LN-I'1G-'P/,,/Q)*3'.0)*B).,-I='

+X 'ARI1-MI' 1G)*a)*3=' I10/*3' ,)*aI' G+K-' 1/' C-' M+N-' +M/*3' 1G-' 1G0--' I.G-0-I'VI/B)+,J'

-*K)0/*M-*1+,'+*N'-B/*/M)BW'+*N'C-1Q--*'BL00-*1'+*N'PL1L0-'3-*-0+1)/*IX'

CX T)K-0I)1R')I'I10-*31G='20/1-B1)/*'/P'C)/,/3)B+,'N)K-0I)1R')I'B-*10+,')*'1G-'/L1B/M-I'/P' 1G-'

EHHD' $)/' "/*P-0-*B-' VI.-B)P)B' "/*K-*1)/*' +*N' %3-*N+' DEWX' "L,1L0+,' N)K-0I)1R' )I' +,I/'

.0-I-*1J' */1+C,R' )*' 1G-' %3-*N+' DE' L*N-0' 1G-' 0-B/3*)1)/*' /P' 1G-' K)1+,' )M./01+*B-' /P' +'

3-*L)*-' )*K/,K-M-*1' /P' +,,' I/B)+,' 30/L.I' P/0' ILBB-IIPL,' )M.,-M-*1+1)/*' /P' %3-*N+' DE'

./,)B)-I' +*N' )*)1)+1)K-IX' >G-' Y/G+**-ICL03' T-B,+0+1)/*' /*' ALI1+)*+C,-' T-K-,/.M-*1'

VD55DW'+,I/'0-+PP)0MI'1G+1'/L0'0)BG'N)K-0I)1R')I'/L0'B/,,-B1)K-'I10-*31GX'

BX $-*-Q+C,-'-*-03R=' >G-' 0-*-Q+C,-' BG+0+B1-0' /P' 0-I/L0B-IJ' +M/*3' QG)BG' -*-03R'

0-I/L0B-IJ')I'a-R'1/'1G-')*1-0\3-*-0+1)/*+,'-kL)1R'.L1'P/01G'CR'ATX'

NX T-I)3*' /L1' Q+I1-=' SA1+1-I' IG/L,N' 0-NLB-' +*N' -,)M)*+1-' L*ILI1+)*+C,-' .+11-0*I' /P'

.0/NLB1)/*'+*N'B/*ILM.1)/*U'VRio!Declaration!on!Environment!and!DevelopmentJ'EHHDW'

4X Functional!Economy'*-B-II)1+1-I'IRI1-MI'1G)*a)*3J'+I'1G)I'B/*B-.1')M.,)-I'0-N-I)3*)*3'K+,L-'BG+)*I'

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4.5 Caveats!

>G-'M+)*',)M)1+1)/*I'+II/B)+1-N'Q)1G'1G)I'./I)1)/*)*3'-O-0B)I-'+0-='

• >G-'./I)1)/*)*3'Q+I'N/*-')*1-0*+,,R'+1'1G-'#7"'BG+)0'+*N')I'C+I-N'/*'-O)I1)*3'a*/Q,-N3-'+*N'/*'

-O.-01']LN3-M-*1X''

• ;/I1' B/*B-.1I' +0-' ML,1)N)M-*I)/*+,' +*N' -K/,K)*3' +*N' .0-I-*1' 0//M' P/0' )*1-0.0-1+1)/*X' >G)I'

3)K-I'0//M'P/0'K+0)+C,-'./I)1)/*)*3X'

#*'/0N-0'1/'M)*)M)Z-'./1-*1)+,'C)+I'+*N')M.0/K-'*-L10+,)1RJ'P)K-')*N)K)NL+,I'/P'1G-'#7"'"G+)0'Q-0-')*K/,K-N'

)*' 1G-' ./I)1)/*)*3X' (L01G-0M/0-J' 1G-' M+..)*3' +)MI' +1' B/G-0-*B-' +*N' LI-PL,*-IIJ' 0+1G-0' 1G+*' +1' +*'

+CI/,L1-'10L1GX'#1')I'*-K-01G-,-II')M./01+*1'1/'I10-II'1G+1'1G-'a*/Q,-N3-'IB/.-'+*N')*-K)1+C,-'C)+I-I'1G+1'

+0-')*G-0-*1'1/'1G-')*N)K)NL+,I'QG/'Q-0-')*K/,K-N')*'1G-'M+..)*3I'G+K-')*P,L-*B-N'1G-'P)*+,'0-IL,1IX'

• A/B)+,'+*N'I/B)-1+,'+I.-B1I'VILBG'+I'-kL)1RJ']/C'B0-+1)/*J'-1BXWJ'1G-'LI-0mB/*ILM-0`I'.,+B-')*'"8'+I'

Q-,,'+I'/1G-0'B/*I)N-0+1)/*I'+0-'*/1')*B,LN-N')*'1G)I'./I)1)/*)*3'-O-0B)I-J'+*N'+0-'B/*I)N-0-N'1/'

C-',+Ba)*3')*'/0N-0'1/'PL,,R'L*N-0I1+*N'+,,'1G-')M.,)B+1)/*I'/P'"8'+*N')1I'+II/B)+1-N'B/*B-.1IX''

• >G-'+*+,RI)I'/P'/1G-0'B/*B-.1I'VILBG'+I'C)/M)M)B0RW'Q/L,N'C0)*3'+*')*1-0-I1)*3',)3G1'/*'"8X'' '

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5 Conclusions!and$perspectives!

%I' G+I' C--*' I--*J' "8' )I' +' ML,1)\,-K-,J' I/B)/\B/*I10LB1-N' B/*B-.1' 1G+1' B+*' -)1G-0' C-' B/*I)N-0-N' +'

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,-K-,'1G+1'Q/L,N'.-0M)1'1G-'+11+)*M-*1'/P'+'P/0M'/P'G/,)I1)B'+*N'0-I1/0+1)K-'ILI1+)*+C),)1RX'

%I' G+I' C--*' +M.,R' .0/K-*' 1G0/L3G/L1' 1G)I' 0-K)-QJ' "8' )I' +*' )N-+' /0' B/*B-.1' 1G+1' )I' BL00-*1,R' C-)*3'

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6 References!

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9B1/C-0'D5EF'

"#$"67%$'8"9:9;<='%'"$#>#"%7'7#>8$%>6$8'$8?#8@'9('"9:"82>A'

2+3-'jE'

Appendix!A:!

Synthetized!Circular!Economy!associated!key!concepts!

' '

!"#$%#&'

()*+,'$-./01'

2+3-'jD'

"#$"67%$'8"9:9;<='%'"$#>#"%7'7#>8$%>6$8'$8?#8@'9('"9:"82>A'

9B1/C-0'D5EF'

Table!A1:!Synthetized!Circular!Economy!associated!key!concepts!

Definition!

Goal!

Authors!/!Schools!

of!thought!

Application!

(sector,!stage,!

scale,!etc.)!

Tools!

SUSTAINABLE!DEVELOPMENT!

"Meet!today’s!needs!

without!

compromising!

tomorrow’s"!

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P)*)1-'*+1L0-'/P'

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30/L.-N'Q)1G)*'1G-'"A$'

1//,IJ'QG)BG'+0-'1//'

*LM-0/LI'1/'*+M-'

ECOLOGICAL!TRANSITION!

“Towards!living!within!

our!limits”!!

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:+1)/*+,'

8*K)0/*M-*1+,'2/,)BR'

2,+*'V:;24WJ'M+)*,R'

P/0'-*-03R'

GREEN!ECONOMY!

“Economy!2.0”!

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2+3-'j['

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PERFORMANCE!ECONOMY!

“More!from!less”!

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LIFE!CYCLE!THINKING!

“Visibility!on!the!

whole!life!cycle”!

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V7"%W='

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CRADLE+TO+CRADLE!THINKING!

“Waste!=!food”!

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9B1/C-0'D5EF'

SHARED!VALUE!

"!What’s!good!for!

society!is!good!for!

business"!!

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Q+K-'/P'

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Biochar Production from a Circular Economy Perspective

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Climate change and environmental sustainability are among the most prominent issues of today. It is increasingly fundamental and urgent to develop a sustainable economy, capable of change the linear paradigm, actively promoting the efficient use of resources, highlighting product, component and material reuse. Among the many approaches to circular economy and zero-waste concepts, biochar is a great example and might be a way to push the economy to neutralize carbon balance. Biochar is a solid material produced during thermochemical decomposition of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Several authors have used life cycle assessment (LCA) method to evaluate the environmental impact of biochar production. Based on these studies, this work intends to critically analyze the LCA of biochar production from different sources using different technologies. Although these studies reveal differences in the contexts and characteristics of production, preventing direct comparison of results, a clear trend appears. It was proven, through combining life cycle assessment and circular economy modelling, that the application of biochar is a very promising way of contributing to carbon-efficient resource circulation, mitigation of climate change, and economic sustainability.

HARMONIZING CIRCULARITY: ROMANIA'S PROGRESSIVE EFFORTS TOWARDS CIRCULAR ECONOMY INTEGRATION IN EUROPE

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

The pursuit of a circular economy stands as a cornerstone in the global agenda for sustainable development. This paper delves into Romania's intricate journey towards circularity and its progressive efforts to integrate seamlessly into the European framework. Through an in-depth analysis of policy initiatives, institutional frameworks, and circular practices, this research aims to shed light on the pivotal role Romania plays in shaping the European landscape of circular economy transitions. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of key indicators, the study evaluates the effectiveness of Romania's strategies in harmonizing circularity within its national policies and practices. Furthermore, this paper explores the challenges encountered and potential avenues for further enhancement in Romania's quest for sustainable circular economy integration within the broader European context. The findings presented herein contribute valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders alike, fostering a collective understanding of the dynamics involved in the harmonious integration of circular economy principles at both national and regional levels.

Properties and Applications of Self-Healing Polymeric Materials: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Self-healing polymeric materials, engineered to autonomously self-restore damages from external stimuli, are at the forefront of sustainable materials research. Their ability to maintain product quality and functionality and prolong product life plays a crucial role in mitigating the environmental burden of plastic waste. Historically, initial research on the development of self-healing materials has focused on extrinsic self-healing systems characterized by the integration of embedded healing agents. These studies have primarily focused on optimizing the release of healing agents and ensuring rapid self-healing capabilities. In contrast, recent advancements have shifted the focus towards intrinsic self-healing systems that utilize their inherent reactivity and interactions within the matrix. These systems offer the advantage of repeated self-healing over the same damaged zone, which is attributed to reversible chemical reactions and supramolecular interactions. This review offers a comprehensive perspective on extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing approaches and elucidates their unique properties and characteristics. Furthermore, various self-healing mechanisms are surveyed, and insights from cutting-edge studies are integrated.

Industrial symbiosis and agri-food system: Themes, links, and relationships

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Industrial symbiosis is an eco-innovative system concept that is based on a circular economy and industrial ecology ideas. This process comprises the movement of materials, energy, and skills across enterprises located within eco-industrial parks, and strives to provide economic, environmental, and social competitive advantages for all the involved parties. Considering that the agri-food system creates a vast quantity of by-products along the supply chain, it is a sector that has huge potential within material and energy recovery systems and fits well into eco-industrial parks. The current study is a literature review that aims to evaluate the interest exhibited so far by scientific research in the topic of industrial symbiosis in the agri-food sector and to highlight the primary analytical techniques that have been used for this topic. Using the paradigm of multiple correspondence analysis, a content analysis was conducted from which the major themes of the researched phenomena emerged. The results indicate that the topic areas are unrelated and somewhat distant from each other. The analysed case studies have revealed that the authors had neglected the communicative and collaborative elements among stakeholders, and instead focused on the potential use of some tools and approaches. Furthermore, it has been hypothesised that the hiding of information within a supply chain prevents industrial symbiosis procedures from being implemented. This research suggests the necessity of creating communication and cooperation platforms among stakeholders, which would promote the introduction of new techniques and tools for the development of circular production systems.

Integrating Design for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse into Architectural Design Practice

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

Increased timber construction is putting pressure on Ireland’s limited structural-grade timber stock, while recovered timber is currently downcycled or incinerated. Design for Adaptability, disassembly and reuse (DfADR) has emerged as a response to this wasteful linear process, which can increase the life span of structures, the ease of disassembly during and after use, and improve the quality of recovered material. However, while many DfADR strategies have been identified, uptake in architectural practice is lacking. Impediments to DfADR were identified through an analysis of an existing timber-framed structure and a modified design developed based on the ISO 20887:2020 principles to illustrate practical solutions. In tandem, a decision tool was developed that organised the plethora of identified strategies by the ISO principles and the work stages used by designers to facilitate integration into practice. Modest reconfigurations of the space and roof structure increased adaptability, access to services for replacement and repair, and expansion potential to increase service life, while rationalized timber sizes improved reuse potential. Using wood nails in stud and joist framing, with screws replacing nails elsewhere, and omitting adhesives from the floor panels increased the ease of disassembly. These relatively minor changes resulted in nearly 3 times the amount of solid timber with a high reuse potential (≥2348 mm) recovered over the original design, highlighting the impact DfADR can have on the recoverability and reusability of timber.

Design for Disassembly and Reuse: A Synthesis for Timber Construction

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

A global demand has emerged for a paradigm shift in the construction industry. In favour of sustainable practices, there is an increasing focus on timber applications. In this context, both academics and practitioners have begun to explore ways to implement new strategies leading to circular use, such as Design for Disassembly and Reuse (DfD&R). This paper aims to investigate scientific publications reporting on recent and emerging debates and practices in the field of DfD&R with a focus on timber construction. For this purpose, a meta-synthesis of a systematic literature review was used. This procedure allowed the collection, classification, and critical appraisal of 71 scientific articles published over the last two decades. By categorising the articles into main content categories and subcategories, their main approaches and methods could be systematically classified and critically analysed. The results showed what types of research are being produced, what aspects they are considering, and, within the life cycle of a building, what stages they are covering. As a result, this synthesis has highlighted the main focus in the field, leading to an understanding of the trend in recent studies. This article synthesises research in the field, contributing to the transition to circular timber building.

approche du métabolisme urbain : un portrait des modes d’adoption pour le déploiement urbain de l’économie circulaire

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

This review of the literature is situated at the interface of three research fields with strong potential for synergy: thecircular economy, urban metabolism, and urban planning. Our work is firstly part of a broad reflection on the conceptual andmethodological approaches likely to stimulate the urban implementation of circular economy. More specifically, urban planning andurban metabolism have been identified as levers to stimulate this territorial transition towards circularity, but their articulation stillincludes several epistemological and operational grey areas. The objective of our work is therefore to contribute to producing an inventoryof the modes of adoption of urban metabolism in favour of circularity, specifically within the framework of urban planning approaches,The aim is to synthesize the existing knowledge and the lines of thinking on the possible repercussions of the metabolic approach as atool for analysis and action for managing the transition of cities towards the circular economy.

The Circular Economy Innovation Potential Behind the Scarcity of Raw Materials—A Literature Review

Chapter

Apr 2023

The aim of the paper is to analyse the attention and relevance of circular economy in research with a special focus on the innovation potential arising from the scarcity of resources. Therefore, the main research question of the paper is if raw material scarcity leads to a higher innovation level in circular economy approaches. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted. According to the JCR ranking of the Academic Journal Guide, a keyword analysis was carried out in the relevant journals to determine a selection of papers that were clustered by means of a headline, abstract and full paper analysis in terms of terminology and content. As a result, we can say that current research considers the mentioned topic only very limited. However, especially aspects such as waste reduction and the carbon footprint are frequently mentioned as reasons for the introduction of circular economy.KeywordsRaw materialsCircular economySustainabilityInnovation

Analysis of parameters about useful life extension in 70 tools and methods related to eco‐design and circular economy

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023
J IND ECOL

One of the approaches followed by the circular economy (CE) to achieve sustainability through design is product life extension. Extending the life of products to make them useful for as long as possible is a means to reduce waste production and materials consumption, as well as the related impacts. For designers, conceptualizing products in a way that allows them to be used for longer is a challenge, and assessing how well they extend their lifespan can be helpful when it comes to choosing the best proposal. In this paper, 70 tools and methods related to eco‐design and circular economy are studied to determine how many of them consider parameters related to life extension and which can be applied in the early stages of design. The results of the analysis show that most of the existing tools and methods are applicable to developed products, and only a few of them take into account parameters related to extending the useful life. Of the 70 tools and methods, only 14 include some parameter related to life extension and are applicable to concepts. CE toolkit, Eco‐design PILOT, CE Designer, Circularity Assessment tool, Circularity Potential Indicator and Circular Design Tools take into consideration eight or more parameters to assess life extension in concepts. This will help designers select the most appropriate and will indicate the need for more complete tools to consider useful life extension in the early stages of design and thus enhance the selection of more sustainable products.

Challenges of Implementing Circular Economy in Polluting Industries: A Hybrid Meta-synthesis and Fuzzy DEMATEL-ANP Approach

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

The present study sought to provide a pattern of the relationships among the challenges of implementing a circular economy in polluting industries. In terms of purpose, this research is considered as a component of applied developmental research and regarding research type, it is considered as a mix method (exploratory mix) one. Yazd glass industry was selected as one of the polluting industries in the country and ten experts in this industry who were purposefully selected, were polled. In the qualitative part of the research, the Meta-synthesis approach was used to identify the challenges and categorize them, and in the quantitative part, the Fuzzy DEMATEL-ANP method was used to present the pattern of relationships among these challenges and prioritize them. The qualitative findings included identifying 27 challenges in six dimensions: economic, cultural and social, managerial, organizational, infrastructure and technology, market and design. In quantitative terms, the findings showed that economic challenges are the most effective and market and design challenges are the most affected challenges in implementing a circular economy. Also, the organizational challenges were found to interact more with other challenges. In a more complete analysis, the challenges of market uncertainty (e.g., recession), the existence of a linear mindset in the managers, the lack of systematic and circular thinking, and the challenge of low customer demand for recycled products are the most important challenges in implementing a circular economy in polluting industries such as the glass industry. In addition, the impact and effectiveness of each of the challenges were identified in their relationship to each other, which can be a roadmap for the use of managers and experts of different organizations to implement a circular economy.

L'économie circulaire : quelles mesures de la performance économique, environnementale et sociale ?

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2014

The Performance Economy

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2010

Walter R Stahel

Exploring the history of industrial metabolism

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2003

Marina Fischer-Kowalski

The term ‘industrial metabolism’ can be traced back for more than 150 years, across various scientific traditions, and even beyond the scope of industrial societies. In industrial ecology the term ‘metabolism’ is often treated as a metaphor but earlier authors used this concept as a core analytical tool to develop an understanding of the energetic and material exchange relations between societies and their natural environments from a macro perspective. Several authors also displayed an explicit interest in human history as a history of changes in societies' metabolism. The application of the term metabolism to human society inevitably cuts across the ‘great divide’ between natural and social sciences respectively humanities. In the 1860s, when this divide was less rigid, the concept of metabolism from biology quickly found resonance in much of classic social science theory. Later on the social science use of this concept became more restricted. The awakening of environmental awareness and the first skeptical views of economic growth during the late 1960s triggered a revival of interest in society’s metabolism under the new perspective (Wolman 1965; Boulding 1966; Ayres and Kneese 1968, 1969; Neef 1969; Boyden 1970; Georgescu-Roegen 1971; Meadows et al. 1972; Daly 1973). This survey ends with a brief mention of recent pioneering attempts to link IE with policy concerns.

Sustainable consumption and production

Article

Jan 2016

United Nations Sustainable Development

Sustainable consumption & production is about promoting energy efficiency and providing access to basic services, green jobs and a better quality of life for all.

Silent spring

Book

Jan 1962

Rachel Carson

"An important, controversial account ... of the way in which man's use of poisons to control insect pests and unwanted vegetation is changing the balance of nature." Booklist.

Economic Aspects of Extended Producer Responsibility

Book

Jan 2004

OECD

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), a policy approach in which the responsibility of the waste from a consumer good is extended back up to the producer of the good, is developing and expanding in OECD countries. Governments find that these schemes can provide a new and flexible approach to reduce the upward trend of waste from consumer products. To address these issues, OECD organised a workshop in December 2002, which was hosted by the Japanese Ministry of Environment, in Tokyo. This book contains selected papers presented at this workshop.

January-February. Creating Shared Value

Article

Jan 2011
HARVARD BUS REV

Remaking the industrial economy

Article

Jan 2014

Decoupling: Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth

Book

Jun 2011

UNEP

By 2050, humanity could devour an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year three times its current appetite unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption. Developed countries citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita (ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries). By comparison, the average person in India today consumes four tons per year. With the growth of both population and prosperity, especially in developing countries, the prospect of much higher resource consumption levels is far beyond what is likely sustainable if realised at all given finite world resources, warns this report by UNEP's International Resource Panel. Already the world is running out of cheap and high quality sources of some essential materials such as oil, copper and gold, the supplies of which, in turn, require ever-rising volumes of fossil fuels and freshwater to produce. Improving the rate of resource productivity (doing more with less) faster than the economic growth rate is the notion behind decoupling, the panel says. That goal, however, demands an urgent rethink of the links between resource use and economic prosperity, buttressed by a massive investment in technological, financial and social innovation, to at least freeze per capita consumption in wealthy countries and help developing nations follow a more sustainable path.

Introduction: Triple Bottom Line-Does it All Add Up?

Article

Jan 2013

A. Henriques

Circular Economy: A Critical Literature Review of Concepts

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