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A new classification of mammals
... Depending on the taxa considered as Macraucheniidae, the chronological distribution of the group varies from the late Eocene (Mutersan) or late Oligocene (Deseadan) to the Late Pleistocene-Holocene boundary (Dozo & Vera, 2010). From a historical perspective, Polymorphis lechei Roth, 1899, recorded in the Mutersan, has been considered part of Macraucheniidae (Ameghino, 1904b;Cifelli, 1983;Soria, 1982) or as belonging to the Protherotheriidae (Odreman-Rivas, 1969;Simpson, 1945), which usually modifies the biochron of macraucheniids. Previous cladistic analyses focused on Macraucheniidae (Forasiepi et al., 2016;McGrath et al., 2018McGrath et al., , P€ uschel et al., 2023Schmidt & Ferrero, 2014) did not include any proterotheriids to evaluate Simpson's (1945) proposed taxonomy. ...
... From a historical perspective, Polymorphis lechei Roth, 1899, recorded in the Mutersan, has been considered part of Macraucheniidae (Ameghino, 1904b;Cifelli, 1983;Soria, 1982) or as belonging to the Protherotheriidae (Odreman-Rivas, 1969;Simpson, 1945), which usually modifies the biochron of macraucheniids. Previous cladistic analyses focused on Macraucheniidae (Forasiepi et al., 2016;McGrath et al., 2018McGrath et al., , P€ uschel et al., 2023Schmidt & Ferrero, 2014) did not include any proterotheriids to evaluate Simpson's (1945) proposed taxonomy. Here, we follow the current consensus on systematics and consider P. lechei to belong to the Macraucheniidae as a working hypothesis. ...
... Not all the forms once considered members of Macraucheniidae were included. Similar to Forasiepi et al. (2016), we excluded Protheosodon from our analysis, as it has been classified as part of Proterotheriidae since Simpson (1945). Phoenixauchenia, defined based on postcranial elements not represented in the current data set, was also omitted from the analysis. ...
Macraucheniidae is one of the most diverse families of South American native ungulates. In the last decade, Macraucheniidae systematics has been the focus of several studies with the aim of enhancing understanding of the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the group. This study proposes a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the Macraucheniidae based on new characters and new outgroups. We included eight non-macraucheniid taxa as outgroups (three Didolodontidae, one Protolipternidae, two Proterotheriidae, and two Adianthidae); additionally, we included the 16 genera that are currently accepted as belonging to Macraucheniidae based on other cladistic studies. The matrix used in the cladistic analysis comprised 24 taxa and 71 characters. The genus Polymorphis was recovered as the sister taxon of a clade composed of Proterotheriidae + Adianthidae + Macraucheniidae, not as a macraucheniid. Disregarding Polymorphis, all other genera attributed to the Macraucheniidae were recovered in a monophyletic group. We found support for two macraucheniid clades, one formed by Cramaucheniinae (including Theosodon) and the other by all Macraucheniinae with the inclusion of Llullataruca. The late Pliocene Windhausenia was recovered as the sister group of ‘Quaternary macraucheniids’, with Xenorhinotherium as the sister group of Macraucheniopsis + Macrauchenia. Based on this topology, Polymorphis must be considered as family incertae sedis. Our findings have significant implications for understanding the origin and diversification of Macraucheniidae, altering the temporal range of the family to the late Oligocene–Late Pleistocene/Holocene. Additionally, Llullataruca becomes the oldest recorded member of the Macraucheniinae. The evolution of the nasal retraction in the iconic species Macrauchenia patachonica has consistently been interpreted through the lens of the phyletic gradualism model, with Theosodon as the intermediate form between species with totally reduced or absent nasals, and those basal forms with well-developed nasals and terminal nostrils. However, the monophyly of Cramaucheniinae suggests a rapid morphological shift among Macraucheniinae, which fits with a punctuated equilibrium evolutionary model.
... The suprageneric classification of the superfamily Ctenodactyloidea included only the family Ctenodactylidae Zittel, 1893 comprised of extant African genera following Simpson (1945). Within this superfamily, four extinct families were later included: Chapattimyidae, Cocomyidae, Tamquammyidae, and Yuomyidae (Tong 1997;Wang 1997;Wible et al. 2005). ...
... Later, additional fossils were collected by D. Badamgarav † and G.D.-H during three field excursions (2001, 2004, and 2006) from the Miocene part of the Loh Fm. at the localities Hotuliin Teeg (HTE) and Unkheltseg (UNCH). Simpson (1945); (B) following Simpson (1945) the family comprises the extant African genera; (C) the traditional view of the subfamilies within Ctenodactyloidea (Gervais 1853;Lavocat 1961;Wang 1994); (D) Vianey-Liaud et al. (2010) included Yindirtemyinae as a subfamily of Ctenodactylidae; (E) Tong (1997), Wang (1997), and Wible et al. (2005) included four more families in Ctenodactyloidea; (F) Bi et al. (2009) and Qiu and Li (2016) upgraded to family status the distylomid group. ...
... Later, additional fossils were collected by D. Badamgarav † and G.D.-H during three field excursions (2001, 2004, and 2006) from the Miocene part of the Loh Fm. at the localities Hotuliin Teeg (HTE) and Unkheltseg (UNCH). Simpson (1945); (B) following Simpson (1945) the family comprises the extant African genera; (C) the traditional view of the subfamilies within Ctenodactyloidea (Gervais 1853;Lavocat 1961;Wang 1994); (D) Vianey-Liaud et al. (2010) included Yindirtemyinae as a subfamily of Ctenodactylidae; (E) Tong (1997), Wang (1997), and Wible et al. (2005) included four more families in Ctenodactyloidea; (F) Bi et al. (2009) and Qiu and Li (2016) upgraded to family status the distylomid group. ...
Two new species of ctenodactylid rodents, Prodistylomys taatsinius sp. nov. and Prodistylomys mongoliensis sp. nov., are described from the Valley of Lakes, Central Mongolia. They represent the first record of this genus in Mongolia. Prodistylomys is characterized by a simple dental pattern and high hypsodonty, reflecting an adaptation for tough vegetation in a dry environment, which is congruent with the aridification event that took place during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene. We performed the most complete phylogenetic analysis combining the largest sampling in the family Ctenodactylidae and the best-represented stratigraphical distribution for the sample. This allowed us to propose that the origin of ctenodactylids lies in East Asia during the Eocene, and after that, the group dispersed through western Asia, Europe, and Africa. The presence of several similar rodent taxa in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China confirms that these areas were part of a large bioprovince covering most of central Asia during the Oligocene and Early Miocene.
... Среди насекомоядных млекопитающих (в объ еме, предложенном Симпсоном (Simpson, 1945)) специализация в роющей деятельности наблюда ется в двух группах: кротов (Talpidae) и златокро тов (Chrysochloridae). К семейству Talpidae отно сятся высокоспециализированные землерои (та кие как Scalopus aquaticus, Talpa europаеа и Mogera wogura) и слабо роющие кроты (например, Neurot richus gibbsii). ...
... Среди неполнозубых (в объеме, предложен ном Симпсоном (Simpson, 1945)) два семейства имеют в своем составе высоко специализирован ных землероев: броненосцы (Dasypodidae) и му равьеды (Myrmecophagidae). ...
A comparative morphological and functional analysis of m. flexor digitorum profundus in mammals with different degree of digging specialization (Monotremata, Insectivora, Edentata, Rodentia) was carried out. This muscle mainly controls the claws work. In the mammals with the specialization of loosening the soil associated with an active flexion extension movements of the ungual phalanxes, a powerful m. flexor digitorum profundus was observed, and differentiation of its distal tendons in thickness was well expressed (Manidae, Dasypodidae, Myrmecophagidae, Myospalacidae, Cricetidae). Otherwise, in Talpidae and Chrysochloridae, this muscle was weakened: its humeral heads were replaced by a heavy tendon expanded from the medial epicondyle of humerus to the ungual phalanxes. The similar structure of m. flexor digitorum profundus was observed in different representatives of Talpidae despite their different modes of life and the type of specialization. It can be interpreted as a result of primary adaptation of moles to the moving apart the forest litter by concurrent action of their forelimbs.
Проведен сравнительный морфофункциональный анализ особенностей строения глубокого сгибателя пальцев кисти (m. flexor digitorum profundus) у млекопитающих с различной степенью специализации в рытье (грызунов, насекомоядных, неполнозубых, однопроходных). Действие этой мышцы в основном управляет работой когтей. Когда приспособление к разрыхлению земли связано с активными сгибательно-разгибательными движениями когтевых фаланг, то это ведет к усилению m. flexor digitorum profundus и дифференцировке по толщине его конечных сухожилий (Manidae, Dasypodidae, Myospalacidae, Cricetidae). В противном случае (Talpidae, Chrysochloridae) происходит ослабление глубокого сгибателя пальцев, и его плечевые головки практически замещаются мощным сухожилием, идущим от медиального надмыщелка плечевой кости к когтевым фалангам. Выявлен также единый план строения глубокого сгибателя пальцев у различных представителей Talpidae, несмотря на разнообразие их образа жизни и степени специализации. Это, скорее всего, является результатом первичного для всех кротовых приспособления к раздвижению в стороны лесной подстилки посредством одновременного действия передних конечностей.
... Ameghino (1902Ameghino ( , 1906 the oldest armadillos in the Stegotheriidae and Astegotheriidae, separated from the extant Dasypodidae (including Praopidae). Other authors arrangement group the early armadillo s in the Stegotheriinae as a subfamily ofDasypodidae (Simpson, 1945;Hoffstetter, 1958;Paula Couto, 1979). A third scheme placed the armadillo s in different tribes within the Dasypodinae (Patterson and Pascual, 1972;Scillato-Yané, 1980, 1986Vizcaíno, 1994). ...
... A third scheme placed the armadillo s in different tribes within the Dasypodinae (Patterson and Pascual, 1972;Scillato-Yané, 1980, 1986Vizcaíno, 1994). As currently conceived, Dasypodidae comprises a numerous taxa placed in the subfamilies Dasypodinae, Euphractinae and Peltephilinae, with a record s from the middle Paleocene to Recent (Simpson, 1945;Scillato-Yané, 1986;Vizcaíno, 1994), i.e. a temporal range of about 60 Ma. However, the inclusion of astegotheriines in the family Dasypodidae is not clearly justified by characters in most works cited above. ...
Riostegotherium yanei is a new genus and species described on the basis of isolated osteoderms from Itaboraí Basin (Brazil) of Itaboraian land-mammal age (middle Paleocene). The osteoderms of this armadillo have unique features distinguishing it from members of the early Tertiary Patagonian Astegotheriini. Among these are the presence of a subcircular main field, many pits in the grooves around this field, a better-developed central keel, and the absence of foramina on the posterior border. It is difficult to precise the affinities of the astegotheriines among the Dasypodoidea. Astegotheriines differ from other dasypodoids in having a moderate number of pits in the grooves limiting the main field, pelvic osteoderms with straight anterior and posterior borders, smooth lateral borders (indicating little articulation between osteoderms), and reduced number of piliferous foramina. The occurrence of at least two families of dasypodoids in the Itaboraian of Brazil, together with the presence of Peltephilidae and Astegotheriini in the Riochican of Patagonia, suggests that cingulates (or xenarthrans) were present at least since the early Paleocene in South America. RESUMEN.UN NUEVO ARMADILLO (MAMMALIA, DASYPODOIDEA) PALEOCENO DE LA CUENCA DE ITABORAÍ, BRASIL. Riostegotherium yanei es un nuevo género y especie de armadillo de la cuenca de Itaboraí, de edad mamífero Itaboraiense (Paleoceno medio) propuesto sobre osteodermos aislados. Los mismos presentan rasgos singulares que los diferencian de los Astegotheriini del Terciario temprano de la Patagonia, entre ellos: figura principal subcircular con muchas per.foraciones en el surco que la rodea, carena central más desarrollada y ausencia de per.foraciones en el borde posterior. Es difícil precisar las afinidades de los Astegotheriini dentro de los Dasypodoidea. Los Astegotheriini difieren de otros dasypodoideos por la presencia de moderado número de perforaciones en el surco que rodea la figura principal, borde anterior y posterior de los osteodermos pélvicos recto, bordes laterales lisos (indicando poca articulación entre los osteodermos), y número reducido de forámenes pilíferos. La presencia de distintas familias (dos por lo menos) de dasypodoideos en el Itaboraiense de Brasil, conjuntamente con la presencia de peltefilinos y astegoterinos en el Riochiquense de Patagonia, sugiere una mayor antigüedad (Paleoceno temprano por lo menos) de los cingulados (o xenartros) en América del Sur. KEY WORDS. Riostegotherium yanei. Xenarthra. Cingulata. Itaboraian land-mammal age. Itaboraí Basin. Brazil.
... Surprisingly, the majority (almost two-thirds) of the schemes in the sample lacked connection with others, suggesting management scholars most often start anew instead of building on precedent. This finding came as a surprise, given that physical scientists have long done the opposite by requiring institutional approval to introduce new categories, let alone new schemes (Klein, 1988;Simpson, 1945). As a further surprise, this phase revealed that management scholars have applied categorial labels to non-categorial functions such as deconstructing sequences, situations, and systems. ...
... Though self-correction can and does occur when best practices become common practices, Phases 1 and 2 led to historical documentation that controlling the semantic creep (terms losing precision of meaning over time) that leads to jingle and jangle fallacies requires more deliberate methods. Indeed, the physical sciences have instituted formal systems (bodies) that establish and enforce the systematic categorization of concepts and phenomena (Klein, 1988;Simpson, 1945). Because doing so has historically been the only way to maintain consistency and thus meaningfulness of terminology, management studies would likely benefit by taking similar steps. ...
Concerns about imprecise concepts and incoherent theories have long plagued management studies. Though systematic categorizing was once proposed as a remedy for those concerns as it had resolved similar ones in other scientific disciplines, conversation about that potential ceased decades ago. This integrative review revives and refocuses that conversation by systematically categorizing how management scholars categorize in four phases. Phases 1 and 2 (conceptual-mapping and etymological reviews, respectively) together yield a framework encompassing three general approaches—classical, commonsense, and contemporary—scholars across all scientific disciplines, including management studies, historically have taken to categorize concepts and phenomena. Phase 3 (a qualitative review) determines that management scholars seldom use formal methods to categorize. Finally, Phase 4 (another qualitative review) yields a second framework which more meaningfully differentiates the ways management scholars currently categorize. The results indicate that categorizing in management studies remains unsystematic due to scholars predominantly relying on intuitive methods and introducing idiosyncratic categorial schemes instead of rigorous methods to improve extant ones. Unexpected findings from each phase provide insights into the changes scholars must make to categorize systematically as well as how doing so would foster more precise conceptualizing and coherent theorizing in the field.
... Surprisingly, the majority (almost two-thirds) of the schemes in the sample lacked connection with others, suggesting management scholars most often start anew instead of building on precedent. This finding came as a surprise, given that physical scientists have long done the opposite by requiring institutional approval to introduce new categories, let alone new schemes (Klein, 1988;Simpson, 1945). As a further surprise, this phase revealed that management scholars have applied categorial labels to non-categorial functions such as deconstructing sequences, situations, and systems. ...
... Though self-correction can and does occur when best practices become common practices, Phases 1 and 2 led to historical documentation that controlling the semantic creep (terms losing precision of meaning over time) that leads to jingle and jangle fallacies requires more deliberate methods. Indeed, the physical sciences have instituted formal systems (bodies) that establish and enforce the systematic categorization of concepts and phenomena (Klein, 1988;Simpson, 1945). Because doing so has historically been the only way to maintain consistency and thus meaningfulness of terminology, management studies would likely benefit by taking similar steps. ...
... The Muridae, Old World mice and rats, with more than 800 species [35] is the largest family of mammals. Major taxonomic issues concerning the classification of murid rodents resulted from the morphological dental disparity displayed by the teeth of their representatives, so their systematic has been largely discussed for a long time [32,[36][37][38][39][40]. Phylogenetic analysis using molecular data recovered Muridae as distributed in four monophyletic groups, the subfamilies Lophiomyinae, Deomyinae, Gerbillinae, and Murinae, which are generally accepted [22][23][24]. ...
Background
Extinct organisms provide vital information about the time of origination and biogeography of extant groups. The development of phylogenetic methods to study evolutionary processes through time has revolutionized the field of evolutionary biology and led to an unprecedented expansion of our knowledge of the tree of life. Recent developments applying Bayesian approaches, using fossil taxa as tips to be included alongside their living relatives, have revitalized the use of morphological data in evolutionary tree inferences. Eumuroida rodents represent the largest group of mammals including more than a quarter of all extant mammals and have a rich fossil record spanning the last ~ 45 million years. Despite this wealth of data, our current understanding of the classification, major biogeographic patterns, and divergence times for this group comes from molecular phylogenies that use fossils only as a source of node calibrations. However, node calibrations impose several constraints on tree topology and must necessarily make a priori assumptions about the placement of fossil taxa without testing their placement in the tree.
Results
We present the first morphological dataset with extensive fossil sampling for Muroidea. By applying Bayesian morphological clocks with tip dating and process-based biogeographic models, we provide a novel hypothesis for muroid relationships and revised divergence times for the clade that incorporates uncertainty in the placement of all fossil species. Even under strong violation of the clock model, we found strong congruence between results for divergence times, providing a robust timeline for muroid diversification. This new timeline was used for biogeographic analyses, which revealed a dynamic scenario mostly explained by dispersal events between and within the Palearctic and North African regions.
Conclusions
Our results provide important insights into the evolution of Muroidea rodents and clarify the evolutionary pathways of their main lineages. We exploited the advantage of tip dating Bayesian approaches in morphology-based datasets and provided a classification of the largest superfamily of mammals resulting from robust phylogenetic inference, inferring the biogeographical history, diversification, and divergence times of its major lineages.
... He finally attributed Leimacomys to the Dendromurinae, an opinion followed by Allen (1939). On the contrary Ellerman (1941) and Simpson (1945) opted for Muridae. By looking at the type material, Misonne (1966) then re-evaluated the taxonomic position of Leimacomys and concluded to reside among Dendromurinae, an opinion followed by Rosevear (1969). ...
The family Muridae represents the most diversified clade of rodents. Their remarkable convergent morphology has challenged taxonomists to establish a robust classification. Thanks to molecular phylogenetic analyses, five subfamilies of murid rodents are hereby defined: Lophiomyinae, Deomyinae, Gerbillinae, Leimacomyinae and Murinae. As the single representative of the subfamily Leimacomyinae, Leimacomys buettneri is known only by the first two specimens collected in 1890. It was classified either as belonging to the Dendromurinae (Nesomyidae), or recently placed in its own subfamily Leimacomyinae (Muridae). Here we present the first molecular genetic analysis of the holotype and the paratype of Leimacomys by genomic skimming and assembly of the mitogenomes. It confirms that Leimacomys belongs to the Muridae as a sister to all extant Deomyinae. As a result, we have re-examined the morphology of type specimens and compared them with deomyine taxa as well as Miocene fossil rodents that are considered as murid-like ancestors. This allows us to propose an updated scenario for the origins of the murid lineages. In the light of our novel genetic and morphological data, we propose to keep the subfamily Leimacomyinae, represented by the monotypic Leimacomys , within the family Muridae.
... This assertion was also made by Bouvrain and de Bonis (1988). However, based on molecular data, the previously defined Antilopinae (sensu Simpson (1945)) is not a monophyletic group. When considering various fossil "Gazella" ...
As a small to middle-sized bovid, Hispanodorcas had previously only been found in the pan-Mediterranean region and South Asia. Its taxonomic classification at the tribe level has been a subject of debate, with possible associations to Antilopini, Reduncini, or Oiocerini. Here, we report on the first discovery of Hispanodorcas in East Asia, H. longdongica sp. nov. from the Daidian Locality in China, dating to the early Baodean age (~8-7 Ma). The new material consists of five skulls with varying states of preservation and provides the most complete osteological information on Hispanodorcas to date. It features a long, slender, and posteriorly curved horncore with a weak homonymous twist and both laterodorsal and medioventral grooves, which is characteristic of Hispanodorcas. This new species is characterized by having the smallest size amongst all known Hispanodorcas species, a weakly curved brain case in the facial region, and poorly developed posterior and anterior basilar tuberosities. These primitive characteristics suggest that H. longdongica may represent an early evolutionary stage of this genus. Furthermore, they indicate that Hispanodorcas might have directly evolved from the Gazella stock. The homonymous twist in the horncore, which aligns with Oiocerini, may be a case of homoplasy.
... The taxonomy of the genus Martes has been problematic and continuously revised due to its high morphological divergence (Nascimento, 2014). All marten species were considered as a distinct subfamily Martinae however, the subfamily Martinae was often synonymized into the subfamily Mustelinae (Simpson, 1945). At the genus level, the Martes and Charronia were regarded as distinct genera (Pocock, 1921), yet later, the genus Charronia was merged into Martes (Wozencraft, 2005). ...
We report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of endangered yellow-throated marten, Martes flavigula.
The complete mitochondrial genome of M. flavigula is 16,555 bp in length. We identified 13 protein coding genes,
22 transfer RNA, two ribosomal RNA, and one control region. The mitogenome is A+T rich, with a composition
of 31.3% A, 28.7% C, 13.0% G, and 27.0% T. According to phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial complete
genomes, Martes flavigula in the subgenus Charronia was clearly distinct from the subgenus Martes. This
phylogeny of the genus Martes supports the conventional systematic treatment. The genetic and taxonomic analysis
in this study provides necessary information for the future studies of yellow-throated marten and the Mustelidae
family.
... Bovids are ruminant artiodactyls that were the dominant mammalian herbivores in Old World terrestrial communities with diverse extant and extinct species in Africa, Eurasia, and North America (Simpson, 1945) Ovis †Praeovibos Rupicapra †Soergelia †Symbos †Tsaidamotherium †Urmiatherium 1994; Geraads and Spassov, 2008;Kostopoulos et al., 2023), while Mesembriacerus is only found in Greece (Bouvrain and Bonis, 1984;Spassov et al., 2018). Parurmiatherium has been discovered in Greece, Iraq, and southwestern Turkey (Sickenberg, 1932(Sickenberg, , 1933Bouvrain et al., 1995;Kostopoulos and Karakütük, 2013). ...
During the Late Miocene, numerous medium to large-sized herbivores, that resemble the living Ovibos in skeletal morphology, dispersed throughout the Holarctic realm and comprised
... Cervoidea Simpson, 1931 Definition. The least inclusive clade of crown-pecorans containing Namibiomeryx and the Cervidae. ...
... Insectivorangrade mammals shared several features that were regarded as primitive and for this reason caught the attention of early embryologists who described the fetal membranes of hedgehogs (Hubrecht, 1889), shrews (Hubrecht, 1894) and moles (Strahl, 1892). After initial pruning, Simpson established Lipotyphla, which still included tenrecs, otter shrews and golden moles (Simpson, 1945). Once these had been removed to Afrosoricida, the order was renamed Eulipotyphla. ...
... accessed on 10 November 2023. Taxonomic Serial No.: 898766), whose origin was Bhutan [6,7,[21][22][23][24]. ...
Limited background data are available on the Mishmi takin (Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor) and Bhutan takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitei) subspecies in the Eastern Himalayas of China because of the lack of systematic field investigations and research. Therefore, mature-animal ecological methods were used to evaluate these takin subspecies’ phenotypic characteristics, distribution range, activity rhythm, and population size. From 2013 to 2022, 214 camera traps were installed for wild ungulate monitoring and investigation in all human-accessible areas of the Eastern Himalayas, resulting in 4837 distinguishable takin photographs. The external morphological characteristics were described and compared using visual data. Artificial image correction and related technologies were used to establish physical image models based on the differences between subspecies. MaxEnt niche and random encounter models obtained distribution ranges and population densities. Mishmi takins have a distribution area of 17,314 km2, population density of 0.1729 ± 0.0134 takins/km2, and population size of 2995 ± 232. Bhutan takins have a distribution area of 25,006 km2, population density of 0.1359 ± 0.0264 takins/km2, and population size of 3398 ± 660. Long-term monitoring data confirmed that the vertical migration within the mountain ecosystems is influenced by climate. Mishmi takins are active at 500–4500 m, whereas Bhutan takins are active at 1500–4500 m. The two subspecies were active at >3500 m from May to October yearly (rainy season). In addition, surveying combined with model simulation shows that the Yarlung Zangbo River is not an obstacle to migration. This study provides basic data that contribute to animal diversity knowledge in biodiversity hotspots of the Eastern Himalayas and detailed information and references for species identification, distribution range, and population characteristics.
... Например, в предложенной Копом (Соре 1898) системе класса Mammalia, в соответствии с его концепцией аристогенеза, надотрядные группировки отражают не столько филогенетические ветви, сколько филогенетические этапы развития («ректиградации»). Уже в середине XX столетия основатель современной школы эволюционной систематики Дж.Симпсон свою надотрядную классификацию Mammalia подчёркнуто выводит из линнеевской, достаточно резко критикуя «нелиннеевские» таксоны некоторых своих предшественников (Simpson 1945). ...
Утверждается, что постмодернистская концепция науки, в отличие от классического идеала, подразумевает необходимое сосуществование в систематике разных классификационных подходов (школ), каждый из которых соответствует определенному аспекту рассмотрения "таксономической реальности". Они задаются разнообразием исходных онтологических и гносеологических установок, определенным образом фиксирующих а) разрешенные для исследования области этой реальности и б) разрешенные методы исследования фиксированных областей. В этом разнообразии можно вычленить две крайние позиции: одна из них продолжает схоластическую традицию разработки формального и потому универсального метода классифицирования ("новая типология", нумерическая фенетика, структурная кладистика); другая утверждает зависимость содержания классификационной процедуры от суждения о природе таксономической реальности (натурфилософия, эволюционное направление). Приведены аргументы в пользу существенного влияния эволюционной идеи на теорию современной систематики. Это влияние формулируется как принцип соответствия, который ставит алгоритмы классифицирования (и тем самым получаемые с их помощью классификации) в зависимость от исходных допущений о причинах таксономического разнообразия. Утверждается, что критерии "качества" классификаций и методов их разработки могут быть корректно сформулированы только в рамках конкретного аспекта рассмотрения таксономической реальности. Для каждой группы организмов правомочно существование разных частных таксономических систем, соответствующих разным аспектам рассмотрения. Их нельзя ранжировать по единой шкале "хуже-лучше", поскольку они отражают различные фрагменты этой реальности. Их взаимная интерпретируемость определяется тем, насколько совместимы их общетеоретические установки и решаемые задачи. Экстенсионально классификации соотносимы в той мере, в какой они совпадают по составу и иерархической организации таксонов. Интенсионально типологические классификации соотносимы, если выделенные в них таксоны сопоставимы по своим диагнозам; а филогенетические - если они содержат утверждения о монофилии соответствующих таксонов. Кратко рассмотрена структура "новой филогенетики" (= "генофилетики") как подхода, нацеленного на разработку экономных филогенетических гипотез на основе данных молекулярной биологии с привлечением преимущественно количественных методов кладистического анализа. Показано, что этот подход заимствует некоторые идеи фенетики и возрождает схоластический принцип единого основания классифицирования. Предполагается, что через некоторое время биологическая систематика станет избавляться от избытка позитивистских идей (в том числе развиваемых нынешней кладистикой) и будет более активно осваивать (возрождать) холистическое мировоззрение.
... The first systematic review of all mammals of the world was produced by Trouessart (1897Trouessart ( -1905, following this, several revisionary studies on world mammals were conducted viz. Simpson and Gaylord, 1945;Walker, 1964;Nowak, 1991Nowak, , 1999Sokolov 1973-79, Corbett andHill, 1980;McKenna and Bell, 1997, etc. The diversity and taxonomy of Indian mammals dealt in several publications (Pocock, 1939;1941;Ellerman and Morrison Scott, 1951;Corbet and Hill, 1992;Alfred et al., 2002;Nameer, 2008;Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu, 2012;Sharma et al, 2015;Kamalakannan and Venkataraman, 2017;Johnsingh and Manjrekar, 2015;Menon, 2023 etc.). ...
An up-to-date checklist of the mammals of India with
state-wise distribution data and conservation status .
... Xenarthra is one of the four major clades of placental mammals, presenting a vast fossil record throughout the Cenozoic, comprising numerous fossils and extant forms (Simpson, 1945;Hoffstetter, 1958;Paula Couto, 1979;Carroll, 1988). The group includes armadillos, pampatheres and glyptodonts, sloths, and anteaters, and it is divided into two orders: Pilosa Flower, 1882, and Cingulata Illiger, 1811(McKenna & Bell, 1997. ...
Osteoderms are integumentary bones with high fossilization potential and their importance for functional morphology and phylogenetic research has been proven for years. Xenarthran osteoderm paleohistology pattern has been recently explored and has provided a high amount of data regarding cingulate paleobiology and phylogenetic relationships. Here we analyze six extinct cingulates (Glyptotherium, Holmesina, Pachyarmatherium, Pampatherium, Glyptodon, and Doedicurus). This work contributes to a more robust understanding of these taxa by elucidating their histological variability and their potential biological significance. A combination of several converging features can be interpreted as biomechanical adaptations for glyptodonts osteoderms, such as the increased thickness of the middle zone, the presence of both static and dynamic osteogenesis-derived bone tissues, and the level of organization of the mineralized collagen fibers. Our analysis also corroborates the hypothesis of multiple growth processes acting throughout the ontogenetic stages, with the classic idea of metaplastic ossification also taking part in osteoderm development. Systematic inferences can only be appropriately made if ontogenetic, taphonomic, and pathological features are carefully considered. Our analysis demonstrates that Pachyarmatherium brasiliense osteoderms’ histology closely resembles what is expected for Dasypodinae/Dasipodini, indicating some affinity with this group. In addition, the diverse levels of development of the middle zone demonstrate the variability of cingulate osteoderm’s microstructure.
... Order Carnivora Bowdich, 1821Family Canidae Fischer De Waldheim, 1817 Subfamily Borophaginae Simpson, 1945Tribe Borophagini Wang et al., 1999Subtribe Borophagina Wang et al., 1999 Genus Borophagus Cope, 1892 ...
Encompassing global cooling, the spread of grasslands, and biogeographic interchanges, the Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age is an important interval for understanding the factors driving ecological and evolutionary change through time. McKay Reservoir near Pendleton, Oregon is a natural laboratory for analyses of these factors. It is remarkable for its small vertebrate fauna including rodents, bats, turtles, and lagomorphs, but also for its larger mammal fossils like camelids, rhinocerotids, canids, and felids. Despite the importance of the site, few revisions to its faunal list have been published since its original description. We expand on this description by identifying taxa not previously known from McKay Reservoir based on specimens collected during fieldwork and through reidentification of previously collected fossils. Newly identified taxa include the borophagine canid Borophagus secundus (Matthew and Cook, 1909), the camelids Megatylopus Matthew and Cook, 1909 and Pleiolama Webb and Meachen, 2004, a dromomerycid, and the equids Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden, 1977 and Pseudhipparion Ameghino, 1904. Specimens previously assigned to Neohipparion Gidley, 1903 and Hipparion de Christol, 1832 lack the features necessary to diagnose these genera, which are therefore removed from the site's faunal list. The presence of Borophagus secundus , Cormohipparion , and Pseudhipparion is especially important, because each occurrence represents a major geographic range extension. This refined understanding of the fauna lays the foundation for future studies of taphonomy, taxonomy, functional morphology, and paleoecology—potentially at the population, community, or ecosystem levels—at this paleobiologically significant Miocene locality.
... Zittel (1893) was the first to distinguish Leptomerycinae as a distinct subfamily within the Tragulidae. Shortly thereafter, Scott (1899) first utilized Leptomerycidae as a distinct family, but provided no justification and was dismissed by subsequent authors who placed members within the Hypertragulidae (Frick 1937, Scott 1940, Simpson 1945, Macdonald 1963, 1970. Scott (1899) also included hypertragulids (Hypertragulus and Hypisodus) and protoceratids (Protoceras) within the family Leptomerycidae. ...
... Embrithopoda is an extinct clade of placental mammals that includes the iconic, graviportal taxon Arsinoitherium (Sanders et al. 2004(Sanders et al. , 2010. Embrithopods have long been regarded as members of the afrotherian clade Paenungulata, which also includes Proboscidea, Hyracoidea and Sirenia (Simpson 1945;Court 1990Court , 1992Gheerbrant 2005;Seiffert 2007; Tabuce et al. 2007). An African origin for embrithopods is supported by their status as paenungulates, their relatively early appearance in the fossil record of Africa, and the basal phylogenetic position of the Moroccan embrithopod Stylolophus with respect to other known taxa (Gheerbrant et al. 2021). ...
Embrithopoda is an extinct clade of herbivorous placental mammals belonging to the afrotherian subclade Paenungulata. Early in their evolutionary history, embrithopods colonized the insular terrane of Balkanatolia, presumably via dispersal across the Tethyan marine barrier that separated Africa from Eurasia during the early Cenozoic. Here we report new embrithopods from the early Eocene locality of Çamili Mezra, Çiçekdaği Basin, central Anatolia, which document the early co-occurrence of two sympatric species of embrithopods, including Crivadiatherium sevketseni sp. nov. and Crivadiatherium sahini sp. nov. The genus Crivadiatherium, otherwise known only from the late Eocene of Romania, is reported for the first time in Anatolia. Hypsamasia seni from the middle Eocene of north-central Anatolia is interpreted as a nomen dubium. Embrithopod specimens previously described as Palaeoamasia sp. nov. from the Eocene-Oligocene transition of the Boyabat Basin in northern Anatolia are identified as a new genus and species, Axainamasia sandersi. The embrithopod fauna of Çamili Mezra indicates that this clade experienced at least a modest adaptive radiation after successfully colonizing Balkanatolia. The Balkanatolian record of embrithopod evolution contrasts with the evolutionary history of this clade in its native Africa, where sympatric embrithopod taxa have never been documented.
... These unique adaptations have historically led to the classification of the cheetah within its own subfamily Acinonychinae (Pocock, 1917;Kretzoi, 1929;Haltenorth, 1936Haltenorth, , 1937Thenius, 1969;McKenna and Bell, 1997). On the other hand, some other researchers regarded it as belonging to Felinae (Simpson, 1945;Ewer, 1973). Recent phylogeny based on genetic evidence supported the inclusion of Acinonyx within Felinae, alongside a linage that also contains Puma and Herpailurus (Johnson et al., 2006;Li et al., 2016). ...
The fossil records of the cheetahs in eastern Asia are is rare, and mostly fragmented,
then and in theconsequence, the evolution of this lineage in eastern Asia remained
remains obscure. In this study, we report the new material from two early Middle
Pleistocene sites, the upper deposits (L2) of Jinyuan Cave (Dalian) and Zhoukoudian
Loc.13 (Beijing). These specimens are identified here as Acinonyx pleistocaenicus and
represent the latest and largest-sized member of the species. Acinonyx
pleistocaenicus shows a suit of craniodental traits that distinguishes it from the earlier
Early Pleistocene A. pardinensis but, and relates it closer to modern A. jubatus , and
should be regarded as a valid species. Shortly after the age represented by
Zhoukoudian Loc. 13 (0.6-0.7 Ma), the giant cheetah was replaced by much smaller
and morphologically different Acinonyx intermedius, supporting these two species as
independent, and the latter was likely a new immigrant from Africa around the Early-
Middle Pleistocene boundary, together with Panthera spelaea, Panthera pardus, and
Parahyaena prisca.
... Lipotidae was previously included in the Platanistoidea together with Iniidae, Pontoporiidae and Platanistidae (e.g. Simpson, 1945), and collectively referred to as "river dolphins" as a reflection of the modern species, which, with the exception of Pontoporia blainvillei, inhabit fluvial environments (Jefferson et al., 2015). Each modern genus of "river dolphins" has a fossil relative that dwelt in a marine environment and each has independently adapted to the fully fluvial habitat (Geisler et al., 2011;Marx et al., 2016;Aguirre-Fernández et al., 2017). ...
... Modified from Urciuoli & Alba (2023). iv Schlosser (1887) and Gregory's (1920) views were still echoed by Simpson (1945), who included both Oreopithecus and Apidium in the Cercopithecoidea. Nevertheless, Oreopithecus was largely ignored for several decades, until Swiss paleontologist Johannes Hürzeler revitalized the study of this taxon and, ultimately, contributed to salvage the most complete individual available to date. ...
Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, 1872, from the Late Miocene of Tusco-Sardinia, is the latest non-cercopithecoid catarrhine from Europe. Its geographic and phylogenetic origins remain uncertain despite being well known from craniodental and postcranial remains. Currently, there is a general agreement about its hominoid status (ape and human clade) but uncertainties persist regarding its specific relationships with other fossil and living apes. In the 1990s, Oreopithecus was considered a stem hominid (great ape and human clade) likely derived from dryopithecines (Middle to Late Miocene hominids from Europe). In contrast, recent cladistic analyses recovered Oreopithecus as a derived nyanzapithecid (Early to Late Miocene putative stem hominoids from Africa). In turn, other studies hinted at a closer link with hylobatids (lesser apes). Given seemingly abundant homoplasy (false homology) in features related to orthogrady (upright body posture and locomotion), the Oreopithecus postcranium is compatible with being a stem or a crown hominoid. Craniodental evidence, in contrast, is at odds with a dryopithecine origin. A link with African nyanzapithecids seems more plausible based on dental morphology but hypothesized homologies deserve further investigation. In addition, preliminary analyses of tooth endostructure suggest similarities between Oreopithecus and pliopithecoids (putative stem catarrhines from the Miocene of Eurasia). The main branching topology of the hominoid total group (the divergence of hylobatids relative to putative stem hominoids from the Miocene of Africa) is far from being conclusively resolved due to abundant missing data and pervasive postcranial homoplasy between hylobatids and hominids, which might be causing a long-branch attraction problem. Hence, the hypothesized phylogenetic link between Oreopithecus and nyanzapithecids must not necessarily imply a stem hominoid status: given the long ghost lineage of hylobatids and the aforementioned long-branch attraction problem, a stem hylobatid status cannot be ruled out for nyanzapithecids. Previous difficulties to conclusively determine where Oreopithecus fits in hominoid phylogeny might simply stem from the need to shoehorn this taxon into broadly inaccurate Miocene ape phylogenetic schemes. Rather than considering Oreopithecus an oddball that deserves ad hoc explanations, this Late Miocene ape might be one of the key pieces needed to decipher the as yet unresolved puzzle of Miocene ape phylogeny.
... The general masticatory and skull morphology of rodents served as the fundamental criteria for the establishment of suborder nomenclature in Rodentia by Brandt (1855), following Waterhouse (1839). This typology was maintained for nearly a century (Simpson, 1945) and as such was largely used in systematic works (e.g. Ellerman et al., 1940;Parsons, 1894Parsons, , 1899Thomas, 1896;Tullberg, 1899;Winge, 1887). ...
Anomaluromorpha is a particularly puzzling suborder of Rodentia. Endemic to Africa, this clade includes the extant genera Idiurus , Anomalurus , Zenkerella , and Pedetes . These rodents present an hystricomorphous condition of the skull, characterized by a large infraorbital foramen, which evolved independently within the mouse‐related clade over a span of approximately 57 million years. They exhibit a high disparity in craniomandibular and dental morphology that has kept their phylogenetic affinities disputed for a long time. Given the past significance of masticatory morphotypes in establishing the classification of Rodentia, we propose to explore variations in the masticatory apparatus of Anomaluromorpha in order to evaluate whether its related features can offer additional data for systematics and contribute to our understanding of the complexity of hystricomorphy. In order to do so, we used traditional dissection and diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) to accurately describe and compare the anatomy of the specimens. We found that the muscle morphology displays clear differentiation among each anomaluromorph taxonomic unit. Specifically, the masseteric complex of Anomaluromorpha exhibits distinctive synapomorphies such as the infraorbital part of the zygomaticomandibularis muscle being separated into a rostral and orbital part and an absence of a posterior part of the zygomaticomandibularis. Additionally, the orbital portion of the infraorbital part originates from a well‐marked ridge and fossa at the level of its area of origin on the anteromedial wall of the orbital cavity, a feature that is absent in other members of the mouse‐related clade. This evident bony feature, among others, is strongly associated with muscular anatomy and can contribute to ascertaining the taxonomic status of extinct representatives of the clade. Finally, we showed that the hystricomorphy of Anomaluromorpha largely differs from those of Ctenohystrica and Dipodoidea and that the definition of this morphotype is complex and cannot be reduced simply to the size of the opening of the infraorbital foramen.
... SISTEMÁTICA DE LOS PLATIRRINOS: UNA PERSPECTIVA FILOGENÉTICA La clasificación taxonómica de los monos del Nuevo Mundo ha sufrido constantes reordenamientos desde el pasado siglo. Sin embargo, se arribó a un consenso más o menos generalizado al separarlos en 2 familias: Callitrichidae (Callithrix, Cebuella, Leontopithecus, Saguinus), y Cebidae, agrupando a todos los géneros restantes (Simpson, 1945;Cabrera, 1958;Simons, 1972); esto se transformó en la clasificacion tradicional que en muchos casos continúa vigente, con el objetivo principal de distinguir a los "Callitrichidae", aquellos platirrinos de pequeño tamaño corporal, poseedores de garras en lugar de uñas planas, que han perdido el tercer molar y que dan a luz dos crías. No obstante, todos estos caracteres fueron observados como adquisiciones derivadas (Ford, 1980) en contraste con la hipótesis de que son caracteres primitivos retenidos desde los platirrinos ancestrales (Hershkovitz, 1977). ...
... Zittel (1893) was the first to distinguish Leptomerycinae as a distinct subfamily within the Tragulidae. Shortly thereafter, Scott (1899) first utilized Leptomerycidae as a distinct family, but provided no justification and was dismissed by subsequent authors who placed members within the Hypertragulidae (Frick 1937, Scott 1940, Simpson 1945, Macdonald 1963, 1970. Scott (1899) also included hypertragulids (Hypertragulus and Hypisodus) and protoceratids (Protoceras) within the family Leptomerycidae. ...
A leptomerycid skull was collected at Badlands National Park in 2016 from the earliest Whitneyan "Leptauchenia beds" (Early Oligocene, ~32 mya) of the Poleslide Member, Brule Formation. This specimen, BADL 64015, is the first skull referable to Leptomeryx elissae and is by far the most complete specimen of the species to date. The skull is nearly complete, lacking only the premaxilla, and retains the associated dentaries. Prior to BADL 64015, only isolated dentaries had been referred to L. elissae, all from the late Orellan of the Brule Formation in northwestern Nebraska.
Previous literature reports that L. elissae differs from the much more common Leptomeryx evansi in that it has smooth tooth enamel, lacks the Palaeomeryx-fold on the lower molars, has a rounded and evident entoconulid on M3, and is smaller in size. With measurements and diagnostic characters, it is clear that BADL 64015 exhibits significant deviation from L. evansi beyond the differences in the lower teeth.
BADL 64015 exhibits a shift towards brachycephaly, a shortening of the cranium. Observed characters, such as the weakly developed postorbital constriction and reduced length of the sagittal crest, demonstrate that BADL 64015 is more akin to the Hemingfordian leptomerycid, Pseudoparablastomeryx, than to Leptomeryx. This comparison suggests L. elissae cannot be attributed to the genus Leptomeryx. However, in BADL 64015 characters of the premolars are more aligned with Leptomeryx than Pseudoparablastomeryx, with some minor differences including the shortening of P 2-3. An enigmatic Arikareean leptomerycid, Pronodens, also demonstrates a shortening of the anterior dentary, but has never been associated with cranial material. The holotype for Pronodens consists of only incredibly worn lower teeth, proving near impossible to draw any meaningful comparisons between Pronodens and other leptomerycids utilizing unambiguous characters.
We propose that L. elissae should thus be repositioned into an intermediate genus between Leptomeryx and Pseudoparablastomeryx, based on the combination of cranial and dental characteristics. The evolutionary relationships among the Leptomerycidae will remain uncertain until additional specimens can be collected that provide unambiguous characters to clarify the relationships between these genera.
... Oldfieldthomasiidae Simpson, 1945. Kibenikhoria Simpson, 1935b. ...
... In this paper, we accept a traditional classification (Simpson, 1945;Chapskii, 1955Chapskii, , 1974Scheffer, 1958;King, 1966;Heptner et al., 1976) in which the family Phocidae is divided into three subfamilies: Phocinae, Monachinae, and Cystophorinae. ...
A well-preserved skull from the early middle Miocene (approximately 15 Ma) at Devinska Nova Ves (formerly Neudorf an der March), Slovakia, herein named Devinophoca claytoni , new genus and new species, is morphologically the closest common ancestor of all true seals. It shows a mixture of subfamilial characters. Features shared with Phocinae are the number of incisors and the lack of a strongly pronounced mastoid process. Characters similar to Monachinae are the shape of maxillae and the ratio between frontal and maxillary contacts of nasal bones. Characters shared with Cystophorinae are the ratio between interorbital width and mastoid width and (also shared with Phocinae) the ratio between length of auditory bullae and distance between them. Moreover, this skull has primitive features that are not known in any of the three subfamilies: Ml is triangular, with three cusps and three roots; in P2-P4 the larger posterior roots are clearly made up of two fused roots; the incisors form a curved line; the anterior palatal foramina are deep and oval; and the sagittal crest is very well developed. The traditional separation of the family Phocidae into the subfamilies Phocinae, Monachinae, and Cystophorinae has been intensively debated during the past 40 years and debate continues today, but we herein follow the traditional classification. The plesiomorphic D. claytoni is thus considered a sister taxon to the three extant subfamilies of Phocidae and is referred to a new subfamily, Devinophocinae. Because of its late age, D. claytoni cannot be ancestral to the more advanced phocids. Its primitive characters in combination with the characters it shares with the other subfamilies suggest, however, that it might approximate the common ancestral morphotype.
... The Caprinae subfamily (Ruminantia, Bovidae) is traditionally divided into four tribes: Rupicaprini, which include the Rupicapra, Oreamnos, Capricornis and Nemorhaedus genera; Ovibovini, comprise the Ovibos and Budorcas genera; Caprini, collate five genera, namely Ovis, Capra, Pseudois, Hemitragus and Ammotragus; and Saigini, which consists of two genera, Saiga and Pantholops (Simpson 1945;Nowak 1991;Lalueza-Fox et al. 2002). However, this classification has been the target of controversy in morphologic studies and, especially, molecular analyses (Lalueza-Fox et al. 2002). ...
The rumen is an extremely diverse ecosystem densely colonized by bacteria, methanogenic archaea, fungi, and protists. In the present study, the generic and specific compositions of ciliated protists in the ruminal contents of 28 domestic caprines of the Landim breed (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) from Mozambique were studied, and it is the first record of this nature for the country. Furthermore, we compiled records of ciliates in domestic ruminants reported for six African countries. The morphological characterization of the isolated ciliates, as well as generic density and specific abundance were estimated using semi-permanent techniques preparation. Forty-seven species belonging to ten genera were recorded in the ruminal contents of Mozambique caprines. The average number of ciliates was 49.39 (± 134.7) × 104/ml of ruminal content. Entodinium caudatum was the most prevalent species, with a 100% prevalence. A review of the available literature in databases was performed to compile genera and species of ciliates in caprines, ovines and bovines, showing that one hundred and twelve species and morphotypes belonging to thirteen genera have already been recorded in six countries of the African continent, namely in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania. Tanzania had the most extensive records, with forty-nine described ciliate species. This study is the first effort in reporting the presence and morphologic characterization as well as an estimate of the composition of ciliates in the rumen of Mozambique caprines, as well as the first compilation of ciliates in domestic ruminants in Africa.
... Oldfieldthomasiidae Simpson, 1945. Kibenikhoria Simpson, 1935b. ...
... Dozens of genera and species have been described from China to Spain, including a great variety of cranial and horn core morphotypes (e.g., Agustí & Antón, 2002;Gentry et al., 1999;Kostopoulos, 2022;Zhang et al., 2002). Among them, there is a group of odd-looking medium-to large-sized taxa of varied horn core morphology, with a thickened basioccipital bearing accessory articular facets for the atlas, and other craniodental features that roughly recall those of extant muskox (Ovibos moschatus Zimmermann, 1780), and its Pleistocene relatives, and for which the names Ovibovinae or Ovibovini have been used (Gil, 1872;Simpson 1945; but see Hassanin et al. [2012] for an updated concept of Ovibovina). Late Miocene fossil taxa with similar cranial characteristics continue to be commonly referred to as such ovibovin(e) (Bohlin, 1937;Bouvrain & Bonis, 1984;Gentry, 1996;Shi & Deng, 2020), although their phylogenetic relationships and tribal affiliations are still unresolved (e.g., Bouvrain & Bonis, 1984;Geraads & Spassov, 2008;Hou et al., 2023;Kostopoulos, 2014;Shi & Deng, 2020;Wang et al., 2022), and a complete cladistic analysis is pending. ...
Fossil ‘ovibovin’ bovids are described from the Upper Miocene of Çorakyerler (north-central Anatolia). Two taxa have been recognized: the predominant Criotherium argalioides, known by several craniodental remains, and the less common Hezhengia? cf. inundata, documented by a few dentitions. A review of C. argalioides records from Samos and Kemiklitepe D and a thorough comparison with the Çorakyerler sample provides new data on the morphological and metric variability of this taxon, as well as its chronological and geographic range. Hezhengia? cf. inundata from Çorakyerler reveals important similarities with the Garkin (Turkey) taxon, which, in contrast to previous studies, we find more similar to the Chinese Hezhengia than to the Chinese Plesiaddax as originally suggested. The same is true for “Plesiaddax” simplex from Kayadibi (Turkey), which is referred to as Hezhengia? simplex. The co-occurrence of two ‘ovibovin’ bovids of similar size in the same assemblage was previously suspected but never before documented.
... El mastozoólogo y paleontólogo estadounidense George Gaylord Simpson (1902Simpson ( -1984 publicó varias contribuciones a la sistemática (p. ej., Simpson, 1945Simpson, , 1961. En relación con la sistemática evolutiva, Principles of animal taxonomy (Simpson, 1961) es la más importante. ...
... Cingulata members share the presence of a carapace composed of osteoderms covered by horny scales; it provides dorsal coverage to the head and most of the body and encircles the tail (Engelmann 1985;Gaudin and Wible 2006;Krmpotic et al. 2009;Soibelzon et al. 2012;Bergqvist et al. 2019). Traditionally, Cingulata was divided into Dasypodidae, Pampatheriidae, Peltephilidae, Glyptodontidae, Palaeopeltidae, and Pachyarmatheriidae (e.g., Simpson 1945;Hoffstetter 1958;Scillato-Yané 1982;McKenna and Bell 1997;Fernicola et al. 2008, Fernicola et al. 2018. Dasypodidae was further subdivided into Dasypodinae, Euphractinae, Tolypeutinae, and Chlamyphorinae (Scillato-Yané 1982;Wetzel 1985;Mckenna and Bell 1997;Delsuc et al. 2003), groups supported by molecular phylogenies (Delsuc et al. 2002(Delsuc et al. , 2012Mollër-Krull et al. 2007). ...
Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) is one of the most conspicuous clades in the Cenozoic fossil record of South America, largely due to the high abundance of disarticulated osteoderms in most fossiliferous sites of the continent. Nevertheless, the fragmentary nature of this material hinders the identification of extinct taxa, particularly in groups that do not exhibit great shape diversity in the ornamentation of the osteoderms, as occurs in armadillos of the clade Dasypodini (long-nosed armadillos). Methodologies that quantify shape variability could offer an alternative strategy for identifying these fragmentary fossil remains. In the present study, we apply geometric morphometric analysis to assess shape variation of Dasypodini osteoderms. First, we evaluate previous referrals of two isolated late Miocene osteoderms to Dasypus, one identified as Dasypus sp. from the Guanaco Formation (Jujuy province, Argentina) and the other identified as D. neogaeus from the Ituzaingó Formation (Entre Ríos province, Argentina). Second, we evaluate the identification of a disarticulated osteoderm from the middle Miocene of Brazil to Anadasypus sp. nov.?. Our results distinguish two main generic clusters, Plesiodasypus + Anadasypus and Dasypus + Propraopus, supporting previous referral of disarticulated osteoderms from Jujuy and Entre Ríos to the genus Dasypus. This confirms the extension of the biochron of Dasypus by at least 3 million years, from the early Pliocene to the late Miocene. The present contribution offers a new application for geometric morphometrics to evaluate taxonomic assignments of fossil Dasypodini osteoderms.
... Traditionally, two mesotheriid subfamilies were recognized mainly based on cranial and dental features: Trachytheriinae and Mesotheriinae. The former was commonly characterized by high-crowned cheek teeth (hypsodonty) and the absence of diastemata, whereas mesotheriines were diagnosed by rootless and evergrowing cheek teeth (hypselodonty) and the presence of diastemata (Simpson, 1945;Croft et al., 2004;Billet, 2011). Subsequent cladistic analyses indicated that Trachytheriinae are a paraphyletic assemblage of basal mesotheriids (Reguero and Castro, 2004;Billet et al., 2008;Shockey et al., 2016), but supported the monophyly of Mesotheriinae (Cerdeño and Montalvo, 2001;Croft et al., 2004;Flynn et al., 2005;Townsend and Croft, 2010;Billet, 2011;Cerdeño et al., 2012Cerdeño et al., , 2018. ...
Mesotheriidae (Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) are an extinct clade (early Oligocene-Pleistocene) of small to medium-sized herbivorous mammals that were widely distributed in South America. Although two subfamilies traditionally have been recognized (Trachytheriinae and Mesotheriinae), recent cladistic analyses based on discrete characters have indicated that "Trachytheriinae" is a paraphyletic assemblage. Given the availability of a large number of specimens and the fact that dental characters are the most common characters used in mesotheriid phylogenies, we performed specimen-level cladistic analyses combining discrete, continuous and geometric morphometrics-based dental characters. The aim was to: (1) include new scored morphological characters to solve the phylogenetic relationships of Mesotheriidae; (2) compare the results of the upper and lower dentition analyses as different character partitions and in combination, to establish phylogenetic hypotheses; and (3) trace the evolution of dental traits. Phylogenetic analyses employing characters of associated upper and lower dentitions recovered one most parsimonious tree with Archaeohyracidae (outgroup) as the sister group of Pan-Mesotheriidae (= Mesotheriidae; converted clade name), this latter composed of trachytheriines (stem-mesotheriine) + Mesotheriinae (converted clade name). Within Mesotheriinae, we recovered two main lineages phylogenetically defined here as Bolivarini and Pampaini (new clade names). Analyses of isolated upper and lower dentition sub-datasets each resulted in one most parsimonious tree congruent with the associated dentition. Our study emphasizes the use of geometric morphometrics characters to resolve additional clades in phylogenetic analyses, provides information on the evolution of size and morphology of teeth, and exposes specimen assignment issues at a taxonomic level. The integration of osteological characters might be crucial to further understanding the evolution of Mesotheriidae.
... Previous authors (Loomis 1924, p. 369;Scott 1940, p. 689;Thorpe 1937, p. 26;Simpson 1945) considered Oreonetes to be ancestral to Merycoidodon because it has relatively plesiomorphic features and because it is middle Chadronian, just slightly older than the oldest Merycoidodon from the late Chadronian known at that time. More recent studies of Texas oreodonts (Wilson 1971) have shown that the Chadronian merycoidodonts were much more diverse than previously supposed. ...
The small, primitive 'oreonetine' oreodonts from the late Eocene (Chadronian) of North America have long been a systematic mess with gross oversplitting, failure to recognise post-mortem distortion of specimens and many errors in their descriptions. We describe some new fossils and review the group for the first time since 1956. Of the six genera and nine species recognised by Schultz & Falkenbach (1956), only three genera (Oreonetes, Limnenetes, and Bathygenys) and six species are now considered valid. The 'Oreonetinae' is a paraphyletic wastebasket group because some members are closer to more derived oreodonts than others, and Limnenetes is a primitive leptauchenine, not a merycoidodontine. These small, rare late Eocene oreodonts found only in Wyoming, Montana, and Texas are the precursors to the enormous radiation of oreodonts in the early Oligocene. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Mammals are an indispensable taxon, often considered for data monitoring in an area because of their vulnerability to hunting and sensitivity to human activity [1]. The first complete systematic review of mammals of the world was presented by Trouessart (1897Trouessart ( -1905, which was supplemented by the works of Simpson and Gaylord [2], Walker (1965), Nowak [6,4], Sokolov [5], Corbet and Hill [6], McKenna and Bell [7], Alteri [8], Brandon [9], Bhagwat et al. [10], Bates et al. [11] etc. In India, the pioneer work about mammals was presented as fauna of British India-Mammalia [12] (Pocock, 1941), followed by checklist of mammals of Palaearctic and Indian region [13], Prater's book of Indian animals [14], a systematic review of the mammals of Indomalayan region [15], checklist of Indian mammals [16], diversity of mammals of South Asia [17] (Srinivasalu and Srinivasalu, 2012), Indian mammals [18,19] and mammalian diversity of Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas [20], etc. ...
A region-specific diversity documentation is an important resource for biodiversity conservation. A preliminary survey was carried out in Kishtwar district of Jammu Division to prepare a checklist of domesticated and wild mammalian fauna of the area. The data was collected from 60 villages of this district, lying in North- western Himalayas, ranging from an altitude of 980- 3700 meters above sea level, from May 2022 to December 2022. The survey revealed the presence of 33 species of mammals belonging to 5 orders, 12 families and 13 sub-families. Carnivora was the dominant order with 15 species followed by Artiodactyla with 10 species, Rodentia with 3 species and Perissodactyla and Primates with 3 and 2 species respectively.
There is an ongoing debate about the internal systematics of today’s group of hamsters (Cricetinae), following new insights that are gained based on molecular data. Regarding the closely related fossil cricetids, however, most studies deal with only a limited number of genera and statements about their possible relationships are rare. In this study, 41 fossil species from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene, belonging to seven extinct cricetine genera, Collimys , Rotundomys , Neocricetodon , Pseudocricetus , Cricetulodon , Apocricetus and Hattomys are analysed in a phylogenetic framework using traditional maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference approaches. Following thorough model testing, a relaxed-clock Bayesian inference analysis is performed under tip-dating to estimate divergence times simultaneously. Furthermore, so-called ‘rogue’ taxa are identified and excluded from the final trees to improve the informative value of the shown relationships. Based on these resulting trees, the fit of the topologies to the stratigraphy is assessed and the ancestral states of the characters are reconstructed under a parsimonious approach and stochastic character mapping. The overall topologies resulting from Bayesian and parsimonious approaches are largely congruent to each other and confirm the monophyly of most of the genera. Additionally, synapomorphies can be identified for each of these genera based on the ancestral state reconstructions. Only Cricetulodon turns out to be paraphyletic, while ‘ Cricetulodon ’ complicidens is a member of Neocricetodon . Lastly, this work makes a contribution to a debate that went on for decades, as the genus Kowalskia can be confirmed as junior synonym of Neocricetodon .
The problem of specifying representative specimens to serve as voucher or ground truth specimens for species is viewed from a perspective of object recognition based on training using exemplars recognized by personal perception. In taxonomy 'exemplar' mirrors the hypodigm concept of Simpson which refers to certain specimens being unequivocal members of a species (Simpson, 1961). His concept has been discarded in most taxonomies because he did not provide procedures that distinguished it from 'material' or 'sample'. However, his underlying view of a morphospecies was of a group united by shared character resemblances, probabilistically related. On this basis the hypodigm of a taxonomic species is here restricted to specimens demonstrated as likely to belong to one population. To raise objectivity in this task personal perception should be supplemented by morphometric analyses, several of which are demonstrated using living and Holocene samples of the oceanic zooplankter Truncorotalia crassaformis (Galloway & Wissler) from the Atlantic and Caribbean Oceans.
Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo (La Pampa Province) is a relevant locality of the Cerro Azul Formation in central Argentina because of its abundant and diverse vertebrate remains, including representatives of Reptilia, Aves and mostly Mammalia. Concerning previous records, the present faunal list adds one Argyrolagidae marsupial, one Ctenomyidae and two Caviidae rodents, as well as the first detailed analysis and description of glyptodonts from the Cerro Azul Formation in La Pampa Province. New geological information is added about the two fossiliferous outcrops included in Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo area. The classically studied outcrop located in the saline lake and the nearby one in the so-called ex-Autódromo, both herein correlated based on lithostratigraphy, particularly by the presence of paleosols in the intermediate section of the sedimentary succession. These sandy silts deposits in the base of the outcrops indicate the development of poorly confined flows and intervals of surface stabilisation by paedogenesis. We offer a biochronological interpretation based on a recently published U-Pb detrital zircons dating (5.9 ± 0.4 Ma) and the presence of significant taxa such as octodontoid rodents recovered from the dated levels and below it. From a paleoenvironmental viewpoint, we infer variations from woodlands to open environments.
Kajian sistematik kelelawar pemakan buah (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) masih menjadi perdebatan. Penelitian filogenetik
dan kariotipe menunjukkan ketidaksesuaian data DNA dan data kromosom dengan batas karakter morfologi, termasuk
pada spesies Pteropodidae di Pulau Jawa. Selain itu, penelitian mengenai filogenetik dan kariotipe kelelawar Pteropodidae
di Pulau Jawa belum banyak dieksplorasi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan kajian sistematik kelelawar Pteropodidae
di Pulau Jawa berdasarkan studi filogenetik dan kariotipe secara komprehesif. Studi ini menggunakan penelusuran literatur
lengkap mengenai sejarah sistematik Pteropodidae dan taksonomi berdasarkan studi filogenetik serta kariotipe Pteropodidae di Pulau Jawa. Secara filogenetik, masih terjadi permasalahan sistematik pada tingkat genus. Selain itu, berdasarkan data kariotipe spesies Pteropodidae di Pulau Jawa menunjukkan jumlah diploid kromosom seragam, namun memiliki bentuk kromosom yang berbeda. Kajian ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai sistematik Pteropodidae di Indonesia.
We complement and expand the existing descriptions of the Australian araneid spider Paraplectanoides crassipes Keyserling, 1886, and provide the first detailed analysis of the male palpal homologies to include examination of the expanded organ and scanning electron micrographs of the palpal sclerites. We study the placement of Paraplectanoides and the classification of the family Araneidae by combining ultraconserved elements with Sanger markers. We also added Sanger sequences of the Australian araneid genus Venomius to the molecular dataset of Scharff et al. (2020) to explore the phylogenetic placement and implications for classification of the family. We evaluate a recent proposal on the classification of the family Araneidae by Kuntner et al. (2023) in which a new family is erected for P. crassipes. Paraplectanoides is monotypic. Examination of the type material shows that Paraplectanoides kochi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 is misplaced in the genus and the name is a senior synonym of the araneid Isoxya penizoides Simon, 1887 (new synonymy) that results in the new combination Isoxya kochi (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877). The classification of Araneidae is revised and the following nomenclatural acts are introduced: Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson and Bond, 2023 is a junior synonym of Araneidae Clerck, 1757 new synonymy; phonognathines and nephilines are subfamilies of Araneidae (Subfamily Phonognathinae Simon, 1894 rank resurrected; and Subfamily Nephilinae Simon, 1894 rank resurrected). The results of our analyses corroborate the sister group relationship between Paraplectanoides and the araneid subfamily Nephilinae. Venomius is sister to the Nephilinae + Paraplectanoides clade. The placement of the oarcine araneids and Venomius renders the family Araneidae non-monophyletic if this were to be circumscribed as in Kuntner et al. (2023). In light of the paucity of data that the latter study presents, and in absence of a robust, stable and more densely sampled phylogenetic analysis of Araneidae, the changes and definitions introduced by that classification are premature and could lead to a large number of new families for what once were araneid species if the maximum-crown-clade family definitions were to be used. Consequently, we argue for restoring the familial and subfamilial classification of Araneidae of Dimitrov et al. (2017), Scharff et al. (2020) and Kallal et al. (2020).
The weird-looking tubular-snouted camels known as floridatragulines have been a controversial group ever since the first specimens were found in the 1930s. We describe only the second known skull of Floridatragulus dolicanthereus, which gives us a better understanding of the cranial anatomy and proof of association of the jaws and skull, because the holotype skull was badly crushed and mostly restored in plaster. Floridatragulus is not an isolated genus, but part of the subfamily Floridatragulinae, which have a fossil record going back to the late Eocene. The late Eocene “Poebrotherium” franki from Trans- Pecos Texas is here renamed Stevenscamelus franki, and represents the oldest known floridatraguline. No floridatraguline fossils are known from the Oligocene, possibly due to the scarcity of terrestrial fossils in the Gulf Coast Plain at that time. The earliest Miocene (latest Arikareean) Aguascalientia was a slightly larger, more derived taxon, known from four species from Mexico, Texas, and Panama. Finally, we recognize three valid species of the genus Floridatragulus from the early Miocene (early Hemingfordian-Barstovian) of Florida and Texas. Floridatragulines were an early and primitive branch of camelids, more derived than poebrotherines and miotylopines-stenomylines, but more primitive than the miolabines and protolabines. They were mostly found in the warm humid subtropical to tropical coastal settings of the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, Florida, and Central America.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi dar continuidade ao monitoramento, feito na pesquisa publicada por Melo; Lima; Pantoja (2019), nos pontos de ocorrência de ariranhas (Pteronura brasiliensis), no igarapé Esperança em zona urbana de Benjamin Constant-AM. No intuito de entender a conservação e implicações para a ocorrência da espécie, foi realizado um diagnóstico ambiental na área onde foi relatada a ocorrência da espécie durante o período da pesquisa e, apontadas possíveis interferências antrópicas que se relacionam direta ou indiretamente com a presença das mesmas no referido igarapé. Apesar do menor número de ocorrências da espécie no período, (se comparado com o anterior) atribuídas ao baixo nível das águas do Rio Javari e do igarapé Esperança, e também à menor precipitação de chuvas no ano de 2018 (se comparado aos anos anteriores), conseguimos dar continuidade ao monitoramento, sendo incluído um novo ponto de observações. Os dados aqui levantados denotam a necessidade de dar continuidade ao trabalho de monitoramento, buscando encontrar soluções para os problemas ora relacionados com as interações entre ariranhas-população humana-igarapé.
We describe here new dental material from the locality of Myaukse Kyitchaung (Pondaung Formation, central Myanmar) that we refer to the primitive Archaeomerycidae ruminant Paukkaungmeryx minutus Ducrocq et al. (2020). The upper molars are morphologically very similar to those of the holotype and exhibit only slight variations on features like the better development of buccal and lingual cingula. The lower teeth display primitive characters including a simple p4 and bunoselenodont lower molars that lack folds on the back of the trigonid wall. This additional material makes Paukkaungmeryx the second archaeomerycid in Pondaung known by upper and lower teeth material, and documents the apparently complex early evolution of the family.
The nominal genus Prestosuchus Huene was originally proposed comprising two nominal species but without a valid indication of the type-species. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, this indication is essential for proposals after the year 1930. Consequently, both nominal species, although valid, have a very uncomfortable situation. Therefore, a new nominal genus, Huenesuchus, is here proposed to correct this nomenclatural situation to be used in the new combination Huenesuchus chiniquensis. In addition, it is noted that two class-group names that have been used lately in the literature are previously occupied. The first, Suchia Krebs, is previously occupied by Simpson. The second, Loricata Merrem, is previously occupied by Schumacher. Therefore, two substitute names are here proposed: Holosuchia for the first and Loricatosuchia for the second. Keywords: Archosauria, Prestosuchus, Huenesuchus, Santa Maria Formation, Triassic.
Protypotherium is one of the main genera of the Interatheriidae due to its species richness, abundance, and wide distribution from southern to middle latitudes of Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Chile. This genus is better known from the species founded by Florentino Ameghino during late 19th century from the prolific Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA); Burdigalian–Early Langhian), Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). This contribution provides the taxonomic revision of the Santacrucian species of Protypotherium and the species erected by Florentino within this genus. We conclude that among the initial 21 species, Protypotherium antiquum, Protypotherium australe, Protypotherium praerutilum, Protypotherium compressidens, and Protypotherium claudum are valid, whereas Protypotherium obstructum is a Hegetotheriidae indet. We present a phylogenetic analysis that does not recover Protypotherium as a clade, due to the nesting of Juchuysillu and Caenophilus, and this assemblage appears as the sister taxon of the clade Progaleopithecus plus Archaeophylus. Finally, the interatheriines from the Santa Cruz Formation do not allow a subdivision of this unit, due to their wide geographic and temporal distribution, thus rejecting the biozones preliminary proposed by other authors. The Atlantic coast (east) and Río Santa Cruz (central) regions are similar in their interatheriine content, but both differ from the western area.
Allotheria are an extinct group of mammaliaforms that originally comprised multituberculates, to which ‘haramiyidans’ and gondwanatherians were later added. Phylogenetic relationships of allotherians have remained controversial since the first reports of the allotherian fossils in the 1800s. Here we report a new euharamiyidan based on a skeletal specimen from the Jurassic Daohugou phase of the Yanliao Biota, China. The superb specimen preserves impressions of differentiated hairs. The pes with impressions of toe skin and claw sheath represents the first such evidence in Mesozoic mammaliamorphs. The remarkable tooth morphologies surpass in complexity any Mesozoic mammals previously known. Phylogenetic analyses place the new species within euharamiyidans from Eurasia and support euharamiyidans, multituberculates, and gondwanatherians as a tripartite monophyletic Allotheria within mammals. This clade is supported not only by their similar molar pattern, but also by many shared derived features of the dental system recognized from discoveries during the last two decades. Allotherians and therians represent the two most successful groups of mammals that are characterized by distinct dental systems. They originated at the latest in the Late Triassic and became diversified in the Middle Jurassic, representing two directions of ecomorphological adaptation during early evolution of mammals.
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