... Numerous researchers, some in academia and others in the industry, have, since the early 1980s, examined and proposed solutions to problems of moral hazard (and fraud in particular ) in the insurance market. Notable studies include, but are not limited to, examination of how the presence of insurance affects the possibilities of fraud (Dionne, 1984), perception of fraud by the insurer and by the insured in eight countries (Clark, 1990), behavioral factors and lottery conditions under the no-fault automobile insurance system (Derrig, Weisberg, and Chen, 1994), workers' compensation insurance fraud (Butler, Durbin, and Helvacian, 1996), the theoretically fraud-inducing economic environment (Boyer, 2000 ), claims auditing as a means to deter and detect fraud in automobile insurance (Tennyson and Salsas-Forn, 2002), use of general damage awards by insurers to reduce fraudulent claims (Loughran, 2005), and the relationship between coinsurance and fraud frequency in the healthcare industry (Sulzle and Wambach, 2005). Several studies also look into ethics in the insurance market (e.g., Tennyson, 1997 Tennyson, , 2002 Dean, 2002). ...