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Dual Sink Efficient Balanced Energy Technique for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Abstract
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks are considered to provide efficient monitoring tasks in aquatic environment but due to limited battery resource of sensor nodes, network lifetime collapses. Energy balancing is the major issue in low network lifetime. High energy consumption creates energy holes and ultimately leads to shorter network lifetime. Therefore, energy consumption must be balanced to increase network life time. To overcome these concerns a technique should be designed that minimizes the energy consumption and prolong network lifetime. This paper presents a Dual Sink Efficient and Balanced Energy consumption Technique (DSEBET) for UASNs. DSEBET overcomes the problem of limited network lifetime and high energy consumption over long distance. Dual sinks underwater model is established. DSEBET first establishes links between nodes on the basis of their optimum distance value and then picks relay nodes on the basis of their minimum distance " N j " value for the transmission of data. In the data transmission phase every nodes have equal energy levels numbers (ELNs). Long distance nodes from one sink will share their data to other sink if come in range of sink otherwise they will establish a multi hop path for transmission of data to the respective sink.
... The underwater energy consumption model detailed in [27] is utilized throughout this work. When using the discrete power level-, a node can establish direct communication with other nodes, which are at most R max ( ) m away. ...
... of energy, where P 0 = 1 × 10 -7 is the desired power level at the input to the receiver (J/bit) [27]. Furthermore, reception energy cost of a single bit is constant, which is defined as ...
... where P r = 0.2 × 10 -7 is the reception constant (J/bit) [27]. In Table II, we present the transmission energy costs (i.e., E T ( ) in mJ/bit) and the transmission ranges (i.e., R max ( ) in meters) for each power level-. ...
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are utilized for a wide range of monitoring and surveillance applications. Lifetime maximization and maintenance of network reliability are among the most important considerations in the deployment of UWSNs. k-connectivity is a robust approach for reinforcing reliability. However, maintaining k disjoint paths from each sensor node to the BS, inevitably, results in extra energy dissipation, which reduces the network lifetime (NLT). Yet, there is no systematic exploration to determine the extent of lifetime reduction due to the increase in the k value, in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we create an optimization framework to be able to explore the trade-off between NLT and k-connectivity based reliability in UWSNs. Through the optimal solutions of the proposed optimization model for a large set of salient parameters, we characterize the inter-play between lifetime and k-connectivity. Our analysis reveals that the k value to be maintained in a UWSN can affect the NLT significantly.
... We adopt the underwater energy consumption model presented in [15]. According to this model, the acoustic attenuation over a distance, d c (l), is calculated as ...
... The constraints of this model are defined in (7)- (15). We define x k ij to be an integer decision variable that represents the number of packets generated by node-k and flowing over link-(i, j). ...
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) are often deployed in hostile environments, and they face many security threats. Moreover, due to the harsh characteristics of the underwater environment, UASNs are vulnerable to malicious attacks. One of the most dangerous security threats is the eavesdropping attack, where an adversary silently collects the information exchanged between the sensor nodes. Although careful assignment of transmission power levels and optimization of data flow paths help alleviate the extent of eavesdropping attacks, the network lifetime can be negatively affected since routing could be established using sub-optimal paths in terms of energy efficiency. In this work, two optimization models are proposed where the first model minimizes the potential eavesdropping risks in the network while the second model maximizes the network lifetime under a certain level of an eavesdropping risk. The results show that network lifetimes obtained when the eavesdropping risks are minimized significantly shorter than the network lifetimes obtained without considering any eavesdropping risks. Furthermore, as the countermeasures against the eavesdropping risks are relaxed, UASN lifetime is shown to be prolonged, significantly.
... We utilize the energy dissipation model detailed in [28], [29], for calculating the transmission and reception energy costs of one bit in the underwater environment. The acoustic path loss between node-i and node-j is expressed as ...
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are, typically, comprised of sparsely deployed sensor nodes in hostile areas. Security of data flows among nodes are established by encryption of data packets, however, due to the limited memory of the sensor nodes, only a subset of keys distributed to the whole network exists at each node, therefore, only a subset of available physical links can be used for secure communications. Indeed, two neighbor sensor nodes can establish secure connectivity only if they share a common key, therefore, the existence of a physical link between a node pair is not sufficient to establish direct secure communications if they do not share a common key. Incomplete secure connectivity makes UWSNs more vulnerable to critical node failures because of the reduction in alternative paths towards the base station. In fact, it is possible to reduce the network lifetime of UWSNs significantly by incapacitating the most critical node in a given deployment topology, which is exacerbated by incomplete secure connectivity. Such nodes, typically, are found in close proximity to the base station. In this study, a linear programming (LP) model is developed to explore the effects of critical node failures on the lifetime of UWSNs with incomplete secure connectivity. Our results reveal that critical node incapacitation can reduce the network lifetimes by up to 47% while increasing the energy consumption overhead of the network by up to 46%.
... The decision toending delay is lessened by utilizing adaptable transmission sensors triggers marginally reduced the throughput of the system. Investigators in [11] planned Dual-Sink Efficient and Balanced Energy consumption Technique (DSEBET) for UASNs. In Audio sensor networks, unite the system life cycle crushes as of limited energy resource. ...
The harsh testing environments of underwater scenarios make it extremely hard to plan a reasonable routing protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs). The main challenge in UWSNs is energy confinement. It is needed to plan an energy effective scheme which increases the life span of the network and also reduces the energy usage in data transfer from supplier to sink. In this research, we present the design of a routing protocol known as Energy Harvesting in UWSN (EH-UWSN). EH-UWSN is a compact, energy efficient, and high throughput routing protocol, in which we present utilization of energy gaining with coordinating transfer of data packets through relay nodes. Through Energy Harvesting, the nodes are capable to recharge their batteries from the outside surrounding with the ultimate objective to improve the time span of network and proceed data through cooperation, along with restricting energy usage. At the sink node, the mixing plan applied is centered on Signal-to-Noise Ratio Combination (SNRC). Outcomes of EH-UWSN procedure reveal good results in terms of usage of energy, throughput, and network life span in comparing with our previous Cooperative Routing Scheme for UWSNs (Co-UWSN). Simulation results show that EH-UWSN has consumed considerably lesser energy when compared with Co-UWSN along with extending network lifetime and higher throughput at the destination.
... With an efficient mobile sink node scheme, the neighboring nodes around the sink node change periodically. It can improve network connectivity and lifetime (Chen et al., 2010;Khan et al., 2016). However, the characteristic nature of continuous objects necessitates considering application specific constraints while determining mobility path of the sink node. ...
... The significant reason for high engendering delays is low profundity Transmission. Researchers in [12] proposed Dual Sink Efficient and Balanced Energy utilization Technique (DSEBET) for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). In UASNs organize the system lifetime crumples because of restricted energy asset. ...
... The significant reason for high engendering delays is low profundity Transmission. Researchers in [12] proposed Dual Sink Efficient and Balanced Energy utilization Technique (DSEBET) for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). In UASNs organize the system lifetime crumples because of restricted energy asset. ...
One of the real issues in UWSN is congestion control. The need is to plan an optimized congestion control scheme which enhances the network life time and in addition limits the usage of energy in data transmission from source to destination. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol called Dist-Coop in UWSN. Dist-Coop is a distributed cooperation based routing scheme which uses mechanism for optimized congestion control in noisy links of underwater environment. It is compact, energy proficient and high throughput opportunistic routing scheme for UWSN. In this proposed protocol architecture, we present congestion control with cooperative transmission of data packets utilizing relay sensors. The final objective is to enhance the network life time and forward information utilizing cooperation procedure, limiting energy consumption amid transmission of information. At destination node, combining strategy utilized is based on Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNRC). Simulation results of Dist-Coop scheme indicate better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, throughput and network lifetime in contrast with Co-UWSN and EH-UWSN routing protocols. Dist-Coop has expended substantially less energy and better throughput when contrasted with these protocols.
Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) provides benefits to humans in numerous domains by empowering the projects of smart cities, healthcare, industrial enhancement and so forth. The IoT networks include nodes, which deliver the data towards their destination. However, the removal of nodes due to malicious attacks affects the connectivity of the nodes in the networks. The ideal plan is to construct a topology, which maintains the nodes' connectivity after the attacks and subsequently increases the network robustness. Therefore, in this thesis, werst adopt two different mechanisms for the construction of a robust scale-free network. Initially, a Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) is used to overcome the premature convergence in GA. Then, an entropy based mechanism is used, which replaces the first solution of high entropy population with the best solution of low entropy population to improve the network robustness. Second, two types of edge swap mechanisms are introduced. The Efficiency based Edge Swap Mechanism (EESM) selects the pair of edges with high efficiency to increase the network robustness. The second edge swap mechanism named EESM-Assortativity transforms the network topology into an onion-like structure to achieve maximum connectivity between similar degree nodes in the network. The optimization of the network robustness is performed using Hill Climbing (HC) and Simulated Annealing (SA) methods. The simulation results show that the proposed MPGA Entropy has 9% better network robustness as compared to MPGA. Moreover, the proposed ESMs effectively increase the network robustness with an average of 15% better robustness as compared to HC and SA. Furthermore, they also increase the graph density as well as network's connectivity with high computational cost. Furthermore, we design a robust network to support the nodes' functionality for the topology optimization in the scale-free IoT networks. It is because the computational complexity of an optimization process increases the cost of the network. Therefore, in this thesis, the main objective is to reduce the computational cost of the network with the aim of constructing a robust network topology. Thus, four solutions are presented to reduce the computational cost of the network. First, a Smart Edge Swap Mechanism (SESM) is proposed to overcome the excessive randomness of the standard Random Edge Swap Mechanism (RESM). Second, a threshold based node removal method is introduced to reduce the operation of the edge swap mechanism when an objective function converges at a point. Third, multiple attacks are performed in the network to find the correlation among the measures, which are degree, betweenness and closeness centralities. Fourth, based on the third solution, the Heat Map Centrality (HMC) is introduced that finds the set of most important nodes from the network. The HMC damages the network by utilizing the information of two positively correlated measures. It helps to provide a good attack strategy for robust optimization. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed SESM mechanism. It outperforms the existing RESM mechanism by almost 4% better network robustness and 10% less number of swaps. Moreover, 64% removal of nodes helps to reduce the computational cost of the network. In addition, we also perform topology optimization using a new heuristic algorithm, named as Great Deluge Algorithm (GDA). Afterwards, four rewiring strategies are designed. The first strategy is based on the degree dissortativity, which performs rewiring if maximum connectivity among similar degree nodes is achieved. In second strategy, we propose a degree difference operation using degree dissortativity to make sure that the connected edges possess low dissortativity and degree difference. Whereas the other two strategies consider nodes' load capacity as well as improved GDA to maximize the network robustness. The effectiveness of the proposed rewiring strategies is evaluated through simulations. The results prove that the proposed strategies increase the network robustness up to 25% as compared to HC and SA algorithms. Besides, the strategies are also very effective in increasing the graph density and network connectivity. However, their computational time is high as compared to HC and SA.
Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) features many unique characteristics, including slow propagation speed, high end-to-end delay, low available bandwidth, variable link quality, and energy constraint. All these problems pose a big challenge to devise a transmission efficient, energy-saving, and low delay routing protocol for UWSNs. In this paper we devise a relative distance based forwarding (RDBF) routing protocol, which aims to provide transmission efficient, energy-saving, and low delay routing. We utilize a fitness factor to measure and judge the degree of appropriateness for a node to forward the packets. Under the limitations of the fitness factor, RDBF can confine the scope of the candidate forwarders and find the beneficial relays to forward packets. In this way, only a small fraction of nodes are involved in forwarding process, which can distinctly reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, using only the selected beneficial nodes as forwarders can both enhance the transmission efficiency and reduce the end-to-end delay. This is because the distances of these nodes to the sink are the shortest and the hop counts of routing paths consisted by these nodes are minimum. We use the ns-2 based simulator to conduct our experiment; the results show that RDBF performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency.
With the rapid development of underwater acoustic modem technology, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) have more applications in long-term monitoring of the deployment area. In the underwater environment, the sensors are costly with limited energy. And acoustic communication medium poses new challenges, including high path loss, low bandwidth, and high energy consumption. Therefore, designing transmission mechanism to decrease energy consumption and to optimize the lifetime of UWASN becomes a significant task. This paper proposes a balance transmission mechanism, and divides the data transmission process into two phases. In the routing set-up phase, an efficient routing algorithm based on the optimum transmission distance is present to optimize the energy consumption of the UWASN. And then, a data balance transmission algorithm is introduced in the stable data transmission phase. The algorithm determines one-hop or multihop data transmission of the node to underwater sink according to the current energy level of adjacent nodes. Furthermore, detailed theoretical analysis evaluates the optimum energy levels in the UWASNs with different scales. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the BTM.
The area of three-dimensional (3D) underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) has attracted significant attention recently due to its applications in detecting and observing phenomena that cannot be adequately observed by means of two-dimensional UWSNs. However, designing routing protocols for 3D UWSNs is a challenging task due to stringent constraints imposed by acoustic communications and high energy consumption in acoustic modems. In this paper, we present an ultrasonic frog calling algorithm (UFCA) that aims to achieve energy-efficient routing under harsh underwater conditions of UWSNs. In UFCA, the process of selecting relay nodes to forward the data packet is similar to that of calling behavior of ultrasonic frog for mating. We define the gravity function to represent the attractiveness from one sensor node to another. In order to save energy, different sensor nodes adopt different transmission radius and the values can be tuned dynamically according to their residual energy. Moreover, the sensor nodes that own less energy or locate in worse places choose to enter sleep mode for the purpose of saving energy. Simulation results show the performance improvement in metrics of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, throughput, and end-to-end delay as compared to existing state-of-the-art routing protocols.
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted significant research attention recently from both industry and academia. Due to the significantly differences from terrestrial wireless sensor networks, including slow propagation speed, high end-to-end delay, low available bandwidth, variable link quality and energy constraint, designing an efficient routing protocol for the underwater sensor networks is challenging. In this paper we devise a relative distance-based forwarding (RDBF) routing protocol, which always try to send the packets along an optimized path without constructing a communication path previously. To limit the scope of candidate forwarders and find the optimal relay, we utilize a fitness factor to measure and judge the degree of appropriateness for a node to forward the packets.
As an important part of industrial application (IA), the wireless sensor network (WSN) has been an active research area over the past few years. Due to the limited energy and communication ability of sensor nodes, it seems especially important to design a routing protocol for WSNs so that sensing data can be transmitted to the receiver effectively. An energy-balanced routing method based on forward-aware factor (FAF-EBRM) is proposed in this paper. In FAF-EBRM, the next-hop node is selected according to the awareness of link weight and forward energy density. Furthermore, a spontaneous reconstruction mechanism for local topology is designed additionally. In the experiments, FAF-EBRM is compared with LEACH and EEUC, experimental results show that FAF-EBRM outperforms LEACH and EEUC, which balances the energy consumption, prolongs the function lifetime and guarantees high QoS of WSN.
Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much research attention from both academia and industry, in order to explore the vast underwater environment. UWSNs have peculiar characteristics; that is, they have large propagation delay, high error rate, low bandwidth, and limited energy. Therefore, designing network/routing protocols for UWSNs is very challenging. Also, in UWSNs, improving the energy efficiency is one of the most important issues since the replacement of the batteries of underwater sensor nodes is very expensive due to the unpleasant underwater environment. In this paper, we therefore propose an energy efficient routing protocol, named (energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol) EEDBR for UWSNs. EEDBR utilizes the depth of sensor nodes for forwarding data packets. Furthermore, the residual energy of sensor nodes is also taken into account in order to improve the network lifetime. Based on the comprehensive simulation using NS2, we observe that EEDBR contributes to the performance improvements in terms of the network lifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay. A previous version of this paper was accepted in AST-2011 conference.
In this paper, we tackle one fundamental problem in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs): robust, scalable and energy efficient
routing. UWSNs are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high
latency, node float mobility (resulting in high network dynamics), high error probability, and 3-dimensional space. These
new features bring many challenges to the network protocol design of UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol,
called vector-based forwarding (VBF), to provide robust, scalable and energy efficient routing. VBF is essentially a position-based
routing approach: nodes close to the “vector” from the source to the destination will forward the message. In this way, only
a small fraction of the nodes are involved in routing. VBF also adopts a localized and distributed self-adaptation algorithm
which allows nodes to weigh the benefit of forwarding packets and thus reduce energy consumption by discarding the low benefit
packets. Through simulation experiments, we show the promising performance of VBF.
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWA-SNs) are envisioned to perform monitoring tasks over the large portion of the world covered by oceans. Due to economics and the large area of the ocean, UWA-SNs are mainly sparsely deployed networks nowadays. The limited battery resources is a big challenge for the deployment of such long-term sensor networks. Unbalanced battery energy consumption will lead to early energy depletion of nodes, which partitions the whole networks and impairs the integrity of the monitoring datasets or even results in the collapse of the entire networks. On the contrary, balanced energy dissipation of nodes can prolong the lifetime of such networks. In this paper, we focus on the energy balance dissipation problem of two types of sparsely deployed UWA-SNs: underwater moored monitoring systems and sparsely deployed two-dimensional UWA-SNs. We first analyze the reasons of unbalanced energy consumption in such networks, then we propose two energy balanced strategies to maximize the lifetime of networks both in shallow and deep water. Finally, we evaluate our methods by simulations and the results show that the two strategies can achieve balanced energy consumption per node while at the same time prolong the networks lifetime.
Network lifetime is crucial to 3D Under Water Sensor Networks (UWSNs) because it decreases more seriously than in 2D scenarios as the radius of the monitored region grows. We utilize sink mobility to solve the problem intuitively because the sink deployed in a vehicle is controllable while sensors are hard to be retrieved and recharged. It is hard to extend the results in 2D scenarios, i.e., a circular motion, to 3D UWSNs directly because there are more factors influencing network lifetime. However there is little literature on utilizing and analyzing sink mobility in 3D UWSNs. To simplify 3D sink mobility, we convert any motion to a combination of circular motions through mapping. After discussing the characteristics of circular motions, we propose MOSS, an optimal MObile Sink Strategy, to maximize the network lifetime in 3D UWSNs. Simulation results show that MOSS outperforms other motion strategies and improves the network lifetime at least in the order of 800% when R ≥ 5r, where R is the network radius and r is the transmission range of sensors.
Underwater sensor networks consist of sensors and vehicles deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given region. Underwater sensor networks will find applications in oceano-graphic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, tactical surveillance, and mine reconnaissance. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. In this paper, an architecture for three-dimensional underwater sensor networks is considered, and a model characterizing the acoustic channel utilization efficiency is introduced, which allows investigating some fundamental characteristics of the underwater environment. In particular, the model allows setting the optimal packet size for underwater communications given monitored volume, density of the sensor network, and application requirements. Moreover, the problem of data gathering is investigated at the network layer by considering the cross-layer interactions between the routing functions and the characteristics of the underwater acoustic channel. Two distributed routing algorithms are introduced for delay-insensitive and delay-sensitive applications. The proposed solutions allow each node to select its next hop, with the objective of minimizing the energy consumption taking the varying condition of the underwater channel and the different application requirements into account. The proposed routing solutions are shown to achieve the performance targets by means of simulation.
The salient features of acoustic communications render many schemes that have been designed for terrestrial sensor networks unusable underwater. We therefore propose a novel virtual sink architecture for underwater sensor networks that aims to achieve robustness and energy efficiency under harsh underwater channel conditions. To overcome the long propagation delay and adverse link conditions in such environments, we make use of multipath data delivery. While conventional multipath routing tends to lead to contention near the sink, we avoid this caveat with the virtual sink design involving a group of spatially diverse physical sinks. Hence, we are able to exploit the reliability achieved from redundancy provided by multipath data delivery while mitigating the contention between the nodes.
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) are deemed to facilitate monitoring tasks in aquatic environment. However, battery resource limitation of sensor nodes leads to shorter network lifetime. Also, unbalanced energy consumption which contributes to limited network lifetime needs to be addressed. Therefore, data transmission technique should be designed to overcome energy dissipation and to optimize network lifetime. This paper presents an Efficient and Balanced Energy consumption Technique (EBET) for UASNs. EBET provision solution for the problems of direct transmission energy consumption over long distance. EBET initially establishes communication links between nodes on the basis of optimal distance threshold. The initial energy of sensor nodes is divided into Energy Level Numbers (ELNs) for balanced energy consumption. Then in data transmission phase, appropriate transmission mechanism is chosen on the basis of specified energy level numbers of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes choose data relay type in accordance to the difference in energy level numbers. Long distance direct data transmission is avoided by selecting high ELN node within transmission range. The effectiveness of EBET is validated through simulations.
SUMMARY Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much research attention to support various applications for pollution monitoring, tsunami warnings, offshore exploration, tactical surveillance, etc. However, because of the peculiar characteristics of UWSNs, designing communication protocols for UWSNs is a challenging task. Particularly, designing a routing protocol is of the most importance for successful data transmissions between sensors and the sink. In this paper, we propose a reliable and energy-efficient routing protocol, named R-ERP2R (Reliable Energy-efficient Routing Protocol based on physical distance and residual energy). The main idea behind R-ERP2R is to utilize physical distance as a routing metric and to balance energy consumption among sensors. Furthermore, during the selection of forwarding nodes, link quality towards the forwarding nodes is also considered to provide reliability and the residual energy of the forwarding nodes to prolong network lifetime. Using the NS-2 simulator, R-ERP2R is compared against a well-known routing protocol (i.e. depth-based routing) in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, end-to-end delay and delivery ratio. The simulation results proved that R-ERP2R performs better in UWSNs.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) has recently become an important field due to the importance of underwater exploration. The unique characteristics of underwater environment make the designing of routing protocol a challenging task. It is difficult to replace the batteries, therefore, it is very important to design a routing protocol that gives maximum network lifetime. Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (EEDBR) are two such routing protocols which give very good performance in underwater environment. In DBR and EEDBR while forwarding the data all the neighboring nodes receive the data. In our work by limiting the number of forwarding nodes, we have extended the network lifetime and energy consumption of DBR and EEDBR. Extensive simulations have been conducted in which show considerable improvement in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption. c ⃝ 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Elhadi M. Shakshuki.
Multi-hop communication in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) brings new challenges in reliable data transmission. Recent work shows that data collection from underwater sensor nodes using Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) minimizes multi-hop data transmission, improving energy efficiency in UASN. However, due to continuous movements, AUV has limited communication time to collect data from sensor nodes in UASN. We therefore propose a novel underwater routing protocol, namely AEERP (AUV aided Energy Efficient Routing Protocol). In AEERP, an AUV collects data from gateway nodes. Among all the nodes, selected nodes play the role of gateway node for communication with AUV. Gateway nodes are selected based on RSSI values of the hello packet received from AUV. In addition, after consuming energy up to a certain threshold by a gateway node, another high energy node is selected as a gateway node. This adaptive selection of gateway node balances energy consumption increasing network lifetime. Mathematical analysis and NS-2 simulation show that AEERP performs better than Travel Salesperson Problem (TSP) in terms of energy cost and data delivery ratio.
Providing an efficient communication for the underwater wireless sensor networks is a significant problem due to the unique characteristics of such environments. Radio signal cannot propagate well in deep water, and we have to replace this with the acoustic channel. This replacement results in many issues like high latency due to less propagation speeds, low bandwidths and high error probability. In addition, new features like node mobility with water currents and 3-dimensional space brings additional challenges to the underwater sensor network (UWSN) protocol design. Many routing protocols have been proposed for such environments but most of them considered that the complete dimensional location of all the sensor nodes is already known through a localization process, which itself is a challenging task in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol, called Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB), in order to provide scalable and time efficient routing. Our routing protocol will take advantage of the multiple-sink architecture of the underwater wireless sensor networks. The novelty of H2-DAB is that, it does not require any dimensional location information, or any extra specialized hardware compared to many other routing protocols in the same area. Our results show that H2-DAB effectively achieves the goals of higher data deliveries with optimal delays and energy consumptions.
Providing scalable and ecient routing services in underwater sensor net- works (UWSNs) is very challenging due to the unique characteristics of UWSNs. Firstly, UWSNs often employ acoustic channels for communications because radio signals do not work well in water. Compared with radio-frequency channels, acous- tic channels feature much lower bandwidths and several orders of magnitudes longer propagation delays. Secondly, UWSNs usually have very dynamic topology as sen- sors move passively with water currents. Some routing protocols have been proposed to address the challenging problem in UWSNs. However, most of them assume that the full-dimensional location information of all sensor nodes in a network is known in prior through a localization process, which is yet another challenging issue to be solved in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing (DBR) protocol. DBR does not require full-dimensional location information of sensor nodes. Instead, it needs only local depth information, which can be easily obtained with an inex- pensive depth sensor that can be equipped in every underwater sensor node. A key advantage of our protocol is that it can handle network dynamics eciently with- out the assistance of a localization service. Moreover, our routing protocol can take advantage of a multiple-sink underwater sensor network architecture without intro- ducing extra cost. We conduct extensive simulations. The results show that DBR can achieve very high packet delivery ratios (at least 95%) for dense networks with only small communication cost.
This implies that certain trade-offs worthwhile for radios may be too costly for acoustic modems. Furthermore, capabilities inherent in acoustic modems (e.g., the possibility of an ultra-low power re- ceive state) may cause solutions that were too expensive for radio to be justifiable in an underwater network. The main contribution of this work is a preliminary evaluation of idle-time power management techniques for underwater sensor net- works. Through an analysis of the energy consumption of various modes for acoustic modems, we show that for sensors that transmit data with a period on the order of minutes to a few hours, idle-time power management techniques that increase the needed transmis- sion time may perform poorly. As an alternative, we investigate the use of a wakeup mode. Wakeup modes for radios are not a new idea, but they have not yet been widely adopted due to the fact that their implementation requires new hardware and this technology may not be mature enough. However, in this paper we argue for the use of wakeup modes in acoustic modems. To this end, we present an evaluation of four protocols via simulation, demonstrating that the use of an ultra-low power wakeup mode consistently results in the greatest energy savings. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the characteristics of acoustic modems and presents their impact on idle-time protocols. Section 3 presents our evaluation of these pro- tocols over different network traffic patterns for acoustic modems. Finally, Section 4 presents some conclusions and future directions.
Underwater sensor networks (USNs) could provide real time in-situ monitoring to supply high spatio-temporal resolution capability. However underwater environment represents many challenges for sensor networks. It has become an urgent problem to get high temporal precision sampling data from USNs and to prolong USNspsila lifetime at the same time. In this paper, we present an underwater application model for collecting detail data from USNs with multiple mobile actors to get high temporal resolution capability. Our proposed complete strategy works in two ways: local base station collects sensorspsila data with regular time resolution, and mobile actors collect data from virtual clusters with high temporal resolution. We present three algorithms to accomplish the network model: a) area partitioning and actors scattering algorithm, b) sub-region optimizing algorithm, and c) virtual cluster formation algorithm. The paper present simulations to evaluate our proposed algorithms. The results indicates that our strategy can achieve lower end-to-end delay which is one eighth of that by former methods, actors can collect high temporal resolution data through virtual clusters, local network alternates within two network states (local USN and virtual clusters) freely. At the same time, since the proposed approach does not reduce local USNspsila lifetime, it has great potential in underwater network applications.
Underwater acoustic networks are envisaged to be the enabling technology for oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration and tactical surveillance applications. Unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels such as large propagation delays and high bit error rates pose a challenge to designing reliable and efficient communication protocols. In this paper, we propose an opportunistic acknowledgement scheme suited for Stop and Wait ARQ protocols and demonstrate using simulations that it achieves better latency and energy efficiency than traditional non-opportunistic schemes for both one and two-dimensional multi-hop acoustic channels.
Data Collection with Multiple Mobile Actors in Underwater Sensor Networks
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28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, ICDCS '08, Beijing, China, 17-20 June 2008; pp.216-221.