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A never ending story? Permutations of "snow white and rose red" narrative and its research across time and space

Authors:

Abstract

The article discusses the presumptions, interdependences and paradoxes of representations of folktales in 19th century literary collections (Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm Kinder- und Hausmärchen and Mijat Stojanovic Narodne pripoviedke) and contemporary scholarly works. The focus is on paratextual and epitextual differences as markers of ideological and epistemological background of Wilhelm Grimm's "Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot" and its verbatim Croatian translation "Bielka i Rumenka" by Mijat Stojanovic. In the conclusion, representation (definition and concordance) of Grimm's text and its verbatim translation in the latest edition of The Types of International Folktales is discussed regarding the blurring borders between the oral and written, text and research in folk narrative research.
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A NEVER ENDING STORY?
PERMUTATIONS OF eSNOW WHITE AND
ROSE REDf NARRATIVE AND ITS RESEARCH
ACROSS TIME AND SPACE
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... When arguing for the queer reading of "Snow White and Rose Red", it is prudent to note that the tale was not originally included in the Grimms' Kinder-und Hausmärchen-indeed it did not make an appearance in the collected text until the abridged second edition in 1833, then subsequently appeared in the third edition of the full text in 1837. Part of the reason for this is that the tale is Wilhelm Grimm's retelling of a German literary fairy tale by Caroline Stahl and not an oral tale-there is even evidence to suggest that the Grimms took pains to retell the story in a way that would encourage readers to identify it as an oral folktale ( [28], pp. 148-50). ...
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In season one, episode 15 of the television show Once Upon a Time, viewers are given a glimpse into the history of Ruby/Red, the series’ version of Red Riding Hood. The episode reveals that, contrary to most oral and written versions of the ATU 333 tale, Red herself is the wolf: a werewolf who must wear an enchanted red cloak in order to keep from turning into a monster. The episode also features the beginnings of the close friendship between Red and Snow White. The sisterly bond that quickly forms between the two women, combined with the striking images of their respective red and white cloaks, easily calls to mind a less familiar fairy tale not explicitly referenced in the series: “Snow White and Rose Red” (ATU 426). Taking queer readings of this text as starting points, I argue that this allusion complicates the bond between the two women, opening up space for a compelling reading of Red’s werewolf nature as a coded depiction of her then latent but later confirmed bisexuality.
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The article presents and discusses oral Jewish North African versions of Snow White, preserved in the Israeli Folktale Archive. Unlike previous interpretations that suggested viewing the relatively active heroine in these tales as reflecting maidens' ability to choose their own destiny, this article suggests viewing them as warning tales, aimed at guiding young maidens on how to manage their sexuality in Arab-Jewish society. The versions in which the father (rather than the mother) decrees the daughter's murder, due to suspected promiscuity or cases in which the heroine is an incest victim, serve to support this idea.
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Fairy tales have never known geographical, disciplinary or cultural borders. In many ways, they provide a model for thinking about storytelling on a transnational level long before comparative literature began transforming itself into world literature. As the simple expression of complex thought, fairy tales have increasingly become the focus of intense scholarly inquiry. In this Companion, international scholars from a range of academic disciplines explore the historical origins, cultural dissemination and psychological power of fairy stories, and offer model interpretations of tales from a variety of traditions and sources, including Charles Perrault, the Brothers Grimm and the One Thousand and One Nights. Rather than disenchanting the stories, the essays in this volume broaden our understanding of them and deepen our appreciation of the cultural work they do. A chronology and guide to further reading contribute to the usefulness of the volume for students and scholars.
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Even as the American Folklore Society nears its centennial, folklore as an autonomous academic discipline within the American university is less than forty years old. Much of the American debate over "applied folklore" in the period after World War II must therefore be examined in relation to a young academic discipline on the defensive. As Richard M. Dorson fought to establish folklore as an autonomous academic discipline, the discourse on applied folklore entered a new phase, for never before, not even during the activism of the New Deal, did the public sector confront so vociferous an opponent. Dorson was opposed equally to "popularization," which he saw as largely commercial and exploitative, and to "applied folklore," which he credited with the nobler aim of making the world a better place. For Dorson, popularization produced what he dubbed "fakelore": The hapless consumer was duped into thinking he was getting the genuine folklore article, and folklore as an academic discipline was discredited with each new trea sury and literary tall tale (Dorson 1971a, 1972). Though applied folklorists were better intended, they were, in Dorson's view, ill-equipped for the task. Further, applied folklore only diverted the professional folklorist from the call of pure scholarship, and the young discipline needed all the talent it could find. In other words, because both popularization and applied folklore blurred the boundaries of pure folklore scholarship and siphoned off intellectual talent, they threatened the fledgling academic discipline. Ironically, folklore succeeded so well as a discipline that within about twenty years, by the 1970s, the academy had produced more professionals than it could absorb. How, in good faith, could university programs continue to train folklorists who would never work in their profession? As universities began to suffer from the shifting demographics of the 1970s and 1980s, how would these folklore programs stay afloat if they could not compete effectively for students? The tables had turned. The enemy became the solution. Applied folklore was now in the interests of the discipline, rather than in competition with it. The public sector would, and did, absorb the surplus of professional folklorists. To frame the history of applied folklore in America in the postwar period in this way is not cynical. Rather, it highlights several ironies. First, applied folklore has been instrumental in the academic discipline's consolidation of its own power, initially as a negative raison d'etre for the academic discipline, a position for the academy to resist in the struggle for disciplinary self-definition, and later as a way to enlarge the scope of the profession and absorb the surplus of professionals. Second, as folklore was establishing itself in the American university, the American folksong revival was gathering momentum in the coffeehouse, on the concert stage, and in the recording studio. Though maligned as a threat to the academic discipline, the folksong revival created an appetite for formal folklore training: many individuals who would later achieve prominence as academic folklorists began as revivalists Qackson 1985). Third, even as academic folklore programs depended on the public sector both to recruit students and to absorb graduates, the academy (and I speak here of departments and curricula, not individual folklorists) continued to disassociate itself from applied folklore. By disassociation, I mean that academic folklore programs have tended to maintain the dichotomy between pure and applied folklore and consistently refused to examine their own essentially and inescapably applied character: The folkloristic enterprise is not and cannot be beyond ideology, national political interests, and economic concerns. Furthermore, while sending their graduates into the applied sector, folklore programs have unwittingly trivialized this arena by treating it as a largely practical, rather than intellectual, undertaking: With recent and important exceptions, folklorists are not being trained specifically for the public sector. By training, I do not mean learning how to write a press release, lobby politicians for money, or run a festival, though these are all essential skills, but rather acquiring a critical knowledge of the history of the field and its essentially applied character. Nor has the public sector really entered the intellectual life of the discipline, whether as a subject in its own right or as integral to the entire conception and history of the field. Recent reassessments of Benjamin Botkin's career and the growing interest in New Deal folklorists suggest that here, too, there are important exceptions. We have much to learn from European, and particularly, German folklorists, who have lately proposed that Volkskunde be turned into an "applied cultural science" (Dow and Lixfeld 1986:2) and are now confronting the painful subject of Volkskunde and national socialism (Dow 1987; Gerndt 1987). The centrality of the issues raised by applied folklore would become clearer if the academic discipline as it is practiced in America would systematically examine the ideological and economic bases of its own practice, as a discourse and as a profession. In an effort to stimulate such examination, the following discussion focuses on four areas of concern: Advocacy, representation, art, and critical discourse. © 2007 by University Press of Mississippi. All rights reserved.
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Recent research on the social/political and literary power of relations between texts is used in criticizing the metadiscursive practices—methods used in locating, extracting, editing, and interpreting discourses—of folklorists, anthropologists, and other practitioners. The Grimms' construction of Kinder- und Hausmärchen provides a crucial example of the way scholars manipulate literary features in creating the illusion that a written text reflects a prior oral text—while at the same time rendering this process invisible. The retention of these metadiscursive practices in contextualist and performance-based approaches and ethnopoetics is examined.
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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, under the sway of Romantic Nationalism, folklore emerged. Both the public understanding of folklore and the ways it is studied by folklorists continue to be affected by the nature of its emergence. The identification of folklore with territory, and with its symbolically endowed landscape, emerged in early modern Europe as arguments for divine right kingship developed. As a field invented by antiquarians, the social emplacement of these virtuosi is investigated and the politics of culture of early modern Europe is brought to bear on nationalistic movements and tied to the present through the spectre of wars of national formation. The argument focuses on how folkloristic thinking has encouraged nationalistic movements, and on how folklorists might begin to think about a new politics of culture, one based on pluralist rather than nationalist perspectives.