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... [15] Taxonomical classification. [ Family Asteraceae [1,7,8,[15][16][17]19,20] Compositae [2,3,9,10,13,14,17,[20][21][22][23] ...
... [15] Taxonomical classification. [ Family Asteraceae [1,7,8,[15][16][17]19,20] Compositae [2,3,9,10,13,14,17,[20][21][22][23] ...
... There is variability in temperament of qust, proposed by different scholars: (Hot 1 0 Dry 1 0 ) [13] or (Hot 3 0 Dry 2 0 ) [25] or (Hot 3 0 Dry 3 0 ) [10,11,12,24,26,27] Distribution/Habitat: North Asia-Kashmir and neighboring Himalaya region 2500-3000 m; and also in Garhwal of Uttar Pradesh. [2,8,10,13,14,18,20,23,28] Part used: The dried roots constitute the drug Qust/ Saussurea which is official in India [2,8,9,13,17,18,29] and essential oil are used primarily. ...
... Besides oil, the plant also contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponines and tannins. The leaves contain ascorbic acid and carotene as well (Anonymous, 1991) [4] . The present work was carried out to know the presence of various phytoconstituents in black variety tulsi grown in Madavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. ...
... Besides oil, the plant also contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponines and tannins. The leaves contain ascorbic acid and carotene as well (Anonymous, 1991) [4] . The present work was carried out to know the presence of various phytoconstituents in black variety tulsi grown in Madavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. ...
Extracts of fresh leaves of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) were subjected to chemical analysis for the presence of various phytoconstituents viz phenols, flavonoids, flavonolglucosides, saponins, carbohydrate, sugar, terpenoids, amino acids, proteins and quinones tannins and the results showed positive for phenols, flavonoids, flavonolglucosides, saponins, quinines and tannins and negative for terpenoids and amino acids. Keywords: Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum, leaves, aqueous extract, phytoconstituents.
... The seeds contain approximately 25% oil, which is used for cooking purposes (Xian-zi, 1996) [14] . The bark also contains 10% tannin, which is utilized for the treatment of fever and can be used for tanning purposes (Anonymous, 1962) [2] . At present, minor or underutilized fruit crops are gaining importance due to their significant role in human health, nutrition, medicinal and therapeutic uses, income security, and ecological balance. ...
... The seeds contain approximately 25% oil, which is used for cooking purposes (Xian-zi, 1996) [14] . The bark also contains 10% tannin, which is utilized for the treatment of fever and can be used for tanning purposes (Anonymous, 1962) [2] . At present, minor or underutilized fruit crops are gaining importance due to their significant role in human health, nutrition, medicinal and therapeutic uses, income security, and ecological balance. ...
... Chemical composition of Citrus (average of different Citrus varieties, content per 100 gm of edible fruit portion)[46]. ...
... Composition of Citrus fruits[46]. ...
Citrus, belonging to the Rutaceae family, is a commercial fruit worldwide, and it is mainly recognized for its nutritional, anti-oxidant, and significant medicinal properties. Citruses are a group of multifaceted fruit crops with a rich traditional knowledge, deeply rooted in ethnic culture, and the fruits have been considered to be health-protecting and health-promoting food supplements since ancient times. The presence of secondary metabolites and their bioactivities has led to the development of new alternative drugs in recent years. Diverse secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils and their high bioactive properties have imparted great value to human health based on their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, cardiovascular protective, and neuroprotective effects. The indigenous Citrus species of India—mainly Northeast India—have distinctive and valuable genetic traits, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, distinctive aroma, flavor, etc. Hence, these species are considered to be repertoires of valuable genes for molecular breeding aimed at quality improvement. There is a need for awareness and understanding among the citrus-producing countries of the exploitation of biodiversity and the conservation of Citrus for sustainable development and bioprospecting. The current review presents a holistic view of Citrus biodiversity from a global perspective, including phytochemical constituents and health benefits. Advanced biotechnological and genomic approaches for Citrus trait improvement have also been discussed to highlight their relevance in Citrus improvement.
... (Cuscutaceae) is a leafless twining stem parasite having pale white flowers with reflexed corolla lobes. The herb is found distributed throughout India as a dense yellow wiry mass on trees 1 and shrubs during winter. It is commonly known as Amarvela (Sanskrit), Dodder (English) and Akasbel 1,2 (Hindi). ...
... The herb is found distributed throughout India as a dense yellow wiry mass on trees 1 and shrubs during winter. It is commonly known as Amarvela (Sanskrit), Dodder (English) and Akasbel 1,2 (Hindi). The medicinal properties of the plant are attributed as purgative, used in flatulence and liver 3,4 complaints and externally for itch. ...
... In indian sub-continent, the berries are used as a blood purifier. The twigs are chewed for cleaning of teeth and the smoke of the plant is inhaled for relief in toothache (Dymock et al., 1972 andAnonymous, 1969). High percentage of β-sitosterol and Linoleic acid are the factors reported to be responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect (Anonymous, 1982). ...
The recent global resurgence of interest in herbal medicines, has led to an increase in demand for herbal drugs and consequently a decline in their quality, particularly due to a lack of adequate evidence proof data for assessing the quality of drug. The dried seeds of Withania coagulans Dunal of Solanaceae family, play a major role in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of ulcers, dyspepsia, rheumatism, dropsy, etc. Organoleptic parameters are not much reliable in establishing the standards of herbal drugs for which an attempt was made through analytical analysis, providing a more concrete picture regarding the qualitative and quantitative aspects which were widely accepted in the quality assessment of herbal drugs such as TLC and HPTLC studies. In the present study, β-sitosterol has been quantified in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Withania coagulans Dunal from different states or regions, showing the variation of β-sitosterol content in the drug due to geographical variation. TLC carried with mobile phase Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Glacial Acetic acid (6:1.5:0.5 (v/v)) on Precoated aluminium silica gel plates (Merck) and densitometric determinations was done at 254 nm. Calibration curve was prepared and the amount of β-sitosterol estimated in the extracts by comparing the respective peak areas with that of the standard. A faster, reliable and sensitive HPTLC method has been developed and validated for the analysis of β-sitosterol in seeds of Withania coagulans. Other parameters studied such as phytochemical screening, morphology, heavy metals, aflatoxin contamination and fluorescence behaviour to lay down the standard for the genuine drug.
... These therapeutic plants contain certain phytochemical compounds that treat infections like cancer, bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases [13]. The utilization of results of plant beginning can decrease adverse consequences, and the mixtures present in plants act preventively against various pathogenic microorganisms [14]. Practically all restorative plants have tremendous potential for the revelation of new medications that benefit humankind. ...
When compared to other nations, India produces the most medicines. Numerous restorative plants are helpful for reinforcing the human medical services framework and arrangements in view of these therapeutic plants assume a significant part in current medication and the restorative plant Aerva lanata is one of them. Restorative plants contain organically dynamic parts called phytochemicals, which are regulated to treat different human illnesses and furthermore assume a critical part in recuperating. The goal of this study is to decide the phytochemical examination of the remedial worth of the concentrate from the entire plant Aerva lanata a significant restorative plant. Subjective phytochemical screening assurance utilizing different natural concentrates like methanol, Pet. ether, ethyl acetic acid derivation, chloroform, fluid arranged from the entire plant Aerva lanata uncovered the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, sugar, glycosides, tannins and xanthoproteins. Dainty layer chromatographic investigations of Aerva lanata entire plant separates introduced different shaded phytochemical compounds with various Rf values. Chloroform and methanol separate in the medication are performed to decide the biomarker compound. The outcomes got in this study showed that the whole plant parts of aerva lanata like roots, stem, leaves and flowers gives potential to the therapy of a few illnesses and gives proof that the concentrate of Aerva lanata contains restoratively significant bioactive mixtures, which legitimizes the utilization of the plant species as a customary medication for the treatment of different sicknesses.
... India is thought to have over 1,38,00,000 neem trees with the capacity to generate 4,13,000 tons of neem seeds, about 83,000 tons of neem oil, and 3,30,000 tons of neem cake. Neem wood is typically regarded as being extremely resilient to insect and fungal attack and durable even when used outdoors (Anonymous, 2004). ...
In India neem plant is known as village dispensary tree. The chapter deals with Ethnobotanical and Pharmaceutical compound of neem tree. Apart from the chemistry of the neem compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications during the last five decades and are summarised in this review and discussed on lot of scope of neem for the better utilization of this unique plant.
... The world health organization reported that about 80% population of Asia and South Africa sub-continent use medicinal plants and their products as primary health care (Tapsell et al., 2006;Lai and Roy, 2004;Sherman and Hash, 20011).Neem is a member of Meliacae family and also known as Azadirachta india A.juss. This is a tropical evergreen tree native to Indian sub-continent (Anonymous, 1985;Roxburgh, 1874). This is medium to large tree with up to 25 meter height with spreading branches. ...
Endophyte of medicinal plants have sharp potential in de-novo synthesis of different bioactive metabolites. These bioactive compounds are used directly or indirectly as therapeutic agent in several ailments. Defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both in human system named diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is causing serious health problem and nearly half of the adult world population is affected. Mycelia extract of endophytes isolated from neem were reported best inhibition ranging 15 to 38% α-amylase and sucrose. Haemoglobin enhancement is also reported. Isolated endophytes have fair activity against diabetes.
... and Maveez Munaqqa (Vitis vinifera Linn.) and it possesses the cumulative properties of its constituent drugs having anti-inflammatory, expectorants or mucolytic properties. [4,8,9,15,16] The Unani physicians have mentioned this Unani compound formulation in renowned Unani pharmacopeias such as Tibb-e-Akbar [3] and Kitab-ul-Murakabat [1] for treatment of cough and respiratory tract infections but the clinical data to prove that the Unani compound formulation is safe and efficacious is not available. Scientific justification for the traditional use of this compound formulation in Sual ratab (productive cough) is not available. ...
It has been described that Sual (cough) is the movement of lungs to remove or reduce the painful stress on the lungs). Cough is a physiologically useful protective reflex that clears the respiratory tract. It occurs due to stimulation of chemo receptors in throat, respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs. According to Unani scholars, Sual (cough) is an act by which Tabiyat removes Aziyat (irritating substances) from the lungs, cough with mucus and sputum. It affects mainly quality of life, works productivity and public health resources etc. The drugs available in the modern medicine produce more or less side effects in the human body. The Unani classical formulation is traditionally used for the treatment of cough, early stages of asthma and useful in bronchial Asthma, phlegmatic cough. Expel phlegm from the chest. It is used to clear mucus from the chest and clear chest congestion. It is 100% natural and vegetarian product. No side effects of Sharbat Zoofa Murakkab mentioned and reported in Unani classical literature and a clinical study was conducted by the Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine under Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, more studies are required to validate the Pharmacopeial formulation on large scale.
... The herb is traditionally used to treat several conditions, such as rheumatism, nasal bleeding, fever, wound healing, and amoebic dysentery (Sharma et al., 2013;Singh and Thakur, 2014). In hilly areas, fresh flowers are also used in the condition of diarrhea, dysentery, and dyspepsia (Bhattacharjee, 1998) and in excess may cause intoxication (Anonymous, 1972). Also, their leaves can be utilised as a poultice for headaches and high fever. ...
The tree Rhododendron arboreum belongs to the Ericaceae family, which harbours the entire Himalayan range. In this study, flowers and leaves of R. arboreum were selected from the Mussoorie area in the district of Dehradun (Uttarakhand). Plant extracts were obtained by using hexane, distilled water, acetone, 80% methanol and ethyl acetate solvents in an orbital shaker. The activity of the extracts against Bacillus cereus, Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was investigated using an agar well diffusion procedure, and the synergistic interaction of the extracts with conventional antibiotics, including norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, was examined. Phytochemicals of R. arboreum were obtained from PubChem, and a target protein was rebuilt using the RCSB protein data bank. The docking approach was carried out via AutoDock vina software with penicillin binding protein (3VSL) to validate the microbe interactions and bioactive molecules, whereas Molinspiration and Swiss ADME servers were used to determine the Lipinski rule of 5 and perform drug-likeness analysis, respectively. Protox II and AdmetSAR tools were used to screen phytoconstituent toxicity. Flower and leaf extracts exhibited the highest yields (3.06 ± 0.9% and 2.53 ± 1.01%, respectively) in methanol. Phenolics, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, amino acids, cardiac glycosides, tannin, protein, and saponin were qualitatively found. Synergistic activity against B. cereus and E. coli was observed for aqueous leaf extracts, while methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of flowers and leaves exhibited synergism against Shigella and S. aureus. Ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and leaves are the best synergistic enhancer. According to in silico data obtained from an in silico study, the best phytocompounds and prospective antibacterial agents are epifriedelanol and campanulin.
... Aside from its nerve tonic qualities, it is also beneficial in asthma, lung disorders, spleen enlargement, tonsillitis, sciatica, and rheumatism. To keep pests at bay, dried leaves are mixed in with grains[37][38][39] . ...
Memory is the most significant factor in distinguishing one person from another, as it is necessary to recognise one’s own self. The brain can encode, store, and retrieve information using three different types of memory. Individuals who lack these basic forms of memory are unable to create personal relationships, acquire new knowledge, and perform basic everyday duties. Memory refers to a person’s ability to encode, store, retain, and recall knowledge and past events in his or her brain. Memory gives a person the ability to learn from and adapt to previous experiences, as well as the ability to recall previously taught facts, skills, and habits. Today, poor memory, weak recall, and low retention are all typical issues. Memory deteriorates primarily because of stress and exhaustion. Memory loss, often known as age-related memory impairment, is frequent in those over the age of 40. This could be linked to the loss of hormones and proteins (growth factors) that repair brain cells as people get older. Herbs were employed to improve memory power in India throughout ancient times. Indian and Chinese cultures developed many traditional medicines from herbs to treat diminishing cognition, reverse memory loss, and improve learning power. Nootropic herbs are known for their brain-acting herbs and smart medications, which are derived from their isolated ingredients and aid to improve blood circulation in the brain. The focus of this review is on natural agents and herbs that work as memory enhancers. By using one of the herbs at a time, one can improve his or her memory.
... It is good for the heart, improves appetite, and balances Vata, and Kapha. [2,[12][13][14] Gum mixed with oil of roses is rubbed on forehead for headache. The leaf essential oil is used to treat colds, rheumatism, nasal congestion, mild headache and mental stress. ...
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin (family Vitaceae) is a deciduous,
glabrous, perennial, climbing shrub used to treat boilds, fractured
bones, dandruff, eczema, fever, food poisoning, lymphatic swellings
and muscular pain. Abies webbiana (Wall ex D. Don) Lindl. (family
Pinaceae) is a large, tall, evergreen, aromatic, coniferous tree; and its
leaves are used to treat cough, asthma, bronchitis, common cold, nasal
congestion, rhinitis, fever, gas, headache, malaria, neuralgia, phthisis,
rheumatism, catarrh of the bladder and excessive phlegm. This study
was planned to isolate phytoconstituents from these plant materials and
to characterize their structures. The leaves of C. trifolia afforded nhexadecanyl n-octadec-9, 12-dienoate (n- hexadecanyl linoleate, 1), nheptadecanyl n-octadec-9, 12- dienoate (n-heptadecanyl linoleate, 2),
n-docosanyl n-octadec-9, 12- dienoate ( n-docosanyl linoleate, 3), n-docosanyl n-octadec-9-
enoate (n-docosanyl oleate, 4), and n-tridecanyl n-octadec-9, 12-dienoate (n-tricosanyl
linoleate, 5). The leaves of Abies webbiana produced a new bicyclic sesquiterpenic
arabinoside characterized as bezzan-2,4-dien-15-oate 15α-D-arabinopyronoside (6). The
structures of isolated phytoconstituents were established on the basis of analysis of spectral
data and chemical means.
... Anatomy is the first step towards ensuring quality of plant material, the authentication of plant material. According to WHO the macroscopic and microscopic description of a medicinal plant is the first step towards establishing its identity and purity, which should be carried out before tests are undertaken [32] . Abbreviations Used: LE-Lower epidermis, UE-Upper epidermis, VB-Vascular bundle ...
... Punica granatum Linn (Punicaceae) commonly known as pomegranate is large deciduous shrub or a small tree up to 5-10 m in height, wild and cultivated throughout India up to an altitude of 2000 m in the hills. [1] Several systematic scientific studies are also being conducted regarding the efficacy of whole plant or its parts in different extract forms for the treatment of different diseases. This plant has been reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidative, hypolipidemic, analgesic, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, antifertility, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, gastro protective, uterine stimulant cytotoxic, carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, carotid artery stenosis, myocardial perfusion, dental conditions, ultraviolet radiation, erectile dysfunction, male fertility, neonatal hypoxia ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer disease, obesityand anticancer activities. ...
... The selected plant were also used for the treatment of anxiety however, only limited literature are available. [4][5][6]Therefore the present work was undertaken II. ...
The present study was aimed to investigate anxiolytic property of aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Sarcostemma acidum. The anxiolytic activity was evaluated with the adult mice by the light-dark box test, and motor coordination with the rota rod test. The efficacy of the root extract at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg was compared with the standard anxiolytic drug diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.) The results indicate that extract increased the time spent in the brightly-lit chamber of the light/dark box, as well as in the number of times the animal crossed from one compartment to the other.
... It is an erect, much branched, 30-60 cm tall sub-shrub, with simple, ovate, petiolate, aromatic, tomentose, opposite green or purple, dentate leaves; flowers purple, in elongate racemes in close whorls. [23,24] Tulsi, the queen of herbs is considered as an adaptogenic, antidote, astringent, blood purifier, insecticide, cardiac and nervine tonic; used to treat arthritis, asthma, blood cholesterol, bronchitis, cardiovascular, gastric, digestive, hepatic and immunological disorders, colds, colic pain, constipation, convulsions, cough, dengue, diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, earache, emetic syndrome, fevers, headaches, heart disease, helminthisis, inflammation, influenza, indigestion, insect bites, intestinal parasites, itching, ringworm, leucoderma, malaria, mouth infections, night blindness, pain, ringworm, skin rashes, stomach disorders, stress, swelling and toxicity. It is mixed with stored grains to repel insects. ...
The rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae), aerial parts of Digera muricata (L.) Mart. (Amaranthaceae),
fruits of Grewia asiatica L. (Malvaceae) and leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) are used to treat various
diseases. This study was planned to isolate phytoconstituents from these plant materials and to characterize their
structures. The air-dried powders of the herbal drugs (1.0 kg each) were exhaustively extracted with methanol
individually and the concentrated each extract was adsorbed on silica gel separately for preparation of slurries.
Each dried slurry was subjected to silica gel column packed in petroleum ether. The columns were eluted with
organic solvents in order of increasing polarity to isolate the compounds. The rhizomes of A. calamus afforded
stearyl oleate (1) and eudesman-11-ol-8β, 13-olide (2). The aerial parts of D. muricata furnished phenolic
glucosides identified as 3-isopropanoic acid phenyl 1-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (3) and resorcinyl 1-O-β-D-
glucopyranosyl-(6′→1′′)-O- β-D-glucopyranoside (4). An acyclic sesquiterpenic acid 2,10-dimethyl-6-methylene
dodecan-1-oic acid (5) and cerotic acid (6) were isolated from the fruits of Grewia asiatica. The leaves of O.
sanctum gave a carotenol carot-4,6,8,10,12,14,2′(17′), 6′(8′), 10′(19′),14′(20′)-decaene-1′-ol (ocimum xanthin, 7)
and a diterpenic ester kaur-5,15(17)-dien-7β-olyl vanillate (kaurdienoyl vanillate, 8). The structures of these
phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
... mg/100 g) in both stages of maturity i.e., bud and flower. The mineral content of B. variegata flowers has also been reported in a study by Anonymous (1988). When flowers were analyzed for ash and minerals, it was reported that 100 g edible portion of B. variegata flower contained about 1.30g ash. ...
... Cinnamomum tamala Nees et Eberm (Lauraceae), a medium sized evergreen tree up to 1.4 m girth and 7.5 m height, is distributed in tropical and sub-tropical Himalayas, Khasi and Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, Sikkim, Assam and Mizoram and cultivated in Tripura [1] . The oil possesses strong carminative, stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, deobstruent and lactagogue properties [2] . ...
The essential oil of the fresh leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Nees et Eberm
(Lauraceae) of Delhi region was composed predominantly of eugenol
(74.4%), isoeugenol(21.1%), acetyl eugenol, -elemene and ethyl cinnamate. Heating ofthe oil at 110ºCfor 24 hoursshowed percentage variation slightly. When the oil was exposed to the sunlight for 48 hours isoeugenol (59.4%)
was the main constituent while the concentration of eugenol is decreased
to 36.7%. Silica gel treated oilshowed percentage variation slightly. Treat- ment of the oil with UV light for 24 hours and alumina neutral increased the
concentration of eugenol to 95.4 and 96.4%, respectively.
... 3 Leaves are used as a diuretic and aperient. 4 Standardized Bacopa monnier extract is efficacious in subjects with age-associated memory impairment with significant improvement on mental control, logical memory and impaired associated learning. 5 The studies provide further evidence that Bacopa monnieri has potential for safely enhancing cognitive performance in aging. ...
... Withaferin A is more effective than doxorubicin in inhibiting breast and colon cancer cell growth [58]. Due to these functions, W. somnifera bioactive agents have the potential to fight cancer by reducing tumor cells [100,101]. W. somnifera displays activity against urethane-induced lung tumors in mice and radio-sensitizing actions. Withaferin A, 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrowithanolide F, and withanolides D and E all showed anti-tumor activity in vitro against human epidermoid nasopharynx carcinoma and in vivo against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, sarcoma, and mammary adenocarcinoma. ...
Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Ashwagandha), a key medicinal plant native to India, is used globally to manage various ailments. This review focuses on the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological advances of its plant-derived constituents. It has been reported that at least 62 crucial and 48 inferior primary and secondary metabolites are present in the W. somnifera leaves, and 29 among these found in its roots and leaves are chiefly steroidal compounds, steroidal lactones, alkaloids, amino acids, etc. In addition, the whole shrub parts possess various medicinal activities such as anti-leukotriene, antineoplastic, analgesic, anti-oxidant, immunostimulatory, and rejuvenating properties, mainly observed by in vitro demonstration. However, the course of its medical use remains unknown. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of W. somnifera, which will be useful for mechanism studies and potential medical applications of W. somnifera, as well as for the development of a rational quality control system for W. somnifera as a therapeutic material in the future.
... Screening: Some secondary metabolites were present through phytochemical screening. These were as follows: [11,[12][13][14][15] Different parts of Strychnos potatorum contain a lot of phytochemical constituents. The extract of root, stem bark, and seeds of Strychnos potatorum have revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, lignins, phenols, saponins, sterols and tannins. ...
Ayurveda is one of the oldest health-care systems. The ancient Vedic literature contains scattered allusions to Ayurvedic remedies and other aspects of medicine and health. The vast majority of Atharvavedic knowledge is related to Ayurveda. One of Ayurveda's eight divisions, Agad Tantra, focuses on the identification of poisons, different poisons from the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms, as well as artificial poisons made from toxic drugs and their treatment. Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum Linn) is one of a Vishagna (non-toxic) plant mentioned by Acharya Charak in 4th chapter of Sutrasthana in Charak samhita. Nirmali is a widely growing medium sized medicinal plant of Loganiaceae family. Seeds of Nirmali (Katak) have been used for the purification of water. This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicine like Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum) seeds are alexipharmic, lithotriptic and cures strangury, head diseases etc., Roots of Nirmali cure leukoderma whereas fruits are useful in eye diseases, thirst, poisoning, and hallucinations. The fruits are emetic, diaphoretic, alexiteric etc. It contains a variety of phytochemical constituents such as a alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, lignins, phenols, saponins, sterols, and tannins. This review article of Nirmali (Katak) plant is going to provide brief information about its modern view.
... Hence, all the demand of pharmaceutical companies is being entirely met by wild collection only. It poses heavy strain on wild habitat and due to continuous overexploitation Aconitum genus faces severe threat and leads into endangered category [9,10]. In the view of current scenario, it is essential to take the genus into consideration for various biological approaches to enhance the production of aconitines in vitro as well as in vivo. ...
Abstract
Aconitum genus (Ranunculaceae) is well recognized for medicinal worth. Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitines) are integral
part of Aconitum which make them commercially valuable. The species of Aconitum genus have very small populations in
different pockets of the globe; which need effective strategies for its conservation as an important natural resource that’s
why; the production of aconitines through biotechnological means is desirable. In the present review an attempt has been
made to throw some focus on possible biogenesis pathway of aconitines and biological approaches tounderstand it.Upscale
production strategies of aconitine which are going on and still need to be done correlating to other medicinal plants have
been discussed. Our own efforts are also covered regarding gene mining of possible rate limiting steps with special
reference to Aconitum balfourii Stapf. The aim of the present review is to give emphasis on recent biotechnological
approaches to be applied which are lacking in Aconitum, however, these approaches are often being utilized in other
medicinal plants for their valuableusages.
Keywords: Aconitum; Biochemical Pathway; Diterpenoid Alkaloids; Elicitors
... The herb is highly uses by the rural and tribal people in curing various disorders such as asthma, swelling, fever and cold, dyspepsia, inflammatory infection, gastric problems and as rejuvenating .There is a great need to conserve these medicinal plants because they contain highly bioactive components which can be developed into pharmacologically active agents. [5][6][7][8] The plant is widely used in the treatment of various disease and disorders, so there is need necessary conservation of this plant. The selected plant were also used for the treatment of epilepsy and convulsions as reported in ancient folk-lore literature, however, only limited data are available concerning the anticonvulsant activity of this plant. ...
Aqueous extract of Sarcostemma acidum W. & A. was utilised to examine the anticonvulsant effect by inducing maximal electroshock seizures (MES) in albino rats. In the experimental models, the extract was given orally in graduated quantities (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) and the effects were contrasted with those of phenobarbitone. The findings of the current investigation suggest that extracts of have dose-dependent anticonvulsant efficacy in rats against seizures brought on by MES. As activity against generalised tonic-clonic and cortical focal seizures is predicted by suppression of the MES test. The research demonstrates that the plant's extracts both delayed the onset of seizures in certain mice and protected them from those brought on by high-intensity electroshock.
... It was reported to grow throughout the subtropical and tropical regions. It has yellow juice and yellow flower with height varing between 0.3 to 0.12m long [23]. Some parts of the plant have medicinal effect and also possess potent emetic and narcotic activities [24]. ...
Argemone mexicana L is one of the medicinal plants used traditionally for its curative properties. The observed activities could be due to the presence of phytochemicals present in the plant. The purpose of this study is to carry out the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the constituent phytochemicals of Ethanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of the plant as well as determine its microbial activities against some selected bacteria and fungi. Results showed that alkaloid is present in both ethanol and aqueous samples. Terpenoid is present in aqueous sample but abundantly present in ethanol sample. Phenol is present in aqueous sample but abundantly present in ethanol sample. Steroids are present in ethanol sample but absent in aqueous sample. While anthraquinones are present in the aqueous sample, the quantity is not much compared with what was obtained from the ethanol sample. Cardiac glycoside is absent in both samples but flavonoid is present in both samples. It was observed that saponins and tannins were abundantly present in the ethanol extract but not much in the aqueous extract. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that for aqueous extract, alkaloid is 9.5 % w/w, flavonoid (0.36% w/w), saponin (4.7%w/w), tannin (0.1% w/w) terpenoid (0.45 w/w) and total phenol (0.65% w/w). For ethanol extract it was alkaloid (9.7 %w/w), flavonoid (1.59% w/w), saponin (6.3% w/w), tannin (1.06% w/w), terpenoid (0.75% w/w) and total phenol (0.74% w/w). The MIC and MBC measured in µg/mL of ethanol and aqueous samples against Staphylococcus aureus were (3.125:6.25) and (12.5:12.5) respectively. Bacillus subtilis (25:25) and (25;25), Escherichia coil (6.25: 25) and (12.5: 50), Salmonella typhi (>50: 25) and (6.25: 12.5), Klebsiella pneumonia (12.5:25) and (1.56:6.25), Pseudomonas aeruginosal (50:50) and (3.125:6.25), Tricophytum rubrum (25:25) and (3.125: 3.125), Candida albican (25:25) and (6.25:12.5) respectively. All Our study showed that the plant has high potential as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.
... The leaves are usually tripinnate and fruit is borne mostly in the summers. [2,3] It is native to India and also widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In India it occurs in various states viz. ...
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a very important medicinal plant grown in the Indian subcontinent and it belongs to the family Moringaceae. This is popularly known as drumstick tree and is used as a food delicacy very popularly. This plant is now well known for its various nutritional properties such as rich source of Vitamins (A and C), minerals (Ca, P, K, Fe, Cu, S, Mg) etc. pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, abortifacient, Antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, etc. All the parts of the plant are used in one way or the other. There have been no complete records on morphological and pharmacognostical studies of the whole plant. In this research article we have tried to examine the complete morpho-anatomy of the plant Moringa oleifera Lam. Simple pharmacognostic studies including macroscopy, microscopy, biostatistical parameters and powder analysis and fluorescent analysis have been performed. The peculiar features observed were the presence of mucilaginous canals in stem and mature petiole; myrosine in all parts of the plant, stellate and rhomboid crystals, reticulate and spiral thickenings in the xylem vessels. The results can be used for further characterization of the plant.
... Green mango's main carbohydrate is starch, which is converted to reducing sugars during maturation (sucrose, glucose, and fructose). Ripe mango contains modest amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin in addition to these carbohydrates (Krishnamurthi 1962). Ethnopharmacological studies have proved that various bioactive constituents of mango offer different benefits, such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and immunity enhancing activities (Ediriweera et al. 2017;Lebaka et al. 2021). ...
Background: Edible plants that are neither cultivated nor domesticated but can be found in their natural habitat are known as wild edible plants (WEPs). In times of food scarcity, WEPs give a valuable natural nutritional supply as food, diet, and nutrients. Methods: An ethnobotanical field study was conducted in eleven villages of Purmandal using focused group discussions, and interviews through semi-structured questionnaires. Information was gathered from a total of 153 informants (115 females and 38 males). Informants were briefed about the objectives of the study and Prior Informed Consent (PIC) was obtained as per Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The various uses of WEPs were quantified as use-reports, and Cultural Importance Value (CI) and Factor informant consensus (Fic) were calculated. Results: Altogether 58 plants belonging to 51 genera and 34 families were used as WEPs. Cucurbitaceae and Rutaceae (5 species each) were the most represented families, and leaves and fruits were the most frequently used plant parts. The contribution of herbs, shrubs, and climbers were 36.2%, 37.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. The maximum CI was recorded for Mangifera indica L., Phyllanthus emblica L., and Bauhinia variegata (L). Benth. The values of Fic varied between 0.95 (medicinal usage) and 0.99 (chutney preparation). Conclusion: Locals of Purmandal have good knowledge of WEPs. Traditional products made from WEPs like Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus emblica and Bauhinia variegata can be commercialized to improve the economic status of the locals. Furthermore, the nutritive values of important species may be studied. Keywords: Wild edible plants, Purmandal, Food security, Sustainable agriculture.
... Leaves of the plant are lanceolate with prominent veins, midrib, and oil glands; flowers are crimson with a dark red anther. Studies report antifungal, antibacterial, cholinesterase, and other health benefits (2,6,9). The essential oils of the leaves of this plant possess antimicrobial, fungitoxic, antinociceptive, and antiinflammatory activities (23) due to the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, tannins, and phenolic compounds (12). ...
The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects methanolic leaves extracts of Callistemon lanceolatus (CLE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats by administering graded oral doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Single oral administration of the extract reduced blood glucose level in both glucose-loaded and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Daily oral treatment with CLE for 3 weeks resulted in reduced blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides and improved HDL-cholesterol and serum insulin levels compared to the diabetic control group. The antioxidant activities of extracts were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl anion radical scavenging assays. The antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl anisole and ascorbic acid. All the extracts showed antioxidant activity in all the tested methods.
... The seeds of the Putranjiva are used in traditional medicines to treat female infertility, fever, muscle twisting, and rheumatism [4,5]. Biological/pharmacological studies on P. roxburghii have demonstrated antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory [6,7], hypoglycemic [8], cytotoxic [9,10], and aphrodisiac [11] potential. While phytochemical studies have proved the presence of a diverse class of compounds, viz., terpenoids, bi-flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins [12,13]. ...
Researchers are exploring natural resources in search of a new and effective anti-malarial compound to address the challenges in malarial treatment due to emerging incidences of drug-resistant strains. Following background knowledge of traditional medicine, we evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-malarial efficacy of Putranjiva P. roxburghii (Putranjivaceae) twigs ethanol extracts and fraction (PRT). In-vitro parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay was performed using a chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain. The results of the in-vitro study were further validated by in-vivo anti-malarial studies on P. berghei Keyberg 173 (K173) infected mice. The crude ethanol extract of the PRT showed the most moderate antiparasitic activity (IC50 = 15.51 μg/mL). In contrast, its butanol fraction extract showed potent activity (IC50 = 5.14 μg/mL) with a selectivity index (SI) of 28.87. Two phytochemicals, viz. 2, 4 dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl) benzoic acid (DHMBA), and quebrachitol (QBC), were identified with anti-parasitic activity (IC50 = 5.01 μg/mL and 0.87 μg/mL) and selectivity index (SI) of 45 and 158. The in-vivo studies confirmed the significant anti-malarial activity of QBC at the dose of 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight with chemo-suppression values of 73.26% and 61.88%, respectively. The present study demonstrates the bioactive marker-based standardization of P. roxburghii twig, the antiplasmodial potential of PRT, and the role of QBC in suppressing parasitemia. The findings of the study support QBC as a prospective lead for a natural product-based adjunct remedy to conventional antiparasitic agents for malarial infectious.
Cyperus rotundus, commonly known as So'd Kūfī, is a worldwide weed that grows in all tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. Belonging to the family Cyperacea, it is often called Nāgarmotha in India. amino acids and many other secondary metabolites. The plant exhibits various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, carminative, astringent, hepatoprotective, anti-microbial, deobstruent, nerve-tonic, brain-tonic, and cardio-tonic properties. The present review centres on the most recent data from numerous scientific studies and publications that are accessible concerning the phytoconstituents, pharmacology, and medicinal applications of So'd Kūfī in the Unani system of Medicine.
The present study investigates the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from the rhizosphere of Ocimum sanctum to enhance the growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). A total of 10 bacterial strains were identified, comprising proteolytic and amylolytic types, with four key isolates (S1, S2, S3, and S4) selected for field trials. These isolates were applied at three critical stages of okra growth: germination, flowering, and fruiting. Significant differences were observed between treated and control plots. Plants treated with isolates S3 and S4 exhibited superior growth, with S3-treated plants producing dark green fruits with an average length of 17 cm and an overall yield of 15 kg per plant. In contrast, control plants yielded malformed, curved fruits with an average length of 10 cm and were more susceptible to pest infestations and defoliation. The study highlights the role of PGPR in enhancing crop health, productivity, and resistance to pests. The proteolytic activity of S3 and S4 isolates proved effective in improving morphological parameters such as canopy density and fruit quality while maintaining soil fertility. These findings underscore the importance of microbial inoculants as eco-friendly, sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The successful application of these isolates supports their potential use in vegetable cultivation for improved yield and quality without compromising environmental health. In conclusion, isolates S3 and S4 demonstrate remarkable potential as plant growth promoters and pest resistance agents in okra cultivation. Their application can significantly contribute to sustainable agricultural practices and address the challenges posed by chemical inputs. Further research is recommended to explore their scalability and impact on other crops. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Clitoria ternatea L. or the butterfly pea is an important flowering climber of the Fabaceae family. Clitoria flowers have been traditionally used in agricultural practices as forage crop and Ayurvedic medicine to cure infertility, constipation, reduce stress, improve memory, in menstrual and uterine contractions etc. This plant is packed with phytochemicals ranging from polyphenols to alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthocyanins, and tocopherols contributing to its high antioxidant potential. Hence, this plant has gained importance in modern science and medicinal practices. The dried flowers are sold commercially as herbal tea in healthcare. The present study aimed at investigating the phytochemical richness of commercially available Clitoria flowers and freshly harvested flowers in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant potential. Optimal extraction technique paves way for better phytochemical utilization. Hence, this study also compared two popular extraction methods viz. Hot and Cold maceration techniques. The antioxidant potential was measured in terms of 1,1 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The study reported higher TPC and TFC along with better antioxidant potential in freshly harvested Clitoria flowers as against the commercially available flowers. The study also confirmed that the optimum extraction of phytochemicals occurs in Hot maceration procedure for fresh Clitoria flowers whereas the commercially available Clitoria flowers reported optimum extraction and higher antioxidant potential in the Cold Maceration.
Alternaria solani management through resistant genotypes and fungicides Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is an important vegetable crop grown through out the world under outdoor and indoor conditions. The crop is subjected to attack by various diseases and early blight caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Sorauer is most destructive one. Field screening of 81 tomato genotypes against early blight indicated that 11 genotypes were highly resistant, 23 resistant, 22 moderately resistant, 15 susceptible and 10 highly susceptible.Genotypes resistant to early blight gave much higher yield as compared to susceptible ones. All the test fungicides (Dithene M-45, Blitox-50 and Kavach) and neem pesticides (Bioneem, Fortune and Nimbicidine) exerted possitive effect on disease control and yield increase of the test host plants. Highly resistant wild species, L. pimpinellifolium and L. peruvianum had higher quantitiy of sugars, phenols, vitamin 'C, total free amino acids, total crude protein, chlorophyll and NPK content in comparison to susceptible genotypes at pre-infectional stage, whereas, after-infection a marked reduction in the level of these constituents was observed in susceptible genotypes than in resistant genotypes.
The plant Albizzia lebbeck Benth. [Mimosaceae] is reported to possess anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antifertility and anti-diarrhoeal properties. Albizzia lebbeck is an important source of chemicals of melacacidin, D-catechin, b-Sitosterol, Albiziahexoside, betulnic acids which are effective as antiseptic, anti-dysenteric, anti-tubercular and used in bronchitis, leprosy, paralysis, helmenth infection etc. Hence in view of immense medicinal importance of the plant this review is therefore an effort to compile all the information reported on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. This information will be helpful to create interest towards the plant and may be useful in developing new formulations, which are more effective and have more therapeutic value.
Trachyspermum ammi L. (Apiaceae) commonly known as ajwain is an important medicinal, aromatic and spice plant. It was originated in Egypt and widely distributed throughout the World. Ajwain seeds yield 2-5% brownish essential oil, with thymol as the major constituent along with p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene and α-terpinene. Due to presence of various chemical constituents in ajwain, various biological and pharmacological properties have been reported. The present study is an effort to collect all the information regarding chemical composition and biological activities of ajwain.
The textile industry is one of the leading causes of major environmental problems worldwide. The textile dye effluents hold diverse kinds of dyes along with other contaminants. Various environmental legislations have been formulated and obligate the textile industries to treat the effluents prior to discharge into water bodies. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of removing two dyes, Congo red and Methylene blue, present in raw textile effluent by employing the powdered leaves of the Burflower (Neolamarckia cadamba) tree as adsorbent. The experiment was performed in a laboratory scale. The surface characterization of the adsorbent was carried out using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, CHN elemental analyzer, FTIR and SEM-EDX analyses. The effluent was characterised before and after the biosorption process to check the efficiency of the process on the various parameters of the effluent. The values of the examined parameters were found to be decreased after the adsorption process. The removal percentages of the two dyes (Congo red = 76.35% and Methylene blue = 85.8%) using the adsorbent were also estimated by batch experiment studies. The findings of this study infer that the adsorbent as mentioned above, can be used to treat dye effluents.
Actinopteresradiata (Linn.) is an important medicinal plant belonging to the xerophytic species of the fern family Actinopteridaceae. The plant is used in Indian-traditional medicine which is utilized in treatment of various disorders. This fern is currently available in a large number of countries such as India, Africa, Australia, Madagascar, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Nepal, etc. Synonyms are Morpankhi, Peacock's tail, Mayurishika, Nemaliadugu, A.australis, A.dichotoma. It is categorized among the extinct species and fast disappearing plants. The fern is abundant in phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, hydrocarbons, coumarins and triterpenoids. A. radiata is reported to have many phytoconstituents out of which major phytoconstituents are Hentriacontane, Hentriacontanol, Hentricontanone, β-sitosterol, Quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin), β-sitosterol palmitate and D-glucoside. Anti-histaminic, anti-cholinergic, anti-tubercular, anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, anti-epileptic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fertility, analgesic, styptic, anti-oxidant, anti-stress, anti-allergic and anti-typhoid are the activities of the fern. A 50% ethanolic extract of the plant is used to prepare safe male contraceptive pills. It is also given as a dietary supplement in treatment of malnutrition patients. It is known to take off heavy metals from the rhizosphere by phytoremediation method. The present review is an insight into thephyto-constituents and major pharmacological activities of A. radiata. The updated review is an attempt to summarize the ethnobotanical, phytocchemical and pharmacological activities of the plant which establish a scientific basis for medicinal use of this plant along with the need to explore the plant for further research to be carried as potential discovery of novel natural bioactive compounds.
The fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Syn. Z. alatum Roxb. (Rutaceae) yielded on hydro distillation 2.4% of essential oil showed the presence of 24 constituents. The major constituents were linalool (40.2%), limonene (24.02%), methyl cinnamate (8.01%), and myrcene (4.21%).
The various interactions between microorganisms those occur in soil and rhizosphere have been discussed in this paper. Growth of Azotobacter chroococcum and its nitrogen fixation activity were inhibited by common soil inhabitant Cephalosporium sp. Interections between Azotobacter chroococcum and rhizosphere microflora of tomato was studied by agar well technique. It was seen that some of the fungi were inhibitory. Among fungi, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium semitectum, Alternaria solani were more antagonistic.
In the present review, an attempt has been made to congregate the botanical, phytochemical, ethno medicinal,
pharmacological and toxicological information on Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum, Lamiaceae). Tulsi a medicinal herb used in the
indigenous system of medicine. The roots, leaves and seeds of Tulsi possess several medicinal properties such as stimulant,
aromatic and antipyretic. It has a wide range of action on the human body mainly as a cough alleviator, a sweat-inducer and
a mitigator of indigestion and anorexia. It has also been suggested to possess antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti�protozoal, anti-malarial, anti-helmenthic, anti-diarrhoeal, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic,
antihypertensive, cardio protective, central nervous system (CNS) depressant, memory enhancer, anti�hypercholesterolaemic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-asthmatic, anti-thyroidic, antioxidant, anticancer, chemo
preventive, immunomodulatory, anti-fertility, antiulcer, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and anticoagulant activities. This review
will helpful further for the research scientists dealing with Ocimum sanctum to know its proper therapeutic usage as this herb
is seemed to be highly valuable, possessing many pharmacological and medicinal properties.
This study contributes to a better understanding of Grangea maderaspatana (L) Poir. a species of the Asteraceae family, as a pharmaceutical plant for its phytochemicals. Extracts from leaves analysed for phytochemicals. Methanol and hexane were used to prepare the extracts from the leaf. Spectrophotometric techniques were used to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannin and total antioxidants contents. The phytochemical screening was also carried out by means of thin layer chromatography.
Pongamia pinnata, commonly known as Karanj, is a medicinal plant found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, we investigated the biological activity of Pongamia pinnata against pathogenic fungi and A431 skin cancer cells. Methanol and acetone extracts of Pongamia pinnata were evaluated for their antifungal and anticancer properties. The extracts were tested against three pathogenic fungi, including Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and A431 skin cancer cells. The results showed that both methanol and acetone extracts of Pongamia pinnata had significant antifungal activity against all three tested pathogenic fungi. The methanol extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans, while the acetone extract had the highest activity against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Additionally, both extracts exhibited significant anticancer activity against A431 skin cancer cells. The methanol extract showed higher anticancer activity than the acetone extract. Furthermore, the phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. These phytochemicals are known to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Pongamia pinnata has significant biological activity against pathogenic fungi and A431 skin cancer cells. Therefore, Pongamia pinnata could be a potential source of natural therapeutic agents for the treatment of fungal infections and skin cancer.
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is a perennial herb and its leaves are used to treat anemia, asthma, allergy, arthritis,
baldness, bronchitis, chicken pox, colds, dandruff, diabetes, diarrhoea, eczema, flu, gingivitis, excess menstrual
flow, nettle rash, piles, rheumatism, sinusitis, sprains, tendonitis, ulcers and wounds. This study was intended to
isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the leaves of Urtica dioica and to evaluate their antidandruff
activity. The leaf powder of U. dioica was extracted exhaustively with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The
concentrated methanolic extract was dissolved in ethanol (95%) and fractionated by partitioning the solution with
petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff
activity against the growth of Malassezia furfur. It was adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for the preparation
of a slurry. The dried slurry was chromatographed over a silica gel column. The column was eluted with
petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, successively, in order of increasing polarity to isolate 2,6,7-
trihydroxynaphthalene (6,7– dihydroxy-β-naphthol, 1), ellagic acid (2) and rutin (quercetin- 3- O- rutinoside) (3).
Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
Dandruff is a skin disorder caused by a fungus Malassezia furfur. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate,
n-butanol and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract of the leaves of U. dioica against Malassezia furfur at
concentration of 10 mg/ml each showed zone of inhibition between 6.81 – 22.13 mm. Among all the testing
portions the chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff activity. The zone of inhibition in mm was in order
of 22.13> 16.47> 12.0> 7.53> 6.81 for chloroform, aqueous, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts,
respectively.
Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) is a small, pubescent, evergreen and erect shrub which grows wild in south eastern Asia. Its roots are anthelmintic, depurative, diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge and purgative; used to treat anasarca, asthma, ascites, bronchitis, cough, skin diseases, intestinal worms, leprosy and eczema. An air-dried root powder of C. procera was extracted with methanol to obtain a dark brown viscous mass. It was dissolved in small amount of methanol and adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for preparation of a slurry. The dried slurry was subjected to chromatography over silica gel column packed in petroleum ether. The column was eluted successively with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol to isolate four new phytoconstituents identified as (all cis)-n-triacont-3,7,11,15,19,25-hexaene-1-ol (3), (cis)-n-tetratriacont-18-en-1-oic acid (4), urs-12, 20(30)-dien-3β-olyl laurate (5) and 1′-β-sitosteryl-2′-n-hexanoyl-glycerol (6) together with the known compounds β-sitosteryl linoleate (1) and nervonic acid (2). The structures of all the isolated phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analyses and chemical reactions.
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is a perennial herb and its leaves are used to treat anemia, asthma, allergy, arthritis, baldness, bronchitis, chicken pox, colds, dandruff, diabetes, diarrhoea, eczema, flu, gingivitis, excess menstrual flow, nettle rash, piles, rheumatism, sinusitis, sprains, tendonitis, ulcers and wounds. This study was intended to isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the leaves of Urtica dioica and to evaluate their antidandruff activity. The leaf powder of U. dioica was extracted exhaustively with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanolic extract was dissolved in ethanol (95%) and fractionated by partitioning the solution with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff activity against the growth of Malassezia furfur. It was adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for the preparation of a slurry. The dried slurry was chromatographed over a silica gel column. The column was eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, successively, in order of increasing polarity to isolate 2,6,7-trihydroxynaphthalene (6,7– dihydroxy-β-naphthol, 1), ellagic acid (2) and rutin (quercetin- 3- O- rutinoside) (3). Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions. Dandruff is a skin disorder caused by a fungus Malassezia furfur. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of the methanolic extract of the leaves of U. dioica against Malassezia furfur at concentration of 10 mg/ml each showed zone of inhibition between 6.81 – 22.13 mm. Among all the testing portions the chloroform fraction exhibited marked antidandruff activity. The zone of inhibition in mm was in order of 22.13> 16.47> 12.0> 7.53> 6.81 for chloroform, aqueous, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts, respectively.
Qūba (dermatophytoses) is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of skin in humans. The fungi that causedermatophytoses feed on keratin, the material found in the outer layer of skin, hair and nails. Manyeffectivesynthetic antifungal drugs have been discovered for the treatment of dermatomycoses but their use has remainedlimited due to various side effects on human systems. Herbal remedies are being used for its treatment. Unanimedicines are also being promoted as dermatophytoses treatment. Detailed management consisting of singleherbsand compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classicalUnani literature, which is safe and effective. The aim of this study was to systematically reviewthe evidenceforthis notion and to discuss different aspects of Qūba (dermatophytoses). Extensive literature searches werecarriedout to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Qūba (dermatophytoses). In this reviewpaperauthor has tried to present few Unani medicines prevalently used for treatment of dermatophytoses.
Since the time Hippocrates man has made the use the different Unani medicines for the treatment of various ailments and still vast majority of population depends on these drugs. So the herbal drugs are gaining more and more attention all over the world due to their long historical clinical practice and less side effects. "Qurs-e-Zarishk" is one of the most important poly-pharmaceutical Unani formulation widely used for the treatment of liver disorders and anemia. Since the formulation has a very effective role in curing such diseases with zero side effects (unlike in Modern Medicine) so all the ingredients used in this preparation are required to be authenticated and standardized properly for quality control purposes. The present paper deals with different physicochemical and biological parameters like botanical identification, microbial load, aflatoxin, pesticide residue, determination of heavy metals, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phyto-chemical constituents, solubility in alcohol and water, successive extractions, pH values, ash values, quantitative estimation of total phenolics, resins etc. Besides, TLC studies of successive extracts have also been carried out.
C. pluricaulis Choisy (C. pluricaulis), a perennial herb aka C. microphyllus Sieb. and C. Prostratus Forsk. is being used as a traditional folk medicine for a variety of ailments. In this article, we collected information about C. pluricaulis through electronic search using PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, and Web of Science as well as network pharmacology is done. This comprehensive review sheds light on the plant profile, phytochemistry, neuropharmacological, and toxicological data of C. pluricaulis. The crude herb and its metabolites have exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo neuropharmacological effects, including memory enhancement, anxiolytic, tranquilizing, anti-depressant, anti-stress, neurodegenerative, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic, sedative, anti-convulsant, and Alzheimer's disease-reversing effects. Network pharmacology results indicate that compounds from C. pluricaulis interact with various proteins, neuro synapses, signaling pathways, and serotonergic synapse which plays a crucial role in neurotransmission, Alzheimer’s disease, long-term depression, addictions to alcohol, cognitive disorders, psychological conditions, and increasing serotonin concentration in synapses.
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