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Strengthening decentralized governance for human security
Abstract
An attempt is made to broaden the understanding of the symbiosis between decentralized structures and the achievement of human security. In view of this, noteworthy experiences are presented for a better appreciation of ways in which decentralized governance can be strengthened and better perceived. Some successes are described, such as those gained against human trafficking and HIV/AIDS in Thailand where the central government actively enjoined the participation of local government units (LGUs) and civil society. In Uganda, the delivery of basic health services has been made effective through the simultaneous devolution of administrative and financial functions. In Sierra Leone, the peace and order situation has been improved by harnessing the participation of the local governments in expanding the employment and livelihood opportunities for the insurgents. Finally, pipelined projects and activities which the Human Security Group at United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) has designed in order to make its approach to human security holistic and encompassing are outlined.
... Spiegel (2004) notes that by the end of 2002, there were approximately 40 million displaced people globally with 15 million refugees (UNHCR, 2003), and 25 million IDPs (Global IDP Project, 2003). Moreover, IDPs and refugees are either the poorest or those stripped of resources by stronger groups (Mani, 2005). Displacement leads to the breakdown of social structures and informal and formal insurance mechanisms along with a disruption of employment, healthcare, education and financial services making IDPs and refugees a vulnerable group. ...
Ethnic conflicts and their links to international human trafficking have recently received a surge in international attention. It appears that ethnic conflicts exacerbate the internal displacement of individuals from networks of family and community, and their access to economic and social safety nets. These same individuals are then vulnerable to being trafficked by the hopes of better economic prospects elsewhere. In this paper, we empirically examine this link between ethnic fragmentation, conflicts, internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees and international trafficking, making use of a novel dataset of international trafficking. We conduct a direct estimation, which highlights the ultimate impact of ethnic fragmentation and conflict on international trafficking through internal and international displacements.
This chapter looks at the status of health, health service delivery, and service utilization in Metro Manila (the National Capital Region) using the human security approach. It discusses the existing devolved health structure in the country and in Metro Manila and then assesses its’ health status and the utilization of health services, including access and equity issues. It looks at various policy options for health services in Metro Manila and in the Philippines in the context of the current devolved framework, the initial proposal of the Duterte administration for a federal form of government, and other alternative arrangements, like the creation of a special metropolitan or regional arrangement. Lessons from other countries are also discussed. Finally, the chapter concludes with an overall assessment of the health status and utilization of health services in Metro Manila, emphasizing positive areas as well as problem areas that need to be addressed.
This chapter introduces the whole volume by citing the context, background of the book, framework of analysis and significance. In the context of the recent debates on the appropriate form of government for the Philippines, the book and its chapters examine central-local relations and decentralization in the country, the 1991 Local Government Code and continuing challenges, and various policy proposals, including a full shift to a federal form of government using various themes, namely social services delivery, urban development, and financing local governance. These themes are contextualized in Metro Manila or the National Capital Region with the major question of how the main metropolis and its component local governments can further promote responsible local governance, decentralization, and equitable development. The main framework of analysis is governance and the various models of governance that can help Metro Manila achieve responsible local governance. A strength of this volume is that many chapters have been written by scholars from various disciplines, adding a multidisciplinary approach to the topic.
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