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An Interview with Jessie Gregory Lutz: Historian of Chinese Christianity

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The Chinese student movement of 1945-1949 provides insights into student movements in general as well as the distinctive Chinese tradition of student activism. While the conflict of generations might help politicize youth, nationalist issues activated Chinese students. Failure to defend China's sovereignty or to lead her in modernizing undercut the fathers' right to speak for China. The anti-imperialist emphasis of Chinese nationalism and the acceptance of the state as modernizing instrument indicate why Chinese student movements often coincided with foreign threats and benefitted the Chinese Communist Party. Two student campaigns during 1945-1949 illustrate their role in the conflict between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang; they brought into question the legitimacy of Kuomintang rule and contributed to the acceptance of communist leadership. They exemplified and accelerated the polarization of Chinese intellectuals. Students moved in 1946 from specific protests directed to the Kuomintang as legitimate authority to confrontation politics designed to undermine the regime in 1948. Increasingly, the Kuomintang and its American ally were pictured as a threat to the continued existence of one Chinese nation. By 1948 anti-Americanism was a dominant theme in Chinese nationalism. Both the Chinese tradition of student activism and the anti-American emphasis of Chinese nationalism have survived the revolution of 1949.
Article
The definition of China as a nation has often been contrasted with the definition of China as a culture. The modern Chinese state, it is said, has to displace the Middle Kingdom concept of the Great Tradition. The culturalism of dynastic China had to be transmuted into nationalism as China accepted the challenge of modernization. Truly, China has experienced revolution in the twentieth century; the political and cultural definition of China in the 1970s does differ from that of the 1870s. But perhaps our concentration on Chinese tradition as a deterrent to modernization has obscured the continuities of Chinese history. Though certain aspects of the Great Tradition hindered change in China, others contributed to it. The Chinese heritage provided the framework and orientation as Chinese selected elements from Western civilization, and while transforming their own tradition they also translated and transformed those importations designed to bring wealth and power. Reinterpretations of the importations were informed by Chinese perceptions of the past as well as of the present.
Christian Missions in China: Evangelists of What?
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