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Is the guideline for vitamin D of the Dutch Health Council adequate?

Authors:
  • Ortho Communications & Science b.v.
  • retired from Meander Medisch Centrum, Amersfoort, the Netherlands

Abstract

New guidelines for reaching an adequate vitamin D status were issued by the Dutch Health Council on September 30, 2008. These recommendations are based on the so called 'precaution principle'. They focus exclusively on the presently available results from randomized trials on vitamin D's calcemic functions and the few available data on human toxicity. We contend that a risk-benefit analysis constitutes a better premise for an advice on a genuinely adequate vitamin D intake. Such an analysis indicates that a vitamin D status of 80 nmol/l 25-hydroxyvitamin D is to be preferred until further notice and that, if necessary, this status can be reached without problems by exceeding the present 'upper tolerable level of intake' of 50 μg vitamin D /day.
197
Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk 2009, vol. 34, no. 3
De Gezondheidsraad heeft op 30 september 2008
nieuwe richtlijnen vastgesteld voor een toereikende
vitamine-D-status voor de bevolking. Deze aanbeve-
lingen zijn gebaseerd op het zogenaamde ‘voorzorg-
principe’. Ze richten zich uitsluitend op de momenteel
beschikbare resultaten van gerandomiseerde studies
van de calcemische functies van vitamine D, en de
schaarse gegevens over de toxiciteit bij mensen. Wij
beargumenteren dat voor een werkelijk toereikende
vitamine-D-inname beter uitgegaan kan worden van
een ‘risk-benefit’analyse. Een dergelijke analyse geeft
aan dat tot nader order een vitamine-D-status van 80
nmol/l 25-hydroxyvitamine D is te prefereren en dat,
indien nodig, voor het bereiken van deze status de hui-
dige ‘aanvaardbare bovengrens van inneming’ van 50
µg vitamine D/dag met een gerust hart kan worden
overschreden.
In haar rapport ‘Naar een toereikende inname van vi-
tamine D’ van 30 september 2008 stelt de Gezond-
heidsraad (GR) dat een gezonde voeding in principe
voorziet in voldoende vitamine D (en calcium) voor
vrouwen van 4-50 jaar en mannen van 4-70 jaar met
een lichte huidskleur die voldoende buiten komen. Alle
andere groepen hebben 10 of 20 µg extra vita mine D
nodig (1). Tevens stelt de GR dat een serum concentratie
van 25-hydroxyvitamine D [25(OH)D] van 30 nmol/l
voldoende is voor vrouwen onder de 50 jaar en man-
nen onder de 70 jaar, en dat boven deze leeftijdsgrens
50 nmol/l toereikend is. De aanvaardbare bovengrens
van inneming blijft 50 µg vitamine D per dag en in
een briefwisseling van ondergetekenden met de GR
(2) stelt laatstgenoemde dat 200 nmol/l 25(OH)D
als ‘no observed adverse effect level’ (NOAEL) van de
vitamine-D-status moet worden beschouwd.
Wij willen onze collegas in Nederland er met nadruk
op wijzen dat dit GR-advies louter is gebaseerd op de
calcemische functie van vitamine D. Niet meegewo-
gen werden de ruim in de literatuur beschreven effec-
ten van een optimale vitamine-D-status op o.a. spier-
kracht, spiermassa, kanker van borsten, prostaat en
dikke darm, auto-immuunziekten als multipele scle-
rose en diabetes mellitus type 1, tuberculose, diabetes
mellitus type 2, hypertensie en hart- en vaatziekten (3).
Voor de preventie hiervan lijkt een vitamine-D-status
van boven de 75 nmol/l vereist (4), hetgeen belang-
rijk hoger is dan de in Nederland veelal gebruikelijke
50 nmol/l. De GR echter acht voor een groot deel van
de bevolking 30 nmol/l voldoende, hetgeen in onze
ogen een waarde is waarbij de calciumhomeostase
gevaar loopt. Onder verwijzing naar ‘evidence based
medicine’ wordt het nog niet voorhanden zijn van (bij
voorkeur gerandomiseerde) klinische studies als ar-
gument gebruikt om deze hogere vitamine-D-status
nog niet aan te bevelen. We hebben dus nadrukkelijk
niet te maken met een moderne ‘risk-benefit’analyse
waarbij eventuele voordelen worden gewogen tegen de
eventuele nadelen. Het uitgangspunt blijft het ‘voor-
zorgprincipe’, waarbij wordt uitgegaan van de stelling
dat niemand schade mag ondervinden (‘non nocere’).
Schade is echter eveneens te verwachten van een te
lage aanbeveling en is dus eveneens onderdeel van dit
‘voorzorgprincipe’.
Door hun conservatieve benadering bemoeilijkt de
GR veilig en effectief gebruik van hogere vitamine-
D-doseringen door personen die willen preluderen op
de invloed van vitamine D op nagenoeg alle organen
en het scala van bovengenoemde ziektes. Duidelijk is
geworden dat voor de preventie hiervan circulerende
25(OH)D-spiegels nodig zijn van 75-80 nmol/l (2, 5,
6) en mogelijk zelfs 100 nmol/l (7, 8). Derhalve wordt
in een toenemend aantal publicaties in het meest ge-
zaghebbende tijdschrift op het gebied van de voeding,
het American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, een mini-
mum van 75 nmol/l (30 ng/ml) 25(OH)D als optimale
waarde beschouwd.
Uitgaande van ‘winterwaarden’ zijn voor het bereiken
van deze optimale spiegels in Nederland veelal vita-
mine-D-doseringen nodig die de huidige aanvaardba-
re bovengrens van inneming van 50 µg/dag te boven
gaan (5). Dit zal bij velen terughoudendheid oproepen,
maar dat is onterecht. De toxiciteit van vitamine D
wordt om niet te achterhalen redenen consequent over-
dreven (3, 9). Bovendien wordt, onafhankelijk van de
gangbare uitgangswaarden, met een chronische dosis
van 50 µg/dag het maximale 25(OH)D-niveau van
200 nmol/l niet overschreden. Deze waarden werden
eveneens niet bereikt door behandeling met 100 µg/
dag gedurende 5 maanden (10) of een enkele orale
toediening van 2,5 mg (11). In een kleine studie wer-
den onlangs 25(OH)D-niveaus bereikt van 386±157
nmol/l zonder klinisch waarneembare toxiciteit of
Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk 2009; 34: 197-198
Is het vitamine-D-advies van de Gezondheidsraad* toereikend?
F.A.J. MUSKIET, G.E. SCHUITEMAKER, E. van der VEER en J.P.M. WIELDERS
Correspondentie: prof. dr. Frits A.J. Muskiet, Laboratorium-
geneeskunde, CMC-V, Kamer Y 1.147, Universitair Medisch
Centrum Groningen (UMCG), Postbus 30.001, 9700 RB Gro-
ningen
E-mail: f.a.j.muskiet@lc.umcg.nl
* De Gezondheidsraad is om commentaar gevraagd maar heeft
aangegeven daarvan geen gebruik te willen maken.
198 Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk 2009, vol. 34, no. 3
effect op de calciumhomeostase (12). Uiteraard kan
uiteindelijk ieder regelmechanisme worden overschre-
den, maar dat wordt door niemand bepleit en mag niet
als argument gelden om de optimale concentratie van
80 nmol/l 25(OH)D niet na te streven. Als algemene
indicatie voor de toename van de 25(OH)D-spiegel
per ingenomen microgram vitamine D, worden getal-
len tussen 0,6 en 2,2 nmol/l 25(OH)D genoemd; waar-
schijnlijk ligt deze waarde dicht bij de 0,7 nmol/l per
µg/dag (13).
De discrepantie tussen de 50 µg aanvaardbare bo-
vengrens en het 25(OH)D-maximum van 200 nmol/l
wordt veroorzaakt doordat voedingswetenschappers
onzekerheidsfactoren gebruiken bij het vaststellen
van de aanvaardbare bovengrens. De laagste vita-
mine-D-dosering waarbij toxiciteit is geconstateerd
(LOAEL) ligt boven de 250 µg/dag, waarschijnlijk
rond de 1 mg/dag (9). De GR erkent bij nader inzien
dat de hoogste chronische dosering waarbij geen ef-
fecten van toxiciteit zijn opgetreden (NOAEL) 100
µg/dag bedraagt (2). Met de gebruikte onzekerheids-
factoren wordt dit vertaald naar de huidige aanvaard-
bare bovengrens van 50 µg/dag. Merkwaardig genoeg
worden onzeker heidfactoren niet gehanteerd bij het
vaststellen van de maximale status, die volgens de
GR 200 nmol/l bedraagt. Indien deze grens eveneens
door twee zou worden gedeeld zouden de vele mensen
die in de wereld rondlopen met waarden boven de 100
nmol/l vitamine D toxiciteit moeten ondervinden, wat
niet het geval is. Overigens, recent werden argumen-
ten aangedragen om de toxiciteitsgrens zelfs naar 750
nmol/l 25(OH)D te verhogen (14).
Ons inziens is het de hoogste tijd om de wetenschap-
pelijke basis van voedingsnormen grondig te herzien
en het voorzorgprincipe in te ruilen voor een ‘risk-
benefit’analyse. In afwachting daarvan concluderen
wij dat er geen toxiciteit is te verwachten bij het streven
naar een vitamine-D-status van 80 nmol/l 25(OH)D,
en dat bij dit streven geen gevaren zijn verbonden
aan een eventuele overschrijding van de door de GR
vastgestelde aanvaardbare bovengrens van 50 µg/dag.
Diegenen die niet willen wachten op gerandomiseerd
onderzoek (of meta-analyses hiervan) dat aantoont
dat de preventie van kanker en multiple sclerose,
verbetering van de immuunstatus, vermindering van
fractuurrisico, etc., etc., een hogere 25(OH)D be-
hoeft, kunnen het huidige GR-advies van een 30 of 50
nmol/l 25(OH)D-spiegel en de ‘aanvaardbare boven-
grens’ van 50 µg vitamine D/dag met een gerust hart
in de wind slaan onder het motto ‘tachtig is prachtig’.
Literatuur
1. Gezondheidsraad. Naar een toereikende inname van vita-
mine D. Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad, 2008; publicatienr.
2008/15. ISBN: 978-90-5549-729-4, pdf verkrijgbaar via:
http://www.gr.nl/pdf.php?ID=1752.
2. Brief Gezondheidsraad d.d. 2 december 2008, kenmerk
U-5783/RW/DK/mjv-551, gericht aan F.A.J. Muskiet,
G.E. Schuitemaker, E. van der Veer en J.P.M. Wielders.
Hierin wordt gesteld wordt dat: ‘Terugkijkend had de
commissie hier misschien beter de no-observed adverse
effect level kunnen noemen van 100 microgram vitamine
D per dag of een calcidiolgehalte van 200 nmol per liter
dat is vastgesteld door de European Scientific Comittee
on Food (Tolerable upper levels for vitamins and mine-
rals, 2006) ’.
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 3.
357: 266-81.
4. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich
T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum con-
centrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health
outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 18-28.
5. Heaney RP. The Vitamin D requirement in health and
disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 13-9.
6. Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, Dawson-Hughes
B, Garland CF, Heaney RP, et al. The urgent need to
recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. Am J
Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 649-50.
7. Zittermann A. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we
ignoring the evidence? Br J Nutr 2003; 89: 552-72.
8. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE,
Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral
fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern
Med 2009; 169: 551-61.
9. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin
D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:
842-56.
10. Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. Efficacy and safety of
vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse
effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 288-94.
11. Ilahi M, Armas LA, Heaney RP. Pharmacokinetics of a
single, large dose of cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;
87: 688-91.
12. Kimball SM, Ursell MR, O'Connor P, Vieth R. Safety of
vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin
Nutr 2007; 86: 645-51.
13. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux
MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to
extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol Am J Clin Nutr
2003; 77: 204-10.
14. Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J
Clin Nutr 2008; 88 (suppl) : 582S-6S.
Summary
Muskiet FAJ, Schuitemaker GE, Veer E van der, Wielders JPM.
Is the guideline for Vitamin D of the Dutch Health Council
adequate? Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk 2009;34:197-
198.
New guidelines for reaching an adequate vitamin D status were
issued by the Dutch Health Council on September 30, 2008.
These recommendations are based on the so called ‘precau-
tion principle’. They focus exclusively on the presently avail-
able results from randomized trials on vitamin D’s calcemic
functions and the few available data on human toxicity. We
contend that a risk-benefit analysis constitutes a better prem-
ise for an advice on a genuinely adequate vitamin D intake.
Such an analysis indicates that a vitamin D status of 80 nmol/l
25-hydroxyvitamin D is to be preferred until further notice and
that, if necessary, this status can be reached without problems
by exceeding the present ‘upper tolerable level of intake’ of 50
µg vitamin D /day.
... Several recommendation-setting bodies have published vitamin D recommendations in recent years, such as the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2) , the Scientific Advisory Council on Nutrition (4) (update in preparation), the Health Council of the Netherlands (3) and the Nordic Council of Ministers (5) . Most of these recommendations have set target 25(OH)D values of 30 or 50 nmol/l (summarised in Brouwer-Brolsma et al. (1) ), which have been heavily debated by vitamin D experts who proposed higher target values (6)(7)(8)(9)(10) . These controversies have led to widespread diversity regarding the treatment of vitamin D deficiencies. ...
... Considerable efforts have been made to investigate the effect of different vitamin D doses on circulating 25(OH)D concentrations. To date, the published dose-response studies have revealed that 1 μg/d of vitamin D is required for each 1 nmol/l increase of 25(OH)D (6,21,22) . Cashman et al. calculated that about 10 μg/d of vitamin D will result in only 50 % of the population reaching 25(OH)D concentrations of >50 nmol/l (23)(24)(25) . ...
... The purpose of NutriProfiel is to provide a comprehensive approach of vitamin D status testing, treatment of deficiency, and maintenance of optimal 25(OH)D levels, and for this purpose we have examined the available scientific literature. There is a considerable amount of data from RCT that does support the significance of >50 nmol/l, and this is discussed elsewhere (6)(7)(8)15,16,20) . In addition, meta-analyses of RCT investigating bone health have supported the notion that there are additional health benefits when concentrations of >75 nmol/l are reached in elderly (15,16,20) . ...
Article
Full-text available
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that traditionally has been linked to bone health. Recently, its involvement has been extended to other (extra-skeletal) disease areas, such as cancer, CVD, energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem, and several recommendation-setting bodies have published guidelines for adequate vitamin D intake and status. However, recommendations from, for example, the Health Council of the Netherlands do not provide advice on how to treat vitamin D deficiency, a condition that is often encountered in the clinic. In addition, these recommendations provide guidelines for the maintenance of 'minimum levels', and do not advise on 'optimum levels' of vitamin D intake/status to further improve health. The NutriProfiel project, a collaboration between the Gelderse Vallei Hospital (Ede, the Netherlands) and the Division of Human Nutrition of Wageningen University (Wageningen, the Netherlands), was initiated to formulate a protocol for the treatment of vitamin deficiency and for the maintenance of optimal vitamin D status. To discuss the controversies around treatment of deficiency and optimal vitamin D status and intakes, a workshop meeting was organised with clinicians, scientists and dietitians. In addition, a literature review was conducted to collect recent information on optimal intake of vitamins, their optimal circulating concentrations, and effective dosing regimens to treat deficiency. This information has been translated into the NutriProfiel advice, which is outlined in this article.
... Several recommendation-setting bodies have published vitamin D recommendations in recent years, such as the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2) , the Scientific Advisory Council on Nutrition (4) (update in preparation), the Health Council of the Netherlands (3) and the Nordic Council of Ministers (5) . Most of these recommendations have set target 25(OH)D values of 30 or 50 nmol/l (summarised in Brouwer-Brolsma et al. (1) ), which have been heavily debated by vitamin D experts who proposed higher target values (6)(7)(8)(9)(10) . These controversies have led to widespread diversity regarding the treatment of vitamin D deficiencies. ...
... Considerable efforts have been made to investigate the effect of different vitamin D doses on circulating 25(OH)D concentrations. To date, the published dose-response studies have revealed that 1 μg/d of vitamin D is required for each 1 nmol/l increase of 25(OH)D (6,21,22) . Cashman et al. calculated that about 10 μg/d of vitamin D will result in only 50 % of the population reaching 25(OH)D concentrations of >50 nmol/l (23)(24)(25) . ...
... The purpose of NutriProfiel is to provide a comprehensive approach of vitamin D status testing, treatment of deficiency, and maintenance of optimal 25(OH)D levels, and for this purpose we have examined the available scientific literature. There is a considerable amount of data from RCT that does support the significance of >50 nmol/l, and this is discussed elsewhere (6)(7)(8)15,16,20) . In addition, meta-analyses of RCT investigating bone health have supported the notion that there are additional health benefits when concentrations of >75 nmol/l are reached in elderly (15,16,20) . ...
Article
Full-text available
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that traditionally has been linked to bone health. Recently, its involvement has been extended to other (extra-skeletal) disease areas, such as cancer, CVD, energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem, and several recommendation-setting bodies have published guidelines for adequate vitamin D intake and status. However, recommendations from, for example, the Health Council of the Netherlands do not provide advice on how to treat vitamin D deficiency, a condition that is often encountered in the clinic. In addition, these recommendations provide guidelines for the maintenance of ‘minimum levels’, and do not advise on ‘optimum levels’ of vitamin D intake/status to further improve health. The NutriProfiel project, a collaboration between the Gelderse Vallei Hospital (Ede, the Netherlands) and the Division of Human Nutrition of Wageningen University (Wageningen, the Netherlands), was initiated to formulate a protocol for the treatment of vitamin deficiency and for the maintenance of optimal vitamin D status. To discuss the controversies around treatment of deficiency and optimal vitamin D status and intakes, a workshop meeting was organised with clinicians, scientists and dietitians. In addition, a literature review was conducted to collect recent information on optimal intake of vitamins, their optimal circulating concentrations, and effective dosing regimens to treat deficiency. This information has been translated into the NutriProfiel advice, which is outlined in this article.
... The Dutch Health Council 2008 Advice was based on bone health criteria: a minimal level of 30 nmol/L, except for women > 50 years and men > 70 years (then 50 nmol/L is the minimum). We pointed at evidence for non-calcemic effects of vitamin D and inconsistencies in the Dutch Health Council use of the 'no observed adverse effect level' of 200 nmol/L and a maximum intake of 2000 iU vitamin D per day (8,9). We made a plea for 75 of 80 nmol/L as the lower end of an optimal vitamin D status. ...
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