Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of Emblica officinalis: A review

Abstract

From the ancient time, plants have been playing a key role for the betterment of mankind presenting as an extraordinary source of natural medicine. The complexity in formulating chemical based drugs as well as their health related side effects and uprising cost has led worldwide researchers to focus on medicinal plant research. Bangladesh has a vast repository of diverse plant species where about five thousand plants species have been claimed as having significant medicinal values. The researched papers on medicinal plants publishing from last few decades mention the activities of different plant bioactive compounds that are used widely in the treatment of various human ailments. Emblica officinalis is reported to possess bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, ascorbic acids and many other compounds which are confirmed to have diverse pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, radio-protective, hepatoprotective, antitissuive, immunomodulatory, hypolipedemic and many other activities. This medicinal plant is also reported to have anticancer, anti HIV-reverse transcriptase, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antiulcerogenic, wound healing activities and so forth. The current review paper summarizes the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of the plant Emblica officinalis.Hasan et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, January 2016, 5(2): 14-21

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Hasan et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, January 2016, 5(2): 14-21
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Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of Emblica
officinalis: A review
*Md. Rubaiyat Hasan, Md. Nasirul Islam and Md. Rokibul Islam
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
INTRODUCTION
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Family–Euphorbiaceae) also
known as Phyllanthus emblica, is commonly known as
‘Amla’ or ‘amlaki’ in Bengali and ‘Indian gooseberry’ in
English. This species is medium sized deciduous tree with
8-18 meters height and is native to tropical southeastern
Asia, particularly in central and southern India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, southern China, the Mascarene
Islands and Malaysia (Table 1). In India, Amla trees are
found throughout the forests of tropical area ascending
up to 4500 ft on hills (Rai et al., 2012; Thilaga et al., 2013).
Amla is rich in fiber, carbohydrate, iron and is reported as
the richest source of vitamin C (Singh et al., 2011) (Table 2).
The fruit is also used in a combination form known as
Triphala meaning three fruits which is a Thai traditional
herbal formulation composed of Emblica officinalis, Termi-
nalia belerica and Terminalia chebula (Phetkate et al., 2012).
Many herbal and patent drugs have been formulated
by the constituents of this plant (Rai et al., 2012). E.
officinalis primarily contains tannins, flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, saponins, terpenoids, ascorbic acids,
carbohydrates and many other compounds (Khan, 2009).
Supplements of fresh amla fruit is very favorable to
individuals suffering from anemia. The juice of fresh amla
fruit is given as diuretic, anti-bilious remedy and as a
tonic. It is also helpful in over thirst, dyspepsia, burning
sensation and other complaints of digestive system
(Kumar et al., 2012b).
Taxonomy
Taxonomical classification of E. officinalis is summarized
in table 3.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
This herb has many bioactive compounds including
apigenin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid,
quercetin, chebulagic acid, corilagin, isostrictiniin, methyl
gallate, luteolin and so on. Emblicanin A, emblicanin B,
phyllaemblicin B, punigluconin and pedunculagin are
tannins present in Emblica officinalis (Table 4). Glutamic
acid, proline, aspartic acid, alanine, and lysine are 29.6%,
14.6%, 8.1%, 5.4% and 5.3% respectively of the total amino
acids. The pulpy portion of fruit, dried and freed from the
nuts contains: gallic acid 1.32%, tannin, gum 13.75%;
albumin 13.08%; crude cellulose 17.08%; mineral matter
4.12% and moisture 3.83%. Amla fruit ash contains
chromium, 2.5 ppm; zinc 4 ppm; and copper, 3 ppm
(Kumar et al., 2012a). Nickel and lead metals were not
found in leaves of Emblica officinalis. The level of copper
was found higher in the sample leaves of Emblica officinalis
followed by chromium, manganese and zinc (Kumar et al.,
2013). Chemical constituents from different plant parts of
are illustrated below:
Leaves: It contains gallic acid, chebulic acid, ellagic acid,
chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, amlic acid, alkaloids
phyllantine and phyllantidine (Khan, 2009).
Seeds: A fixed oil, phosphatides and a small quantity of
essential oil. The fixed oil (acid value 12.7; saponification
value 185; iodine value 139.5; acetyl value 2.03; unsaponi-
fiable matter 3.81%; sterol 2.70% ; saturated fatty acid 7%.
Contains linolenic acid (8.78%), linoleic (44%). oleic
(28.40%), steric (2.15%), palmitic (2.99%) and miristic acid
(0.95%) (Khan, 2009).
Barks: Contain leukodelphinidin, tannin and proanthocy-
anidin (Khan, 2009).
Roots: Contain ellagic acid and lupeol (Khan, 2009).
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
International Current
Pharmaceutical Journal
ABSTRACT
From the ancient time, plants have been playing a key role for the betterment of mankind presenting as an extraordinary source of
natural medicine. The complexity in formulating chemical based drugs as well as their health related side effects and uprising cost
has led worldwide researchers to focus on medicinal plant research. Bangladesh has a vast repository of diverse plant species where
about five thousand plants species have been claimed as having significant medicinal values. The researched papers on medicinal
plants publishing from last few decades mention the activities of different plant bioactive compounds that are used widely in the
treatment of various human ailments. Emblica officinalis
is reported to possess bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonoids,
saponins, terpenoids, ascorbic acids and many other compounds which are confirmed to have diverse pharmacological activities like
antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, radio-protective, hepatoprotective, antitissuive, immunomodulatory, hypolipedemic
and many other activities. This medicinal plant is also reported to have anticancer, anti HIV-reverse transcriptase, antidiabetic,
antidepressant, antiulcerogenic, wound healing activities and so forth. The current review paper summarizes the phytochemical
constituents, pharmacological activities and traditional uses of the plant Emblica officinalis.
Key Words: Euphorbiaceae, Amla, Bangladesh.
*Corresponding Author:
Md. Rubaiyat Hasan
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Islamic University, Kushtia-7003
Bangladesh
E-mail:
rubaiyat004@yahoo.com
Contact No.: +880 1913 937 627
INTRODUCTION
PHYTOCHEMISTRY

15
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts and
isolated compounds from Emblica officinalis are shown in
table 5.
Antifungal activity
Antifungal property of E. officinalis was reported against
Aspergillus (Satish et al., 2007). Fruit ethanol and acetone
extracts showed moderate activity against Fusarium
equiseti and Candida albicans where Grisofulvin was used
as standard antibiotic (Hossain et al., 2012). Plant meth-
anolic extract of E. officinalis did not show antifungal
activity against phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger
F2723 (Bobbarala et al., 2009).
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity
Galic acid equivalent as total phenolic content from fruit
and seed of E. officinalis has excellent antioxidant proper-
ties and play an important role as free radical scavengers
required in the maintenance of ‚redox homeostasis‛
responsible for diverse degenerative diseases (Prakash et
al., 2012). The methanolic seed extract of Emblica officinalis
has promising free radical scavenging activity of 1,1,
Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) in a concentration
dependant manner (Priya et al., 2012). Methanolic extract
of fruit pulp also have antioxidant and free radical
scavenging activity (Mehrotra et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2008a;
Liu et al., 2008b, Hazra et al., 2010, Majumdar et al., 2010).
Methanolic extracts of dried leaves of Phyllanthus emblica
was used for the comparative study of antibacterial and
antioxidant activity and the research work was ended
positively showing the extract has both these activities
(Shivaji et al., 2010). In a separate research work, it is seen
that the water extract of E. officinalis fruit prepared
according to Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia has a strong
potential for free radical scavenging, ferric reducing as
well as inhibiting ROS (reactive oxygen species) produc-
tion (Charoenteeraboon et al., 2010).
Insecticidal activity
Saponins which are important constituents of E. officinalis
have insecticidal or cytotoxic properties to certain insects
(Chaieb, 2010). Although saponins which had shown
insecticidal activity was collected from natural sources
other than E. officinalis. But as saponins are bioactive
compounds found in E. officinalis too, it is obvious that E.
officinalis might have insecticidal activity and further
evaluation can be conducted to get more precise evaluation.
Larvicidal and mosquitocidal activity
In a mosquitocidal property evaluation test Murugan et al.
(2012) observed larvicidal and pupicidal activities of
methanol extract of E. officinalis against the malarial vector,
Anopheles stephensi showing 98% mortality rate at 100 ppm.
The ethanol and methanol extracts of E. officinalis also
exerted 100% mortality (no hatchability) at 400 ppm and
above (Murugan et al., 2012). Jeyasankar et al. (2012)
Table 1: Botanical description of E. officinalis.
Feature
Description
Reference
Habitat
Central and southern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, southern China, the
Mascarene Islands, South East Asia and Uzbekistan.
Rai et al., 2012;
Thilaga et al., 2013;
Khan, 2009
Appearance
Medium sized deciduous tree, 8-18 meters height with thin light grey bark exfoliating in small
thin irregular flakes.
Meena et al., 2010
Used parts
Dried fruits, fresh fruit, seed, leaves, root bark, flowers.
Khan, 2009; Kumar et
al., 2012b
Leaves
Simple, sub sessile, closely set along the branchlets, light green having the appearance of
pinnate leaves.
Meena et al., 2010
Fruits
15-20 mm long and 18-25 mm wide, nearly spherical or globular wider than long and with a
small and slight conic depression on both apexes. Mesocarp is yellow and endocarp is
yellowish brown in ripened condition
Khan, 2009
Globose, fleshy, pale yellow with six obscure vertical furrows enclosing six trigonous seeds in
2-seeded 3 crustaceous cocci.
Meena et al., 2010
Seedlings start bearing fruits in 7-8 years after planting, while the budded clones will start
bearing fruits from the 5th year onwards.
Kumar et al., 2012a
Fresh fruits are light green and ripe fruits turn light brown in colour. The average weight of the
fruit is 60 -70 g.
Kumar et al., 2012b
Flowers
Greenish yellow, in axillary fascicles, unisexual, males numerous on short slender pedicels,
females few, sub sessile, ovary 3-celled.
Meena et al., 2010;
Rai et al., 2012
Seeds
Four-Six, smooth, dark brown
Khan, 2009
Barks
Thick to 12 mm, shining grayish brown or grayish green
Khan, 2009
Flowering
and fruiting
February - May and December - January
Rai et al., 2012
Edible part
Mesocarp and endocarp that forms the hard stone which encages the seed
Patel and Goyal, 2011
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

16
reported that the larvicidal activity of Phyllanthus emblica
ethyl acetate leaf extracts. The study concluded that the
ethyl acetate extract of P. emblica exhibited the maximum
larvicidal activity (99.6%) with LC50 (lethal Concentration
brings out 50% mortality) value of 78.89 ppm against the
larvae of Aedes aegypti (Jeyasankar et al., 2012).
Antidepressant activity
Pemminati et al. (2010) has checked the antidepressant
activity of aqueous extract of fruits of E. officinalis in
inbred adult male Swiss Albino mice weighing 25-30g.
The test was carried out by forced swim test (FST) and tail
suspension test (TST). The result of this test showed the
antidepressant activity of E. officinalis as comparable to the
of standard antidepressant drug imipramine.
Immunomodulatory activity
Reports suggest that triphala can stimulate the neutrophil
functions in the immunized albino rats (Srikumar et al.,
2005). There was considerable dose dependent raise in
haemagglutination antibody titre, macrophage migration
index, hypersensitivity reaction, respiratory burst activity
of the peritoneal macrophages, total leukocyte count,
percentage lymphocyte distribution, serum globulin and
relative lymphoid organ weight in Emblica treated albino
mice indicating its ability to stimulate humoral and cell
mediated immunity along with macrophage phagocyte
(Suja et al., 2009).
Anti-inflammatory activity
E. officinalis showed anti-inflammatory activities in
carrageenan induced acute and cotton pellet induced
chronic inflammation in Sprague-Dawley rats by reducing
paw volume in acute inflammation and by decreasing
cotton pellet induced granulomas tissue lipid peroxida-
tion, the granulomatous tissue mass, myeloperoxidase
activity and plasma extravasation in chronic inflammato-
ry condition (Muthuraman et al., 2011). E. officinalis water
extract has reported to have inhibitory effect on the
synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators in rats
(Jaijoy et al., 2010).
Radioprotective activity
It has been reported that mice treated with Emblica
officinalis extract before exposure to different doses of
gamma radiation can reduce the severity of symptoms of
radiation sickness and mortality (Singh et al., 2006).
Similar delayed onset of mortality and reduction in the
symptoms of radiation sickness in mice were seen in
consecutively triphala treated mice before irradiation
when compared with the non-drug treated irradiated
controls (Jagetia et al., 2002).
Hypolipidemic activity
Amla fruit have been reported to have significant anti-
hyperlipidemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-atherogenic
effect (Santoshkumar et al., 2013). Treatment with Emblica
officinalis caused significant reduction of Total Cholesterol
(TC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG)
and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and a
significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
levels in patients with type II hyperlipidemia. Both
treatments from E. officinalis and simvastatin produced
significant reduction in blood pressure; however, this
beneficial effect was more marked in patients receiving E.
officinalis (Gopa et al., 2012). Histopathological study of
thoracic aorta of Emblica officinalis treated group has
shown decrease in atherogenicity compared to untreated
high cholesterol diet fed rats. The data demonstrated that
Emblica officinalis formulation was associated with
hypolipidemic effects on the experimentally induced
hypercholesteremic rats (Kumar and Kalaivani, 2011). It is
also seen that E. officinalis treated rat showed more hypogly-
cemic and hypolipidemic activity than Phyllanthus acidus
treated diabetic rats (Modilal and Pitchai, 2011).
Cytotoxic effects
To evaluate the immunostimulatory and side effects of
Triphala in a clinical phase I, all the volunteers took
Triphala for two weeks (3 capsules per day). As complete
physical examinations, routine laboratory analysis and
immunological studies were performed before ingestion
and after initial meeting for 4 consecutive weeks. The
result revealed significant immunostimulatory effects on
cytotoxic T cells (CD3−CD8+) and natural killer cells
(CD16+CD56+). Both of them increased significantly when
compared with those of the control samples. However, no
significant change in cytokine secretion was detected. All
volunteers were healthy and showed no adverse effects
throughout the duration of the study (Phetkate et al., 2012).
Flavonoids, a group of essential bioactive secondary
metabolites of Emblica officinalis, were evaluated for
antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity and intestinal absorp-
tion. The research concluded that flavonoids from E.
officinalis and some other medicinal plants hold a good
prospective as nutraceutical & chemotherapeutics agents
because of their antioxidant potential, no cytotoxicity and
good intestinal absorptive property (Sharma et al., 2010).
But it is confirmed that the chloroform soluble fraction of
the ripe fruits of Amlaki containing alkaloids have both
antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity (Rahman et al., 2009).
Anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic activity
Herbal formulations prepared by extracts of Tinospora
cordifolia, Trigonella foenum and Emblica officinalis were
Table 2: Nutritional value of Emblica officinalis (redrawn from
Singh
et al., 2011).
Chemical components
Percentage
Fruits: Moisture
81.2%
Protein
0.5%
Fat
0.1%
Mineral matter
0.7%
Fiber
3.4%
Carbohydrate
14.1%
Bulk elements Mg/100g
Net weight
Calcium
0.05%
Phosphorus
0.02%
Iron
1.2 mg/100g
Vitamin C
600 mg/100g
Nicotinic acid
0.2 mg/100g
Table 3: Taxonomical classification of E. officinalis.
Kingdom
Plantae (Plants)
Subkingdom
Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
Superdivision
Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Division
Angiospermae (Flowering plants)
Class
Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons)
Subclass
Rosidae
Order
Geraniales
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Genus
Emblica
Species
officinalis Geartn.

17
evaluated for hypoglycemic effects and Oral Glucose
Tolerance Test (OGTT) in normal and Alloxan induced
diabetic rats and significant, marginal and very less
decrease in blood glucose level was observed when
different herbal combinations were used (Deep et al., 2011).
The polyherbal combination of extracts E. officinalis
(fruit), Momordica charantia (fruit) and Trigonella foenum-
graecum (leaves and seeds) had shown synergistic activity,
as the glucose levels were decreased more significantly by
the combination of extracts compared to the individual
extract when used separately in streptozotocin induced
diabetic rats (Satyanarayana et al., 2010). The aqueous fruit
extract of Phyllanthus emblica was evaluated on type-II
diabetes, triglycerides (TG) and liver-specific enzyme,
alanine transaminase (ALT). This study showed that in a
dose of 200mg/kg body weight the aqueous fruit extract
can significantly reduce the blood glucose level in alloxan-
induced diabetic rats (Qureshi et al., 2009). Another study
reports that Phyllanthus emblica treated rat showed more
hypoglycemic and hypo lipidemic activity than Phyl-
lanthus acidus treated diabetic rats when the effect of orally
administered aqueous extracts (350 mg/kg body weight)
of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica and Phyllanthus acidus on
serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin,
cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, protein, urea
and creatinine were examined in control and extract-
treated diabetic rats (Modilal and Pitchai, 2011).
Hepato-protective activity
The histopathological study of liver cells of rats was
examined by administering E. officinalis as a preventative
agent to reduce paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity and it
has been observed that fruit extract has the ability to
rectify toxicity or hepatic damage (Malar and Bai, 2009).
Another histological study was undertaken to demon-
strate the protective effect of 50% hydroalcoholic extract
of the fresh fruit of E. officinalis against chronic toxicity
induced by carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide in rats.
From the liver sections of the tested rats, it was observed
that E. officinalis reversed the abnormal histopathology by
accelerating the regenerative activity and in a few cases,
the hepatocytic injury was found negligible in E. officinalis
treated group of rats (Mir et al., 2007).
Anti-cancer and anti-proliferative activity
E. officinalis exhibits its anticancer activities through
inhibition of activator protein-1 and targets transcription
of viral oncogenes responsible for development of cervical
Table 4: Properties, functions and some common sources of bioactive compounds isolated from E. officinalis.
Compound
names
Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight
BP/ MP
Biological activity
Common sources
References
Chebulinic
acid
C41H32O27
956.67
gm/mol
1460°C at 760
mmHg (BP)
Antioxidant activity, Anti-
secretory and cryo-protective
activity
Phyllanthus emblica,
Terminalia arborea, and T.
chebula
Baliga and
Dsouza, 2010;
Mishra, 2013
Chebulagic
acid
C41H30O27
954.66
gm/mol
1610.6°C at
760mmHg
(BP)
Antispasmodic action
E. officinalis, Terminalia
Chebula, T. citrine, T.
catappa
Reddy et al., 2009
Chen and Li, 2006
Emblicanin-A
C34H22O22
<1,000
gm/mol
Not con-
firmed
Antioxidant activity
E. officinalis
Madhuri et al.,
2011
Emblicanin-B
C34H22O22
<1,000
gm/mol
Not con-
firmed
Antioxidant activity
E. officinalis
Madhuri et al.,
2011
Gallic acid
C7H6O5
170.12
gm/mol
252° C (MP)
Radioprotective effect, chemopre-
ventive effect, anti-carcinogenic,
antioxidative, antimutagenic, anti-
allergic and anti-inflammatory
activities.
E. officinalis; T chebula; T
bellerica, C sinensis L.,
Arctostaphylos uva-ursiL.,
C avellana, O biennis, V
viniferaL.
Baliga and
Dsouza, 2010;
Vazirian et al.,
2011; Negi et al.,
2005; Karamaæ
et
al., 2006
Ellagic acid
C14H6O8
302
gm/mol
≥350 °C (MP)
Radioprotective and chemopreven-
tive effect, antityrosinase Activity,
antioxidant, antiproliferative, and
antiatherogenic Properties,
estrogenic/antiestrogenic Activity
E. officinalis, Castanea
sativa, Euca-lyptus
camaldulensis, Juglans
regia
Baliga and
Dsouza, 2010;
O¨zer et al., 2007;
Papoutsi et al.,
2005
Quercetin
C15H10O7
302.24
gm/mol
316.5 °C (MP)
Radioprotective, chemopreventive,
hepato protective effect
E. officinalis
Baliga and
Dsouza, 2010;
Madhuri et al.,
2011
Phyllantine
C14H17NO3
247.29
gm/mol
Not con-
firmed
Not confirmed
E. officinalis
Khan, 2009
Phyllantidine
C13H15NO3
233.2631
gm/mol
Not con-
firmed
Neuropharmacological activity
(CNS activity)
E. officinalis, P. discoides;
Seurinega suffruticosa
Khan, 2009;
Beutler et al., 1985
Punigluconin
C34H26O23
802.556
gm/mol
1448.6°C at
760 mmHg
(BP)
Antioxidant activity
E. officinalis
Bhattacharya et al.,
1999
Pedunculagin
C34H24O22
784.54
gm/mol
1578.039 °C
at 760 mmHg
(BP)
Antitumor activity, Antioxidant
activity
E. officinalis
Chang et al., 1995;
Bhattacharya
et al.,
1999

18
cancer thus demonstrating its potential efficacy for
treatment of human papillomavirus-induced cervical
cancers (Mahata et al., 2013).
An in vitro cytotoxicity was performed against five
human cancer cell lines and the activity was done using
100µg/ml of the ethanolic whole plant extract of E.
officinalis. Against lung (A-549) cell line plant extract
showed 82% growth inhibition. In case of liver cell line
(Hep-2), it showed no activity, whereas in colon 502713
cell line, the plant extract displayed maximum activity. In
case of IMR-32 neuroblastima cell line and HT-29 liver
human cancer line, the plant extract showed 97% and 98%
activity, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). E. officinalis fruit
extract at 50–100 μg/mL can significantly inhibit cell
growth of six human cancer cell lines, A549 (lung), HepG2
(liver), HeLa (cervical), MDA-MB-231 (breast), SK-OV3
(ovarian) and SW620 (colorectal). (Ngamkitidechakul et al.,
2010). HepG2 and A549 cells were treated with P. emblica
and T. bellerica extracts alone or in combination with
doxorubicin or cisplatin and effects on cell growth were
determined using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Both
the plant extracts demonstrated growth inhibitory activity
against the two cancer cell lines tested (Pinmai et al., 2008).
Studies also demonstrated that amla extracts are cytotoxic
and restrain the in vitro proliferation of some tumor cell
lines such as MK-1 (human gastric adenocarcinoma) and
B16F10 (murine melanoma) (Zhang et al., 2004).
HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity
Inhibition of HIV-Reverse Transcriptase (HIV-RT) by P.
emblica plant extract fractions was tested on Peripheral
Blood Mononuclear Cells. From this test it was observed
Table 5: Antibacterial activity of deferent solvent extracts and isolated compounds from Emblica officinalis.
Used extracts/
other compounds
Used organisms
Extract conc.
Max. zone of
inhibition
(mm)
Organism(s)
showed highest
activity
Extract or extract
conc. showed
highest activity
Reference
Ethanol, Acetone
(Fruit extract)
V. cholerae, S. aureus, P.
aeruginasa,
B. subtilis, Shigella dysenteriae,
S. pyogenous, E. coli,
B. megaterium
0.5 mg/disc
12.7
Shigella dysenteriae
Ethanol
Hossain et al.,
2012
Hexane,
Chloroform,
Methanol
(Fruit extract)
E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P.
vulgaris, M. luteus, B. subtilis,
E. faecalis, S. faecalis
50 mg/ml
34
E. faecalis
Methanol
Jyothi and Rao,
2011
100 mg/ml
36
E. faecalis, K.
pneumoniae
Petroleum ether,
Chloroform,
Alcohol
(Fruit extract)
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S.
aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis
10 mg/ml
12
S. aureus
Alcohol
Dhale and
Mogle, 2011
20 mg/ml
22
S. aureus
Methanolic seed
extract
E. coli, S. aureus,
K. pneumoniae,
P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus
50 mg/ml
14
P. aeruginosa
200 mg/ml extract
conc.
Priya et al., 2012
100 mg/ml
17
E. coli
150 mg/ml
18.5
S. aureus
200 mg/ml
21
S. aureus
Polar flavanoides
(Leaf extract)
P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, S.
typhi
100 mg/ml
17
S. typhi
No significant
differences
Bansod, 2012
500 mg/ml
18
S. aureus, E. coli, S.
typhi
1000 mg/ml
19
E. coli, S. typhi
Non-polar
flavanoides (Leaf
extract)
P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, S.
typhi
100 mg/ml
16
S. aureus, E. coli
500 mg/ml
19
E. coli
1000 mg/ml
19
P. vulgaris
Tannin (isolated
from leaves of
E.
officinalis
)
E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
B. subtilis, Shigella boydii,
Shigella flexneri, S. aureus, S.
epidermidis
0.5 mg/ml
Negligible
NA
5 mg/ml
Shinde et al.,
2010
1 mg/ml
4.2
S. subtilis
1.5 mg/ml
8.5
E. coli, S. subtilis
2 mg/ml
9.5
E. coli
2.5 mg/ml
10.7
E. coli
3 mg/ml
11.5
E. coli
3.5 mg/ml
12.9
E. coli
4 mg/ml
15.2
E. coli
4.5 mg/ml
17.9
E. coli
5 mg.ml
18
E. coli
Tannin (isolated
from fruits of
E.
officinalis
)
E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
B. subtilis, Shigella boydii,
Shigella flexneri, S. aureus, S.
epidermidis
0.5 mg/ml
Negligible
NA
5 mg/ml
Shinde et al.,
2010
1 mg/ml
Negligible
NA
1.5 mg/ml
2.2
E. coli
2 mg/ml
3.1
E. coli
2.5 mg/ml
5.3
E. coli
3 mg/ml
6.2
E. coli
3.5mg/ml
6.8
E. coli
4 mg/ml
8.3
S. boydii
4.5 mg/ml
8.3
S. boydii
5 mg.ml
10.1
E. coli

19
that aqueous fraction and n-hexane fraction have highest
inhibition of recombinant HIV-RT (91% and 89%,
respectively) at 1 mg/ml concentration. Chloroform
fraction showed highest inhibition of HIV-RT at 0.5 mg/ml
and carbon tetrachloride fraction at 0.12 mg/ml concentra-
tion. At 0.12 mg/ml and 0.5 concentrations 50% of the HIV-
RT activity is inhibited in n-hexane fraction and carbon
tetrachloride fraction respectively (Estari et al., 2012).
Anti ulcerogenic activity
The ethanolic extract of E. officinalis has found highly
effective in controlling growth of H. pylori in-vitro with
minimum inhibitory control ranging from 0.91 to 1.87 µg/
µl. The result concluded that the plant ethanolic extract is
well retained with total phenolics, reducing power,
flavanoids and the antioxidant properties which make
amla a proper remedial use against H. pylori infection and
gastric ulcer (Mehrotra et al., 2011).
Antimutagenic and wound healing activity
An investigation on Swiss albino mice showed that 50%
methanolic extract of Emblica fruit can protect mice
against the chromosome damaging effects of the well-
known mutagen cyclophosphamide (Agrawal et al., 2012).
Ascorbic acid and tannins of E. officinalis, namely
emblicanin A and emblicanin B have strong antioxidant
action and it is proposed that the addition of these
antioxidants support the repair process of cells. Emblica
Table 6: Traditional uses of Emblica officinalis.
Used part
Preparation/Administration
Dose
Activity
Treatment
References
Fruit
The fruit or fresh fruit is pickled or pre-
served in sugar. Used when dry.
One or two
fruits daily
Laxative
Constipation
Kumar et al., 2012b;
Baliga and Dsouza,
2010
Leaves, fresh
fruit, seed
Decoction of leaves or decoction of seed,
dried grapes and sugar (for gargling) or
decoction of fresh fruit and compounds
containing equal part of Emblica seed,
chitrak root, chebulic myrobalan and pipli
is given.
Not
confirmed
Refrigerant and
aperient
Fever
Kumar et al., 2012b;
Patel and Goyal,
2011; Srivasuki,
2012
Fruit
Tablespoon of juice is mixed with a cup of
bitter gourd juice
taken daily
for two
months
Antidiabetic
activity
Diabetes, eye
complication in
diabetes
Kumar et al., 2012a;
Singh et al., 2011
Fruit, bark,
root, leaves
Fruit decoction is mixed with sour milk or,
bark partakes of the astringency of the
fruit. Decoction and evaporation of the root
solution produces an astringent extract
equal to catechu. An infusion of the leaves
with fenugreek seed is also given.
Not
confirmed
Anti-diarrheal
activity
Diarrhoea, chronic
diarrhea
Kumar et al., 2012b;
Srivasuki, 2012
Root, leaves,
node
10 gm roots are taken and ground.
Taken
twice after
meal per
day.
Pain killing, anti-
inflammatory
activity
Dental problems
Kumar et al., 2012b;
Srivasuki, 2012
Leaves are squeezed and the juice extracted
A few
drops of
juice is put
in the ear
Grind the node and mix it with water.
After vigorous stirring it is filtered through
a cloth. Water drop is given to right ear left
sided teeth are in pain and vice versa.
Only few
drops
Bark
The juice of the bark combined with honey
and turmuric is given
Not
confirmed
Antimicrobial
activity
Gonorrhoea
Kumar et al., 2012b;
Srivasuki, 2012
Fruit
Fresh fruits or crushed fruits
Not
confirmed
Growth promoting
effects
Hair growth
Singh et al., 2011;
Patel and Goyal,
2011;
Fruit
A paste of the fruit is a useful application to
Not
confirmed
Headache, nausea
or vomiting
inhibitory effect
Cephalalgia
(headache)
Kumar et al., 2012b;
Patel and Goyal,
2011
Leaves, root
bark
Decoction of the leaves or root bark mixed
with honey is applied to inflammations of
the mouth
Not
confirmed
Anti-inflammatory,
bactericidal activity
Treatment of
aphthae or
aphthous stomati-
tis
Kumar et al., 2012b
Fruit
One teaspoonful of powder of the dry fruit
mixed with two teaspoon full of jaggery
Taken
twice daily
for a
month
Anti-rheumatic
activity
Rheumatism
Kumar et al., 2012a

20
increases cellular proliferation at the wound site, as
supported by a raise in the action of extracellular signal-
regulated kinase 1/2, along with an increase in DNA, type
III collagen, acid-soluble collagen, aldehyde content,
shrinkage temperature and tensile strength (Sumitra et al.,
2009).
In vitro propagation
A simple and one step reproducible protocol was
developed by Thilaga et al. (2013) for induction of high
frequency somatic embryogenesis from juvenile leaf
tissues of Emblica officinalis in vitro. Highest percentage of
callus (67.5%) was obtained on media containing 0.45 µM
2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic in combination with 22 µM 6-
benzylaminopurine. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet
regeneration of Emblica officinalis was performed by using
in vitro germinated seeds derived cotyledon explants to
produce proembryos directly in MS media (Al-Sabah et al.,
2012). Another efficient protocol for in vitro shoot
proliferation of Emblica officinalis has been evaluated by
using nodal explants where MS medium was found the
best for shoot proliferation (Goyal and Bhadauria, 2007).
TRADITIONAL USES
Traditionally E. officinalis have been used for the ailments
of different diseases in different countries for ancient
periods. Traditional uses of E. officinalis are summarized
in table 6.
CONCLUSION
Amla or Indian gooseberry has been playing a significant
role from ancient times in traditional medicine, Ayurveda
and in tribal medicine. The major group of phytochemi-
cals of like tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and
other polyphenolic compounds extracted from Amla has
been screened for diverse biological and biopharmaceuti-
cal investigations from last few decades. Some important
Amla phytochemicals like gallic acid, ellagic acid,
emblicanin A, emblacani B, quercetin, phyllantine,
phyllantidine and so forth have been confirmed as having
different biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobi-
al, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitissuive, anti,
radioprotective, chemopreventive, wound healing
activities and so on. From the current investigation, it has
seen that some bioactive compounds from Emblica
officinalis are also common in other medicinal plant
species. These phytochemicals extracted from other plants
has been investigated for different bioscreening showing
significant results but have not been researched from
Emblica officinalis solvent extraction yet. Therefore, further
evaluation of unexplored bioactive compounds of Amla,
is needed which can reveal more and more new biological
activities of this potent medicinal plant.
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