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... Collection data: Shimane Prefecture, Izumo; 1990, ex Ostrinia furnacalis, T. Murai. (Figs. 11 and 12) Trichogramma lingulatum Pang and Chen (1974): Sorokina (1993): 19-20. ...
... Collection data: Fukuoka Prefecture, Nagai, Ikuhashi; viii-27-1997, ex Malasmia exigua, J. Honda. Matsumura (Figs. 17 and 18) Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (1926): 45;Ishii (1941): 172;Nagarkatti and Nagaraja (1971): 17;Pang and Chen (1974): 444;Hayat and Viggiani (1984): 35;Sorokina (1993): 69; Chan and Chou (2000): 140. Trichogramma evanescens Ishii (1941): 173. ...
... Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) (Ishii, 1941), Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldavia, Kazakhstan, Western Europe (Sorokina, 1993), China (Pang and Chen, 1974), and Taiwan (Chan and Chou, 2000). ...
Numerous errors and confusion in the literature concerning the genus Trichogramma in Japan have necessitated a formal review of this genus. This review corrects and updates Trichogramma host and distribution records from Hokkaido to the Ryukyu Islands, redescribes and designates a lectotype for T. jezoense Ishii, records two Trichogramma species new to Japan (T. ostriniae Pang and Chen and T. lingulatum Pang and Chen) and describes three new species (T. yabui Honda and Taylor, T. okinawae Honda, and T. aomoriense Honda). Additionally a key to the species is provided for the 14 known Japanese species as are ITS-2 DNA sequences and SEM micrographs of male genital capsules for the majority of the species to aid biocontrol workers in Trichogramma identification.
... The very sparsely setose vein track RS1 of the fore wing is unusual for the genus. In the key of Sorokina (1993), T. zerynthiae keys to T. polychrosis Chen & Pang, 1981. However, using Pintureau (2008, the new species keys to T. gicai Pintureau and Stefanescu, 2000, a species that was not yet described when Sorokina's 1993 key was published. ...
... HB and HC thank Dr Önder Çalmaşur (Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection) for the identification of Allantus (Allantus) viennensis and Dr Felipe Gil (Granada, Spain) for the identification of Zerynthia polyxena. AP is grateful to Dr Serguei Triapitsyn (Entomology Research Museum, University of California, Riverside, USA) for access to his English translation of Sorokina (1993), and for extremely useful comments on an earlier form of this paper. ...
New country and host records of Trichogramma species for Turkey are presented. Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev & Sorokina is recorded for the first time from Turkey, and a new species, T. zerynthiae Polaszek & Bolu, is described. Morphological identification based on dissected male genitalia is supplemented by molecular sequence data.
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9CFF5E39-F1D2-42FB-86B8FC8475EC3560
... This species has been reported from Iran (Ebrahimi et al. 1998) and Kyrgizstan (Sorokina 1984) on C. suppressalis and M. brassicae, respectively. ...
... Faunistic studies on Trichogramma in Iran began by Shojai and his colleagues in1984 (Shojai et al. 1990). They collected and identified a rich fauna of native Trichogramma species in vast agricultural ecosystems such as rice, com, cotton, pomegranate, cabbage etc. in north, center and west of Iran by an essential cooperation of Dr. Voegele. ...
This chapter is focused on chalcid egg parasitoids. All trichogrammatids and mymarids, many encyrtids, and some eupelmids, eulophids and torymids have members that parasitize eggs of other insects. The chapter was mainly engaged with Trichogrammatidae; the most important group of egg parasitoids, not only among the chalcids, but also in throughout the Class Insecta. The identified species of Trichogramma in Iran, as well as their targeted moths are presented, and information about their ecology, behavior and mass rearing wherever was present is provided. Information about rearing methods on factitious hosts, quality control and efficacy evaluation for preliminary screening of the most advantageous species or populations is provided. Inundative programs conducted against codling moth, Cydia pomomella L., carob moth, Spectrobates ceratoniae Zeller, cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker was included and reasons that why inundation programs in Iran has failed to use extensively is discussed. Unfortunately few data if any is available about their performance in field condition. Status of Trichogrammatidae in Iran is compared to its status in the world. At last, chapter comes to an end by presenting data on other egg parasitoids of superfamily Chalcidoidea. More data are available on Encyrtidae compared to the other families.
... Woelke et al. (2019) used these characters to describe two new Trichogramma species. Sorokina (1993) and Pintureau (2008) used these characters and identified T. evanescens and T. brassicae. ...
... The species of Trichogramma was identified on the base of morphological study of male genitalia and male antennae (Nagarkatti & Nagaraja, 1977;Pinto, 1999). Morphological keys of Pintureau (2008) and Sorokina (1993) were used for the identification. The parasitoid species was identified as T. evanescens. ...
Chilo partellus Swinhoe, 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), which is currently found in many parts of the world, is
a very damaging maize stem borer in Indian subcontinent and South and Eastern Africa. In 2014, it was recorded for
the first time in Turkey. This pest is normally controlled by insecticides. Concerns of the negative effects of incessant
use of insecticides have necessitated exploration of more benign and natural control methods. This study investigated
the occurrence and parasitism rates of some native egg parasitoids of C. partellus. In 2018, first and second maize
crops were planted in the research field of the Department of Plant Protection, Çukurova University (39º01’50.5”N,
35º21’06.7”E), in Adana, Turkey. Field was scouted once a week for parasitized egg masses. An egg parasitoid was
recorded and morphologically identified as Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).
The egg parasitoid was recorded in August-September 2018 for the first time on C. partellus in maize (second crop)
with rate of parasitism reaching 100% on 16 August. It is suggested that T. evanescens can be used for future
development of biological control programs against C. partellus.
... A clear tendency towards exploiting the potential of indigenous Trichogramma spp. is evident because (1) they are believed to be better adapted to the local climatic conditions (Hassan 1994) and (2) safety concerns relating to the release of exotic species has become an important issue (van Lenteren et al. 2003). Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina is an holarctic species that occurs in Central Europe (Samara 2005), the former USSR (central Russia, Altay region, western Siberia and Zabaykalie), Moldavia, Bulgaria (Livshits and Mitrofanov 1986; Sorokina 1993), and in North America (Pinto, Koopmanschap, Platner and Stouthamer 2002). Trichogramma aurosum has been reared from eggs of C. pomonella in the mentioned regions. ...
... From 2001 to 2003, a wide collection of this species from eggs of N. tibialis on R. pseudoacacia was conducted in the German Federal Republic and on selected sites in six European countries, in order to obtain different strains. Although T. aurosum parasitises C. pomonella eggs (Sorokina 1993; Pinto et al. 2002), this species could not be obtained from field collected codling moth eggs in this study. Adaptability to adverse abiotic conditions and suitability for mass rearing are important selection criteria for use of Trichogramma spp. in inundative releases/ augmentative biological control (Pak 1988). ...
Life table parameters were assessed for seven strains of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) collected in different European countries, in order to compare their performance when reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a potential
factitious host for mass-rearing. The average number of progeny per female, cumulative fertility and emergence rate did not differ significantly, whereas female longevity and sex ratio significantly differed between the seven parasitoid strains. The Danish strain survived the longest (6.05 days) and the Dutch strain survived
the shortest (2.75 days). Progeny was always female-biased with varying proportions (57.7�96.7%). Survival rates started to decrease after 3 days for some of the strains studied. The mean cohort generation duration (Tc) was 11.40, 10.15, 10.62, 10.63, 9.28, 9.70 and 11.30 days for the Austrian, Luxemburgian, Belgian, French, Dutch, Danish and German strains, respectively. Population doubling time (Dt) was 4.50, 7.96, 3.56, 5.30, 5.23, 7.36 and 3.30 days, respectively. Daily intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (exp.
rm) ranged between 0.087 and 0.210 and 1.091�1.233, respectively. The German strain might be a potential candidate for mass rearing and releases against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), due to its high net reproduction rate (R0�10.65 female), a high intrinsic rate of natural increase
(rm�0.210), a high finite rate of increase (exp. rm�1.23), and a short population doubling time (Dt�3.3 days). The relevance of intra- and interstrain variability as well as the usefulness of fertility life tables for pre-introductory research is discussed.
... Whole body mounts of males from field collected arrhenotokous strains were prepared in Hoyer's medium for examination of morphological characters, using a Zeiss Axioplan Stereomicroscope at a magnification range of 200· to 640·. Examination of slides was done following descriptions of Sorokina (1993) and Pinto (1999). Specimens of selected strains were sent to Dr. Bernard Pintureau (Inst. ...
... We thank Mrs. Sybille Menke, Mrs. Hildegard Liscinsky, and Mrs. Doris Lotter for the skillful technical assistance and Dr. Martin Lange, DLR Rheinpfalz, Neustadt, Germany for support in molecular techniques. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. John Pinto, Univ. of California, Riverside, USA, for providing an English translation of the key of Sorokina (1993), Dr. Bernhard Pintureau, Inst. Nat. ...
A survey of egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was carried out in olive groves in Portugal, Greece, Egypt, and Tunisia during the years 2002–2004. Parasitoids were obtained either by exposing sentinel eggs (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier or Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) on olive trees or by collecting eggs of lepidopterous olive pests. Parasitized egg samples were reared separately in the laboratory for emergence of parasitoids. These were further reared in separate lines and processed by morphological and molecular biology techniques for species characterization. The recorded fauna of Trichogramma parasitoids in olive groves was species poor and consisted of species mainly known from the Mediterranean region. Trichogramma bourarachae Pintureau and Babault was found in Tunisia and Egypt, T. cordubensis Vargas and Cabello, and T. euproctidis Girault in Egypt, Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal in Portugal, Greece, Egypt, Tunisia and Trichogramma nerudai Pintureau and Gerding in Portugal. Apart from that, Trichogramma oleae Voegelé and Pointel was collected in Tunisia. This species is probably not indigenous, but has established after several releases of a French strain were made in recent years. For selected strains, the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of rDNA was determined and deposited in the GenBank database. Differences in important biological attributes were found among collected strains of T. bourarachae, suggesting the existence of biotypes. The results contribute to the limited knowledge on distribution and biodiversity of the genus Trichogramma in the Mediterranean region. They can be helpful for the preservation and use of indigenous Trichogramma species in biological control of lepidopterous pests in olive and other local crops.
... The Trichogramma species (as well as Trichogrammatoidea) have been chosen for bulk production in the lab and field release to combat noxious lepidopterous agricultural pests. Noctuidae has the greatest number of host species among Trichogramma spp.'s natural lepidopterous hosts, followed by Tortricoidea, Pyraloidea, etc. (Sorokina 1993). Of the 80 genera that make up the family Trichogrammatidae, the genus Trichogramma is found throughout all terrestrial ecosystems and has a global range. ...
The parasitoids of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) family are the ones that are smallest; they all feed on the eggs of predominantly lepidopterans. The most important are Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species, which have been mostly suitable to laboratory production in large quantities on factitious hosts that are such as rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica Stn.), paddy moth (Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier)), and flour moth (Ephestia spp.) and are used for biological control of harmful lepidopterous pests of crops worldwide. The parasitoid chosen for mass production must typically have a high fundamental rate of natural growth and a short life cycle. The larvae and pupal predators and parasitoids that get into the cultures and take a significant toll on the host individuals are problems addressed in bulk production of hosts. Introduction:
... Para o efeito, os machos das estirpes com reprodução arrenótoca montaram-se em meio de Hoyer e observaram-se ao microscópio, com uma ampliação situada entre 200× e 640×. A identificação baseou-se nas descrições de Sorokina (1993) e Pinto (1999), tendo sido confirmada pelo Dr. Bernhard Pintureau (INRA/INSA de Lyon, Villeurbanne, França). A análise molecular fez-se por comparação do tamanho e da sequência da região ITS2 do rDNA, seguindo a metodologia descrita por Stouthammer et al. (1999) e Silva et al. (1999). ...
Com o objectivo de contribuir para conhecer as espécies de Trichogramma associadas ao olival, no norte interior de Portugal, entre Abril e Julho de 2002, efectuaram-se prospecções em três olivais da região e, entre Março e Agosto de 2003, o trabalho prosseguiu num destes olivais. Para o efeito, colocaram-se em cada uma de seis árvores de cada um dos olivais, dez dispositivos contendo ovos de Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), que se renovaram semanalmente. Os ovos incubaram-se em laboratório e os insectos obtidos identificaram-se por métodos morfológicos e biomoleculares. Do total de 24 amostras em que se obtiveram Trichogramma, identificaram-se duas espécies: T. cacaeciae Marchal, presente em 22 amostras e uma espécie próxima de T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding, presente em duas.
... The ratio of ovipositor length and hind tibial length was also used for the separation and identification of Trichogramma spp. by Nagaraja and Nagarkatti (1973) and Sorokina (1984). The same ratio was also employed to distinguish T. chilonis and T. japonicum and found success as the average ratio of former (1.01) was smaller than the later (1.41). ...
Trichogramma is very minute insect which is being used in controlling the many insect pests. Due to the smaller size, the identification of different species of Trichogramma become complex work. In present study, Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum has been studied for its morphometric analyses. As a whole 33 characters of males and 27 of females have been studied. Parameters of different characters and their ratios have been analyzed by t test. In males of T. chilonis and T. japonicum, genital capsule length and width, longest flagellar hair length, fore and hind wings width, longest marginal fringe of fore and hind wings have been found to be useful in separating these two species. Similarly, females of these two species can be separated distinctly by morphometrics characters including ovipositor length, fore and hind wings width, antennal club length, longest marginal fringe of fore and hind wings. The details of parameters of different characters have been discussed.
... The posterior margin of the mesonotum forms the mesophragma extending to the middle of the metasoma. The part of the mesophragma protruding into the metasoma was termed the postphragma by some authors (Sorokina, 1993). ...
Anatomy of adults of Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is described in detail for the first time based on series of sections and 3D computer reconstruction. The complex structure of the exoskeleton and musculature (except for reductions of individual muscles) is preserved in T. evanescens despite its tiny size. Considerable simplification is observed in the structure of the intestine, tracheal and circulatory systems, and in the reduced number of Malpighian tubules. Thus, the smallest Hymenoptera (Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae) demonstrate both the effects of miniaturization universal for insects (reduction of the head endoskeleton, circulatory and respiratory systems) and specific ones.
... About 30 wasps emerging from parasitized eggs were collected for morphological identification, and remaining wasps were kept for molecular identification. For morphological identification, wasps were soaked in acetic acid for 2 d and slides were made of genitalia from five of the males: these were examined microscopically (Sorokina and Atamirzaeva 1993). Males were present in all samples. ...
nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of rDNA. Although T. ostriniae and T. sp. y appear to be morphologically similar, ITS-2 identity between these two taxa is only 89%. Surprisingly, a com- mercially released Trichogramma colony thought to be T. chilonis possessed 99% identity (ITS-2) with the field T. sp. y individuals. This suggests past contamination leading to subsitution of the laboratory-reared T. chilonis colony by T. sp. y. Natural populations of all three Trichogramma species were found to be infected by a single Wolbachia strain which was identified using a wsp gene sequence.
... Identification to species requires male genitalia, although dna sequences can be used to verify several taxa if specimens are properly stored after collection (Stouthamer et al. 1999). A key to the world species of Trichogramma was published by Sorokina (1993); a key to the North American species also is available (Pinto 1999). ...
Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) have been found from Scoresbysund, Eastern Greenland by Dominique Elin (Laboratoire d'écologie numérique de Lille, France) 1985. The following 11 species and one subspecies are described: Acrolyta glacialis sp.n., Theroscopus arcticus sp.n., Campodorus elini sp.n., C. polaris sp.n., Occapes hinzi sp.n., Campoletis rostrata sp.n., C. horstmanni sp.n., Stenomacrus brevipennis sp.n., S. groenlandicUS sp.n., S. difficilis sp.n., Ichneumon scoresbysundensis sp.n. and Orthocentrus stigmaticus groenlandicus ssp.n. In addition, records are presented for five species new to Greenland: Gelis glacialis (Holmgren), G. melanogaster (Thomson), Atractodes alpestris Roman, A. pusillus Förster and Exochus consimilis Holmgren.
... Identification to species requires male genitalia, although dna sequences can be used to verify several taxa if specimens are properly stored after collection (Stouthamer et al. 1999). A key to the world species of Trichogramma was published by Sorokina (1993); a key to the North American species also is available (Pinto 1999). ...
The Greenland Entomofauna provides a richly illustrated tool for the identification of the insects, spiders, mites etc. of the country, hence enabling detailed future monitoring of range shifts of individual species.
... Identification to species requires male genitalia, although dna sequences can be used to verify several taxa if specimens are properly stored after collection (Stouthamer et al. 1999). A key to the world species of Trichogramma was published by Sorokina (1993); a key to the North American species also is available (Pinto 1999). ...
The Greenland Entomofauna provides a richly illustrated tool for the identification of the insects, spiders, mites etc. of the country, hence enabling detailed future monitoring of range shifts of individual species.
... Lin and his colleagues have been working on this group continuously in the last 30 years (Lin, 1987(Lin, , 1990(Lin, , 1991(Lin, , 1992(Lin, , 1993a(Lin, ,b,c, 1994b(Lin, , 2005, 2004Hu et al., , 2006Hu et al., , 2007Li and Lin, 2008;Lin and Lin, 2002;Tian et al., 2006;Lin, 2008, 2009). Lou Ju-xian (Shengyang Agricultural University, Shengyang) and his colleagues described one new genus and 16 new species of this family (Lou, 1991;Lou and Wang, 2001;Lou andYuan, 1997, 1998;Yuan et al., 1997;Lou et al., 1996Lou et al., , 1997a, and several other experts also reported some species sporadically (Huo, 1986;Huo and Wang, 1991;Luo and Liao, 1994;Viggiani and Ren, 1986;Zhang and Wang, 1982). The species of this family in Taiwan were also surveyed by several experts (Lin, 1981;Chan and Chou, 2000;Chan et al., 1997). ...
... Trichogramma aurosum is a holarctic species belonging to the exiguum section . It is widely distributed in eastern and western Europe as well as in North America (Sorokina 1993), with no evidence existing in the literature towards an introduction of T. aurosum from eastern Europe into western Europe or into North America. Hosts of T. aurosum belong either to the order Hymenoptera (i.e. ...
... Trichogramma tshumakovae was collected in Northern Iranian forests by using egg trap cards (Table 2). This species have been reported from Iran (Ebrahimi et al. 1998) and Kirgistan (Sorokina 1984) on M. brassicae and C. suppressalis, respectively. There is no information about ITS2 sequences and biology of this species in literature. ...
Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are important natural enemies of many lepidopterous pests in agricultural and forest areas.
Because the use of indigenous Trichogramma populations/species can significantly increase the biological control efficiency, the characterization of endemic populations
and precise species identification is important. In this study, Trichogramma wasps were collected from parasitized eggs of several lepidopteran pests in Northern and Central Iran. Seven Trichogramma species were identified based on the morphology and the nucleotide sequence, size and restriction profile (PCR-RFLP) of the
internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the rDNA of T. brassicae Bezdenko, T. cacoeciae Marchal, T. embryophagum Hartig, T. evanescens Westwood, T. euproctidis Girault, T. pintoi Voegelé and T. tshumakovae Sorokina. This is the first report of T. euproctidis in Iran. Additionally, natural populations were surveyed for the prevalence of Wolbachia. Two populations of T. brassicae were found to be infected by a single Wolbachia strain which was identified by using a multi-locus sequencing approach.
... Only 2 nonchalcidoid idiobionts were reared, and both are new host association records. Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev & Sorokina has been recorded from lepidopteran and symphytan eggs in the Palearctic and in North America (Sorokina 1993; J. D. Pinto, University of California, Riverside, personal communication). Previous to our study, a Scambtls sp. had been reared only from the birch leafmining sawfly H. nemorattls (Dowden 1941, Krombein et al. 1979). ...
Larvae of introduced birch leafmining sawflies in Alberta, Canada suffered light mortality from native generalist parasitoids of the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Eggs of Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) were attacked by 2 native species of Trichogramma (Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae), and larvae of P. thomsoni were attacked by a more specialized native koinobiont parasitoid, Lathrolestes luteolator (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae). Spiders, beetles, hemipterans, thrips, ants, neuropterans, and flies preyed on Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) and P. thomsoni. Mortality levels differed between F. pusilla and P. thomsoni and tended to be higher in earlier instars, on urban trees, and during 1993. Experiments during 1993 revealed little predation of larval F. pusilla when population densities were uniformly high, but during the 1994 experiments, predators efficiently exploited branches having high densities of immature P. thomsoni within a matrix of low background P. thomsoni density.
... Trichogramma aurosum is a holarctic species belonging to the exiguum section . It is widely distributed in eastern and western Europe as well as in North America (Sorokina 1993), with no evidence existing in the literature towards an introduction of T. aurosum from eastern Europe into western Europe or into North America. Hosts of T. aurosum belong either to the order Hymenoptera (i.e. ...
Taxonomy and phylogeny of members of the genus Trichogramma is often critical because of the fact that proper species discrimination can only be achieved by male morphology. Cryptic species, particularly when only females are available (in case of parthenogenetic species or strains), are common in this genus with consequences for practical purposes like biocontrol, unless males can be obtained after antibiotic treatment. The internally transcribed spacer 2 region of the ribosomal DNA was used to assess the identity of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina individuals collected on eggs of Nematus tibialis Newman (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from different locations in Middle Europe. Amplified products were identical in length (ca. 450bp), sequences showed a high percent similarity (>96%), and no cryptic species could be detected in the samples. In contrast, a comparison with T. aurosum populations from the USA showed values between 86% and 90%. Additional studies are needed to clarify the relationship between US and European populations. Furthermore, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted with T. aurosum wasps collected at 25 different European locations. One hundred and twenty-three AFLP fragments could be detected using three different AFLP primer combinations of which 98% were polymorphic in more than one individual. An analysis of genetic distances based on the obtained AFLP markers indicated the existence of some genetic variability between the European T. aurosum individuals and allowed a grouping according to their geographic origin. This study represents the first successful application of the AFLP marker technique to such tiny insects as Trichogramma species.
... The small size of these insects and the slight morphological differences between them make it difficult to identify them and, in turn, this reduces the efficiency of measures undertaken for the purpose of biological protection of plants. In most cases, the determination of the species membership of Trichogramma is based on the structure of the antennae of the males and features of their genital apparatus678. When the males are entirely absent or their presence limited, identification becomes even more difficult. ...
Studies of the genetic structure of the internal noncoding transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA of five
entomophage species of the genus Trichogramma, i.e., T. pintoi Voeg., T. evanescens Westw., T. dendrolimi Mats., T. cacoeciae Meyer, and T. semblidis Auriv., are performed. A PCR analysis with subsequent determination of the nucleotide sequence of the ITS2 regions made it
possible to identify essential inter-species differences. The data may be used for the identification of the species T. pintoi, T. dendrolini, and T. semblidis.
The status of genera erected under the family Trichogrammatidae and their current validity are indicated. Out of 120 genera erected by about 36 authors, 72 genera appear to be valid. Amongst the 30 species described before 1968, 23 were found to be valid, while after this year over 40 authors have described the species across 16 countries. Species descriptions with diagnostic morphological characters are valid for Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea. The male antenna, scutellum, wing fringe, setae of the disc and fringe in forewings and male genitalia offer valuable distinctness to identify the major genera and species amongst Trichogrammatids. Crossing experiments have been undertaken at inter- and intraspecific levels to establish their closeness or otherwise in terms of reproductive isolation. Several new records of Trichogrammatid species have been reported in India, elsewhere in south Asia and Australia. In India alone, at least 28 species of Trichogramma and 8 of Trichogrammatoidea including subspecies are known to occur. Combining morphological attributes, crossing experiments and molecular taxonomy in sorting out species level identification is a useful future thrust area.
The members of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are amongst the minutest parasitoids; all of them are parasitic on the eggs of mostly lepidopterans. Most prominent ones are the species of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea which are mostly amenable for laboratory mass production on factitious hosts like rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica Stn.), paddy moth (Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier)), and the flour moth (Ephestia spp.) which themselves are mass produced on factory scales and are being used for biological control of noxious lepidopterous pests of crops worldwide. The parasitoid selected for mass production must usually have high intrinsic rate of natural increase with short life cycle. Problems encountered in mass production of hosts are the larval and pupal parasitoids and predators getting into the cultures, taking heavy toll of the host individuals. This chapter describes the protocols followed for production of host insects and trichogrammatids in India and in other countries like China and Russia. Information is also provided on how problems like development of lab ecotypes, contamination and superparasitism could be alleviated.
Foram estudadas dez espécies de Trichogramma (T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. exiguum Pinto & Platner, T. fuentesi Torre, T. galloi Zucchi, T. lasallei Pinto, T. lopezandinensis Sarmiento, T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding, T. pintoi Voegelé e T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti), com base na morfologia dos machos. Os principais caracteres foram ilustrados com o auxílio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os novos registros de hospedeiro são T. acacioi em ovos de Hamadryas feronia (L.) (Brasil), T. nerudai em ovos de Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Chile) e T. lasallei em ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Uruguai primeiro registro neste país).
Ten species of Trichogramma (T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. exiguum Pinto & Platner, T. fuentesi Torre, T. galloi Zucchi, T. lasallei Pinto, T. lopezandinensis Sarmiento, T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding, T. pintoi Voegelé e T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti) were studied based on male morphology. A scanning electronic microscope was used to illustrate the most important characters. New host records are T. acacioi from Hamadryas feronia (L.) eggs (Brazil), T. nerudai from Tuta absoluta Meyrick eggs (Chile) and T. lasallei from Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) eggs (Uruguay, first record in this country). RESUMO - Foram estudadas dez espécies de Trichogramma (T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. exiguum Pinto & Platner, T. fuentesi Torre, T. galloi Zucchi, T. lasallei Pinto, T. lopezandinensis Sarmiento, T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding, T. pintoi Voegelé e T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti), com base na morfologia dos machos. Os principais caracteres foram ilustrados com o auxílio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os novos registros de hospedeiro são T. acacioi em ovos de Hamadryas feronia (L.) (Brasil), T. nerudai em ovos de Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Chile) e T. lasallei em ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Uruguai - primeiro registro neste país). PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Chalcidoidea, taxonomia, morfologia, parasitóide de ovos
Of the two egg parasitic wasps of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) present in Taiwan, Trichogramma ostriniae Pang & Chen (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is the dominant species in corn fields and shows higher parasitism than Trichogramma chilonis Ishii in laboratory studies. Molecular techniques were applied to characterize these two wasps, which are small in size and lack clear morphological differences. Distinct differences in the products of random amplified polymorphic DNA were observed in these two species. The internal noncoding transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the partial products of this region of ribosomal DNA, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from these two species varied in length. The sequences of the ITS1 regions of the two wasps shared 86.1% identity. PCR with species-specific primers based on these sequences gave partial ITS1 products of 458 and 322 bp and thus unequivocally differentiated T. ostriniae from T. chilonis.
Trichogramma bruni is an insufficiently studied South American species whose limits are still not well defined. Thus, the objective of the present study was to characterize T. bruni taxonomically and to determine the association between morphological variations as well as host and habitat, based on morphological and biological studies. Specimens from the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) collection, and from the University of California Riverside (UCR) and specimens collected from the vegetation of forest parks with native areas planted with eucalyptus in Piracicaba and Itatinga, State of São Paulo, were also analyzed. The holotype deposited at Univeridade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) collection was also examined. The variability in the genital capsule of T. bruni observed both among individuals of the same progeny and among specimens from different hosts is remarkable and is mainly related to the dorsal lamina. Therefore, an association of diagnostic characters rather than the dorsal lamina alone should be used for the identification of T. bruni and intraspecific variations should be considered. The intraspecific variation observed for T. bruni is a factor that should be considered for its identification, since the influence of the environment (habitat + host) and the variation among individuals itself is responsible for the plasticity observed in the genital capsule. Heliconius erato phyllis, Hamadryas feronia, Erosina hyberniata and Mechanitis lysiminia are new hosts of T. bruni.
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