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Addressing Extreme Poverty and Marginality: Experiences in Rural China
Abstract
China’s experiences with addressing extreme poverty and marginality are presented and analyzed. The evolution of effective and efficient policies, especially in rural areas is found closely connected to China’s economic growth in the past three decades, as well as to regional inequality. The “Di Bao” (minimum livelihood guarantee system) in different areas is reviewed. In developed regions, the “Di Bao” social assistance program, social insurance and public services have effectively mitigated the difficulties of the extremely poor. In poor areas, however, addressing extreme poverty and marginality remains a challenge. Increasing the effectiveness of poverty reduction efforts in poor areas is, and will continue to be central to the eradication of extreme poverty in China.
... On the other hand, many of the rural poor lack working capabilities due to old age, disability, or serious illness. Most of these vulnerable people are unable to benefit from China's traditional development-oriented anti-poverty programs and have limited prospects in moving out of poverty through work (Xu et al. 2007;Zhu 2011). ...
... In addition, along with further marketisation and rapid globalisation, China in the past decade has experienced various crises including food security, environment, energy, and financial crisis. Compared to the past, rural households now have to face much higher risks and greater uncertainty in their agricultural production and daily lives, leading more families into transitory poverty (Golan et al. 2014;Zhu 2011). In order to address the newly emerged rural poverty patterns, the Chinese government has pursued a multi-pronged effort to rebuild rural social programs since the early 2000s. ...
Using household survey data among 9107 families from five provinces of central and western China in 2010 and a propensity score matching method, this article investigates the effects of receiving welfare benefits from China’s largest social assistance program, Dibao, on family expenditure patterns in rural areas. We find that families receiving Dibao prioritised spending on healthcare rather than making ends meet. However, rural Dibao receipt was unable to help lift family expenditure on education. We also find some evidence that Dibao receipt was associated with decreased spending on social participation, an unintended negative effect of this large social assistance program. Future reforms of rural Dibao and other social protection programs should address such adverse effects to avoid intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion, taking into consideration the unique tradition, culture, and context of rural China.
... However, with the development of a market economy in China, the market gradually matters more to the flow of talent. This can account for the results of different quantiles: the eastern provinces in China, with a higher economy and marketization level and more opportunities and wider development prospects [61,62], have the weakest inhibiting effect in all three areas; there is a weaker effect in the medium areas. We cannot easily comprehensively deny or downplay the importance of the innovation environment. ...
Innovation talents, as a most active and important resource in innovation activities, are receiving increasing attention in the enhancement of innovation capability. It seems that areas with strong innovation capability are more attractive to innovation talents. To explore the impact of innovation capability—measured by innovation environment input efficiency—on the distribution of innovation talent, and given the heavy-tailed distribution of talents, a quantile regression approach is adopted for Chinese data covering 2001–2015. The results show that: (a) at the country level, the innovation environment and innovation talents are surprisingly negatively related due to pre-reform special regional strategies and the immature innovation environment in China, while both innovation input and efficiency facilitates the agglomeration of innovation talent; and (b) at the regional level, some different influences on talents appear: the strongest negative impact of the innovation environment is in the areas with a low level of talents, moderate positive effects of innovation input and efficiency can be seen in areas with a medium level of talents, and significantly positive contributions from innovation input and efficiency can be seen in the areas that already have a high level of talents. The results offer some suggestions for managers and the government, which are beneficial for the guidance of the ordered flow of innovation talents and the enhancement of regional innovation capability and sustainability.
The Tenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China is convened at a time when the Lin Piao anti-Party clique has been smashed, the line of the Party's Ninth National Congress has won great victories and the situation both at home and abroad is excellent.
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