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Control of obesity with Garcinia cambogia extract
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the weight loss and the decrease of cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia in overweight of subjects treated with lyophylized extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC). Two groups were randomly allocated. Each group had 20 adult, healthy (except for the overweight from I to III grade) subjects. Placebo was administered to the subjects in the first group, and GC to the subjects in the second group, both in similar capsules of 500 mg, before each meal and during eight weeks. Results showed that GC caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the overweight, cholesterol and triglycerides in relation to the control group with placebo, without the side effects commonly caused by anorectic sympathomimetic amines. In conclusion, it can be assured that GC represents a new efficacious alternative in the control of obesity.
... Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the overall analysis. The first included 7 trials [2, 5, 6, 24, 25, 29, 30] with parallel-group design, excluding two studies which were crossover [26, 27]. Meta-analysis of these trials revealed MD of −1.22 kg (95% CI: −2.29, −0.14). ...
... A second meta-analysis for studies with parallel group designs and dosage ranges of HCA between 1 and 1.5 g per day [5, 24, 25, 30] did not reveal a significant difference between HCA and placebo; heterogeneity was also substantial in this analysis. A third meta-analysis excluding three studies with outlying data for MD [6, 29, 30] did not reveal a significant difference in weight loss between HCA and placebo, but heterogeneity was considerable. A further meta-analysis of the two trials with good methodological quality [6, 25] revealed a nonsignificant difference in weight loss (MD: 0.88 kg; 95% CI: −0.33, 2.10) between HCA and placebo, with I2 value of 0, suggesting that heterogeneity might not be important. ...
... All of the studies included in this review except two [26, 27] incorporated some form of dietary control into their trials, with participants in one study receiving high fibre diets [25]. The daily caloric intake for participants in the trials included in this review ranged from as low as 1,000 kcal [2, 30], to as high as 3,009 kcal [27]. Half the number of studies in this review did not institute any form of exercise. ...
The aim of this systematic review is to examine the efficacy of Garcinia extract, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as a weight reduction agent, using data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Electronic and nonelectronic searches were conducted to identify relevant articles, with no restrictions in language or time. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Twenty-three eligible trials were identified and twelve were included. Nine trials provided data suitable for statistical pooling. The meta-analysis revealed a small, statistically significant difference in weight loss favouring HCA over placebo (MD: -0.88 kg; 95% CI: -1.75, -0.00). Gastrointestinal adverse events were twice as common in the HCA group compared with placebo in one included study. It is concluded that the RCTs suggest that Garcinia extracts/HCA can cause short-term weight loss. The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain. Future trials should be more rigorous and better reported.
... However, values obtained were comparable to that of the standard control following administration of the extracts at higher doses. The biocompound HCA may probably be responsible for the reduction in LDL levels [21]. ...
... He also found that the extract was capable of normalizing increased levels of cholesterol and TG as well as free fatty acid following dexamethasone administration [22]. Similar to the above study, Ramos et al. observed that supplementation of the active principle HCA significantly increased HDL-C levels with a decrease in LDL levels [21]. Preuss et al. showed that HCA salt at 4.7 g/day in moderately obese subjects was capable of reducing food intake, TC, TG, and LDL levels while significantly increasing the levels of HDL and urinary excretion of fat metabolites [23]. ...
Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of fruit rind extracts of Garcinia gummi-gutta in diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of fruit rinds of G. gummi-gutta was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. 30 Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups (n=6). Except for Group 1, all the other groups were treated with hyperlipidemic diet (HLD) for 4 weeks. After induction, the Groups 3 and 4 were treated with the extracts at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively, whereas Group 5 received the standard drug atorvastatin at 10 mg/kg for the next 4 weeks. Lipid profile was estimated at the end of each week. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed and the liver and heart were analyzed for histopathological changes. Data expressed as mean±standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey test. p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and LDL were significantly increased and the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly decreased when compared to normal control. The groups which received G. gummi-gutta rind extract at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the mean cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL levels, and an increase in HDL levels when compared to the HLD group. The group which received the extract at higher dose (REGG200) was found better than the lower dose (REGG 100). REGG 200 showed significant improvement in increasing the HDL levels than all the test groups. The standard drug atorvastatin was found better than REGG100 but there was no significant difference between high doses of the extract and atorvastatin. Conclusion: The fruit rinds extract of G. gummi-gutta was able to decrease the elevated serum lipids (TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL) and consequently increase the HDL levels in a dose-dependent manner.
... A reduction in the plasma level of very-low-density lipoprotein and amplification in the level of chylomicrons were recorded after treatment. Ramos et al. [65] found that a lyophylised extract of G. cambogia at 500 mg 3 times per day for 8 weeks, potentially reduced the body weight, cholesterol and triglycerides in overweight humans, without showing any adverse effects [65]. Hayamizu et al. [66] found that G. cambogia extract reduced the accumulation of visceral fat in humans. ...
... A reduction in the plasma level of very-low-density lipoprotein and amplification in the level of chylomicrons were recorded after treatment. Ramos et al. [65] found that a lyophylised extract of G. cambogia at 500 mg 3 times per day for 8 weeks, potentially reduced the body weight, cholesterol and triglycerides in overweight humans, without showing any adverse effects [65]. Hayamizu et al. [66] found that G. cambogia extract reduced the accumulation of visceral fat in humans. ...
... Ramos et al in his study found out that administration of (-) HCA has a significant impact on lipid levels. Following continuous administration of (-) HCA, there was a significant reduction in LDL levels with a proportionate increase in HDL-CH 24 . Koshy et al in their study concluded that flavonoids in the plant possess significant lipid-lowering effects mainly by increasing lipid metabolism and decreasing lipid biosynthesis 22 Peroxidation of cellular and circulating lipids which leads to the generation of MDA is a result of oxidative stress and free radical damage associated with the atherogenic diet. ...
Objective: To evaluate the Hypolipidemic& Antioxidant effect of Garcinia gummi-gutta barks on Atherogenic Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats. Materials and methods: Bark extract was prepared using a Soxhlet apparatus. 30 Wistar albino rats of either sex was divided into 5 groups (n=6). Atherogenic diet (AD) was administered to all the rats except group 1 for 4 weeks. Following induction, Group 3 & 4 were treated with bark extracts at 100 & 200mg/kg respectively and group 5 with atorvastatin at 10mg/kg for the next 4 weeks along with AD. Weekly estimation of lipid profile was done and, in the end, all the animals were sacrificed and the liver and heart were sent for histopathological examination. MDA levels were estimated by measuring the TBARS activity. Results were expressed in the Mean ± standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hocTukey test. p<0.05 is considered statistically significant. Result: There was a significant decrease in the mean cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoproteins&very-low-density lipoproteins and an increase in High-density lipoproteins when compared to the AD group. Barks extracts at both doses (100mg/kg & 200mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in lipid profile wherein the extract at higher dose was found to be better and there was no significant difference when compared to atorvastatin. Conclusion: The study showed that bark extract of Garcinia gummi-guttapossess significant hypolipidemic & antioxidant activity. Further studies are warranted for its clinical use in humans.
... 15 Similarly, 500 mg of lyophilised extract of Garcinia cambogia given three times a day for eight weeks reduces body weight gain, cholesterol and triglycerides in overweight humans, without showing any adverse effects. 16 HCA treatment increases branched chain and aromatic amino-acids in liver and serum in male rats leading to a rise in protein synthesis due to changes in the metabolic directions of amino-acids. 17 Further, it is known that HCA inhibits phosphofructokinase 18 which is a key enzyme controlling glycolysis. ...
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia extracts, is known to suppress body weight gain and fat synthesis in animals and humans. But the underlying mechanism of HCA action is not fully understood. Clinical study on 100 obese individuals for a period of 3 months was performed followed by a computational study aimed to investigate the effects of HCA treatment on human subjects at anthropometric and plasma lipid profile levels. A detailed hepatic metabolic model was used to incorporate the effect of HCA at the metabolic pathway level. Perturbation analysis of ATP citrate lyase activity in the metabolic pathway was performed to simulate the net effect of HCA. Significant reductions in body weight, triceps, subscapular, and mid axillary measurements as well as in serum triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were observed following HCA dosage. During the study, half of the subjects experienced a decline in body weight and the remainder experienced an increase in body weight. However, analysis of fat mass with the help of empirical correlations clearly showed significant reduction in the mean values due to HCA dosage in both cases. An extra increase in fat free mass was responsible for offsetting the decrease in fat mass for the subjects who experienced an increase in body weight during the trials. Perturbation analysis showed a net reduction in fatty acid, triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis along with urea cycle fluxes under lipogenetic conditions. Moreover, protein synthesis fluxes increased under these conditions. These results indicate that HCA treatment can reduce body weight gain and fat accumulation in obese subjects along with improving their anthropometric parameters and metabolic state.
... Kovacs and Westerterp-Plantenga (97) also reported that HCA (500 mg/d for 3 d or 8 wk) reduced de novo lipogenesis during overfeeding with carbohydrates. HCA can also decrease circulating cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in overweight humans (98). Taken together, the HCA ingestion may reduce body weight and adipose tissue by both the stimulation of lipolysis and the inhibition of lipogenesis. ...
Summary Athletes make great efforts to increase their endurance capacity in many ways. Using nutrition supplements for stimulating lipolysis is one such strategy to improve endurance performance. These supplements contain certain ingredients that affect fat metabolism; furthermore, in combination with endurance training, they tend to have additive effects. A large body of scientific evidence shows that nutrition supplements increase fat metabolism; however, the usefulness of lipolytic supplements as ergogenic functional foods remains controversial. The present review will describe the effectiveness of lipolytic supplements in fat metabolism and as an ergogenic aid for increasing endurance exercise capacity. There are a number of lipolytic supplements available on the market, but this review focuses on natural ingredients such as caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptides and octacosanol, all of which have shown scientific evidence of enhancing fat metabolism associated with improving endurance performance. We excluded some other supplements owing to lack of data on fat metabolism or endurance capacity. Based on the data in this review, we suggest that a caffeine and green tea extract improves endurance performance and enhances fat oxidation. Regarding other supplements, the data on their practical implications needs to be gathered, especially for athletes. © 2016, Center for Academic Publications Japan. All rights reserved.
... Kim et al. [37] reported the antiobesity effects of a mixture composed of aqueous extract of G. cambogia, soy peptide, and L-carnitine (1.2 : 0.3 : 0.02, w/w/w) on rats rendered obese by high-fat diet (HFD). An HFD (40% fat calories) with identical composition of Significant reduction of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and body weight associated with reduced appetite [65] 8 weeks Obese, groups: placebo and treatment of total 50 F 3.45 g G ...
Garcinia is a plant under the family of Clusiaceae that is commonly used as a flavouring agent. Various phytochemicals including flavonoids and organic acid have been identified in this plant. Among all types of organic acids, hydroxycitric acid or more specifically (-)-hydroxycitric acid has been identified as a potential supplement for weight management and as antiobesity agent. Various in vivo studies have contributed to the understanding of the anti-obesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid via regulation of serotonin level and glucose uptake. Besides, it also helps to enhance fat oxidation while reducing de novo lipogenesis. However, results from clinical studies showed both negative and positive antiobesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid. This review was prepared to summarise the update of chemical constituents, significance of in vivo/clinical anti-obesity effects, and the importance of the current market potential of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid.
... Rebuttal • The results are contradictory to the positive results reported in several (-)-HCA clinical studies (156)(157)(158)(159)(160)162), and it cannot be concluded from this single study that (-)-HCA is ineffective. ...
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid [(-)-HCA] is the principal acid of fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, and Garcinia atroviridis. (-)-HCA was shown to be a potent inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), which catalyzes the extramitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA: citrate + ATP + CoA --> acetyl-CoA + ADP + P(i) + oxaloacetate. The inhibition of this reaction limits the availability of acetyl-CoA units required for fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis during a lipogenic diet, that is, a diet high in carbohydrates. Extensive animal studies indicated that (-)-HCA suppresses the fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis, food intake, and induced weight loss. In vitro studies revealed the inhibitions of fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis from various precursors. However, a few clinical studies have shown controversial findings. This review explores the literature on a number of topics: the source of (-)-HCA; the discovery of (-)-HCA; the isolation, stereochemistry, properties, methods of estimation, and derivatives of (-)-HCA; and its biochemistry, which includes inhibition of the citrate cleavage enzyme, effects on fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis, effects on ketogenesis, other biological effects, possible modes of action on the reduction of food intake, promotion of glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid oxidation, (-)-HCA as weight-controlling agent, and some possible concerns about (-)-HCA, which provides a coherent presentation of scattered literature on (-)-HCA and its plausible mechanism of action and is provocative of further research.
Recent studies showed an interaction between nutritional elements and receptional sites such to let the birth of "Nutritional Biotherapy" that selects the foods for the treatment of various pathologies. Therapeutic foods are usually feed, but only recently is well known the action of any components and the biodisponibility. Citric acid and related compounds are "functional foods" driving thermogenesis and reducing obesity risk. Citrus lemon, Garcinia cambogia and Umeboshi are fruits very rich of citric acid and efficient to prevent the metabolic pathologies.
RESUMO: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da administração de Garcinia cambogia sobre o ganho de peso e os níveis sanguíneos de glicose, triglicérides, colesterol total e suas principais frações (HDL, LDL e VLDL), ácido úrico e albumina em ratos sadios, sob dieta balanceada comercial. Para tanto, ratos Wistar, machos, pesando aproximadamente 180 gramas, foram tratados com 1 grama/kg/dia ou 2 gramas/kg/dia de extrato comercial (tintura) de Garcinia cambogia diluído na água de bebida, recebendo ração comercial ad libitum. Os animais foram pesados no início e no final do experimento. Após 20 dias ou 40 dias os animais foram anestesiados por inalação de éter etílico e submetidos à punção cardíaca para obtenção de sangue. Após coagulação e centrifugação, as amostras de soro foram analisadas utilizando-se kits comerciais para determinação bioquímica de triglicérides, colesterol total, HDL, LDL, VLDL, glicose, ácido úrico e albumina, seguindo as recomendações dos fabricantes. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente para comparação entre os diferentes grupos. A análise estatística revelou aumento significativo (p<0,05) dos níveis de colesterol total nos animais tratados com 2 mg/kg/dia durante 20 dias, com relação ao grupo não-tratado e tratado com 1 mg/kg/dia. Os animais tratados com Garcinia cambogia apresentaram, após 20 dias de tratamento, independente da dose, menor ganho de peso em relação aqueles não tratados. Os demais parâmetros não apresentaram variações estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, em ratos sadios sob alimentação balanceada, o tratamento durante 20 dias com 1 ou 2 g/kg de peso/dia de extrato de Garcinia cambogia induz redução significativa do ganho de peso, com aumento transitório dos níveis de colesterol total, sem alterar de forma significativa concentração plasmática de triglicérides, HDL, LDL, VLDL, ácido úrico e albumina. Palavras-chave: Garcinia cambogia, HCA, ganho de peso, bioquímica do sangue ABSTRACT: The effect of the administration of Garcinia cambogia on blood biochemical variables and body weight gain in healthy mice. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the effect of the administration of Garcinia cambogia on body weight gain and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, the total cholesterol and its main fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), uric acid and albumin in healthy mice put on a commercially balanced diet. Therefore male Wistar mice, weighing approximately 180g, were treated with 1mg/kg/day or 2mg/kg/day of a standard extract of Garcinia cambogia diluted in drinking water and they had rodent processed food ad libitum. The animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. After 20 or 40 days, the animals were anesthetized inhaling ethylic ether and were subjected to cardiac puncture to obtain the blood. After coagulation and centrifugation, the serum samples were analysed using standard kits for the biochemical determination of triglycerides, the total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, glucose, uric acid and albumin according to the manufacturers recommendations. In order to compare the different groups, the results were analysed statistically. The statistical analysis showed a considerable increase (p<0.05) of the levels of total cholesterol in the treated animals after 20 days using 2mg/kg/day, in relation to the non-treated and treated ones using 1mg/kg/day. The treated animals, which used Garcinia cambogia by 20 days, independent of dose, showed less weight gain in relation to the non-treated ones. The other parameters have not shown relevant statistical variations. The results enable us to conclude that in healthy mice who have a balanced diet, the treatment using 1 or 2 gr/kg daily of Garcinia cambogia extract induces, after 20 days, a reduction of weight gain having a transitory increase of the levels of total cholesterol, not altering the plasmatic concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL, uric acid and albumin.
The objective of our work has been the identification in the bark of Garcinia cambogia (GC) of the HCA that has proven effective in blocking weight increase. The Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA) is a present alimentary acid in some varieties of tropical fruits, between which the Garcinia cambogia Desr. Its effect on the organism is that one to block to the activity of ATP-citrate lyase in charge of the transformation of alimentary sugars in fat people of reservoir for the body. The hydroxycitric acid has been isolated from the dried peels of GC after shredding and Soxhlet extraction with distilled water for several hours. After repeated treatments with alcohol on the watery residual and solvent evaporation, a residual light yellow has been obtained that it has undergone to several chromatographic analysis. The use of the chromatographic methods is useful for the purposes of evaluating a drug like phytocomplex allowing to know the nature of the active principles in it contained. The characterization of the phytocomplex thus obtained allows the location of eventual sophistications or adulterations of the vegetable drugs in products trade them monocomponent even if are not known the constituent assets or the markers of the same one. Herbal medicines only composed from GC are proved to be effective in the treatment of obesity, without to introduce side effects during the period of therapy. Undesirable reactions have been found, instead, after administration of products obtained with adding to the GC of other phytocomplexes
Herbal weight-loss supplements are marketed with claims of effectiveness. Our earlier systematic review identified data from double-blind, randomized controlled trials for a number of herbal supplements. The aim of this systematic review was to assess all clinical evidence of adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction for which effectiveness data from rigorous clinical trials exist. We assessed Ephedra sinica, Garcinia cambogia, Paullinia cupana, guar gum, Plantago psyllium, Ilex paraguariensis and Pausinystalia yohimbe. Literature searches were conducted on Medline, Embase, Amed and The Cochrane Library. Data were also requested from the spontaneous reporting scheme of the World Health Organization. We hand-searched relevant medical journals and our own files. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. The results show that adverse events including hepatic injury and death have been reported with the use of some herbal food supplements. For herbal ephedra and ephedrine-containing food supplements an increased risk of psychiatric, autonomic or gastrointestinal adverse events and heart palpitations has been reported. In conclusion, adverse events are reported for a number of herbal food supplements, which are used for reducing body weight. Although the quality of the data does not justify definitive attribution of causality in most cases, the reported risks are sufficient to shift the risk-benefit balance against the use of most of the reviewed herbal weight-loss supplements. Exceptions are Garcinia cambogia and yerba mate, which merit further investigation.
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