Nutrition for Healthy Skin: Strategies for Clinical and Cosmetic Practice
Abstract
During the past few years, significant scientific evidence has accumulated to show that nutrition-based strategies are capable of exerting beneficial effects on the skin. This exceptional reference . describes the scientific basis for nutrition-based strategies, summarizes the evidence that functional food for skin really works, and. addresses key practical issues regarding the use of nutrition-based strategies in clinical and cosmetic dermatology. It is anticipated that this helpful guide, written by acclaimed international experts, will become the gold standard on the role of nutrition in ensuring healthy skin. It will be of interest to a wide audience, including dermatologists, food industry staff, patients, and consumers.
Chapters (17)
Nutritional deficiencies can be exogenous or endogenous. The primary exogenous reason is insufficient intake of nutrients.
Endogenous etiologies include intestinal or metabolic disease that interferes with the absorption and delivery of nutrients
to the cellular machinery (e.g., intestinal malabsorption, gastrointestinal and metabolic disease, infections, cancer) (Table
1.1). With prolonged nutritional deficiencies, energy storage is exhausted and energy supply lags behind. Because of their
increased nutritional needs during the growth phase, children ≤ 5-years old are particularly susceptible to the developmental
and physiologic consequences of poor nutrition.
For decades it has been appreciated that aging is the consequence of both genetic and environmental influences. Genetic factors
are evident, e.g., in the >100-fold variation among species in the rate of aging; and recent studies of fruit flies, worms,
and even mice have identified specific longevity genes whose modification can greatly alter lifespan [22]. Conversely, a role
for environmental factors can be deduced both from epidemiologic and laboratory-based experimental data. Such influences
include ionizing radiation, severe physical and psychological stress, overeating versus caloric restriction, and in the case
of skin ultraviolet irradiation.
Multistep carcinogenesis: The transformation of normal to neoplastic cells is a process which lasts many years and takes place in a number of steps.
Of these steps, many but not all are currently understood. Furthermore, exactly which steps need to take place in order to
generate a certain type of tumor is even more unclear. According to our current understanding, the multistep carcinogenesis
comprises the following stages.
In this chapter, we will describe first an overview of current concepts of epidermal barrier function emphasizing very recent
work on the influence of pigmentation on barrier function. Then, we will assess how these mechanisms go awry in the disease,
atopic dermatitis, as the prototype for a barrier-driven, inflammatory dermatosis.
The skin, situated at the interface between the body and its environment, is constantly exposed to numerous environmental,
physical, and chemical agents. Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes dysfunction of signaling pathways, disturbances in
the apoptotic machinery, DNA damage, mutations in critical target genes, and immunosuppression. Collective effects of these
lead to photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel strategies to reduce the adverse biological
effects of UV radiation on the skin. The concept of photoprotection is gaining considerable attention as a practical approach
to reduce the occurrence of skin cancer and photoaging. In recent years, the use of botanical antioxidants, present in the
common diet and beverages consumed by the humans, has gained considerable attention as photoprotective agents. Animal model
and cell culture studies have elucidated that botanical antioxidants act by several mechanisms to delay photocarcinogenesis
and prevent photoaging. This chapter presents an overview of some of the selected botanical antioxidants for skin protection.Helfaer
Professor of Cancer Research, Director and Vice Chair for Research(608) 263–3927(608) 263–5223
Carotenoids are micronutrients present in fruits and vegetables and ingested with the diet. They exhibit specific antioxidant
activity and also influence cellular signaling and gene expression at the cellular level. b-Carotene and lycopene, the colorants
of carrots respectively tomatoes, are among the most prominent members of this group and the dominating carotenoids in human
blood and tissues. Both compounds modulate skin properties when ingested with supplements or dietary products. They protect
against sunburn by increasing the basal defense against UV light-mediated damage to the skin although their efficacy is not
comparable to the use of a sunscreen. In-vitro data provide evidence that also other carotenoids are efficient photoprotectors.
Among them are lutein and structurally unusual phenolic polyenes like 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene.
Tea, a popular beverage with its origins in southeast Asia, generally refers to an infusion derived from processed leaves,
leaf buds, and internodes of the plant Camellia sinensis. There are four types of C. sinensis teas commonly available on the market – black, oolong, green, and white – which differ in their modes of processing, and
in the case of white tea, maturity. (“Red tea” generally refers to an infusion derived from the South African Rooibos plant.)
Green tea is produced from fresh leaves of the plant; unlike the black and oolong varieties, green tea is derived from fresh
C. sinensis leaves that are steamed and dried at high temperatures before any oxidation and polymerization of polyphenolic compounds
has taken place.
Flavonoids are a group of widespread plant constituents available from dietary sources such as cocoa, green tea, soy, berries,
or other fruits like apples, lemons, cherries, plums, and peaches. There is evidence that flavonoid-rich products contribute
to the protection of skin against UV-induced damage at the molecular and cellular level and that they may as well improve
overall skin conditions. Regular intake or topical application confers significantly to photoprotection and helps maintaining
skin health by improving skin structure and function. Photoprotective effects mediated by flavonoids are moderate but likely
contribute to permanent, overall protection. Effects are comparable to those reported for other dietary constitutents such
as carotenoids and other antioxidants.
Using nutrients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for the promotion of skin health and treatment of
skin disorders is a novel concept. These bioactive fatty acids have a high safety profile and could potentially be used as
an adjuvant or alternative to traditional therapy. Evidence exists to suggest that n-3 PUFA exert their protective effects
in biological tissues via a range of mechanisms, from alteration of receptor mediated signaling at cellular membranes to eicosanoid
signaling and transcriptional activation. A more detailed examination of the activities of n-3 PUFA in the skin is required
to enable dissection of the molecular actions of these fats. This could lead to the development of targeted natural treatments
in addition to enhancing our understanding of how diet impacts upon skin function.
The effects of soy on diet and health have been topics of intense research for the last 20 years or more. Much of this research
has suggested that soy consumption can have beneficial effects on several aspects of human health. Regular inclusion of soy
and/or soy isoflavones in the diet has been reported to modestly improve plasma lipid profiles, improve bone health, reduce
menopausal symptoms, enhance cognitive function, and potentially reduce the risk of breast and prostate cancers. The health
benefits of dietary soy have been attributed to its isoflavones as well as to the biological actions of its constituent proteins.
These potential health benefits of soy consumption have been extensively reviewed elsewhere [9, 30] and will not be discussed
in this chapter.
Nicotinamide is the primary precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [1], which is required for the manufacture
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the citric acid cycle (Fig. 11.1). Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes both DNA damage
and depletion of cellular energy (NAD) [2], which is required for efficient DNA repair. Following UV irradiation, cellular
NAD content is an important determinant of cell survival [2]. Human skin cells with reduced levels of NAD have a lower survival
rate and higher genomic instability following UV exposure [2], whereas increased intracellular NAD is associated with enhanced
protection against photo-oxidative stress [3]. As the precursor of NAD, nicotinamide would be expected to enhance DNA repair
in UV-irradiated cells. At low concentrations (less than 3 mM), nicotinamide does enhance repair in UV-irradiated, repair-proficient
cell lines, although with higher nicotinamide concentrations (5 mM), DNA repair returned to control levels [4].
We usually live In harmony with millions of bacteria in our gut that provide a protective barrier against pathogens and actively
participate to the regulation of immune responses and establishment of oral tolerance. Probiotics are live bacteria exhibiting
health-promoting effects. Among the numerous purported health benefits attributed to probiotics their capacity to improve
some skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis is now supported by increasing number of clinical experiments, Recently, we showed
that oral supplementation with Lactobacillus Johnsonni in healthy volunteers can accelerate the recovery of cutaneous immune homeostasis following UV exposure and may thus represent
a new strategy for photoprotection.
The microbiota of the human skin is characterized by a complex and filigrane network of interactions between the microbes
and the skin surface cells. Most of the resident microbes on healthy skin can be regarded as being harmless or even beneficial
to skin. The topical application of prebiotic and probiotic actives turns out to become a new and promising approach in therapy
and cosmetics. In cosmetics, prebiotic actives with the ability to rebalance the skin microflora may be used. Probiotic approaches
mainly consist of applying inactivated microbial biomass rather than live bacteria. Stimulating the expression of the skin’s
own antimicrobial peptides provides another way of improving the skin microbiota. First examples are given for the treatment
of mild to moderate microbial disorders on the skin of face and body, on the scalp, and in the oral cavity.
As the appearance of hair and nails is a major concern for woman worldwide, we have tried to collect the most reliable therapeutic
sources with a particular interest for micronutrients. The latter is a term used to include trace elements found in minerals,
vitamins, amino acids, and herbs. Some of them may be used in both hair and nails, for example, biotin or cystine. There is
a general tendency to reverse the conclusion from some deficiency states of certain substances leading to poor hair and nail
growth and/or quality that their administration would improve hair and nails even without a proven lack. But, generally speaking,
there is a lack of scientific evidence that the nutrients have a real effect on hair and nail quality. Consequently, despite
some anecdotal reports relating that some substances are able to improve hair and/or nails changes, in clinical practice,
the results obtained are still disappointing when we are confronted to problems.
About 2500 years ago, Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, shaped the relationship between the use of appropriate foods
for health and their therapeutic potential and quoted “…let food be the medicine….”
Nutritional Components (NC) are often under-estimated by dermatologists who neglect them and patients who do not hesitate
to use them without thinking of other parallel medication or consumption. This phenomenon has already led to some incidents,
such as chronic hypervitaminosis A following retinoid therapy for aging skin and acne. Consequently, the development of new
nutritional components now necessitates safety assessments in order to respond to legal requirements but also to improve the
knowledge and confidence of professionals and consumers. These studies have to be associated first with bioavailability studies
and in vitro studies to improve the understanding of their mechanisms of action, then with clinical studies to demonstrate their efficacy.
“Skin is the mirror of the soul”, as well as the first barrier between the whole body and its environment. These essential
aesthetic and functional roles depend on skin structure and functionalities and namely on its integrity and ability of renewal.
The patients’ lifestyle, and namely nutrition, are of most importance. Indeed skin requires appropriate nutrients, both in
terms of quality and quantity. The food has to answer the needs in macronutrients:3
... Recently, PT and PTF have been discussed from dietary sources as components of products promoting "Beauty from Within" to their usefulness in industries such as functional foods [28]. True beauty starts from within [18,19,55]. Most lifetime UV photoaging occurs when the skin is not protected, and it is the most important factor relating to skin aging. ...
... Applications such as sunscreen are found to only deliver the effect externally, from the outer surface of the skin. In this context, nutrition is important because it can have a positive effect on the risk of skin diseases, premature skin aging, i.e., overall skin appearance [18,19], and can protect the skin from damage caused by UV exposure [5,15,[27][28][29][30]. UV radiation that reaches the skin can be protected by biological tissue compounds from nutritional sources via the bloodstream [28,54]. ...
... In our daily life, sunscreen is generally the method of choice [5], but dietary carotenoids complement topical photoprotective agents, and photoprotection through this dietary intervention suggests a sustainable potential as an effective alternative strategy for skin aging and health promotion. Dietary photoprotection in terms of SPF can be significantly lower than that achieved using sunscreen; however, that is because enhancing basal protection can play an important role in long-term defense against UV radiation-induced skin aging and disorders [5,19]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of the beneficial effects of colourless carotenoids on skin aging and health from a nutritional point of view [5]. ...
Ascertaining sustainable endogenous nutrients for long-term healthy skin from the nutritional perspective of changing consumers, is an interesting method to prevent photoaging symptoms which are the main cause of skin aging. This narrative literature review aims to focus on the sustainable potential of phytoene (PT) and phytofluene (PTF) to engage in biological actions with photoprotection, dietary intervention, nutrition, stability, safety, and distinct structure of PT and PTF for skin health. As a result, this review demonstrates that dietary interventions of colourless carotenoids, PT and PTF, according to their distinct structural and biological actions, maximize the absorption of damaging light in the ultraviolet range unlike coloured carotenoids that have maximum absorption in the visible range. Furthermore, in addition to skin health, their distinct chemical structures and biological actions are attributed to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities and suggest the sustainable potential of PT and PTF to provide various additional health benefits, such as improving the immune system and cardiovascular health. “Healthy and beautiful skin starts from within”. It is hoped that dietary interventions of PT and PTF, along with topical photoprotection by sunscreen, will become better known to consumers as a nutritional approach to long-term basal protection/defense and complementary photoprotection and skin health strategies.
... The skin is the largest organ of the human body, participates in sensitivity and temperature maintenance and offers protection from chemicals, microorganisms and UV radiation [1]. An excessive UV exposition can lead to several skin pathological disorders, including erythema, immunosuppression, edema, sunburn, hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, premature aging and skin cancer [2]. ...
... Additionally, UVB-induced ROS interact with numerous cellular targets and receptors that regulate crucial pathways related to inflammation, cell survival, cell growth and differentiation in human keratinocytes: the NF-kB, the AP-1 transcription factor, the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathways [8][9][10]. Most of these effects lead to extracellular matrix degeneration by proteases activation and skin photoaging [1]. Plant polyphenols possess strong free radical scavenging properties and have exhibited the capacity to modulate multiple cellular pathways [11]. ...
Solar radiation exposure is the main cause of a variety of cutaneous disorders, including photoageing and skin cancers. Ultraviolet radiation (UV), especially UVB, causes DNA damage, pyrimidine dimmers, 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine, p53 induction, protein oxidation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Polyphenol species of Mediterranean plants have shown photoprotective effects. This study evaluated the protective action of lemon balm extract (LB) against UVB-induced damage in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and correlates both activities.
Antioxidant activity has been measured using up to four in vitro different assays (Folin-Ciocalteu assay, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing-antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays). On the other hand, cell viability of HaCaT exposed to UVB was determined by MTT assay. Finally antioxidant activity by ROS-sensitive dichlorofluorescein diacetate was measured confirming the correlation between antioxidant and protective activities.
In conclusion, our results suggest that LB extract present a potential photoprotective effect in human skin cell model against UVB-induced damage mediated by its antioxidant capacity, however, further research should be developed to elucidate molecular mechanisms.
... The skin is the largest organ of the human body, participates in sensitivity and temperature maintenance and offers protection from chemicals, microorganisms and UV radiation [1]. An excessive UV exposition can lead to several skin pathological disorders, including erythema, immunosuppression, edema, sunburn, hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, premature aging and skin cancer [2]. ...
... Additionally, UVB-induced ROS interact with numerous cellular targets and receptors that regulate crucial pathways related to inflammation, cell survival, cell growth and differentiation in human keratinocytes: the NF-kB, the AP-1 transcription factor, the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathways [8][9][10]. Most of these effects lead to extracellular matrix degeneration by proteases activation and skin photoaging [1]. Plant polyphenols possess strong free radical scavenging properties and have exhibited the capacity to modulate multiple cellular pathways [11]. ...
Background:
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the main causes of a variety of cutaneous disorders, including photoaging and skin cancer. Its UVB component (280-315nm) leads to oxidative stress and causes inflammation, DNA damage, p53 induction and lipid and protein oxidation. Recently, an increase in the use of plant polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties has emerged to protect human skin against the deleterious effects of sunlight.
Objective:
This study evaluates the protective effects of lemon balm extract (LBE) (Melissa Officinalis, L) and its main phenolic compound rosmarinic acid (RA) against UVB-induced damage in human keratinocytes.
Methods:
The LBE composition was determined by HPLC analysis coupled to photodiode array detector and ion trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-MS/MS). Cell survival, ROS generation and DNA damage were determined upon UVB irradiation in the presence of LBE. The melanogenic capacity of LBE was also determined.
Results:
RA and salvianolic acid derivatives were the major compounds, but caffeic acid and luteolin glucuronide were also found in LBE. LBE and RA significantly increased the survival of human keratinocytes upon UVB radiation, but LBE showed a stronger effect. LBE significantly decreased UVB-induced intracellular ROS production. Moreover, LBE reduced UV-induced DNA damage and the DNA damage response (DDR), which were measured as DNA strand breaks in the comet assay and histone H2AX activation, respectively. Finally, LBE promoted melanogenesis in the cell model.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that LBE may be considered as a candidate for the development of oral/topical photoprotective ingredients against UVB-induced skin damage.
... The latter includes physical and psychological stress, ionizing and ultraviolet radiation besides inappropriate nutrient intake. Skin is not an exception in the process of aging and it results from genetic, environmental and endocrinologic factors as well 1 . ...
... Skin aging has two clinically independent processes: 1) Intrinsic skin aging which occurs as a result of chronological aging and clinically expresses as smooth, dry, and thinned skin which is inevitable and time dependent. 2) Extrinsic skin aging which occurs as a result of sun exposure, smoking, pollution, sleep deprivation and poor nutrition includes signs like photo-damage, wrinkles, pigmented lesions, actinic keratosis and patchy hypopigmentation 1 . Moreover, photo-damage, endocrinologic changes also have influences on the skin. ...
Background: Skin reflects the general health status and is not an exception in the process of aging. Intervention studies indicate that it is possible to delay skin aging and improve skin conditions through diet-based anti-aging strategies. The purpose of the current work was to review recent existing literature regarding the role of nutrition, for and against skin aging processes. Method: This review provides updates on the effects of nutrition strategies on skin aging developed during 2008-2014. Databases such as the ISI web of science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were investigated. Result: The most important role of nutrition on skin aging is by restricting the generation or activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is considered as the main cause of extrinsic skin aging. Excess sugar in daily diet accelerates aging processes through the production of advanced glycation end products that inhibit proper repair of collagen fibers. Monounsaturated and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have inverse association with severe photoaging. Antioxidants such as vitamins C, A, E, carotenoids, flavonoids and botanical antioxidants such as resveratrol, curcumin and green tea polyphenols effectively decelerate this process. Zinc, selenium and copper are coenzymes of metallothioneins and glutathione that reduce intracellular oxidative stress and result in skin protection. Conclusion: The link between nutritional issues and skin aging is an interesting but conflicting subject that requires many interventional studies. Intracellular antioxidant mechanisms are the most effective protection against skin aging.
... UVB acts on the epidermal basal cell layer of the skin; is absorbed by chromophores (such as DNA, RNA, proteins and melanin); and has been experimentally demonstrated to cause DNA damage, pyrimidine dimers, 8-OHdG formation, p53 induction, protein oxidation and the generation of ROS [33,34]. Incorrect repair of these lesions leads to mutations, which may cause the development of cancer cells [35]. ...
... Incorrect repair of these lesions leads to mutations, which may cause the development of cancer cells [35]. The excited oxygen electrons of the ROS induced by UVB alter the red/ox state of the cell and also damage mitochondria, inducing apoptosis and tissue injury and contributing to altered cell growth and differentiation or to the development of skin cancer [33,36]. Considering all of the above mentioned in vitro evidence, i.e., the cell survival increase and the decrease in intracellular ROS generation and DNA damage by the combined extract, we suggest that the combination of rosemary and citrus extracts may be able to attenuate further major events leading to photoaging and skin cancer. ...
... Moreover, it is highlighted that one fifth of skin and soft tissue infections patients that received antibiotics develop recurrent skin infection with the same strain of S. aureus, developing resistance and increase of the dose of antimicrobials needed (6)(7)(8). Regarding mice, S. aureus is ubiquitous in the digestive and nasal mucosa and causes purulent dermatoses (9); additionally, in skin infection model, it mimics human disease (10) with suppurative dermatitis and abscesses (11) in mice SKH-1 (12,13). ...
Background: Antibiotic resistance and impaired wound healing are major concerns in S. aureus superficial skin infections, and new therapies are needed. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a new therapeutic approach for infections, but it also improves healing in many wound models.
Objective: To compare the antimicrobial activity and the effects on wound healing of aPDT based on Methylene Blue (MB-aPDT) with mupirocin treatment, either alone or in combination, in superficial skin wounds of S. aureus -infected mice. Additionally, to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and cosmetic effects on wound healing.
Materials and Methods: A superficial skin infection model of S. aureus was established in SKH-1 mice. Infected wounds were treated with MB-aPDT, MB-aPDT with a daily topical mupirocin or only with mupirocin. No treatment was carried out in control animals. Daily clinical and microbiological examinations were performed until complete clinical wound healing. Histopathological studies and statistical analysis were performed at the end of the study.
Results: MB-aPDT treatment induced the best wound healing compared to mupirocin alone or to mupirocin plus MB-aPDT. Superficial contraction at 24 h and a greater reduction in size at 48 h, quicker detachment of the crust, less scaling, and absence of scars were observed. Histopathological studies correlated with clinical and gross findings. By contrast, mupirocin showed the highest logaritmic reduction of S. aureus .
Conclusions: MB-aPDT and mupirocin treatments are effective in a murine superficial skin infection model of S. aureus . One session of MB-aPDT was the best option for clinical wound healing and cosmetic results. The addition of mupirocin to MB-aPDT treatment improved antimicrobial activity; however, it did not enhance wound healing. No synergistic antibacterial effects were detected.
... [128] In another work, oligomeric biosurfactants (Polymeric Acrylate biosurfactant) for their anti-ageing properties. [3,129] Desanto, 2011 [130] suggested the use of rhamnolipids produced by P. aeruginosa to prepare a shampoo with 2% of Rhamnolipids dissolved in water. The studies show that the scalp was odor free for three days due to its antimicrobial effect. ...
Consumers of face-care cosmetics have been continuously evolving and are more receptive to skin-care products that integrate both health and wellness. This subsequently prompted cosmetic manufacturers to renew their formulation approaches by allowing gradual replacement of synthetic ingredients with promising natural alternatives. Among various available forms of skin-care cosmetic agents, the nanoemulsion system is generally regarded as an efficient carrier for the sustained delivery of bioactive ingredients. In this review, various aspects of nanoemulsion systems used in cosmetic applications such as their formulation methods, destabilizing mechanisms, testing methods have been briefly discussed. The gradual transition in present-day cosmetics toward sustainable green-cosmetics has been appropriately captured and deliberated by quoting relevant examples of some existing ingredients, which are derived from plant, animal and microbial sources. Furthermore, the scientific advancements in search of a promising bio-emulsifier have been delineated through discussion on emerging microbial surfactants candidates, with a special focus on surfactin- a lipopeptide obtained from Bacillus Subtilis. Finally, a holistic approach for the formulation of microbial cosmetics, i.e., a cosmetic formulation with full microbial-derived ingredients, has been proposed.
... The concept of oral photoprotection by antioxidant micronutrients gained very popular over the last decades [1,2]. In case of topical sunscreens, the sun protection factor is a simple and noninvasive tool to quantify the photoprotective activity. ...
Background: Our previous double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study indicated that a nutritional supplement named lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex (TNC) can protect from UVA1-induced (340-400 nm) and UVA- (320-400 nm)/UVB-induced (280-320 nm) upregulation of molecular markers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing. Objectives: in the current double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study, we analyze whether a similar, synergistic carotenoid-rich TNC can protect from broadband UVB-induced threshold erythema formation assessed as increase in minimal erythemal dose (MED) reading, the intensity of erythema formation, and the upregulation of molecular markers associated with inflammation and immunosuppression, and whether this correlates with carotenoid blood levels. Methods: One hundred and forty-nine healthy volunteers were randomized to two groups and subjected to a 5-week washout phase, followed by a 12-week treatment phase receiving either 15 mg lycopene, 5.8 mg phytoene and phytofluene, 0.8 mg β-carotene, 5.6 mg tocopherols from tomato extract, and 4 mg carnosic acid from rosemary extract per day or placebo made from medium-chain triglycerides. At the end of each phase, MED determination, UVB irradiation, chromametry, biopsies, and blood samples were undertaken. Results: The active supplement was well tolerated. Interestingly, no significant difference was seen in the MED between the active-supplement and placebo groups, as determined by visual grading by expert assessors. Of note, the carotenoid-containing supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced erythema formation measured as Δa∗ after the intervention minus Δa∗ after the washout phase as compared to the placebo. Moreover, intake of the active supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced upregulation of IL6 and TNFα as compared with the intake of placebo. Lastly, carotenoid plasma levels were significantly increased. Conclusion: This well-tolerated carotenoid-containing supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced erythema formation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers.
... Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate with rich anti-oxidant properties obtained from chewed or crushed broccoli [3,4]. Besides its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects [5], it has other properties as well including its chemo-preventive action [6,7]. First identified in 1992 [8]. ...
... Beyond the debate on the cause of the androgenetic-related hair loss between male and female, researches on seeking the effective medicine for promoting hair growth either in vitro or in vivo using animal models still continues. Among the result of the studies suggested that hair loss can be prevented by eating foods rich in biotin and cystein or using certain topical plant extracts or herbal oils [21][22][23]. Overall, from a variety of literature review, Semwal et al. (2011) stated there are dozens of substances suspected effect on hair growth, including saponin, alkaloids, ecliptine, wedelic acid, luteolin, triterpine, glycosides, βsitosterol, hentriacontanol, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron calcium oxalic, malic acid, α pinene, β pinene, fatty acid, sterol compounds, polyphenols, steroids, volatile oil and essential oil [24]. ...
Plant extracts of cocor bebek, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., containing
various types of bioactive compound expected to have cosmetic benefits, however
studies on its uses in haircare is lacking. Current study is a part of our effort in
extending seeks of plant species growing in Indonesia that are potent to be use as hairgrowth
promoting agents. Four healthy, adult, male New Zealand rabbits, aged 4-5
months, weighing 1.5 kg – 2 kg were used as test animals. The dorsal aspect of each
rabbit were shaved and divided into six areas, with a size of 2 cm x 2 cm each. Each
area of shaved skin were then administered with CMC gel containing substances set for
treatment namely: CMC gel without cocor bebek extract (as negative control), 2%
minoxidil (as positive control), and leaf extracts of cocor bebek of four levels of
concentration i.e. 25% (v/v), 50% (v/v), 75% (v/v) and 100% (v/v) respectively.
Topical administration of extract was done twice a day (morning and afternoon), for 21
days. Hair length was assessed using calliper on day 7, 14 and 21 by taking randomly
10 hairs from each treatment area, while the hair mass was measured using
microbalance on day 22 by harvesting all hairs on each treatment area. The result
showed CMC gel containing leaf extracts of K. pinnata remarkably increased hairs
length of rabbits in a concentration-related manner. At the highest concentration, the
effects even surpassed minoxidil. However, no treatment found to affect hair mass of
the animals. It is inferred that plant extract of cocor bebek is potential to be use as a hair
growth promoting agent.
... Moreover, sustained UV-exposure can lead to a high extent of protein oxidation, which is generally increased in aged tissue [86]. ROS-induced oxidative damage to the structural dermal proteins collagen and elastin can result in changes in the protein conformation and unfolding, leading to modifications in the mechanical properties of skin. ...
Evidence suggests a protective role for several nutrients and foods in the maintenance of skin function. Nevertheless, all the requests for authorization to use health claims under Article 13(5) in the framework of maintenance of skin function presented to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have received a negative opinion. Reasons for such failures are mainly due to an insufficient substantiation of the claimed effects, including the choice of inappropriate outcome variables (OVs) and methods of measurement (MMs). The present paper reports the results of an investigation aimed at collecting, collating and critically analyzing the information with relation to claimed effects (CEs), OVs and MMs related to skin health compliance with Regulation 1924/2006. CEs, OVs and MMs were collected from both the EFSA Guidance document and from the authorization requests of health claims under Article 13(5). The critical analysis of OVs and MMs was based on a literature review, and was aimed at defining their appropriateness (alone or in combination with others) in the context of a specific CE. The results highlight the importance of an adequate choice of OVs and MMs for an effective substantiation of the claims.
... This is also the case for the maintenance of healthy skin. 65 This can be observed by the development of skin disorders as a response to nutritional deficiencies. Oral supplementation of antioxidants can be a strategy to improve skin conditions in these cases. ...
Nutrition is one of the most important parameters involved in modulating skin health and condition. In this regard, the demand for natural compounds capable of promoting skin health and beauty has been attracting the attention of researchers and companies around the world. An interesting option to meet this demand is the use of Spirulina microalga, which has biotechnological potential, including several functional and nutritional applications. Although this microalga has been used in human nutrition since ancient times, it now has new applications and is being studied as a promising ingredient for nutricosmetics. The present review article summarizes Spirulina's most relevant activities, mainly its biologically active metabolites, which are interesting ingredients for nutricosmetic formulations and an important advance for skin care.
... Its use has been shown to increase generation of stratum corneum barrier lipids and stabilize lipid profiles, in particular glucosphingolipids and ceramides. 20 The difficulty for the cosmetic formulator is that L-Ascorbic Acid is very unstable in aqueous solutions, as it starts to oxidize immediately, gradually producing color changes (orange/brown shift) and a reduction in activity as it converts to dehydroascorbic acid. 21 For cosmetic use, it is best stabilized in an anhydrous lipid or silicone base. ...
Generally emulsions are water-in-oil or oil-in-water type, but emulsions may contain polar liquid as one of the phase. Non-aqueous emulsions are useful in many situations where presence of water is not desirable, formulation of active ingredients which undergo hydrolysis or oxidation in presence of water. The study was to design a stable non-aqueous nano emulsion (NANE) using cosmetically approved ingredients as a vehicle for the water sensitive active ingredients. NANE was designed to increase the dermal penetration and permeation and study solubility and dermal bioavailability of ascorbic acid. For better compliance incorporated the NANEs in cosmetics or personal care products. A non-aqueous system was obtained with glycerin and mineral oil stabilized by glycerol monosterate. It was observed that emulsification behavior is completely unpredictable and conventional theories of emulsification and HLB system cannot be applied here. An optimized non-aqueous cream was obtained through implementation of Box-Behnken experimental design. Ascorbic acid was used as model drug which converts into dehydro ascorbic acid in presence of water. NANE was evaluated by pH, rheology, spreadability, drug content, globule size analysis, zeta potential and stability. Stability studies (agitation, centrifugation, freeze thaw cycle, accelerated stability) were carried out at 5°C, 25°C and 40°C. Cream was stable at 5°C and 25°C. In-vitro drug release shows slow permeation rate but increased retention of ascorbic acid in skin. A comparative study with aqueous formulation shows that non-aqueous cream offers a good stability for ascorbic acid. Results proved that NANE can be used as vehicle for the poorly water soluble drug, suspension vehicles and oleogels.
... Tissue damage can also be caused indirectly; UVB, but also UVA (320-390 nm) from sunlight generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce harmful oxidative processes on DNA, proteins or lipid membranes. The indirect effects associated with ROS production can lead to the initiation, promotion and progression of photocarcinogenesis and/or photoaging, by activating cellular signaling pathways [3][4][5]. ...
Exposure to UV radiation leads to several skin disorders. In particular, this can be attributed to an increase of the rate of DNA mutations, either due to direct absorption by proteins and DNA (mainly UVB), or due to ROS generation (mainly UVA). The plant extract silymarin is a promising sunscreen agent. It contains numerous flavonolignans and other polyphenol derivatives. In this joint experimental and theoretical study, we focus on silybin (SB), silychristin (SCH), silydianin (SD), and their 2,3-dehydroderivatives (DHSB, DHSCH, DHSD) and we describe their UV/Vis absorption properties, particularly the pH-dependence. Under acidic conditions, SB, SCH and SD exhibit a main and a minor absorption band in the UVB and UVA regions, respectively. The deprotonation in basic environment reverses this trend, making the UVA-absorption band predominant. The dehydrogenation of the C2-C3 bond (DHSB, DHSCH and DHSD) also shifts the main absorption band in the UVA region in acidic environment. In this case, basic environment causes further bathochromic shift, and the absorption band lies in the Vis region. A solvatochromic analysis revealed that, whereas the protonated forms are rather insensitive to other environmental factors, absorption properties of the deprotonated compounds strongly depend on intermolecular hydrogen bonding with solvent molecules. The time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and molecular orbital analysis rationalized these effects.
... The agar plate was incubated for 48 h at 30°C, after the incubation period, zone of inhibition was measured and recorded. [39] ...
Generally emulsions are water-in-oil or oil-in-water type, but emulsions may contain polar liquid as one of the phase.
Non-aqueous emulsions are useful in many situations where presence of water is not desirable, formulation of active
ingredients which undergo hydrolysis or oxidation in presence of water. The study was to design a stable non-aqueous
microemulsion using cosmetically approved ingredients as a vehicle for the water sensitive active ingredients. Non aqueous
microemulsions were designed to increase the dermal penetration, permeation and to study solubility, dermal bioavailability of
griseofulvin. A non-aqueous system was obtained with glycerin and olive oil stabilized by glycerol monosterate with
cosurfactant. It was observed that emulsification behavior was completely unpredictable and conventional theories of
emulsification and HLB system cannot be applied here. An optimized non-aqueous microemulsion was obtained through
implementation of pseudo ternary phase diagram. Pseudo ternary phase diagram was constructed using surfactant and co
surfactant ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1) and microemulsion region was determined and further characterized for pH, rheology,
spreadability, drug content, globule size analysis, zeta potential and stability. In-vitro drug release shows increases permeation
rate compared to aqueous formulation. Stability studies (agitation, centrifugation, freeze thaw cycle, accelerated stability) were
carried out at 5°C, 25°C and 40°C. Cream was stable at 5°C and 25°C. Formulation was evaluated for antifungal activity against
Microsporum gypsum and skin irritation test on mice skin. The result was significant and p value of all response for skin
irritation was found to be ≤0.05. Results proved that non-aqueous micro emulsion can be used as vehicle for the poorly water
soluble drug, suspension vehicles and oleogels.
... This intramitochondrial signal is then transmitted to the cytoplasm where it causes an increase in calcium levels, followed by an activation of MAPKs and the subsequent intranuclear transcriptional activation of IR responsive genes. The mitochondrially targeted antioxidants are highly effective in blocking this signaling cascade in preventing IR radiation-induced MMP-1 upregulation in human skin [45]. IR comprises of IRA (700e1400 nm), IRB (1400e3000 nm), and IRC (3000 nme1 mm). ...
Skin aging is the result of programed senescence and prolonged environmental injury to skin. Human skin is continuously exposed to environmental influences and is therefore subjected to both intrinsic as well as extrinsic aging processes. Aged skin is characterized by the loss of skin tone and resilience, increased roughness and dryness, irregular pigmentation, sunburn, accelerated skin aging, wrinkles, and several malignant skin cancers. Plant secondary metabolites have been exploited for their potential activities such as antiaging, antiwrinkle, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, wound healing, skin whitening, and anticancer activities. Several scientific validations on natural products derived from the traditional system of medicine have been developed in this context. Recent trends in antiaging research projected the use of natural products derived from ancient era after scientific validation. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this chapter to highlight skin aging pathways of natural bioactive molecules and skin aging management.
... Among the environmental factors, solar ultraviolet radiation is most important for extrinsic skin aging, a process also known as photoaging. 1 Vitamins and micronutrients have been used in systemic and topical photoprotection. Dietary photoprotection through administration of carotenoids, tocopherol, and vitamin C in foods or supplements has been successfully used to ...
Background:
Several studies have confirmed dramatic changes in skin surface parameters during the winter months. Although there are many studies supporting the positive effects of topical treatment, there are no published studies demonstrating the effects of oral supplementation in the prevention of negative skin changes during winter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an oral micronutrient supplement in preventing the negative effects of winter weather on skin quality using noninvasive biometrologic instruments.
Methods:
This study included 80 healthy female volunteers aged 35-55 years with phototype II-IV skin. Randomization was balanced. Two tablets of a micronutrient supplement (Perfectil® Platinum) or placebo were administered once daily for 4 months. The volunteers were examined at baseline, after 4 months, and 6 weeks after termination of treatment (month 5.5). The evaluation included skin microrelief by Visioscan® as the main outcome, and the secondary outcomes were results on standard macrophotography, skin tension by Reviscometer®, skin high-frequency ultrasound, and self-assessment.
Results:
For all pseudoroughness and microrelief indicators, there was a significant increase from baseline to month 4 in the placebo group (P<0.05) but no change in the active group. Descriptive statistics for the mean minimum, mean maximum, and minimum to maximum ratio on the nonexposed study zone showed a significant and dramatic difference between baseline and month 4 and between baseline and month 5.5 (P<0.05) in the active group, indicating decreasing anisotropy of the skin. High-frequency ultrasound on the exposed study zone revealed that skin thickness was significantly decreased in the placebo group during winter but was stable in the treated group (P<0.01). The photography scaling and self-assessment questionnaire revealed no significant changes in either group.
Conclusion:
These results indicate that the skin is prone to seasonal changes during winter, particularly in exposed areas. The data also indicate that oral supplementation can be a safe treatment, with no serious side effects, and may prevent or even eliminate the negative effects of winter on the skin.
... The vast majority of these claims are based either on in-vitro studies with no or limited in-vivo relevance or on in-vivo studies in absence of relevant molecular investigations. Skin aging, however, is accompanied and orchestrated by a number of very well characterized molecular changes which are of established physiologic relevance and, therefore, well known targets for many Marini et al, Effect of Pycnogenol on human skin 3 effective cosmetic anti-aging strategies [9,14]. It is currently not known whether nutritional supplements which are suggested to exert anti-skin aging effects, can indeed exert beneficial effects in human skin at the molecular level. ...
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of nutritional supplements to benefit human skin. Molecular evidence substantiating such effects, however, is scarce. In the present study we investigated whether nutritional supplementation of women with the standardized pine bark extract Pycnogenol® will improve their cosmetic appearance and relate these effects to expression of corresponding molecular markers of their skin.
For this purpose 20 healthy postmenopausal women were supplemented with Pycnogenol for 12 weeks. Before, during and after supplementation, their skin condition was assessed (i) by employing non-invasive, biophysical methods including corneometry, cutometry, visioscan and ultrasound analyses and (ii) by taking biopsies and subsequent PCR for gene expression analyses related to extracellular matrix homeostasis.
Pycnogenol supplementation was well tolerated in all volunteers. Pycnogenol significantly improved hydration and elasticity of skin. These effects were most pronounced in women presenting with dry skin conditions prior to the start of supplementation. The skin-physiological improvement was accompanied by a significant increase in the mRNA expression of hyaluronic acid synthase-1 (HAS-1), an enzyme critically involved in the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, and a noticeable increase in gene expression involved in collagen de novo synthesis.
This study provides skin-physiological and for the first time molecular evidence that Pycnogenol supplementation benefits human skin by increasing skin hydration and skin elasticity. These effects are most likely due to an increased synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules such as hyaluronic acid and possibly collagen. Pycnogenol supplementation may thus be useful to counteract the clinical signs of skin aging.
Skin whitening has recently renewed attention on Chinese herbal medicines with whitening activity for esthetic applications. Stachys sieboldii has been used as herbal medicine since ancient times and has the potential for development as a cosmetic material because of its astringent effect. In this study, with an aim to develop new functional materials with whitening effects, S. sieboldii water extracts were fermented with different mushroom mycelia. Fermented with Hericium erinaceus mycelia showed the strongest tyrosinase inhibition effect and the lowest melanin content. Thus, H. erinaceus mycelia, the most potent inhibitor of melanogenesis, was used for large-scale fermentation and fractionated. The ethyl acetate fraction, which had the strongest whitening activity, was separated and purified using HPLC. Finally, the single compound was isolated and identified as acteoside, which has promising whitening activity. Acteoside inhibited melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of acteoside on the expression of TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF were analyzed using Western blot analysis, which showed that acteoside reduced the protein in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings reveal the potential applicability of S. sieboldii extract fermented with H. erinaceus mycelia and its useful component, which is an acteosid, for skin lightening and the treatment of pigmentation.
Skin tags, also known as fibroepithelial polyps (FPs) or acrochordons, are soft, pigmented excrescences, with a prevalence of 50–60% in the population, occurring especially in the fourth decade of life. To date, FPs have been efficiently eliminated using minimum invasive methods such as surgical removal, cauterization, laser irradiation, and cryosurgery. Over-the-counter treatments are also of interest for patients due to their non-invasive character, but their clinical efficiency has not been clearly demonstrated. This study was designed in order to evaluate the efficacy of a modern-pharmaceutical-formulation-type poloxamer-based binary hydrogel, having Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OEO-PbH) as an active ingredient in the management of FPs. The formulation has been shown to possess good qualities in terms of stability and sterility. Non-invasive measurements revealed changes in some physiological skin parameters. An increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema index was noted, while skin surface water content (SWC) decreased during eight weeks of treatment. The macroscopic evaluation revealed that the FPs dried and shrunk after topical treatment with OEO-PbH. Clinically, patients presented a lowering of the number of lesions on the treated area of 20–30% after one month of treatment and around 50% after the second month. Histopathological examination suggests that topical treatment with OEO-PbH may induce histological changes in the epidermis, dermis, and fibrovascular cores of FPs, including a loss of thickness, reduced size and number of blood vessels, and low cellularity. These changes may contribute to the observed reduction in size of FPs after treatment with OEO-PbH.
The skin microbiome is an essential barrier for preventing the invasion of pathogens and regulating the immune responses. When this barrier is disrupted, several dermatoses, including acne vulgaris, may arise. Most people will experience acne starting at the onset of puberty and continuing into adolescence; a significant percentage of those individuals continue to suffer from it into adulthood. Although common, this dermatosis usually has an enormous impact on the self-esteem and quality of life of individuals who suffer from it. An increase in consumer literacy regarding skincare leads buyers to seek out innovative products containing ingredients with proven benefits for their concerns. Probiotics have proven to be an alternative to the use of antibiotics, often associated with undesirable effects, in the treatment and prevention of dermatological disorders such as acne. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, conventional treatment recommendations and main studies emphasizing innovative topical products for acne-prone skin based on probiotics. In addition, the potential advantages, and limitations/challenges associated with the implementation and manufacturing of these innovative skin products are also highlighted.
Skin is a larger protective organ of the body, which not only acts as barrier but also depicts health status, age, appeal and attractiveness. It has many structures which work collectively to perform all its functions. We are what we eat, so nutrition plays important role in judgmental view of skin and research studies regarding dietary and topical intervention of various nutrients are in progress for a healthy skin. Among these dietary factors carotenoids have gained the attention of researchers, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. Various studies have demonstrated the role of carotenoids (β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, canthaxanthin, asthaxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene and Dihydroxy-isorenieratene) in protection of skin from hazardous factors hindering the beauty and protective functions of skin. Layers of skin (mainly epidermis and dermis) have varying quantity of these carotenoids and can be measured invasively and non-invasively using different techniques. Furthermore different factors including diet, topical application, seasons, stress factors, radiations and production of free radicals can affect the levels of carotenoids in skin. Various diseases can be prevented by supplementing the skin (systemically or topically) with appropriate amounts of carotenoids. Most of the shielding effects of carotenoids are attributed to their free radical quenching activities. Moreover, these are also involved in immunomodulatory and altered enzyme activities. Carotenoids give skin a yellowish tone, which along with other pigmenting substances give skin an acceptable and attractive appearance. The studies show promising effects of carotenoids for various skin diseases but more intervention based research is needed to validate the results on human subjects.
De huid is het grootste orgaan van het menselijk lichaam en staat voortdurend bloot aan veranderingen in het lichaam en in de omgeving die de conditie en het functioneren van de huid beïnvloeden. In dit hoofdstuk wordt een overzicht gegeven van de huidige kennis omtrent de relatie tussen voeding en de huid. Er wordt ingegaan op de anatomie en fysiologie van de huid, waarna wetenschappelijke inzichten over de rol van voeding en/of suppletie bij de preventie en de behandeling van specifieke huidaandoeningen uiteen zijn gezet. De meeste onderzoeken op dit gebied zijn gericht op vitamines, carotenoïden en meervoudig onverzadigde vetzuren, en gaan in op de behandeling van huidaandoeningen, bescherming tegen schade door zonlicht en invloed op de afweer. Hoewel enkele voedingsstoffen aantoonbaar invloed uitoefenen op de huid, is in de meeste gevallen meer onderzoek nodig om voeding en/of suppletie klinisch in te zetten ter preventie en bij de behandeling van huidaandoeningen.
The skin is the interfacing barrier to the external environment. Its integrity is required for protection and health. The cells are continuously being replaced in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic forces. Diet and lifestyle affect the skin health. Genetic makeup, including microRNA, also impacts the degree of skin disease. The incorporation of adequate protein, essential fatty acids, low-glycemic carbohydrates, fermented foods, water, minerals, vitamins, and phytonutrient-rich vegetables modulate the endocrine and immunologic systems of the skin, providing the best opportunity for health. Nutritional requirements for this organ system vary widely depending on its state of health or condition. Common skin ailments are impacted by medical nutrition therapies that can alter the severity of the condition. The application of food and dietary choices, the modified elimination diet, and nutrient or bioactive supplementation may impact the root causes of the skin condition. Dermatologic conditions are common in clinical practice. Common conditions may be a result of underlying metabolic dysfunction (acanthosis nigricans); immunologic epigenetic perturbations (psoriasis and pemphigus); the gut-brain-skin axis dysfunction (acne vulgaris and acne rosacea); genetic or acquired deficiency (zinc and acrodermatitis enteropathica, follicular hyperkeratosis); food-triggered hypersensitivity (dermatitis herpetiformis); a multifactorial imbalance of genetic, environmental, innate, and acquired immune dysfunction (atopic dermatitis); and frank deficiency (pellagra, scurvy). These conditions may respond to targeted medical nutrition therapy. The therapeutic opportunities for each common condition are reviewed.
People are seemingly becoming more and more health conscious. They are watching their weight, cholesterol, respiratory status and a lot of other body parameters at every instant. With this newfound concern for the physical well-being we have a macroscopic section of the society who are in constant connection with doctors, dermatologists, dietitians and so on in order to gain necessary insights. This takes a lot of efforts and money to which is why we have another large proportion of society that is reluctant to visit health specialists due to cost and several other factors. In order to curb these efforts and minimize them in a way that such services are taken only when actually needed, this paper identifies fat and adiposity measures and subsequently prescribes diet. This advisory can be periodic, routinely and focused on the inculcation of a new diet plan which would be beneficial to the user in the long run. The diet and health advisory system mentioned in this paper uses the relation between facial adiposity and Body Mass Index(BMI) to obtain an accuracy of 60% in making patient health prediction and diet planning.
Background: Photoaging is a complex biologic process that affects various layers of the skin with the major damage seen in the connective tissue of the dermis. Although rarely fatal, photoaging can significantly contribute to a loss of quality of life; therefore, it deserves attention. Researchers are continually searching for new compounds to develop rejuvenation therapies. Nowadays, the stem cell population has been discovered, and it shows capability to rejuvenate the skin.
Material and Methods: This was an analytic experimental research conducted on a total of 48 women who were randomised into two groups; 24 women received amniotic membrane stem cell-conditioned medium (AMSC-CM) and the other 24 women received normal saline (NS). We applied the drug for 3 times with an interval of 2 weeks. Microneedling was used to enhance epidermal penetration. We evaluated the progression of photoaging on weeks 0, 4 and 8, as well as the side effects.
Results: The improvement in photoaging after treatment showed significant better effects with the AMSC-CM than with NS (p <0.05). There were minimal transient side effects in either of the study groups.
Conclusion: AMSC-CM has the capability to improve clinical photoaging and is a promising option for rejuvenation therapy.
Vitamins are low-molecular-weight organic compounds, indispensable for life activity in trace amounts for essential metabolic reactions, where deficiency causes specific disease symptom and do not include other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor does it encompass the large number of other nutrients that promote health and do not provide cellular structural material and energy. Animals derived vitamins from plants and microorganisms. Vitaminoids are compounds with “vitamin-like” activity. Vitamins fall into two main groups: fat-soluble (e.g., A, D, E) and water-soluble (e.g., B, C, P) vitamins. Nutraceuticals include a number of substances ranging from natural diets, herbal products, biofortified crops, genetically modified, and processed food products. Nutraceuticals beyond basic nutrition provide health benefit, modulate immunity, and/or prevent and cure specific diseases. Functional foods are whole, fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods that provide health benefits beyond the provision of essential nutrients and classified into several groups on the basis of food group, the diseases it prevents or alleviates, physiological effects, etc. Food additives are antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents, excipients, and other similar substances used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed. Excipients have little or no therapeutic value, but contribute largely to the performance of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and maintain the quality, efficacy, safety, etc., of the formulation and include solvents, diluting, suspending, and emulsifying agents as well as antioxidants, preservatives, pharmaceutical, coloring agents, flavoring agents, vehicles, excipients, ointment bases, etc. Proteins and peptides allow the development of antibodies and different fermentations, purification processes, and recombination technology produced potential protein drugs at acceptable cost which can be useful in various diseases through various routes like oral, transdermal, nasal, pulmonary, ocular, buccal, and rectal. Many protein pharmaceuticals are available for treating rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery thrombosis, multiple sclerosis, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Papain, a plant enzyme, is very helpful for the prevention of atherosclerosis and diabetic heart disease. Natural anesthetics, e.g., cocaine, methyl salicylate, capsaicin, piperine, opium, etc., have been in use since antiquity. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic-pharmaceutical hybrid products intended to improve the health and beauty of the skin by providing a specific result, ranging from acne-control and anti-wrinkle effects to sun protection.
Introduction: Hair health concern is one of the most distressing conditions for a significant number of men andwomen of all ages. The unique current pharmacologic therapeutic options approved by Food and Drugadministration (FDA) are finasteride and topical minoxidil; however, these treatments may have side effects and maywork on just one cause of hair loss, without giving an exhaustive and complete results.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nutritional complex, combining omega 3-6-9,antioxidant, natural inhibitors of 5α-reductase and anti-inflammatory molecules in improving hair loss and hair healthparameter such as volume, strength and reduction of greasiness.
Methods: This study was made up of two phases. The in vitro experiment aimed at evaluating the capacity of the nutritional complex to lower the enzyme 5α-reductase activity in culture of human keratinocytes. The in vivo study was performed on 30 volunteers who experienced a 6 months treatment with the nutritional complex. The evaluation of hair loss and hair health parameter was performed by trichoscopy, global photograph review and subject’s assessment.
Results: The in vitro study showed the capacity of the nutritional formulation to inhibit the total 5α-reductasecomparable to finasteride and Serenoarepens. The global photograph assessment at T0 and T6 showed anincreased hair density on 83.3% of subjects and the preliminary results were already visible just after three months. Moreover, the trichoscopy demonstrates an increase of hair diameter and hair density, an improvement ofvascularization and a reduction of greasiness at the follicle level. The hair quality and hair loss reduction valued bythe subjects showed positive results confirming the photographic outcomes.
Conclusions: This study proves the action of nutritional complex components, ß-sitosterosl with omega 3-6complex from Serenoarepens, linseed, borage, wheat oils, pine bark and rye grass in inhibition of the total 5α-reductase. Furthermore, both the reduction of hair greasiness and the improvement of hair quality demonstrate thatthis formulation is not only effective against 5α-reductase but it also exerts its properties in a complete manner byrestoring the physiologic condition of a healthy scalp. Moreover, it demonstrates the positive effects of this naturalcomplex supplementation on overall scalp coverage. Visibly there is an improvement of vascularization, hairdiameter and the reduction of hair loss perception.
Background:
Increasing evidence suggests photoprotection by oral supplementation with β-carotene and lycopene.
Objectives:
To examine the capacity of lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex (TNC) and lutein, to protect against ultraviolet (UV)A/B and UVA1 radiation at a molecular level.
Methods:
In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized, crossover study two active treatments containing either TNC or lutein were assessed for their capacity to decrease the expression of UVA1 the radiation-inducible genes HO1, ICAM1 and MMP1. Sixty-five healthy volunteers were allocated to four treatment groups and subjected to a 2-week washout phase, followed by two 12-week treatment phases separated by another 2 weeks of washout. Volunteers started either with active treatment and were then switched to placebo, or vice versa. At the beginning and at the end of each treatment phase skin was irradiated and 24 h later biopsies were taken from untreated, UVA/B- and UVA1-irradiated skin for subsequent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression. Moreover, blood samples were taken after the washout and the treatment phases for assessment of carotenoids.
Results:
TNC completely inhibited UVA1- and UVA/B-induced upregulation of heme-oxygenase 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and matrix metallopeptidase 1 mRNA, no matter the sequence (anova, P < 0·05). In contrast, lutein provided complete protection if it was taken in the first period but showed significantly smaller effects in the second sequence compared with TNC.
Conclusions:
Assuming the role of these genes as indicators of oxidative stress, photodermatoses and photoageing, these results might indicate that TNC and lutein could protect against solar radiation-induced health damage.
The skin’s energy metabolism systems lead to a decline in function and hence contribute to skin aging. This chapter discusses how the skin uses energy to maintain its appearance followed by a background on energy production in cells. Defects in energy production are part of the mitochondrial theory of aging. Recent advances in understanding how UV radiation contribute to skin aging will be discussed in this chapter, as well as antiaging therapies that improve or maintain metabolic functions of the skin are given.
The relationship between nutrition and the effect on skin ageing has become an interesting topic that is exciting researchers and clinicians worldwide. Intervention human studies have underlined the possibility of manipulating and delaying skin ageing and improving skin conditions through supplementation with selected nutritional components. New insights into the effects of orally supplied biologically active molecules on skin functions have stimulated a continuously growing interest in the development of nutritional supplements and functional food products to benefit human skin. Prevention of skin ageing is of constantly increasing importance to the general population, therefore in recent years, the concept of photoprotection has gained attention as the mainstay of skin-protective strategies and a viable approach to reduce the occurrence of photoageing. Several studies have focused on the possible role of diet in the capacity of the skin to resist damage induced by UV radiation. Some interesting anti-oxidants and their properties, which have drawn attention for their anti-ageing and protective effects, are discussed.
Nutritional strategies to benefit skin health are of growing importance. Current approaches mainly involve nutritional supplements containing antioxidants which were initially designed to protect human skin against ultraviolet radiation-induced damage. Within recent years, however, a growing number of studies suggests that the beneficial effects of these products clearly extend beyond photoprotection. In this review we take the nutritional supplement Pycnogenol®, which is based on an extract prepared from French marine pine bark extract, as an example to illustrate this development. Accordingly, the existing data provide compelling evidence that Pycnogenol® intake does not only provide photoprotection, but may be used to (i) reduce hyperpigmentation of human skin and (ii) improve skin barrier function and extracellular matrix homeostasis.
Despite the fact that intrinsic oxidative stress is inevitable, the extrinsic factor such as ultraviolet radiation enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation resulting in premature skin aging. Nanoemulsion was loaded with fullerene, a strong free radical scavenger, and its efficacy to provide protection and regenerative effect against ROS-induced collagen breakdown in human skin was studied. Stable fullerene nanoemulsions were formulated using high shear homogenization and ultrasonic dispersion technique. An open trial was conducted using fullerene nanoemulsion on skin twice a day for 28 days. The mean collagen score significantly increased (P < 0.05) from 36.53 ± 4.39 to 48.69 ± 5.46 with 33.29% increment at the end of the treatment. Biophysical characteristics of skin revealed that skin hydration was increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 40.91 ± 7.01 to 58.55 ± 6.08 corneometric units with 43.12% increment and the water was able to contain within the stratum corneum without any increased in transepidermal water loss. In the in vitro safety evaluation, fullerene nanoemulsion showed no acute toxicity on 3T3 fibroblast cell line for 48 h and no indication of potential dermal irritation. Hence, the fullerene nanoemulsion may assist in protecting collagen from breakdown with cosmeceutical benefit.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Howard A. Epstein reviews the literature and evidence available to reveal the impact that nutrition can have on the overall health of the skin, and especially with regard to ageing.
There is a great deal of epidemiologic evidence in the literature, which reveals the correlation between a higher intake of certain foods – including fruits, vegetables, legumes, and other antioxidant-containing foods – with a lower incidence of skin wrinkling. Clinical evidence also supports the benefits of foods containing antioxidants. This article aims to review of variety of clinical studies which suggest that the health benefits of nutrition are not directly related to antioxidant activity. Indeed, the link between malnutrition, vitamin deficiency, and the appearance of the skin is well established, and the correct choice of nutrients can help to improve skin appearance and general health by preventing disorders, such as wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and atopic dermatitis.
Polymorphic light eruption is the most common photodermatosis. Little is known about the efficacy of systemic photoprotection provided by nutritional supplements in PLE patients.
To assess efficacy of nutritional supplement containing lycopene, ß-carotene and Lactobacillus johnsonii to diminish skin lesions induced by "photoprovocation" testing in PLE patients.
In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study, 60 PLE patients were supplemented with the nutritional supplement or placebo. For inducing skin lesions, patient skin was exposed to single daily doses of 100J/cm(2) UVA1 for two consecutive days. Skin lesions were evaluated using a PLE score. Skin biopsies were taken before and after supplementation from unexposed and exposed skin and ICAM-1 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR.
Prior to supplementation, skin lesions were induced in all patients with comparable PLE scores. After 12 weeks, intake of the supplement significantly reduced the PLE score after 1 exposure as compared to patients taking placebo (p< 0.001). After 2 exposures these differences were no longer significant. At a molecular level, the development of skin lesions was associated with an increased expression of ICAM-1 mRNA, which was significantly reduced after supplementation (p=0.022), but not with placebo.
The nutritional supplement provides protection against the development of UVA-induced PLE lesions, at clinical and molecular levels.
Background and aims
The intake of nutritional supplements such as vitamins and antioxidants is popular but still controversially discussed. For effective prevention in premature skin ageing and skin cancer, cutaneous radical scavenging activity should increase after the intake of antioxidants. So far, a non-invasive evaluation procedure for the radical scavenging capacity was not at our disposal. Therefore, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was utilized in vivo to determine the radical scavenging capacity of the skin.
Methods
33 volunteers were investigated, before and after the intake of placebo, vitamin C or a chokeberry peel extract (Aronia) for 28 days. Both experimental products were provided with the same radical scavenging activity. The amount of product corresponded to 125 mg (0.29 mmol) calcium ascorbate per day or 800 mg Aronia combined with 40 mg calcium ascorbate.
Results
Oral supplementation with vitamin C and Aronia significantly increase the radical scavenging capacity of the skin by 22% and 23%, respectively using the test radical TEMPO. No uptake was observed within the placebo group.
Conclusion
In vivo EPR technique offers a medical evaluation of orally consumed antioxidants regarding the radical scavenging capacity and could demonstrate that a natural product including phenolic compounds has the same effect as vitamin C in the skin if TEMPO is used as a test radical.
Zusammenfassung Hautfunktionen und -aussehen hängen von einer ausreichenden Versorgung mit essenziellen Nahrungsbestandteilen ab. Der Zusammenhang
zwischen Ernährung und Haut hat weltweit das Interesse von Wissenschaft und Medizin geweckt. Interventionsstudien weisen darauf
hin, dass es in der Tat möglich ist, durch Supplementierung mit bestimmten Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln eine Verbesserung des
Hautzustands und eine Verzögerung des Hautalterungsprozesses zu erwirken. Es werden immer häufiger Lebensmittel und deren
Inhaltsstoffe unter dem Aspekt einer gesunden und ausgewogenen Ernährung betrachtet. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass auf Ernährung
basierte Anti-Hautalterung-Strategien am wirksamsten sind, wenn sie gegen die extrinsische Hautalterung gerichtet werden.
Die Effekte oral verabreichter biologisch aktiver Moleküle auf die Hautfunktionen zusammen mit dem Wunsch, jung und gesund
auszusehen, haben zur Entwicklung von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln geführt, die zur Verhinderung und Verzögerung der Hautalterung
beitragen. Im Rahmen dieser Übersicht wird kurz auf einige der Stoffe eingegangen, die als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel zum Erreichen
einer gesunden Haut Anwendung finden.
Carotenoids are micronutrients present mainly in fruits and vegetables, and they are ingested from these sources with the diet. They exhibit specific antioxidant activity but also influence signaling and gene expression at the cellular level. β-Carotene and lycopene, the colorants of carrots and tomatoes, respectively, are among the most prominent members of this group of lipids, and they are usually the dominating carotenoids in human blood and tissues. Both compounds modulate skin properties when ingested as supplements or as dietary products. There is evidence that they protect the skin against sunburn (solar erythema) by increasing the basal defense against UV light-mediated damage. Their photoprotective efficacy, however, is not comparable to the use of a sunscreen. In vitro data show that also other carotenoids are efficient photoprotectors. Among them are lutein and structurally unusual phenolic polyenes like 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene.
Skin functions and healthy appearance depend on a sufficient supply of essential nutrients. The relationship between nutrition and skin has become a hot topic that is exciting researchers and clinicians worldwide. Intervention studies indicate that it is in fact possible to manipulate and to delay skin aging and to improve skin conditions through supplementation with selected nutritional supplements. It has been shown that diet-based anti-aging strategies are most effective when directed against extrinsic skin aging. New insights into the effects of orally-administered, biologically active molecules on skin functions have stimulated a continuously growing interest in the development of nutritional supplements and functional food products to benefit human skin. This article attempts to provide a briefly overview to some of the healthy and protective substances used as functional food.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.