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Factores que afectan la postcosecha de la palta
... Algunos de estos desórdenes o defectos postcosecha son provocados por el estrés por frío, traducido en: pérdidas de peso, deshidratación, defectos superficiales en la epidermis del fruto, heterogeneidad en la maduración o "tablero de ajedrez", pardeamiento y oscurecimiento de la pulpa. Estos desordenes provocan problemas logísticos y de aceptación de los frutos por los consumidores (Ferreyra y Defilippi, 2012). ...
... Los daños por frio son un criterio de inspección y control de calidad de los frutos de aguacate después del almacenamiento. Se distinguen como manchas oscuras en la piel y pueden favorecer daños en la pulpa antes de que el fruto sea madurado y cortado (Ferreyra y Defilippi, 2012;Ochoa, 2014). ...
... Esto podría afectar calidad de la pulpa de los frutos. Estos daños pueden deberse a la poca resistencia de los frutos al estrés por frío durante almacenamiento prolongado (4 o 5 semanas), y puede estar relacionado con deficiencias en nutrientes (minerales) de la pulpa (Ferreyra y Defilippi, 2012). En los frutos que fueron llevados directamente a maduración (semana 0), fue similar el comportamiento de PM con respecto a la semana 3 y 4 de almacenamiento; con esto se podría decir que a 3 y 4 semanas (21 y 28 días) y maduración (aprox, 7 días) los frutos no han sufrido estrés por frío traducidas en pérdida de peso. ...
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of dry matter as a harvest index and the storage time on the Hass avocado postharvest quality parameters. From four locations, fruit were harvested at three dry matter values: 22, 26 and 30%. After harvest, the external defects, weight, and color fruit were analyzed. The avocados were disinfected and stored (5°C/90%RH during 0, 3, 4 y 5 weeks). After storage, the chilling damage and weight losses were evaluated. After that, fruit were ripened (20°C/90%RH) and the quality aspects of “ready to eat” Hass avocado: color and flesh discoloration were determined. At 26 ± 2% of dry matter, the fruit had the lowest level of defects for the study regions. This means that the avocado fruit quality could improve if the harvest moment and storage time are controlled.
... Avocado ripening physiology is more complicated than other fruits due to its extensive flowering period, low percentage of fruit set and inability to ripen on the tree. In addition to this fruit physiology complexity, environmental conditions and cultural practices contribute to the observed variable ripening [45,46]. Within a location, differences in spread of ripening within a batch have been reported [12]. ...
... The role of endogenous hormones in the regulation of avocado growth and ripening has been studied, but still requires further elucidation [46]. Abiotic stress stimulates the production of abscisic acid (ABA) and might have an impact on postharvest ripening. ...
... Several preharvest factors: genetics, location and microclimate, light availability, temperature, rain and irrigation, mineral nutrition and fertilization, growth regulators, and ripeness at harvest, have been directly or indirectly linked to the postharvest ripening heterogeneity observed for 'Hass' avocado [46]. ...
Introduction. 'Hass' is the main avocado cultivar commercialized worldwide. The extended flowering period, very low percentage of fruit set and inability to ripen on the tree renders the fruit heterogeneous and unpredictable during postharvest management. The "triggered" and "ready-to-eat" growing markets for 'Hass' avocados are affected by the variable postharvest ripening or ripening heterogeneity which creates severe logistical problems for marketers and inconsistent quality delivery to consumers. Synthesis. The dry matter content, the current avocado harvest index that correlates very well with oil content, has been extensively used to harvest 'Hass' avocados to comply with the minimum standards to guarantee consumer satisfaction. However, previous work and empirical experience demonstrate that dry matter does not correlate on a fruit-to-fruit basis with time to reach edible ripeness. Thus, avocados of very different ages are harvested from individual trees, resulting in heterogeneous postharvest ripening of fruit within a specific batch. Several preharvest factors related to environmental and growing conditions and crop management as well as postharvest technology strategies influence the observed variability of postharvest ripening. Conclusion. Modern approaches based on studying the composition of individual fruits displaying contrasting postharvest ripening behavior, combined with non-destructive phenotyping techniques, seem to offer practical solutions for the fresh supply chain of avocados to sort fruit based on their ripening capacity.
... Our results therefore corroborate previous studies showing that fruit sorting based on dry matter alone is not sufficient to significantly reduce the ripening heterogeneity. Preharvest water relations (e.g., irrigation management) and probably many other preharvest factors, may be relevant as well (Bower and Cutting, 1988;Bower et al., 1986;Bower, 2012;Ferreyra et al., 2012). Ca 2+ level in the flesh has also been reported as one of the main factors potentially involved in postharvest life or performance of the fruit (Ferreyra et al., 2012). ...
... Preharvest water relations (e.g., irrigation management) and probably many other preharvest factors, may be relevant as well (Bower and Cutting, 1988;Bower et al., 1986;Bower, 2012;Ferreyra et al., 2012). Ca 2+ level in the flesh has also been reported as one of the main factors potentially involved in postharvest life or performance of the fruit (Ferreyra et al., 2012). Ca 2+ plays a key role in the cell wall conferring more rigidity (Ferguson, 1984) and has been suggested to potentially retard fruit ripening by limiting ethylene production and respiration rate (Eacks, 1985). ...
The complex physiology of ‘Hass’ avocado renders its postharvest ripening heterogeneous and unpredictable. Several approaches have previously been undertaken to broaden our understanding of the causes of this postharvest ripening heterogeneity but without much success. In this study, a fruit biopsy methodology was undertaken to sample mesocarp tissue from a series of individual avocado fruit while following individual fruit postharvest ripening characteristics without significantly disturbing their metabolism. Using both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches, we analyzed the metabolite profiles of the biopsies in order to get more insight into the biochemical mechanisms underlying ‘Hass’ avocado ripening heterogeneity. While C7 sugars (mannoheptulose and perseitol), dry matter and total Ca2+ were not correlated with time to reach edible ripeness, untargeted metabolomics profiling of polar and semi-polar compounds (based on GC–MS and LC–MS platforms), revealed several metabolites, mainly amino acids, that were related to ripening heterogeneity. In addition, analysis of fatty acids revealed linoleic acid to be differentially accumulating. In general, slowest ripening avocados had lower amounts of precursors of metabolites involved in key metabolic pathways. Our study indicates that comprehensive metabolomics may provide new markers for avocado ripening stage at harvest, and may give more insight into the complex ripening physiology of this fruit.
... La concentración de calcio en la fruta tiende a aumentar rápidamente durante la etapa principal de división celular, la absorción de calcio y distribución en la planta es de particular importancia en el manejo de la fruta en postcosecha. Los exportadores utilizan la concentración de calcio en el fruto como una herramienta de determinación de la calidad (Rodríguez, 2012). Se encuentra una relación lineal entre el contenido de calcio en fruto y su peso. ...
La investigación se realizó en los predios de la Hacienda Francia, perteneciente a la compañía “Agrovictoria S.A”, ubicada en el km. 3,0 de la vía Baba-Salitre (Recinto Progreso). La zona presenta una temperatura media de 24 a 26°C, humedad relativa del 88%, precipitación anual media de 1262 mm y una altura de 8 msnm. El experimento se realizó en una plantación establecida de banano de la variedad Valery, en producción. Se pretendió establecer el efecto de la aplicación de calcio y boro, sobre parámetros de la calidad y el rendimiento y determinar la mejor forma de aplicación (hojas - racimo) de tres productos a base de calcio y boro en el cultivo de banano. Los tratamientos estuvieron constituidos por tres combinaciones a base de calcio y boro, aplicados de dos formas: vía foliar y al racimo. Se utilizó el Diseño de “Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA)”, con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones. La comparación de medias se realizó mediante la prueba de Tukey al 95 % de probabilidad. Para el buen desarrollo del cultivo de banano se respetaron las normas de manejo del cultivo, tales como fertilización, control fitosanitario, Riego y Cosecha. El uso de Calcio 8% + Boro 1%, aplicado al racimo en dosis de 1,20 l/ha alcanzó mayor peso del racimo y del raquis; el tratamiento con mayor número de manos resultó el de Calcio 10% + Boro 0,3% en dosis de 1,00 l/ha vía foliar. Finalmente, el tratamiento en que se aplicó Calcio 8% + Boro 1% al racimo en dosis de 1,20 L/ha, obtuvo mayor rendimiento, calidad y beneficio neto rentable de $ 12065,20/ha/año.
... As can be deduced from the just mentioned table, the selected examples focused on how some parameters of interest (DM, oil content, total soluble proteins, etc.) as well as some specific compounds (phenolic compounds, carotenoids, tocopherols, sugars, fatty acids, etc.) evolved during the harvest season of different varieties or over ripening. Other very valuable works regarding maturation over the harvest season and/or ripening could also be cited (Arpaia, Collin, Sievert, & Obenland, 2015;Bower & Cutting, 1988;Ferreyra et al., 2012;Mpai & Sivakumar, 2020;Obenland, Collin, Sievert, Negm, & Arpaia, 2012;Wang, Zheng, Khuong, & Lovatt, 2012). ...
When the recipient of the product is relatively distant from the production area, it is necessary to use cold storage and controlled humidity to transport the avocado fruits. One of the main advantages of local avocado consumption lies on the possibility of prolonging on-tree maturation; this could foreseeably modify the metabolic profile of the fruit which arrives to the consumer. In this work, the effect of prolonged on tree maturation (during different time intervals) on the final composition of avocado fruit (at edible ripeness) was evaluated and compared with the impact of the same periods after prolonged cold storage. The quantitative evolution of nine bioactive metabolites (7 phenolic compounds, pantothenic and abscisic acids) over 40 days (10-days intervals) was studied by using a solid-liquid extraction protocol and a LC-MS methodology. The results were discussed both considering the quantitative evolution of each individual compound and the sum of all of them.
The most important issues that affect consumer fruit acceptance in the ‘Hass’ avocado international market are flesh disorders. These defects can be influenced by both pre- and postharvest factors. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the harvest season, storage time, mineral content, and preharvest variables on internal fruit disorders. Here, fruit was sampled from four farms in Antioquia (Colombia) at 22%, 26%, and 30% dry matter (DM) content. Samples were stored and ripened under simulated export conditions. Then, flesh bruising, flesh discoloration, body rots, vascular browning, stem end rot, and mineral content were assessed. The results showed that flesh disorders differ among farms and by harvest index and storage time. The most frequent defects found were vascular browning and stem end rot. Boron, calcium, nitrogen, manganese, magnesium, and potassium have a strong relationship with flesh disorders. Therefore, high boron and calcium contents, as well as a harvest at 26% DM, can substantially reduce avocado flesh disorders and improve internal fruit quality. Farmers that had a high flesh and soil mineral content and low rainfall and temperature produced fruits with fewer internal disorders.
Persea americana Mill. cv 'Hass' is a subtropical fruit highly appreciated as a rich source of fatty acids mostly of the monounsaturated type. Commonly commercially applied postharvest ripening strategies for the ready to eat market based on high temperature (15 and 20 °C) and external ethylene (0 or 100 ppm applied for 24 h) application did not have a detrimental effect on the fatty acid profile or composition and total amount of oil recovered at edible ripeness. The results of this study have important implications for the fresh fruit and avocado oil industry. The composition of the fatty acid profile in 'Hass' avocados was mostly influenced by growing and environmental conditions. Commercially applied postharvest ripening strategies based on temperature and ethylene did not affect negatively the fatty acid composition of the fruit.
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