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Land evaluation, part 1: Principles in land evaluation and crop production calculation

Authors:
C. Sys
C. Sys
C. Sys
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Eric Van Ranst at Ghent University
Eric Van Ranst
I.J. Debaveye
I.J. Debaveye
I.J. Debaveye
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Supplementary resource (1)

Land Evaluation Part 2: Methods in Land Evaluation
Data
September 2017
C. Sys · Eric Van Ranst · I.J. Debaveye
... In the weighting coefficient method, it is assumed that, with increasing soil depth, the importance of soil properties for plant growth decreases. In this method, the soil profile was divided into equal parts with an interval of 25 cm thickness, and a coefficient was assigned to each layer which decreases with depth (Table 1) (Sys et al. 1991). In the weighting coefficient method, it is assumed that, with increasing soil depth, the importance of soil properties for plant growth decreases. ...
... CR ¼ 16:6 CI (7) C) Based on Table S1 (Sys et al. 1991), soil and topography requirements were estimated for high suitability. ...
... The predicted yield was calculated using the potential production (Sys et al. 1991) and the Land index (LI). Potential production is the quantity of product assessed based on environmental parameters such as temperature and the amount of energy entering each zone or location. ...
Evaluation of soil quality and land suitability in different management systems
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of management systems on soil quality in rangeland and agricultural lands (smallholder, total owner, and Binaloud Company) in Neyshabur plain, northeastern Iran. Twenty-one soil profiles were described and sampled. The weighted and additive soil quality indices (SQI) of surface soil and soil profile (0–100 cm) were calculated. The minimum data set (MDS) was determined using principal component analysis (PCA) and expert opinion (EO) methods. The land index (LI) for alfalfa was calculated using the FAO method. In all management systems, the EO-weighted SQI was the highest for surface soil and soil profile. The relationship between the EO-weighted SQI and alfalfa yield was the strongest in the total owner and Binaloud Company. The LI showed a better relationship with the alfalfa yield than the SQI. The SQI of soil profile provides more comprehensive information regarding the different soil management systems. The LI, which considers crop requirements, could be useful in comparing the soil quality for a specific plant. The lower soil quality in smallholder system is an early warning sign of soil degradation in the area. Furthermore, the SQI has sufficient capability to reveal the effects of the land exploitation systems on soil quality.
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... 1. Climate indicators: average daily temperature during the crop cycle and total rainfall during the crop cycle, which significantly affect crop productivity (Sys et al., 1991). ...
... Wheat needs sufficient water throughout the growing season, although the requirements vary depending on the stage of development. Optimal rainfall for wheat is typically 350-1250 mm: total rainfall during the crop cycle, depending on the type of soil and climatic conditions in the region (Sys et al., 1991). Insufficient precipitation can lead to drought, which causes the soil to dry out and reduces the availability of water to the root system. ...
Application of analytical hierarchical process in assessing the suitability of land for growing grain crops
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2024
Assessing the suitability of land for growing grain crops is a relevant issue for ensuring sustainable agricultural production and improving food security. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an effective method of multi-criteria evaluation that systematically addresses all parameters. The study aimed to analyse the usage of the AHP method to determine the weight and priorities of different soil and climate characteristics to analyse the suitability of land for cereal crop cultivation, using wheat as an example. The study identified key factors affecting yields and developed recommendations for effective land management. An AHP was employed to weight various criteria, including physical, chemical and climatic characteristics. The data were processed to determine the impact of each factor on land suitability, with consistency checks to ensure the reliability of the results. The study showed that Flood and erozion hazard characteristics (32.2%) and Soil pysichal characteristics (25.6%) are the most important physical factors. Acidity (pH) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) have a significant impact on nutrient availability, while average temperature and precipitation determine the main climatic conditions for wheat growth. Flood and erosion risks are also addressed for the long-term suitability assessment. The AHP was used to assess the suitability of land for wheat cultivation, identifying the most important factors and their weights. Practical recommendations included applying agronomic measures to reduce erosion risks and improve soil fertility. The results of the study can be used by agronomists, land managers and policymakers to improve land management, which will contribute to increased agricultural production efficiency and food security in the face of climate change
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... The Microsoft Excel version 2016 software was used for data entry and the "GENSTAT 9.2" software was used to analyze the variance at the 5% threshold of the main variables of the test (the growth and yield parameters); therefore, the least significant difference (PPDS) was used for the comparison of treatment means. Source : Sys and al [35] 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Nkoémvone soil profile Table 11, presents the physicochemical characteristics of the different horizons of the study site profile. ...
... The soil's cation balance was therefore (67/29/4), which was out of balance in favor of Ca2+ and K+, but against Mg2+. However, soil cation balance is reached when the ratio of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ is 76/18/6 [35]. The Phosphorus levels are low, which is a major factor in okra production on the site, given its importance for seed and fruit production ...
Evaluation of the Agronomic Performance of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): Selection and Fertilization of the Crop Site
Article
  • Jul 2024
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Moench) is among the most appreciable fruit vegetables in terms of nutritional elements. A study was carried out to determine the suitability of the soil in the locality of Nkoévome (South Cameroon) in order to propose fertilization strategies helping to improve okra yields for sustainable agriculture. The study took place at the Nkoemvone Agricultural Research Institute for Development (IRAD) Station. The plant material used was the Hire variety. The experimental design used is a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments repeated 3 times which are: T0 (no fertilizer application), T1 (275 kg/ha N), T2 (165 kg/ha of NPK 20:10:10 + 150 kg / ha of urea), T3 (10 t / ha of (FP), T4 (5 t / ha of FP), T5 (½ dose of mineral fertilizer (T2) + ½ dose of 10 t /ha FP ( T3); T6 (½ dose of mineral fertilizer + ½ dose of 5t/ha FP (T3). The data collected was analyzed using Genstat software. the WRB was of the Rhodic Ferralsols type and unsuitable due to the climate and fertility due to PH, CEC, phosphorus which were low in the soil. The treatments applied had a significant effect on the growth parameters (width, length, number of leaves, branches), and on yields in weight and the number of fruits of the okra but not on the diameter at the collar and the height of said speculation. Thus, the organic fertilizers in this study significantly improved certain growth and yield parameters of okra compared to the different doses of mineral fertilizers and the control.
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... The class of the land was the lowest suitability (S); for example, if the land had S1 and S2, the class was assigned S2. The ability to address current restrictions was used to determine potential appropriateness (Sys, et al., 1991). ...
... The following parametric evaluation was proposed for irrigation and derived priority areassuitable for irrigated agriculture using Geomedia. The parametric evaluation technique (Sys et al., 1991) was used to assess the granulometrical and physicochemical properties of a soil profile. The many land features that determine the soil suitability for irrigation are graded, and an irrigation capability index (Ci) is calculated using the following formulae: ...
Bhaskara Phaneendra Bhaskar. Geoenvironmental Suitability Assessment of Three Agroecological Systems in India
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
The geo-environmental assessment is a prerequisite for adopting agro-ecological principles and achieving sustainable crop yields. We present three case studies from three agro-ecological regions. Pedological data sets were made and used to evaluate bio-physical parameters in Pulivendula tehsil in Kadapa, cotton producing Yavatmal district, and rice farming Majuli, Assam. According to the suitability assessment, 56091 ha are suitable for bananas under drip irrigation and 16364 ha are at high erosion risk. Cotton can be grown on 25 percent of total arable land in Yavatmal district, but 28.43 percent cannot be irrigated. Rice can be grown on 32% of Majuli island. However, there are limitations such as subsoil acidity, shallow ground water tables, poor organic carbon status, and low cation exchange capacity. Through land evaluation exercises, land resources can be harnessed using sustainable soil-land management techniques. With the use of soil quality assessment and erosional status using USLE, the case studies shed light on region level biophysical constraints that affect productivity.
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... The biophysical characteristics of the different studied sites are shown in Table 2. Through the assessment of the land index and the application of the criteria established by Sys et al. (1991) (Table 3) in reference to Beernaert and Bitondo (1993), the qualitative land suitability categories (Table 4) and the factors impeding plant growth across the various soil series for each crop were identified. Table 5 shows the critical thresholds for nutrients and soil fertility parameters. ...
Soil Characteristics, Taxonomy and land suitability of a lateritic Mantle for rain-fed maize (Zea mays) Agriculture in the Cameroon Western Highlands
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
  • AFR J AGR RES
Numerous farmers experience a knowledge gap between the cultivation capabilities of land units (LU) responsible for spatial yield variability. This research aims to characterize and evaluate a lateritic toposequence for rain-fed maize in Western Cameroon. Five soil profiles dug along an N-S transect enabled assessing land suitability for maize using the FAO method. The main results revealed that LU N° 1 (Summit) and 4 (Footslope) are currently marginal (S3) for maize cultivation, caused by climatic and soil physical constraints. LU N° 2 (basin with outflow), 3 (Backslope), and 5 (endorheic basin) are unsuitable (N2 and N), due to poor root zone aeration and unsuitable topography. Improved management strategies could allow for the reclassification of land use (LU) categories as follows: Unit 1, currently classified as Rhodic Eutric Nitisol (Ferric), could be deemed moderately suitable. Units 2, 3, and 5, which are Gleyic Stagnosol, Pisoplinthic Plinthosol, and Stagnic Gleysol, respectively, could be classified as marginally suitable. Finally, Unit 4, identified as Eutric Nitisol, could be reclassified as suitable. For potential yields, 47% is marginal (5.13 t/ha), 34% is suitable (0.97-2.27 t/ha) and 18% is moderate (0-1.95 t/ha). Comparing actual and potential yields, under low and medium input farming, yields with low input increase from 0.9 t/ha (actual suitability) to 4 t/ha (potential suitability), while medium levels increase from 2.27 t/ha (actual suitability) to 5.8 t/ha (potential suitability). This increase highlights the importance of using modest inputs to boost soil productivity for maize.
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... A parametric approach (Square Root method) [22] was utilized for 32 profiles to assess land suitability for irrigated wheat. The most important factors in land evaluation are topography, soil, and climate. ...
Mapping and Evaluating Land Suitability Using a GIS-Based Model: A Case Study in the Abyek Area, Qazvin, Iran
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Land suitability is an important strategy for optimal and sustainable use of land and stabilization of its performance. The area covers 5,215 hectares and consists mostly of cultivated land. The objective of this study was to evaluate the available land resources and produce a land suitability map for irrigated wheat. For an assessment of the study area, a total of 32 representative soil profiles were used for collecting soil samples. They were also used as input to the model. The conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS) method was used for determining sampling points. Covariates for running the model were elaborated from remote sensing data. The suitability classification for irrigated wheat crops was determined using a parametric method. The random forest model of SAGA GIS software was used to predict suitability classes. For preparing the final map of land suitability, firstly the raster map related to the parameters affecting land suitability was prepared in the ArcGIS environment, and secondly, this raster file was stacked in the random forest model with auxiliary variable layers and the final map was obtained. The results showed that about 52.68% (2747.5 ha) of the studied area was found to be highly suitable (S1), 44.1% (2295.4 ha) was moderately suitable (S2), and 2.96% (154.8 ha) was marginally suitable (S3). In addition, 0.33% (17.4 ha) of the total area was classified as currently unsuitable. The main limiting factors for land suitability were texture, depth, alkalinity, and the presence of coarse fragments in the soil. It was also found that with the help of environmental variables and GIS, making the framework for the optimum use of land become very easy and provided significant advantages in terms of time and economic aspects.
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Land Suitability Evaluation Using Parametric Approach to Achieve Sustainable
Book
Full-text available
  • Mar 2025
Land suitability evaluation is the process of predicting land capacity for different uses based on its characteristics. This research has been conducted taking into account seven soil profiles, with the aim of land suitability evaluation for irrigated wheat in an area of 116 hectares Land in Kabul University. In order to carry out this research, the Square root and Storie methods related to the parametric approach based on FAO guideline Concerning soil and slope requirements of crop presented by sys et al. (1993) were utilized. Parameters such as calcium carbonate, organic matter, texture, depth, coarse fragments, EC and soil pH were used for land suitability evaluation. Results showed that profiles 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 had no restrictions for wheat cultivation and were found to be highly suitable (S1). Due to high and undesirable pH, the 2nd profile was found to be moderately suitable (S2). Key words: Land suitability evaluation, Horizon, Parameters, Kabul University, Irrigated wheat.
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تحديد المقدرة الإنتاجية للترب وملاءمتها للرز الهوائي في الرقة
Research
Full-text available
  • Oct 2024
Aridisols ، ‫يح‬ ‫يحة‬ ‫ر‬ Calcids ، ‫دة‬ ‫السجسؽع‬ ‫در‬ ‫الكب‬ Haplocalcids ، ‫د‬ ‫يح‬ ‫دة‬ ‫السجسؽع‬ Typic Haplocalcids. ‫و‬ ‫دد‬ ‫د‬ ‫بي‬ ، ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫لمت‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫ددر‬ ‫د‬ ‫السق‬ ‫دد‬ ‫د‬ ‫يحد‬ ‫دتخدم‬ ‫د‬ ‫اس‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫يق‬ ‫طر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫امل‬ ‫عؽ‬ ، ‫السحدد‬ ‫دػ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حيإ‬ ‫دد‬ ‫يحد‬ ‫د‬ ‫ام‬ ‫عؽ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫التر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د،‬ ‫الت‬ ‫دثثر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دة‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫ددر‬ ‫السق‬ ‫د،‬ ‫ف‬ ، ‫در‬ ‫لمت‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫اء‬ ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫قي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ك‬ ‫داس‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫مكي‬ ‫دح‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫عم‬ ‫درد‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫مشف‬ ‫درل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫بذ‬ ‫دل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫عام‬ ‫ل‬ 0-100 ‫دل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫دلي‬ ‫دح‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫دؽل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫لمؽص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ (‫دة‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫قدر‬ Index of Productivity) ‫دػ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫دؼ‬ ‫وم‬ ‫دة‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫ددر‬ ‫السق‬ ‫دفؽ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫دد‬ ‫يحد‬ ‫دة.‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫لمتر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫داي‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫الشت‬ ‫دب‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫وحد‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫قيس‬ ‫دل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫دلي‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫لتر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ديمة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫الد‬ (52 %) ‫لو‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تر‬ ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫جعب‬ (4776 %) ‫لو‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تر‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫السحؽكي‬ (3875 % ،) ‫دال،‬ ‫د‬ ‫وبالت‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫جسي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫ت‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫السدروس‬ ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫يعتب‬ ‫دد‬ ‫د‬ ‫جي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ددر‬ ‫د‬ ‫سق‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دتعساالت‬ ‫د‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ديل‬ ‫د‬ ‫لسحاص‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫اعي‬ ‫الزر‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫السختمف‬. ‫دؽل‬ ‫د‬ ‫لسحر‬ ‫دحة‬ ‫د‬ ‫وبالشد‬ ‫درز‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اي،‬ ‫دؽ‬ ‫الي‬ ‫دد‬ ‫فق‬ ‫دػ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫دد‬ ‫يق‬ ‫د‬ ‫دلي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫السال‬ ‫ء‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫دل‬ ‫لك‬ ‫دل‬ ‫عام‬ ‫دؼ‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬ ‫ام‬ ‫عؽ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫التر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫دة‬ ‫اع‬ ‫لزر‬ ‫ددد‬ ‫السح‬ ‫درز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اي،‬ ‫دؽ‬ ‫الي‬ ‫داد‬ ‫باعتس‬ ‫دا‬ ‫الشع‬ ‫م‬ ‫درح‬ ‫السقت‬ ‫ددل‬ ‫السع‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ؼ‬ (‫دل‬ ‫قب‬ Sys et al., 1993) ، ‫دؽح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دإ‬ ‫حي‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫وج‬ ‫ؽد‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫ة‬ ‫دفؽ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ص‬ ‫مالء‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د،‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫اع‬ ‫لزر‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫السدروس‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫اق‬ ‫السؽ‬ ‫اي،‬ ‫دؽ‬ ‫د‬ ‫الي‬ ‫درز‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ : ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ير‬ (‫ديمة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫الد‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫الر‬ S1 ‫ال‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫سالءم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫دل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫دلي‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫قيس‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫سالءم‬ ‫ة‬ 8174 %) ، ‫در‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫جعب‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ير‬ (‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫الر‬ S2 ‫دط‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫متؽس‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫سالءم‬ ‫ة،‬ ‫دل‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫دلي‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫قيس‬ ‫ال‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫سالءم‬ ‫ة‬ 7477 %) ، ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫السحؽكي‬ ‫دة‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ير‬ (‫ا‬ ‫لر‬ S3 ‫ىامذية‬ ‫ال‬ ‫سالءم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫دليل‬ ‫قيسة‬ ، ‫سالءم‬ ‫ة‬ 55.4 %). ‫السفتاحية:‬ ‫الكمسات‬ ‫اإلنتاجية‬ ‫السقدر‬ ، ‫األرض‬ ‫دليل‬ ، ‫اي،‬ ‫اليؽ‬ ‫الرز‬ ، Sys. ‫يخ‬ ‫بتار‬ ‫لمسجمة‬ ‫الححإ‬ ‫ورد‬ 23 / 6 / 0002 ‫يخ‬ ‫بتار‬ ‫لمشذر‬ ‫قبل‬ 7 / 10 / 0002
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Evaluating Impacts of Biochar and Inorganic Fertilizer Applications on Soil Quality and Maize Yield Using Principal Component Analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
A 2-year field experiment was conducted to test the effects of individual and co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer on soil quality using the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. The dry season field experiments were performed with biochar applied at 0 and 20 t ha⁻¹, and fertilizer at 300 and 0 kg ha⁻¹ (control). The factorial combinations of the above-mentioned treatments were subjected to irrigation at 60, 80, and 100% of irrigation amounts (IAs). Soil hydro-physical and chemical properties and grain yield were determined at harvest. Results from the PCA indicated that the soil total nitrogen (N) and moisture content (MC) were the soil properties mostly affecting the grain yield. The amendments’ effects on the soil physico-chemical properties and maize yield were in the order control < biochar < fertilizer < biochar + fertilizer. The derived comprehensive soil quality index (CSQI) from the PCA showed that the soil quality increased by 76, 100, and 200% in treatments individually applied with biochar, inorganic fertilizer, and the co-applications. This study therefore showed that the PCA revealed the actual dynamics in soil properties, in terms of the SQI upon the soil amendment addition, as well as their relationship with maize yield under different weather conditions.
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