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A study on Ichthyofaunal diversity of Sagar lake, Madhya Pradesh, India

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Owais Wani at Dr. Hari Singh Gour University
Owais Wani
Shankar Gupta Uma
Shankar Gupta Uma
Shankar Gupta Uma
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The objective of the present study was to report the ichthyofaunal diversity of Sagar lake Madhya Pradesh, central India. During the study, a total of 21 species of freshwater fishes belonging to 6 orders, 11 families and 17 genera were recorded from the study sites of the lake. Family Cyprinidae, contributing about 48% of the fish diversity of the lake, was found to be the most abundant family of the fishes. According to Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) Conservation status among 21 species, 2 are endangered, 5 are vulnerable, 10 are at lower risk-near threatened status, 1 lower risk least concern and 3 non evaluated. The study also shows a tremendous decrease in the ichthyofaunal diversity of the lake during the last decade.
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Vol. 7(3), pp. 126-129, March, 2015
DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2014.0800
Article Number: 97242D651810
ISSN 2141-243X
Copyright © 2015
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC
International Journal of Biodiversity
and Conservation
Full Length Research Paper
A study on Ichthyofaunal diversity of Sagar lake,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Owais Ahmad Wani* and Uma Shankar Gupta
Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University Sagar, M.P. India.
Received 04 December, 2014; Accepted 24 February, 2015
The objective of the present study was to report the ichthyofaunal diversity of Sagar lake Madhya
Pradesh, central India. During the study, a total of 21 species of freshwater fishes belonging to 6 orders,
11 families and 17 genera were recorded from the study sites of the lake. Family Cyprinidae,
contributing about 48% of the fish diversity of the lake, was found to be the most abundant family of the
fishes. According to Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) Conservation status
among 21 species, 2 are endangered, 5 are vulnerable, 10 are at lower risk- near threatened status, 1
lower risk least concern and 3 non evaluated. The study also shows a tremendous decrease in the
ichthyofaunal diversity of the lake during the last decade.
Key words: Fish diversity, conservation status, Sagar lake.
INTRODUCTION
Fish constitute more than a half of the total number of all
other vertebrates in the world. Out of 64,000 vertebrates,
32,900 species of fish had been described by November
2014 (Froese and Pauly, 2014). India has offered a large
variety of water bodies and habitats to aquatic life. Its
coastal marine waters, river systems, streams, different
wetlands, lakes and ponds of different water quality, at
different altitudes have favoured the development of a
species-rich fish fauna with a large variety of adaptations.
Therefore, India is today a megadiverse in fish fauna and
occupies 9th position in terms of fresh water biodiversity.
There are about 2,546 species of fishes (about 11% of
the world species) found in Indian waters. Central India
harbor a wide variety of freshwater fishes in its diverse
water resources such as streams, rivers, reservoirs, sub-
terrain aquatic ecosystems, traditional lakes and
domestic ponds. Study of fish fauna in Madhya Pradesh
started with the work of D' Abrue (1925). Later several
workers studied the fish fauna of Madhya Pradesh which
include Hora (1938, 1940), Hora and Nair (1941), Dubey
and Mehra (1959), Mathur and Mishra (1976), Karmakar
and Datta (1988), Desai (1994), Desai et al. (1997),
Sharma (2007, 2008, 2009), Thilak (2009, 2011), Vyas et
al. (2012), Dongre et al. (2012), Paunikar et al. (2012),
and Uchchariya et al. (2012). The suggestions for fish
conservation are sure to come out only after the depth
study of their biodiversity. The objective of the present
study was to document the fish fauna of Sagar lake
located almost at the centre of India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sagar lake is situated in the heart of Sagar city (23°50'N 78°45'E
517m) with an area of 82 hectares (Figure 1). The entire lake can
be divided into two parts; the main lake occupying an area 68
*Corresponding author. E-mail: owaiswm@gmail.com.
Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
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Wani and Gupta 127
Figure 1. Sattelite image of Sagar lake showing three sampling stations. A: chakra ghat area, B: Sanjay
drive area, C: Fisheries department area.
hectares and a small wetland of 14 hectares.
The present study was carried out from March 2012 to April
2014. The fish were collected monthly from three sampling sites of
the lake (Sanjay drive area, Chakraghat area and Fishery department
area) as shown in Figure 1, with the help of local fishermen using
cast nets during days and gill nets installed over nights applying the
fish collection methods of Arunachalam (2000). The fish samples
were then preserved in 4% formalin and brought to laboratory for
identification. Systematic identification of the fish species were
carried out by using the standard keys of Talwar and Jhingran
(1991) and Jayaram (1999). Threat status of each fish was made
according to the report on Conservation Assessment and
Management Plan (CAMP) for freshwater fishes of India (Molur and
Walker, 1998) and Red List of Threatened Species by (IUCN,
2014). The relative abundance of the fish was classified into three
categories: Abundant (+++) constitute 71-100% of total catch,
Moderate (++) constitute 36-70% of the total catch and Rare (+)
constitute 1-35% of the total catch, assuming the fishing efforts
constant for each catch.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the two years of an extensive study, a total of 21
species of freshwater fishes belonging to 6 orders, 11
families and 17 genera were recorded from the study
sites of the lake. The species found in the lake, their
taxonomic distribution, threat status and relative
abundance is given in Table 1. The most abundant family
of the fishes, Cyprinidae was represented by 10 species
contributing about 48% of the fish diversity in the lake.
The percent contribution of other families is shown in
Figure 2. According to CAMP report, among 21 species,
2 are endangered, 5 are vulnerable, 10 are at lower risk-
near threatened status and according to IUCN 2014
report 3 species are near threatened, 16 are at least
concern and 2 are not evaluated.
The previous studies on fish diversity of Sagar lake
have mentioned 41 species belonging to 25 genera and
13 different families (Tiwari, 2006). The present data
when compared with the earlier data on ichthyofaunal
diversity of Sagar lake recorded not more than a decade
ago shows a tremendous decrease in the ichthyofaunal
diversity of this lake. Puntius ticto, Puntius conchonius
and Puntius sophore are the most abundant species
found throughout the lake. All the species were found
equally distributed throughout the lake however P. sophore
was found in abundance in the small wet land portion of
the lake. Some species like Xenentodon cancila, Puntius
sarana, Rasbora daniconius and Mastacembelus armatus
are very rare and are about at the verge of extinction
from the lake. The fish farmers have started to cultivate
some species like Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus
mrigala in the lake for economical purposes.
The introduction of exotic fish Oreochromis niloticus a
decade ago was a great success as it grows widely, but it
may be one of the several causes for dwindling of fish
biodiversity of the lake. The exotic fish pose a threat to
indegenious fish species (Mukherjee et al., 2002). So,
continuous monitoring of non-indigenous species should
be done to avoid their negative impacts (Galib et al.,
2013).
The other reasons for the depletion of the fish species
are pollution and indiscriminate exploitation of fish. The
pollution of the Sagar lake is a matter of concern,
sedimentation and the spread of weeds pose serious
threat to the fish fauna of this lake. Therefore there is a
128 Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
Table 1. List of fish species from Sagar lake with their conservation status and abundance in the lake.
Taxonomical rank
Scientific name
CAMP status
IUCN status
1. Order: Siluriformes
Family : Siluridae
Ompok bimaculatus
EN
NT
Wallago attu
LR-nt
NT
Family : Bagriidae
Mystus vittatus
VU
LC
Family : Heteropneustidae
Heteropneustes fossilis
VU
LC
2. Order: Osteoglossiformes
Family : Notopteridae
Notopterus notopterus
EN
LC
3. Order: Synbranchiformes
Family : Mastacembelidae
Mastacembelus armatus
VU
LC
4. Order: Cypriniformes
Family : Cyprinidae
Puntius conchonius
LR-nt
LC
Puntius ticto
LR-nt
LC
Puntius sarana
VU
LC
Puntius sophore
LR-nt
LC
Catla catla
VU
NE
Labeo rohita
LR-nt
LC
Cirrhinus mrigala
LR-nt
NE
Rasbora rasbora
LR-nt
LC
Rasbora daniconius
LR-nt
LC
Chela laubuca
LR-lc
LC
Family: Cobitidae
Lepidocephalichthys guntea
NE
LC
5. Order: Beloniformes
Family : Belonidae
Xenentodon cancila
LR-nt
LC
6. Order: Perciformes
Family : Gobiidae
Glossogobius giuris
LR-nt
LC
Family : Cichlidae
Oreochromis mossambicus
NE
NT
Family : Ambassidae
Parambassis ranga
NE
LC
EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; LR-lc = Lower risk least concern; LR-nt = Lower risk near threatened; NE = Not
evaluate; LC = Least concern; NT = Near Threatened; +++ = Abundant ++ = Moderate; + = Rare; * = cultivated in the lake.
Figure 2. Percent contribution of families towards ichthyofaunal diversity of the lake.
pressing need to give special attention for the conservation
of fish diversity of the lake.
Simmilar studies were also reported from two Lakes of
Kumaon, Uttarakhand (Negi and Rajput, 2012), Changhoz
Dam, Pakistan (Khan and Hassan 2011), Vattakkayal
lake (Seethal et al., 2013). These studies are about
exploring the ichthyofaunal diversity of different water
bodies, present their threat status, abundance and
taxonomic distribution. Such studies provide the first
hand assessment to understand and conserve the fish
diversity of their water bodies.
Conflict of interests
The authors did not declared any conflict of interests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the local fishermen and
Department of Fisheries, Sagar, MP, India for their
support during the course of study.
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Full-text available
  • Jun 2013
River Choto Jamuna is an important and well-known river in north-west Bangladesh in terms of fish production and source of income for many fishermen living beside where this study has been conducted from January to December, 2012. This study revealed the existing fish species and their composition along with diversity, richness and evenness indices. A total of 63 species of fishes have been recorded belonging to 41 genera, 23 families and 9 orders. Cypriniformes was recorded as the most diversified fish group in terms of both number of species and individuals observed. Of all the fishes found, 41.27% species were threatened in Bangladesh including 15.87% vulnerable, 15.87% endangered and 9.52% critically endangered species. Overall values of diversity, richness and evenness indices were found to be 3.717, 6.954 and 0.897, respectively. Finally, considering all the findings, the establishment of fish sanctuaries to conserve available fish species, both threatened and non-threatened, naturally is recommended.
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Studies on Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Gour River, Near Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Central India
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2012
The fishes are one of the most important vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity of river essentially represents the fish faunal diversity and their abundance. Rivers conserve a rich variety of fish species which supports the commercial fisheries. The country is rich in diversity of such important group of animals. Keeping in the view, the diversity of fish fauna of the Gour River in Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh, Central India has been studied from the period April 2010 to March 2011. The aim of the study was to explore the fish fauna of Gour River. In the course of investigation, three sampling spots were selected viz. Saliwara Village, Near Gour Bridge and Near TFRI Campus, Jabalpur. The total 33 fish species were recorded under 5 orders and 10 families. 16 species of Cypriniformes, 7 species of Siluriformes, 3 species of Synbranchiformes, 6 species of Perciformes and 1 species of Beloniformes have been recorded. The Cyprinidae family is dominant followed by Channidae and Bagriidae. Recently, the Tor tor fish species commonly called ‘Mahasheer” has been declared state Fish of Madhya Pradesh. The over fishing and pollution are the major threat for fish diversity of the Gour River.
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Assemblage structure of stream fishes in the Western Ghats (India)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2000
Macro and microhabitat analyses were applied to characterise the fish assemblage structure in 10 streams of the Western Ghat mountains of Peninsular India. Macrohabitat features, such as channel gradient, stream depth, stream width, riparian cover, instream cover, habitat types and substrates, were used. Microhabitat requirements of the abundant cyprinids (35 species) were also analysed. Macrohabitat assessment indicated that a high habitat diversity was associated with a high species diversity, and that habitat volume was a major determining factor for species diversity and abundance. In all streams, cyprinids were the dominant group in the assemblage and almost all cyprinids were confined to pools with a varied habitat diversity. Riffle dwelling species included ancient forms such as Glyptothorax madraspatnum, G. trewasae and Homaloptera santhamparaiensis. Suitable microhabitats for dominant cyprinid species were pools and riffle edges. Big-sized barbs and mahseers such as Hypselobarbus dobsoni, H. curmuca, H. dubius, Labeo calbasu, Puntius sarana, Tor khudree and Tor khudree malabaricus were confined to deep pools with a large area. Smaller Puntius species like P. fasciatus, P. melanampyx, P. narayani, P. sophore, P. ticto and P. vittatus lived in shallow backwater pools and pools with low flow. Species like P. arulius tambiraparniei, P. amphibius, P. bimaculatus and P. filamentosus were found towards shallow pools with moderate flow. Surface-dwelling species such as Danio aequipinnatus, Rasbora daniconius, Salmostoma spp. and Barilius spp. preferred deepwater habitats with high flow. Habitat-based multivariate analysis revealed four guilds: surface dwellers, column dwellers, generalized bottom dwellers and specialized bottom dwellers.
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Conservation of endangered fish stocks through artificial propagation and larval rearing technique in West Bengal, India
Article
  • Jan 2002
The sustainable utilization of genetic resources, including fish, is a vital part in improving the standard of living in a populous country like India. Concern over declining harvests and an obvious reduction in biodiversity of fish species has lead to a more holistic approach to fisheries management and research. About 11% (2,200) of the total world fin fish species (more than 20,000) have been recorded from the Indian subcontinent 1 . Unfortunately, many fish species are in decline and some have become endangered due to a combination of over-exploitation, pesticide and aquatic pollution, spread of disease, uncontrolled introduction of exotic fishes, and habitat modification due to industrialization, river-valley projects, excessive water abstraction and siltation due to clearing. However, there is no comprehensive list of the threatened species of fishes critically in need of protection. This lack of information on threatened species of fishes and the general lack of identification manuals are barriers to the recognition and conservation of our vanishing fishes. An essential prerequisite to any broad programme of resource conservation is the proper taxonomic study of fish species occurring in the area concerned and a full checklist indicating the status of each species. Such a list would enable the IUCN to prepare an international list of endangered species, to be included in the Red Data Book. We have identified 39 such local fish species that we believe are going to disappear from their natural habitat in West Bengal (Table 1). The Department of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal is trying to conserve these species with the following objectives: 1. Brood stock management: Artificial breeding of threatened species for restocking in their natural habitat and to establish gene banks using cryopreservation techniques. April-June 2002 (Vol. VII No. 2) 9 2. To overcome disease problems in larval rearing tanks & culture ponds. 3. To generate income, self-employment and skill for interested farmers through demonstration & training. 4. To provide technical support to private hatchery owners to help them to maximize production of quality seed. As little is known about the reproduction of many species, research is needed to develop and standardize techniques for their artificial propagation. This technology can then be used to help conserve threatened species through captive breeding programs and also to generate new employment opportunities for rural people. We would like to share our findings with farmers and extension/conservation workers throughout the region with regard to the breeding techniques of two endangered species: 1) A freshwater fish Pabda, Ompok pabo and 2) a brackish-water fish, Tangra, Mystus gulio.
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Zoological Survey of India Endangered, vulnerable and rare fishes of river systems (Western and Central) of Madhya Pradesh. Threatened fishes of India
  • Jan 1925
  • 97-108
  • Ea Abrue
Abrue EA (1925). Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta Desai VR (1994). Endangered, vulnerable and rare fishes of river systems (Western and Central) of Madhya Pradesh. Threatened fishes of India. Nature conservation Publication 4:97-108.
Fish fauna of Ravishankar Sagar Reservoir
  • Jan 1997
  • 53-56
  • V R Desai
  • D Kumar
  • N P Shrivastava
Desai VR, Kumar D, Shrivastava NP (1997). Fish fauna of Ravishankar Sagar Reservoir. J. Inland Fisheries Society of India 29(2):53-56.
Fish Diversity of Tribal District Satpura Valley, Betul of Madhya Pradesh in India
  • Jan 2012
  • 37
  • S D Dongre
  • C Bhavsar
  • R G Verma
Dongre SD, Bhavsar C, Verma RG (2012). Fish Diversity of Tribal District Satpura Valley, Betul of Madhya Pradesh in India. Intl. Referred Res. J. 3:37.