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Customer value perception of organic food: cultural differences and cross-national segments
Abstract
Purpose
– Due to consumer concerns about food-related diseases and an increase in the use of genetically modified food, more and more “green consumers” integrate environmental considerations into daily purchases, asking for healthier, safer and higher quality food. Marketing managers still face the challenge of broadening the understanding of how and why consumers purchase organic food. Specifically, a deeper understanding of the value dimensions consumers perceive in the context of organic food products is required to develop and implement successful management strategies which might transfer positive consumer perceptions to actual buying behavior and satisfaction. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
– Drawing on theoretical and empirical insights on organic food consumption in different markets, this research investigates antecedents of organic food products and differences regarding the relative importance of the value-based drivers across two Western nations.
Findings
– The results from survey data indicate significant differences in the value perceptions, especially the functional and individual value perceptions, and recommendation behavior related to organic food for consumers from the USA and Germany. In addition, the segmentation approach provides evidence for consumer segments that cross-national borders: the “convinced opponents,” the “silent/private consumers,” the “prestige-seekers” and the “passionate evangelists.”
Originality/value
– Consequently, instead of a country-based segmentation approach, marketers should emphasize the different types of consumers across national borders in order to address the differences in customer value perception in the organic food market.
... In the context of this study, the focus is mainly on four values: functional, individual, social, and financial. The choice of this four-dimensional scale of perceived value (called PERVAL) is in accordance with the insights of Sweeney and Soutar (2001), Smith and Colgate (2007), and Seegebarth et al., (2016), who considered these dimensions as being most efficient in influencing purchase attitude and behavior. First, functional value of organic food product describes the attributes of nutrition and health related products (Popa et al., 2018;Ditlevsen et al., 2019;Kareklas et al., 2014). ...
... Thus, through their purchasing behavior, consumers aim to show their social belonging, their interests in their reference groups, and their society (Costa et al., 2014). As food products are usually consumed in public spaces, consumers prefer to purchase foods, which favor their social identity and their status in their own social groups (Seegebarth et al., 2016). Organic food is consumed, then, to show the social status and the environmental interests of the consumer. ...
... From a consumer's perspective, customer value is what they 'get' (benefits) in relation to what they have to 'give up' (costs or sacrifices). This value does not generally have a unique dimension (Seegebarth et al., 2016). In the context of the present study, we consider the four-dimensional scale of Sweeney and Soutar (2001) that we have previously exposed. ...
... Destination marketers can be potential beneficiaries of any conclusive evidence of distinct hierarchical value maps (HVMs) based on cultural backgrounds. Better designed marketing communications targeted at distinct cultural cohorts might contribute to the development of food menus, cost-effective promotions, and service quality enhancements (Barrena et al., 2015;Seegebarth et al., 2016). ...
... Since food preferences are closely related to the diner's country of residence, previous studies have compared consumer responses to ethnic foods, where there is a common cultural background (Ares et al., 2016;Barrena et al., 2015;Hartmann et al., 2015;Seegebarth et al., 2016). For example , Hartmann et al. (2015) compared the preferences of Chinese and German diners for menus featuring insects. ...
... The last limitation relates to the definition of food culture. As was the case with its predecessors (Chang et al., 2011;Cerjak et al., 2014;Hartmann et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2014;Kim, Choe, et al., 2016;Kim et al., 2020;Seegebarth et al., 2016) this study adopted nationality as a surrogate variable to discern different food cultures. ...
This paper proposes a model that conveys the diversity of tourist culinary perceptions—the hierarchical local food consumption value mapping. The researchers deploy hard laddering to analyze 1593 responses to a questionnaire survey and identified 11 salient attributes, nine consequences, and seven values. Eight cultural groupings were identified. The researchers compared the mappings for each of the eight groupings to determine whether the applicable mappings are distinguished on the basis of tourists' food culture backgrounds. Japanese and Thai respondents generated unique and comparatively simpler maps than other cohorts. The findings show that a hierarchy‐based approach can be used to assess tourist perceptions of attributes, consequences, and values as a value map. This study provides culture‐based insights into the consumption of local food by tourists.
... Seegebarth et al. [37] examined how and why US and German consumers purchase organic food and indicated that functional value is the most important factor influencing the purchase of organic food in these two Western nations. Furthermore, Goncalves et al. [22] indicated that functional value is almost always necessary for predicting Portuguese consumers' green buying behavior. ...
... The study discovered that functional value has a positive and significant influence on consumers' online organic food purchasing intention (H1). The finding of this study was similar to those of Goncalves et al. [22], Cao et al. [36], and Seegebarth et al. [37]. Hence, the study concludes that the functional values of organic food, such as its health-promoting effect, consistent quality, economy, reasonable price, and value for money, influence consumers' intention to purchase the food online. ...
This study examined how consumption value theory, religious knowledge, website quality, and e-satisfaction influence consumers' online organic food purchasing behavior. This study collected 989 data points from Bangladeshi online organic food consumers using convenience sampling and analyzed them using SPSS and PLS 4.0-SEM. The results indicate that apart from epistemic value all other consumption values, such as functional, emotional, social and conditional influence online organic food purchases through the mediating effect of religious knowledge, website quality and e-satisfaction. Consumption value is an emerging theory in organic food purchasing research, a new phenomenon in this context. The current study makes a groundbreaking contribution to theory development and contextualization. Consumption value theory has been studied in organic food purchase research predominantly in developed nations. By investigating the theory in the context of online organic food purchasing behavior in Bangladesh, this study validates its generalizability and adds to the existing body of knowledge. In addition, the mediating role of religious knowledge in the relationship between organic food purchasing intention and purchasing decision online has been given little attention by the previous literature. The study proposes several strategies for organic food marketers that would stimulate consumers' values and relevant context, encouraging them to buy more organic food online, and thus increase the development and profit of online organic food businesses, which is extremely important toward creating a healthy nation.
... Therefore, green attitude will also affect the intention to purchase green products (Jaiswal & Singh, 2018;Kautish & Sharma, 2019). Relevant studies have also indicated that consumers' environmental attitudes will affect their purchase intention, thus asserting the existence of a high correlation between consumer attitude and purchase intention and behavior (Grimmer et al., 2016;Lee & Holden, 1999;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Tanner & Kast, 2003). Second, attitudes, beliefs, and subjective norms also influence intentions to purchase a product (Ham et al., 2021;Yamoah & Acquaye, 2019). ...
... In the past, the view was that consumer perceptions influenced attitudes (Connelly et al., 2011;Duong et al., 2022;Havard et al., 2021;Jose et al., 2022), attitudes influenced purchase intentions (Awasthi & Mehta, 2022;Grimmer et al., 2016;Lee & Holden, 1999;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Tanner & Kast, 2003), and purchase intentions affected WTP (Berger, 2019), in a simple linear relationship. However, housing transactions were private, and it is impossible to stimulate consumers' purchase intention and WTP for green products (Berger, 2019). ...
The popularity of green building housing products as a mainstream environmentally friendly product has risen remarkably. But, are consumers in general receptive to this product? Are they willing to pay (WTP) more for it? Do consumers have consistent perceptions, attitudes, purchase intentions, and WTP? This paper is based on a questionnaire to house buyers in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan’s third-largest city by population. The data were analyzed via structural equation modeling. The results revealed that consumers’ perception and attitude toward green building housing products affect their purchase intention, and purchase intention affects WTP. Secondly, attitude also directly affects the WTP, which is also indirectly impacted by attitude through the mediating effect of purchase intention. It shows that the gap between the attitude and WTP of consumers in the consumption decision of green building housing products has been reduced. This result is related to the increasing education, promotion, and marketing of green building housing products, and a consistent consumption decision has gradually formed. In terms of the managerial implications, further education and public awareness messages should be used to narrow the consumption decision gap. Moreover, the importance of the health benefits of green building housing products should be emphasized. Furthermore, green building transactions in the housing market should be more transparent so that consistency in consumer decision-making can be attained.
... Regarding social value, consumers' purchase of luxury brands is linked to the quest to be perceived well in society, be accepted by others, and leave a good impression [71,72]. Driven by the desire to enhance one's self-concept and self-worth in society, social value facilitates group affilation [20,50,73,74]. ...
... The second section of the questionnaire measured respondents' perceptions of luxury values. The scale contained conspicuous, unique, social, emotional, and quality values, which consisted of 17 items that were adapted from different studies found in Lee et al.'s [71] study: conspicuous value had four items [51]; unique value was measured with three items adapted from Wiedmann et al. [50]; social value contained four items [72]; emotional value contained three items [50]; and lastly quality value was measured with three items [35]. ...
For many years, the concept of sustainability and luxury has been considered a paradox. Despite scholars’ efforts to highlight the compatibility between sustainability and luxury, the limited studies have shown mixed and inconclusive evidence. By adopting the luxury-seeking consumer behavior framework, this study examines the relationship between luxury value perceptions (i.e., conspicuous, unique, social, emotional, and quality values) and sustainable luxury products consumption. It also identifies the value dimensions that most discriminate between heavy and light consumers of sustainable luxury products and examines the moderating effects of consumer income. Using 348 survey responses from actual consumers of luxury goods in Qatar, hierarchical multiple regression and discriminant analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized relationships. The results suggest that all five value perceptions explain a significant amount of variance in sustainable luxury consumption and discriminate between heavy and light sustainable luxury consumers. However, the moderating effects of consumer income in the relationship between values and sustainable luxury consumption revealed mixed results. The findings of this research provide key theoretical and managerial implications.
... Local purchasing and local food therefore contribute to sustainability from a triple bottom line perspective, supporting the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Several studies show that customers quite often associate organic food with environmental preservation and that customers' positive attitudes toward the environment have a strong influence on organic food decision-making process (De Magistris and Gracia, 2008;Seegebarth et al., 2016). ...
... A limitation of the study is that it addresses almost only Italian respondents, thus preventing the possibility of making comparisons across different cultures and nationalities. This is particularly significant as previous research has found that nationality can play a significant role in eco-behaviors and intentions (Fermani et al., 2016), and on organic foodrelated choices (Seegebarth et al., 2016). Further research should enlarge the sample to include respondents from other countries, especially from northern European countries, who have been found to display greater awareness of environmental preservation. ...
Purpose of the paper: Although environmental awareness is growing among hospitality customers, some environmental initiatives may lower personal comfort and overall service quality; therefore, hospitality managers need to find a balance between service quality and environmental preservation. The aim of the research is twofold: first, to investigate whether various environmentally sustainable practices affect customers' behavioral intentions differently, and second, to investigate if customers display more positive intentions toward a specific practice that is supposed to enhance overall service quality (i.e. serving local food). Methodology: The empirical research is conducted through an online survey of 237 respondents. Respondents were asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale the extent to which different sustainable practices affect their hotel selection process, their expected satisfaction during the stay, and their willingness to pay a higher price. Results: Results show that all environmentally sustainable practices positively influence the hotel selection process and expected satisfaction, though to differing extents, but that few practices positively influence customers' willingness to pay a higher price. Local food is the initiative that stimulates the most positive behavioral intentions across all the dimensions. Research limitations: The study addresses almost only Italian respondents and, at the moment, examines behavioral intentions rather than actual behaviors. Originality of the paper: The study supports the idea that environmental sustainability is a multidimensional concept, and that different practices have different effects on customers' intentions. It adds to current knowledge that initiatives such as serving local food, which are also considered to enhance service quality and are connected to personal health, can produce a significantly more positive impact.
... However, the extant literature has paid limited attention to the roles of cross-cultural factors in driving organic food consumption. Previous studies focus more on cross-national, rather than cross-cultural, comparisons (Meza & Park, 2016;Seegebarth, Behrens, Klarmann, Hennigs, & Scribner, 2016). For example, Meza and Woo (2016) showed the differences in organic food consumption in Korea and Mexico. ...
... Intentions to purchase sustainable food were measured with 4 items adapted from Seegebarth et al. (2016) by replacing the formula 'organic food' with 'sustainable food': "I intend to buy sustainable food in the near future"; "I am going to buy sustainable food in the future again."; "I will continue to buy sustainable food"; "The next time I purchase healthy food I intend for it to be sustainable food.". ...
Purpose
This study investigated the role of epistemic trust in shaping consumers intentions towards purchasing sustainable food products by examining the relationships between epistemic trust, credibility of science, scepticism about climate change and intentions to purchase sustainable food.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected using a survey. A total of 391 consumers participated in the study. Structural equation modelling was employed for data analysis.
Findings
The results showed that the trust dimension was significantly and positively associated with credibility of science ( p = 0.004) and negatively with scepticism about climate change ( p = 0.018); mistrust was significantly and negatively associated with credibility of science ( p = ≤0.001); credibility of science had a significant negative effect on scepticism about climate change ( p = ≤0.001) and scepticism about climate change had a significant direct and negative impact on intention to purchase sustainable food ( p = ≤0.001). Furthermore, results indicated that the link between trust, mistrust and intention to purchase sustainable food was significantly mediated by the credibility of science and scepticism about climate change.
Practical implications
The results can preliminarily suggest policies promoting transparency and direct consumer experiences in organisational practices, with implications extending to other sectors like education and public information.
Originality/value
For the first time, epistemic trust is specifically considered as an antecedent of intentions to purchase sustainable food, while also examining its relationships with scepticism about climate change and the credibility of science.
... Seegebarth, et al., (2016). [14] 9 ...
Purpose: The organic food sales are not gaining more potential, due to limited buyers, because the customers have a paucity of product labels. This distrust has highly affected the company's profits. The purpose of the study is to ease these sceptics nature which is crucial for the organic food chain and also the government, emphasizing the necessity to enhance trust and openness in compliance. In order to ensure the credibility of the certified labels, companies have to adopt a set of rules and standards which result in a long-term effect on eco-favoured customers, and trust in the organic label creates a positive impact on customer choice of buying behaviour. Besides, companies also focus on conveying the right messages, so that customers can differentiate organic products from conventional ones. Design: This literature highlights various issues pertaining to the organic product label and customers' choice of buying behaviour, and data is obtained from multiple reviews of literature, journals, and case studies. Findings: Labelling strategy may reduce information asymmetry between customers and the company because labelling strategy may influence product differentiation. Originality/Value: Studies encompass the certification scheme which is necessary for labelling organic products. Studies identify reading the labels customers easily identify product attributes that serve as a medium between company and end-users. Moreover, green labels, eco-labels, energy labels, and organic labels serve as certificates of organic products. Paper Type: Case study
... National and international studies on consumers' purchasing of organic products have reported that the main factors for consumers to prefer organic food products are the characteristics of the organic production system and objective benefits such as nutritional values, healthiness, and environmental benefits (McEachern and McClean, 2002;Schuldt and Hannahan, 2013;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Persaud and Schillo, 2017). The higher price of organic products compared to conventional products has been reported to be the most important factor that negatively affects consumers' preference to purchase organic food (Nasir and Karakaya, 2014;Bryła, 2016;Ham et al., 2016). ...
This study aims to determine the purchasing behavior, consumption tendencies and factors affecting the consumption of potential and existing organic food consumers in Konya province center. In order to see the general perception on organic food consumption, a questionnaire consisting of 21 questions in total was prepared. The sample size of the study was calculated as 384 according to the Simple Random Probability Sampling method, and data was collected from 553 people in total. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that 8.5% of the participants did not know the term organic food, 17.4% knew it but never consumed organic food, and 74.1% knew the term and consumed organic food. A total of 31.8% of the consumers purchased organic products once a week and the most frequently purchased product/product group was vegetables and fruits with 27.6%. The most important reason for consumers to buy an organic food is that it is beneficial for health, and the reason for not buying it is the high prices.
... Emotional value could also be defined as the feelings customers experience from the perceived utility of products (Sheth, Newman, & Gross, 1991). Emotional value is an individual perception of the value of purchasing any product and service (Seegebarth et al., 2016;de Morais Watanabe et al., 2020). Emotional value is an important determinant of the purchasing decision and considers the benefit obtained from the emotional and emotional states provided by a product or service (Sweeney & Soutar, 2001). ...
... Research has found four customers' definitions of value: value is low price; value is whatever I want in a product; value is equality I get for the price I pay; value is what I get for what I give (Zeithaml, 1988). On the other hand, the multidimensional approach considers the concept as a multifaceted construct, consisting of various values aspects as functional, social, emotional, epistemic and conditional (Ahn and Kwon, 2020;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Sheth et al., 1991;Sweeney and Soutar, 2001). Sánchez-Fernández and Iniesta-Bonillo (2007) comment that both the unidimensional and multidimensional approaches contribute equally to explaining the concept from the simple or complex perspective. ...
Livestream e-commerce is a thriving industry where endorsement effectiveness is critical in the persuading process. However, there has been little research into the livestream e-commerce phenomenon and how online celebrities' characteristics influence customers' decisions. Based on the uses and gratifications theory, credibility and match-up hypothesis research, the study adopts a quantitative approach to collect survey data from 398 participants in Vietnam. Through that, the livestream e-commerce research paradigm was analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that endorser-product and live content-product congruence have a beneficial impact on the endorser's attractiveness, trustworthiness, information quality and emotional experience. These variables, in turn, boost the customer's perceived value, which increases their buying intention. Additionally, endorsers' attractiveness has also been illustrated to reinforce the customers buying intention. From the results, several implications are suggested for marketers and online celebrities in order to enhance endorsement effectiveness.
... The emotional value represents the feelings and affectivity felt by consumers when consuming organic food products (Sweeny and Soutar, 2001). Seegebarth et al. (2016) complete the understanding of emotional value interpreted as an individual's perception of the value of the organic food product. So that consumers' subjective understanding of the concept of organic food is based on the premise that organic food can have a direct effect on consumer welfare, which implies that organic food refers to environmental concerns whose understanding development is in the consumer's environment. ...
The rapid and widespread growth of the organic food market is considered to become one of the largest growing markets in the food industry. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate the effect of multidimensional consumer perceived value on customer satisfaction and purchase intention in the context of organic food. The data collection was carried out with 234 Indonesian consumers of organic food. The multidimensional consumer perceived value has been formed by 4 dimensions which include functional value, economic value, emotional value, and social value. consumer perceived value is considered to influence customer satisfaction and purchase intention. structural equation modeling (SEM-AMOS) was used to analyze the relationship between them. The result indicates that the consumer perceived value positively influences customer satisfaction and purchase intention. The consumer perceived value has no strong direct influence on purchase intention. Hence, the involvement of customer satisfaction is able to be a full mediator between the customer perceived value and purchase intention. This research contributes to reflecting consumer preferences of organic food in Indonesia as a developing country which is assessed by consumer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and purchase intention.
... Research has found four customers' definitions of value: value is low price; value is whatever I want in a product; value is equality I get for the price I pay; value is what I get for what I give (Zeithaml, 1988). On the other hand, the multidimensional approach considers the concept as a multifaceted construct, consisting of various values aspects as functional, social, emotional, epistemic and conditional (Ahn and Kwon, 2020;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Sheth et al., 1991;Sweeney and Soutar, 2001). Sánchez-Fernández and Iniesta-Bonillo (2007) comment that both the unidimensional and multidimensional approaches contribute equally to explaining the concept from the simple or complex perspective. ...
... The EO construct was reflected by several items, such as proactively exploring market opportunities, carefully anticipating market and demand trends with calculated risk, and incisively innovating by acquiring and adopting appropriate technology. To measure the culinary-gastronomic value advantage, we referred to the work of Seegebarth et al. (2016) and Uehara & Assarut (2020). Moreover, we measured the moderator variable of competitive risk consciousness by asking, "How worried are you about the pressure of competition in this business?" ...
Since there are inconsistent findings on the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance, we aim to develop a conceptual model to explain how an entrepreneurial orientation has the potential to enhance business performance. We develop a concept of culinary-gastronomic value advantage as mediation for entrepreneurial orientation to improve business performance effectively. We examine the model by involving 241 owner-managers of micro and small-sized enterprises in the food industry, whose results were analyzed using SEM-AMOS software. This study’s results indicate that the culinary-gastronomic value advantage derived from the Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) theory is an acceptable solution as mediation for entrepreneurial orientation and performance. Another important finding is that the entrepreneurial orientation and culinary-gastronomic value advantages are highly dependent on the level of risk consciousness on the competitive pressures that occur in the market. This study brings several theoretical implications to service-dominant logic theory, particularly on value accentuation in the form of culinary-gastronomic value advantage for enhancing performance.
... Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed that they could easily dispose of their used clothes into collection boxes placed in fashion retail stores if they had more information about this concept and to indicate their willingness to invest required time and energy to perform these actions. Behavioral intentions, i.e. respondents' willingness to dispose of their used clothes into collection boxes, had these boxes been placed into retail stores or other convenient places on their way to work or school, were measured by 4 items which were adapted from the studies of Seegebarth et al. [96] and Rausch and Kopplin [45]. Items related to respondents' behavioral intentions were measured on a 7-point Likert-type scale. ...
... Since our focal retail store specializes in natural and health-related foods, we used a 'wide selection of natural/organic foods' as a proxy for product quality/selection (PQ). In particular, organic and natural foods, with their characteristics associated with health, nutrition quality, environmental protection, animal welfare, and non-use of pesticides and fertilizers, are generally regarded as products with better quality compared to conventional foods (Lee & Yun, 2015;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Shafie & Rennie, 2012). Consumers are found to patronize organic food stores due to their preference for the food features as being organic (Hwang & Chung, 2019). ...
Local retail stores are currently facing intense competition from both online retailers and large chain stores. An understanding of local retail store patronage (i.e., patronage of retail stores in one's own community) is essential to the survival and growth of local retailers. Drawing on Social Capital Theory, we theorize and show with store‐level survey data the influence of social capital (community attachment and reciprocity) on local retail store patronage in a large urban setting. We find that the impact of social factors differs for residents within the community compared to those outside of the community. We also demonstrate the importance of social factors in comparison to non‐social factors. These findings contribute to the literature by extending the impact of social capital on local retail store patronage beyond rural settings, providing insight into urban consumers’ decision to patronize local retail stores, and highlighting the impact of community boundaries. These findings also generate practical recommendations for local merchants and stress the importance of building reciprocal relationships with local customers as well as varying communications across community boundaries.
... Previous research has shown that cultural factors play a significant role in food consumption (Seegebarth et al., 2016). To assess the extent to which PBMA consumption is culturally diverse, cross-cultural studies should be undertaken in the future. ...
Sustainable consumption has received much attention, although its antecedents are not fully elucidated. Existing studies are constrained by the assumption of symmetrical paradigms, emphasizing the net effects of antecedents without considering the complexity of sustainable consumption decision-making. This study draws on the theory of consumption values and the complexity theory to identify the complex combinations of consumption values (health, food safety, ecological, curiosity, novelty, prestige, avoidance of guilt) that explain consumers’ intentions to purchase plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA). An online survey was used to collect data from 252 meat eaters in the United States. Data were analyzed with fsQCA to identify the causal configuration of consumption values that explain meat-eaters’ PBMA purchase intentions. The fsQCA results revealed six heterogeneous combinations of the consumption values that result in high levels of purchase intention toward PBMA. The findings can be used by marketers to develop strategies for promoting sustainable consumption and PBMA.
... Functional value is deemed a key factor that impacts customers choices (Perrea et al., 2015). Emotional values refer to the individual perception of the value of that product (Seegebarth et al., 2016). COVID-19 fear is used as a factor to determine intention to purchase organic food in light of TCV. ...
Purpose
Organic food consumption decreases the risk of becoming obese or overweight. This study intends to see the influence of customer perceived value, COVID-19 fear, food neophobia, effort and natural content on the intention to purchase organic food (IPOF) that leads to the actual purchase of organic food (APOF). Moreover, organic food availability is a moderator between IPOF and APOF.
Design/methodology/approach
PLS-SEM is used for hypothesis testing. A purposive sampling technique was followed to gather data from organic food consumers in Lahore, Gujranwala and Islamabad and a total of 479 questionnaires were part of the analysis.
Findings
The outcomes show that customer perceived value, effort and natural content is positively related to IPOF. Despite this, COVID-19 fear and food neophobia are negatively associated with IPOF. IPOF and organic food availability are positively related to APOF. Finally, organic food availability significantly moderated between IPOF and APOF.
Practical implications
This study outcome reveals that companies of organic food can recognize customer perceived value, COVID-19 fear, food neophobia, effort, natural content and organic food availability in their decision-making if they determine the actual purchase of organic food. This study offers a valuable policy to companies of organic food to enhance customer’s behavior in purchasing organic food in Pakistan. Besides, practitioners and academicians can benefit from this study finding.
Originality/value
This initial research integrates customer perceived value, COVID-19 fear, food neophobia, effort, natural content, IPOF and organic food availability to determine APOF in the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, consumption value theory is followed to develop the framework.
... Na área das ciências sociais, destaca-se a sociologia rural, que compreende elementos humanos na produção e no consumo deste tipo de produto (Dias et al., 2015). Na área da administração, maior atenção tem sido dada à descrição dos aspectos de consumo, envolvendo especialmente as motivações (Goetzke et al., 2014;Seegebarth et al., 2016) e as barreiras neste mercado (Van Doorn e Verhoef, 2015; Altarawneh, 2016). ...
Alimentos orgânicos são entendidos como todo o universo de produção, comercialização e consumo de produtos isentos de agrotóxicos, pesticidas, fertilizantes sintéticos e químicos, transgênicos, e que, no âmbito das suas práticas e significados, visam respeitar o meio ambiente e manter a qualidade do alimento. Apesar desses alimentos estarem de acordo a um sistema de produção sustentável somados à perspectiva agroecológica, o impacto tanto de oportunidades quanto desafios, deste tipo de produção ecoa nos mais diferentes níveis culturais, econômicos e tecnológicos da sociedade, envolvendo uma série de fatores que devem ser levados em consideração. Através de uma análise documental por meio de artigos, entrevistas, matérias jornalísticas e outros tipos de informações, elencamos os principais desafios e oportunidades dos produtores de olerícolas do estado do Tocantins. Como resultados oportunos foram vislumbrados retração no mercado devido à baixa oferta desses produtos e a necessidade da consciência ambiental atrelada à busca por um estilo de vida mais saudável. Nos desafios, destaca-se especialmente, o cenário mercadológico complexo e a necessidade de difusão de técnicas de produção acompanhada de assistência técnica especializada. Por fim, observa-se que no estado do Tocantins a produção relativa de produtos orgânicos ainda é bem pequena, porém em processo de expansão. No caso da produção de hortaliças, os olericultores têm um longo caminho de oportunidades e desafios a percorrer, para isso é necessário o apoio, incentivo e integração de diferentes esferas da sociedade com incentivos governamentais, atuação das instituições de ensino e extensão, conjectura comercial e mudança de atitude da sociedade quanto a preferência de produtos mais saudáveis.
... Thus, both self-image expression and social relationship support were utilised in this study, for mapping social value. This research has utilised consumption/perceived value dimensions for segmentation purposes, as done in the previous studies (Seegebarth et al., 2016). Post segmentation, we map the impact of these values on brand loyalty dimensions for each of the sub-segments. ...
The purpose of this paper is to examine smartphone users' brand loyalty decisions across and within generation cohorts, Gen Z and Millennials, based on customer value theory. The study discovers value perceptions for the cohorts, utilizes these for identifying distinct consumer segments within the cohorts, and finally, investigates the impact of these value perceptions, on loyalty, for each of the sub-segments. A four-stage analysis involving exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and MANOVA was undertaken. Three distinctive clusters were obtained within both Gen Z and the Millennials, and for each of these sub-segments, the influence of the identified value perceptions, when investigated on attitudinal and behavioral components of loyalty, threw striking differences. The paper extends the current understanding of smartphone brand management, particularly from the perspective of identifying value perception-based consumer segments, within the cohorts and mapping the influence of these identified perceptions on both attitudinal and behavioral components of loyalty.
... There are several types of rice produced, namely: organic white rice, Organic Black Rice, Organic melik black rice, Organic brown rice, and organic red rice. Consumers' preferences need to be improved to increase trust in organic products [8], [10] so that it has an impact on increasing marketing [11], [12]. This research is expected to improve the product quality of the company and the farmer group. ...
... The role of values in consumer decisions has become a progressively imperative research theme for both corporate and academia (Balderjahn & Hüttel, 2019;Kautish, 2013;Perrea et al., 2014) and the consumption variables motivating organic food purchase behavior are found to have positive inferences on consumer attitude (Azzurra et al., 2019;Scalvedi & Saba, 2018). The previous studies has focused on the value perception (Lemmerer & Menard, 2017;Seegebarth et al., 2016), perceived value (Curvelo et al., 2019;De Toni et al., 2018) and dealt with primarily consumer perceptions about functional, social, emotional and economic values (Watanabe et al., 2020). But meager attention has given to human values especially Rokeach's (1973) value dichotomy, e.g., terminal and instrumental facets of organic food which may lead to a different stream of marketing research. ...
The study analyzed the relationships between the terminal and instrumental values on attitude and behavioral intentions for organic food products in the context of Behavioral Reasoning Theory and Cognitive Hierarchical Model, i.e., Value-Attitude-Behavior. The conceptual model is based on a comprehensive review of the past research. A two-step approach was employed to evaluate the measurement and structural models with SmartPLS software for partial least square structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that for organic food products, both terminal and instrumental values influence attitude and consecutively, attitude influences behavioral intentions. However, the instrumental value exhibited greater influence on both attitude and behavioral intentions in comparison to the terminal value. The research findings may help organic food marketers to develop strategies by promotions that are aligned to the terminal and instrumental values.
... The items of the questionnaire have been selected considering the most addressed topics in the literature. Healthiness, safety, and environmental sustainability of organic food are attributes traditionally investigated in consumers studies (e.g., Mohd Suki, 2015;Seegebarth et al., 2016;Migliore et al., 2020). Similarly, the contribution of specific food labels on the perception of organic food is the focus of several research (e.g., Ghvanidze et al., 2016;Lazzarini et al., 2016;Meyerding, 2016). ...
Organic food, consumers and their buying behaviour are well examined fields of research, although there is a lack of consistent findings on consumers’ perception about organic food’s quality, in terms of healthiness, safety, and environmental sustainability, and on determinants of perceived quality. This study investigates how consumers perceive the quality of organic food, in terms of environmental sustainability, safety, and healthiness. The study also analyses how and to what extent perceived quality of organic food is influenced by the presence of information related to quality on food products’ labels and consumers’ socio-demographic profile. A survey has been conducted on a convenience sample of Italian consumers, recruited through a snowball sampling technique. An approach based on a Combination of Uniform and shifted Binomial random variables, named CUB model, is adopted to analyse consumers’ perceptions in terms of two latent components, feeling and uncertainty. The CUB model approach is suitable for analyses that involve consumers perception. The results suggest that consumers perceive safety of organic food better than healthiness and environmentally sustainable attributes. Findings also highlight that the presence of specific information on food’s label contributes to perceive organic food as healthier, safe, and environmentally sustainable: the more the details on food labels, the higher the consumers’ perception. Furthermore, consumers’ socio-demographic profile plays a significant role: males and females have a different perception of organic food and younger consumers tend to be more prone to buy and consume organic product.
... Research focusing on the German market suggests that consumers' preference of organic product is driven by their sustainability concerns, together with preference for the naturalness and healthiness of such products [44,45]. Zagata [46] who studied the Czech market suggested that the consumers perceive organic products as 'food without chemicals', with favourable effects on health, which was confirmed by the research of Soroka, Mazurek-Kusiak, and Trafialek [47]. ...
This article compares attitudes to buying organic food in selected countries in Central Europe. The current research was conducted in 2019 on a total sample of 2800 respondents in the Czech Republic, Slovakia (Central Europe, with a relatively new organic food market), and Germany (a traditional Western Europe country with a mature food market). The study results demonstrate significant differences between the three selected markets. The product quality is the most important for German consumers. Slovak consumers consider organic food to be the least recognizable and least promoted of all the regions surveyed, and they are also the least likely to encounter targeted advertising for organic products. Germany is the country where most respondents regularly or occasionally buy organic food. In Slovakia, an interesting finding is the highest proportion of respondents who do not buy organic food at all. Czech respondents often buy organic products in specialized shops and like to grow organic products themselves. The results also suggest that Slovak consumers slightly more often prefer foreign organic products to the local ones, whereas consumers in Germany select regional organic products more often and prefer to buy regional products at farmers’ markets.
... Maniatis (2016) stated that green products are verified to have less side effects, hazards, toxic substances, and health problems, as well as their recyclability and environmental friendliness. As social norms are progressively driven by greener trends, consumers are increasingly encouraged to purchase eco-friendly products (Hur et al., 2015;Seegebarth et al., 2015). Puska (2018) noted that consumers with high socioeconomic status and prosocial values are willing to pay more for using green products. ...
Numerous studies have examined the factors affecting housing prices and the effects of green building on commercial real estate, but few of them have focused on the effects of acquiring a green building on housing prices. In addition, these studies mostly used the ordinary least squares regression model instead of the more detailed quantile regression model. Given these considerations, this study collected transaction data (2012–2017) on residential buildings in Taiwan’s Kaohsiung City to analyze the effects of green building on housing prices. The results showed that common variables such as housing area, number of rooms/parlors/bathrooms, floor number, total number of floors, housing age, and ground/automated parking lots significantly affected housing prices, and there is underestimation or overestimation in different price houses. The prices of green building label and green building candidates were also significantly higher. Moreover, the impact of green buildings on housing prices is higher than that of common variables, and the impact on low- and medium-priced houses is also higher than that of high-priced houses. Therefore, the promotion and marketing of green buildings can be strengthened in future, so that consumers can obtain the benefits that green buildings create on society, the environment, and sustainable development, and they are willing to pay prices for green buildings.
... Such behavior has also been observed with regard to other socially popular product groups such as organic food products. Seegebarth et al. [81] identified a consumer segment ("prestige seekers") that strives to be recognized for socially desirable behaviors because they wish to be perceived as progressive consumers. Hartmann et al. [19] observed a similar desire among consumers of traditional luxury food products. ...
Superfoods, former traditional foods that in some cases are now regarded as new healthy luxury food products (NHLFP), have been growing in popularity in high- and middle-income societies. Despite a growing interest in superfoods, a precise definition of NHLFP, which appears to mark a subcategory of superfoods, together with a comprehensive analysis of NHLFP consumer segments does not yet exist. This is of particular relevance to managers as profound knowledge of different consumer groups is a prerequisite for the use of marketing approaches such as social media marketing. Therefore, this research proposes and validates an NHLFP definition and investigates whether promising NHLFP consumer groups can be identified based on selected psychographic and sociodemographic consumer characteristics and whether these groups are also accessible through social media marketing. A data set of 697 fruit consumers in Germany was retrieved in the time period of May to June 2020 and analyzed through exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Eleven factors and four consumer groups were identified, two of which represented favorable superfood consumer groups—one group consumed for intrinsic, health-related reasons rather than for luxury-driven motives, while the other showed tendencies to purchase superfoods for luxury reasons, thus emerging as a promising NHLFP target group. This group is relatively younger, well-educated, and highly receptive of online marketing.
... Indikator yang tergabung dalam keputusan membeli, sesuai jawaban responden rata-rata semua responden menjawab setuju (Tabel 4), hal ini dapat dikatakan bahwa faktor di dalam usaha tani atau di luar usahatani juga dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan pendapatan bagi para produsen. Salah satu motivasi terbesar masyarakat dalam membeli suatu produk adalah manfaat kesehatan dan manfaat lingkungan (Persaud Ajax & Schillo Sandra R., 2017; Seegebarth Barbara et al., 2016). Penelitian Engel et al., (2012) menegaskan Perilaku konsumen didefinisikan sebagai tindakan berpartisipasi untuk memperoleh, mengonsumsi produk serta suatu layanan, proses pengambilan keputusan sebelumsesudah aksi. ...
Organic agriculture is becoming the newest agricultural sector high Community, and changes in developed and developing countries pay attention to health and the environment. The market of organic farm products is experiencing an increase in the world due to market demand. People today have healthy lifestyle habits that have become a measure of quality. To achieve a balance between busyness and exercise and regularly Eating food can start a healthy life. The further away the food contains chemical drugs or pesticides, the more likely it is to open a beneficial standard of living. This study aimed to analyze the behavior of buyers towards the decision to buy organic plant products in the garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nusa Nipa Maumere. This research was conducted from 01 October to 01 November 2020. The data collection technique used interviews made observations and filled out a questionnaire prepared by the researcher. Several thirty respondents were interested in data through the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis of this research used the Simple Linear Regression and t-test. The results obtained are the relationship between consumer behavior and the decision to buy an organic plant product has a significant effect, with the strength of the relationship between consumer behavior variables and the decision to purchase organic plant products is very strong and positive, meaning that if consumer behavior is improved, the decision to buy plant products organic also increases
... In addition, purchasing products from closer sources could reduce environmental costs relevant to packaging and cooling usually associated with the supply chain (UNEP, 2016). Moreover, many studies indicated that environmental concerns are positively related to the willingness of consumers to purchase environmentally friendly products (Laroche et al., 2001, Manaktola & Jauhari, 2007, de Magistris & Gracia, 2008, Seegebarth et al., 2016, Cozzio, 2018. Furthermore, the shorter delivery could provide the health benefits of getting more fresher food (Namkung & Jang, 2007;Strohbehn & Gregoire, 2003). ...
This research proposes “food self-sufficiency of tourism site” as an applicable measure of sustainability. However, empirical evidence setting out FSS is currently lacking in the literature. To gain a better understanding, this paper attempts to discover the status of using of local fruits and vegetables as food in the hotel and restaurant businesses. For the objectives, this paper aims at exploring (1) the list and the number of fruits and vegetables, (2) their purchasing methods and sources as well as (3) the opinions of establishments and suppliers of fruits and vegetables on the purchase of local vegetables and fruits. The study was conducted in the Khao Lak area, Takua Pa district, Phang Nga Province, Thailand, where there are many tourists worldwide. This research adopted quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data were collected by using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews from 15 hotels and restaurants, including 13 suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers of vegetables and fruits. The results reveal that 34 significant vegetables and fruits were used in hotel and restaurant businesses consisting of 24 vegetables and ten fruits. The vegetables as an essential ingredient in many dishes and fruits popular with tourists were bought with the highest ordered volume. Most vegetables and fruits originate outside of Phang Nga, especially from Ratchaburi Province. The main obstacles to hotels, restaurants, suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers in buying vegetables and fruits from local farmers include only a few kinds of fruits available, non-continuous seasonal yields throughout the year, insufficient productivity to facilitate the trading, and undesirable quality. Based on the concept of food self-sufficiency in local tourism sites, the Khao Lak area could not rely on its self-grown food. Based on research findings, the list and the number of vegetables and fruits classified by the sources could imply policymakers and relevant agencies in dealing with local employment and environmental impact. This empirical evidence could confirm that the “food self-sufficiency of tourism site” can be applied as a measure to track achieving the sustainability contributed by the tourism sector.
... The main purpose of this report is to analyses the considerations regarded among small business enterprises (SMEs) when designing their pricing procedures. The study found that many of the informants spent time and money to be aware about their rivals' costs and increases in inflation including product prices [30]. While they utilize the rival's prices also as guide for determining their specific prices, most of them really do not change their prices towards being cheaper or to meet the contest's prices. ...
Price is indeed a crucial element of any market and can even be essential to the sustainability of the organization. If the prices are not fixed within line with the target audience chosen, it will adversely impact the earnings of the commodity and the business. The primary purpose of every profit-seeking industry is to create revenue and, within order to accomplish this objective, all aspects relating to inventory management, prices and setting prices require to be handled appropriately. The primary objective of this analysis is thus to examine the factors regarded among organizations in their growth. The selling price for products can be determined by a variety of factors that can be classified into two major categories, internal factors with external factors, all of that are discussed in more depth in this article. In order to address factors that affect international marketing networks, which have been the channels through which products and services meet their global consumers. This indicates that suppliers and customers would either be based in the supplier or buyer nation or be present from both countries. Finally, the paper would address generic ads and regional advertising throughout the global market.
... -Financial value is "the utility derived from the product due to the reduction of its perceived short term and long-term costs" (Sweeney & Soutar, 2001). Price is an indicator of quality and reflects consumers' desire to buy something worthy (Seegebarth et al., 2016). ...
Aim of study: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between eco-friendly LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) tendency, health consciousness, perceived value of organic food and organic food purchase intention in the framework of personality-perception-behavioral intention.
Area of study: Turkey.
Material and methods: Data were collected from consumers using structured questionnaires. The research model was analyzed with the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling technique.
Main results: Results show that eco-friendly LOHAS tendency (β= 0.292, p
... Chryssohoidis and Krystallis (2005) identify what they refer to as a "belonging-security" segment in Greece. Seegebarth, et al. (2016) identity a segment they call "prestige-seekers" from among a set of crossnational -US and Germanorganic food consumers. ...
A broad literature indicates two primary motives for consumers using organic food, a concern for health and a concern for the environment. Surprisingly, there is far less research examining the relationship between motivation and its principle antecedent, consumer perceptions of organic food. The purpose of this research is to explore the relative perceptual profiles of organic food consumers who buy out of concern for their health and for the environment, respectively. Organic food consumption in emerging markets is currently growing faster than it is in Western markets. We survey a set of urban Indian millennial organic food users as representative of organic food users in emerging markets generally, and as drivers of a burgeoning organic food market in India, which has a huge millennial population, to determine their relative perceptions of organic food in a multi-attributed manner, according to their primary reasons for buying and consuming it.
These results confirm the primacy of health and environmental motives among urban Indian millennial organic food users, and show that those who buy organic food primarily for their health are pragmatic types mostly concerned about performance and utility, whereas, those who buy primarily to help the environment are social individuals mostly concerned about their appearance to others. Interestingly, results also indicate an inverse relationship between consumers’ attitude toward organic food and their intention to buy it, suggesting that those consumers who use organic food for health reasons have a greater affinity for organic food, but those consumers who use it for environmental reasons are less price sensitive and more prone to actually buying it. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
... Future researchers should extend their studies with more appropriate instruments and hypotheses using larger sample groups in different cultures. Individuals' eating beliefs and motivations may change according to the cultural characteristics, since individuals are likely to have particular beliefs and needs affected by cultural values (Seegebarth et al., 2016). In the study, the data collection tools relied on self-report measures rather than the actual behavior, thus the findings should be taken with caution, participants may not desire to express their true views due to the social desirability and ethical pressure to indicate their intentions to act toward the common good (Kiatkawsin & Han, 2017). ...
This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of determinants of science teachers’ healthy eating intentions and behaviors by combining the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior into one conceptual framework and considering the mediating impact of attitude and intention on behavior. This study was conducted based on cross sectional study design between November 2019 and February 2020. A total of 13 hypotheses were tested and data collected from 563 science teachers in Turkey were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the study showed that the proposed model explained the variance in intention and behavior at a more satisfactory level than existing theories. The results also revealed that all of the hypotheses were supported. In addition, the mediating role of attitude and intention in understanding science teachers’ healthy eating behaviors was identified. The study can provide important implications for education stakeholders, curriculum developers and science educators. Keywords: health belief model, healthy eating behavior, science education, theory of planned behavior
... Third, all our respondents were UK residents. Prior research acknowledges that culture plays an important role in food consumption (Seegebarth et al., 2016). Superfood consumers in other geographic locations, such as countries in the Far East and the regions of North America, may have different value perceptions regarding the factors that influence superfood evaluation and purchase. ...
‘Superfoods’ have become a popular diet style across the globe but are also criticized as a marketing gimmick. Despite the controversy, the essential drivers of superfood consumption and advocacy remain underexplored. Drawing upon the theory of consumption values and prospect theory, this study explores how consumers’ value perceptions of superfoods influence their behavioral responses (i.e., repurchase and positive word-of-mouth intentions) by introducing the concept of relative advantage in food consumption. Based on a survey sample of 447 superfood consumers and structural equation modeling, our findings identify relative advantage as an important mediator in the cognitive process that converts consumers’ value perceptions into behavioral responses. We also find buffering effects of perceived costs in the relationship between relative advantage and repurchase behavior. This research advances the understanding of consumers’ modern food consumption habits and lifestyles and has important implications for academics, marketing practitioners and policy makers.
Purpose
Chronic diseases, which have been on the rise particularly in recent times, are based on an unhealthy and unconscious diet and poor environmental conditions. In this direction, the study is addressed within the scope of healthcare professionals who play a significant role in the development of healthy consumption awareness. It aims to examine the environmental concerns of healthcare professionals, their intention to purchase organic food, and, most importantly, their recommendation behaviors. Because healthcare professionals constitute a large segment that can positively affect society, they can both set an example with their own consumption and guide individuals to better and healthier lifestyles with their organic food recommendation behaviors. This will indirectly reduce many health-related and environmental problems.
Design/methodology/approach
In the present study, chronic diseases that have increased in recent years as a result of unconscious consumption by consumers, organic food consumption due to environmental problems, environmental concerns, healthy consumption awareness and the recommendation behavior of health professionals are discussed comprehensively. In the study, frequency analysis, multiple regression analysis and process analysis methods were utilized to obtain findings that will provide significant contributions to the literature.
Findings
It was determined that the independent variables of environmental concern, healthy consumption awareness, organic food attitude and food safety had a significant and positive effect on the dependent variables of organic food purchase intent and organic food recommendation intent. Furthermore, it was found that organic food purchase intent had a significant and positive effect on organic food recommendation behavior. Finally, the mediating effect of organic food purchase intent between the dependent variables and organic food recommendation behavior was confirmed.
Research limitations/implications
The present study was conducted within a specific period and on healthcare professionals in Turkey. The study included mostly doctors, nurses, dentists and pharmacists. The inclusion of other healthcare professionals such as dietitians may contribute to making the process more meaningful. In addition, data were collected online from some of the participants in the study and it was not possible to observe the reactions of this group. As a result, the results of this non-mass study cannot be generalized.
Practical implications
Based on the results of regression analyses in which the study model was tested, all hypotheses were accepted. In this context, it was determined that the independent variables of environmental concern, healthy consumption awareness, organic food attitude and food safety had a significant and positive effect on the dependent variables of organic food purchase intent and organic food recommendation intent. Furthermore, it was found that organic food purchase intent had a significant and positive effect on organic food recommendation behavior. Finally, the mediating effect of organic food purchase intent between the dependent variables and organic food recommendation behavior was validated.
Social implications
Since healthcare professionals are significant influencers in terms of environmental awareness and organic food consumption, it is necessary to ensure the integration of this population into the process. Moreover, it is beneficial to assign scientists, celebrities and executives who have an important image in the eyes of society in this context. In future academic studies, care should be taken to study this issue in depth with all parties. The issue should be discussed in detail on platforms with all parties present.
Originality/value
It is crucial to concurrently examine the environmental concerns, organic food purchasing and recommending behaviors and healthy consumption awareness of healthcare professionals, who possess significant insight into conscious consumption. In addition, the lack of studies analyzing the mediating effect of purchase intention proves the originality of this study.
Purpose
This study conducts a systematic review of research on restaurant menus and uses a detailed analytical framework to examine how these menus are developed. It incorporates insights from the multi-level perspective (MLP) and signaling theory (ST) to provide a thorough and nuanced analysis of the factors that influence menu design.
Design/methodology/approach
This study scrutinizes 120 peer-reviewed articles published from 2004 to 2023 at A or A* journals, as classified by the Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC). Following a comprehensive analytical framework, it endeavors to delve into the intricate complexities of menu research, giving particular emphasis to the latest trends and developments. Two tools, namely CiteSpace and VOSviewer, were utilized to perform a thorough bibliometric analysis of the publications.
Findings
This study explores menu design from macro, meso and micro perspectives, illustrating that menus are more than simple lists of food items. Instead, they are shaped by societal norms, values, market dynamics, industry standards and consumer preferences. It underscores the vital role of menu as a communication and management tool in engaging consumers and influencing their dining choices and decisions.
Originality/value
This study represents the pioneering effort to incorporate the MLP and ST into the realm of menu research, providing a novel approach to the systematic review of related literature. It offers a distinctive macro-level theoretical perspective on menu dynamics, providing insights that are relevant to industry professionals, policymakers, academics and the public.
Purpose
This study aims to understand university students' perception and engagement with sustainable food practices and the relationship with diet quality.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey assessed Australian university students' sustainable food perceptions and purchasing behaviours, diet quality using the validated Australian Recommended Food Score and attitudes towards on campus sustainable food options.
Findings
Of respondents ( n = 197; 63% female), over half (58%) perceived it was important to purchase sustainable foods. These students were eight times more likely report purchasing sustainable foods (OR: 8.1; 95%CI 4.2–15.7; SE: 0.3; p < 0.001) and had significantly higher diet quality (Beta coefficient: 2.9; 95% Confidence Intervals 0.4–5.4; Standard Error: 1.3; p = 0.024). Students who reported frequently purchasing all types of sustainable foods, except organic foods, had significantly higher diet quality. Few students perceived there were sufficient sustainable food choices on campus (19%), but most supported the development of an edible campus (80%).
Originality/value
The results highlight the potential impact of promoting sustainable food options and creating a supportive campus food environment towards improving students’ diet quality.
This study examines the factors influencing organic food consumption and willingness to pay premium prices in the context of an emerging economy. The extended attitudinal behavior-scenario model, rooted in Signaling theory, served as the foundation for the proposed model. A convenience sample of 470 young Chinese consumers was collected through online and offline surveys. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships. The results reveal that consumers’ environmental concern, environmental values, value perception, price sensitivity, and green promotion significantly affect their attitudes toward organic food. In addition, consumers’ health consciousness, value perception, price sensitivity, and green promotion demonstrate significant positive effects on their intention to consume organic food. Moreover, consumer attitude toward organic food substantially influences their intention to consume it. Similarly, consumer attitude, intention, and green psychological benefits significantly affect their willingness to pay premium prices for organic food. In addition, the indirect effects of consumer attitude toward organic food and intention to consume in the relationship between the factors and willingness to pay premium prices provide interesting findings. This study offers valuable guidance for policymakers in developing appropriate strategies to expand the organic food market and provides a solid foundation for future research on organic food consumption. This study suggests that policymakers should concentrate on enhancing awareness and knowledge of organic food, promoting organic food production, and prioritizing campaigns that emphasize the exceptional health advantages of organic food to encourage greater consumption.
Purpose: The organic food sales are not gaining more potential, due to limited buyers, because the customers have a paucity of product labels. This distrust has highly affected the company's profits. The purpose of the study is to ease these sceptics nature which is crucial for the organic food chain and also the government, emphasizing the necessity to enhance trust and openness in compliance. In order to ensure the credibility of the certified labels, companies have to adopt a set of rules and standards which result in a long-term effect on eco-favoured customers, and trust in the organic label creates a positive impact on customer choice of buying behaviour. Besides, companies also focus on conveying the right messages, so that customers can differentiate organic products from conventional ones. Design: This literature highlights various issues pertaining to the organic product label and customers’ choice of buying behaviour, and data is obtained from multiple reviews of literature, journals, and case studies. Findings: Labelling strategy may reduce information asymmetry between customers and the company because labelling strategy may influence product differentiation. Originality/Value: Studies encompass the certification scheme which is necessary for labelling organic products. Studies identify reading the labels customers easily identify product attributes that serve as a medium between company and end-users. Moreover, green labels, eco-labels, energy labels, and organic labels serve as certificates of organic products. Paper Type: Case study
Introduction
This study explores the overlooked psychological and behavioral dynamics of employees in compliance management, applying the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework to assess environmental stimuli’s impact on employees in international construction projects.
Methods
A scenario-based survey involving 270 international construction employees was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA), focusing on the relationship between environmental stimuli and compliance intentions.
Results
Findings categorize environmental influences on compliance into internal and external organizational dimensions, highlighting the significant impact of internal factors on compliance intentions. Key determinants identified for high compliance intention include individual traits and organizational climate, while project pressures, rules and regulations, and cultural differences show variable influence.
Conclusion
This study enhances the understanding of the psychological factors driving non-compliant behaviors and introduces a binary micro-ecological approach to compliance management, effectively integrating individual and project organizational elements. In contrast to traditional corporate governance approaches, this strategy emphasizes the role of project organizational micro-ecology in the management of international construction projects. The strategy aims to improve compliance management among international contractors by influencing the psychological and behavioral compliance of frontline employees.
This study aimed to determine the interaction between internal and external factors of consumers indicated by perceived values, green products, and environmental behavior on customers’ decisions to purchase fast food restaurants’ eco-friendly products indicated by green trust and repurchase intention variables. This research involved 336 respondents and employed a survey as an inquiry method. The findings show that consumers’ internal factors, namely perceived values, and external factors, namely green products, could significantly affect green trust and repurchase intention that represented the decision of purchasing environmentally friendly products. Meanwhile, the environmental behavior could not influence the consumers to purchase eco-friendly products from fast food restaurants. Finally, this research contributes to a consumer investigation to determine the effects of consumers’ internal and external factors to buy eco-friendly products.
Consumer values are the foundation of every successful purchase and motivate customers to buy more. The purpose of this research study is to explore the effect of customer value perception on consumer purchase intention for private label apparels. Further, the mediation effect of perceived quality between customer value perception and consumer purchase intention is also determined. A total of 800 valid questionnaires are collected from consumers who are regularly buying private label apparels. In order to analyse the data, techniques such as exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling are employed to evaluate the proposed framework. The findings reveal that financial, functional, individual and social value perceptions positively influence the perceived quality of private labels. Value perceptions of respondents also influence the consumer purchase intention except for the functional and social value perception. Consumer purchase intention is directly influenced by perceived quality. Furthermore, with the exception of social value perception, the findings imply that perceived quality mediate between the distinct consumer value perception (CVP) and purchase intention of private label apparels. Relevant implications are provided by this study which helps the retailers in better understanding customer value perception and concentrating on improving CVP.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, yiyecek imajı ile turist sadakati arasındaki ilişkide yerel yiyecek tüketim değerlerinin aracılık rolünü tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın araştırma alanı için İstanbul ve Antalya destinasyonları seçilmiş ve araştırmanın örneklemini İstanbul ve Antalya’yı ziyaret eden yabancı turistler oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri kapsamlı bir alanyazın taramasından sonra oluşturulan anket formu aracılığıyla yüz yüze toplanmıştır. İngilizce, Rusça ve Almanca dillerinde hazırlanan anket formları, turistlerin yoğun olduğu ve sıklıkla ziyaret ettiği alanlarda 22 Haziran ve 30 Temmuz 2021 tarihilerinde toplanmıştır. Araştırmada kolay ulaşılabilir ve amaçlı örnekleme yöntemleri birlikte kullanılmıştır. İlgili destinasyonları ziyaret eden 659 yabancı turistten elde edilen verilerle analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı
kapsamında geliştirilen hipotezlerin test edilmesinde Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM)
kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre yiyecek imajının yerel yiyecek tüketim değerlerini belirlemede etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dahası, yiyecek imajının turist sadakatini olumlu ve anlamlı yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Lezzet/kalite değeri, epistemik değer ve etkileşim değerinin yiyecek imajı ve turist sadakati arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak, uygulamaya ve ileride yapılacak araştırmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Keywords: Sustainability Slow fashion Fast fashion Consumer behavior Following the principles of sustainable marketing, any organization should meet the needs of its current consumers without compromising the ability of future generations to fulfill their own needs. This concern is valid not only for the environment but also for the sustainability's economic and social dimensions. The clothing industry is adapting business models to meet environmental awareness and demand for sustainable clothing. This study aims to understand how the clothing business and consumer behavior are changing in consideration of sustainability. Specifically, it addresses how fashion consumers consider sustainability when selecting and purchasing clothing, contrasting slow and fast fashion approaches. Firstly, an exploratory quantitative study based on an online survey about slow fashion purchase intention was performed with a sample of 864 Portuguese residents. Analyses of descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, and Cronbach's alpha) and inferential statistics (chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA) were used. Then, a single-case study of a well-known Portuguese fashion brand concerning its strategy towards sustainability was carried out. The study concludes that there are positive associations between the consumer consideration for sustainability and slow-fashion clothing and the consumer perceived value, purchase intention, willingness to pay a price premium, and recommend slow-fashion products.
Following the principles of sustainable marketing, any organization should meet the needs of its current consumers without compromising the ability of future generations to fulfill their own needs. This concern is valid not only for the environment but also for the sustainability's economic and social dimensions. The clothing industry is adapting business models to meet environmental awareness and demand for sustainable clothing. This study aims to understand how the clothing business and consumer behavior are changing in consideration of sustainability. Specifically, it addresses how fashion consumers consider sustainability when selecting and purchasing clothing, contrasting slow and fast fashion approaches. Firstly, an exploratory quantitative study based on an online survey about slow fashion purchase intention was performed with a sample of 864 Portuguese residents. Analyses of descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, and Cronbach's alpha) and inferential statistics (chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA) were used. Then, a single-case study of a well-known Portuguese fashion brand concerning its strategy towards sustainability was carried out. The study concludes that there are positive associations between the consumer consideration for sustainability and slow-fashion clothing and the consumer perceived value, purchase intention, willingness to pay a price premium, and recommend slow-fashion products.
Bu çalışmanın amacı organik ürünlerin sosyal değerinin olup olmadığını, şayet varsa tüketiciler tarafından gösteriş yapmak ve statü kazanmak amacıyla kullanılıp kullanılmadığını araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda nitel bir araştırma ile organik ürün kullanıcıları ile yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşme yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre organik ürün kullanıcılarının farklı bir zümre olarak görüldüğünü, organik ürün kullanmak için ekstra çaba gerektiğini, organik ürün kullananların yakın çevrelerinde bilindiğini ve bu konuda konuşulduğunu, bu nedenlerle Türkiye’de organik ürünlerin sosyal değerinin olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Ancak yine de organik ürünlere şüpheyle yaklaşıldığı için organik ürün kullananların kandırıldığına dair bir algı da bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca organik ürünlerin sosyal değeri olduğu sonucu çıkarılsa da kullanıcıların gösteriş amacıyla değil sağlık kaygısı ile bunu yatıkları düşünülmektedir.
Abstract
Purpose – Infrastructural revolution, intense competition and customer attraction towards organised apparel
retailing in India are potentially affecting traditional retailing. The authors seek to identify the factors that
customers perceive during shopping in organised apparel retail store. This study also investigates the indirect
effects of identified factors on behavioural outcomes such as loyalty.
Design/methodology/approach – The study randomly selected the customers immediately after shopping
to minimise the experience’s carryover effects. A sample of 648 customers was collected. Data were analysed
using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Findings – The study has found that in-store logistics is the second order factor with ease of return, on-shelf
availability, product accessibility, shopping convenience, and product information as the variables. The result
shows that in-store logistics, store environment, store communication, merchandise assortment, perceived
price and employee attribute influence customer satisfaction. As expected, these factors indirectly influence the
loyalty.
Research limitations/implications – This study focused on organised multi-brand apparel retailing, and
the survey was conducted in a tier-II city of India only. Hence, any attempt to generalise the findings must be
undertaken with caution.
Practical implications – In the context of multi-brand retailing, competition is fierce. New entrants and
traditional apparel retailers hesitate to adopt organised apparel retailing. The findings of this study can be
helpful for new entrants and traditional apparel retailers to adopt organised apparel retailing.
Originality/value – Previous studies in the field of multi-brand retailing have mainly focused on the
marketing aspect of retail stores. This study contributes to the operations aspect and tests the impact of
operational function (in-store logistics) on customer satisfaction.
While organic food is gaining popularity worldwide, organic food consumption is still a concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) due to the small percentage of consumers purchasing such products regularly. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge and awareness of and attitudes toward organic food. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Madinah, KSA. Considering the significant role of consumers' awareness of organic food consumption and healthy food choices, 1200 participants (54% were female) were interviewed while shopping in three different hypermarkets using a self-report questionnaire. The study indicated that 80% of the participants had heard about organic food, that 65% of them had consumed organic food and that 69% reported it being difficult to find organic food. Overall, 48% of the participants had purchased organic food, and 57% stated that supermarkets were their preferred venues for purchasing organic food. Fruits/vegetables (39%) and food for children (37%) were most frequently purchased from organic food departments. For 56% of the participants, the high price of organic food products was identified as the main barrier to purchasing such products and also reported that they would consume more if it were easier to find in markets. Regarding the participants’ awareness, responses showed that participants viewed organic food as safe, free of pesticides, free of industrial additives and chemical waste, fresh with high nutritional value, and healthy by 44%, 45%, 46%, 43%, 44%, respectively. Lastly, females were more knowledgeable and aware of organic food information than male participants. Although the findings suggest that it is important to enlighten clients about the importance of consuming organic food, these results are subject to replication in different cities in the KSA. Concomitantly, there is a need for strategies to increase awareness among adults in all segments of society (for example, family, university, and community) about the nutritional aspects of organic food to promote healthy lifestyles and obtain the corresponding substantial health benefits. Key words: Organic Food, Knowledge, Attitudes, Awareness, Consumption, Food Choices, Health, Adults
Labor can increase shallot's production because Labor is a tool to carry out the production process. The aim to analyze the role of Labor in increasing Shallot Production. Research adapted descriptive research, the data carried out by researchers from library research and field research. The data sources from respondents, and also from the research implementation 01 October-01 November 2021. Furthermore, the data collection methods used were observation and questionnaires by Descriptive Analysis Method and Spearman Rank Correlation Test Analysis. The results found that the role of Labor in increasing the productivity of shallot plants in the Unipa garden was classified as very important based on two indicators consisting of Labor and increased production, which had been researched on 30 respondents and the results of the correlation test that had been conducted, it can be seen a positive and significant value relationship between Role of Labor and the Increase of Red Onion Production in the Gardens of the Faculty of Agriculture, Nusa Nipa University.
Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion—that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation—extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures—which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges’ attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.
If service quality relates to retention of customers at the aggregate level, as other research has indicated, then evidence of its impact on customers’ behavioral responses should be detectable. The authors offer a conceptual model of the impact of service quality on particular behaviors that signal whether customers remain with or defect from a company. Results from a multicompany empirical study examining relationships from the model concerning customers’ behavioral intentions show strong evidence of their being influenced by service quality. The findings also reveal differences in the nature of the quality-intentions link across different dimensions of behavioral intentions. The authors’ discussion centers on ways the results and research approach of their study can be helpful to researchers and managers.
Evidence from past research and insights from an exploratory investigation are combined in a conceptual model that defines and relates price, perceived quality, and perceived value. Propositions about the concepts and their relationships are presented, then supported with evidence from the literature. Discussion centers on directions for research and implications for managing price, quality, and value.
Purpose
This research proposes studying how the moderating role of consumers' familiarity with a food product with a protected denomination of origin (PDO) influences consumer behavior. Past research has ascertained that consumers confuse different brands and PDOs. For this reason, it is important to analyze whether the level of consumers' experience with PDO food products influences their decisions.
Design/methodology/approach
Structural equations and multi‐sample models were applied to measure the effect of familiarity on the relations between perceived risk, trust, satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention in a PDO food product. The consumer was asked to indicate his/her level of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements based on a seven‐point Likert scale. After the completion of the fieldwork, an analytic process (exploratory and confirmatory reliability analysis) was performed and 414 valid questionnaires were obtained.
Findings
Results indicate that all the relationships proposed in the structural equation model between perceived risk, trust, satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention of the air‐cured ham “Jamón de Teruel” were accepted. Multi‐sample model results suggest that there are significant differences between consumers with high and low levels of familiarity in the influence of trust on satisfaction, as well as in the influence of satisfaction on loyalty. In consumers with greater familiarity and experience with the PDO, the effects of trust on satisfaction and satisfaction on loyalty are higher.
Research limitations/implications
As a result of the study's findings with respect to the moderating role of greater familiarity with the PDO, managers should design marketing strategies to emphasize two main factors, intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes, of PDO food products that make them unique.
Originality/value
The study emphasizes the importance of investigating the moderating effect of familiarity with a food product certified with a PDO and provides new insight into the necessity of consumers being able to differentiate the PDO from other brands in the food market.
Consumer attitudes to foods are mainly influenced by quality attributes. Ethical factors are important in some cases, but they may be overstated. The relationships between consumers' awareness of organic food, price and perceived quality of food were investigated by tests involving series of consumer panels and sensory evaluation. Sensory responses were also matched to instrumental analysis data. Results indicated that overall there was no relation between panellist's views about organic foods and their sensory perceptions. Eighty percent of the panellists felt that organic products were too expensive, but would buy them if they were cheaper. However the study showed that most of the people would not be likely to change their preference once they had made a product choice based upon sensory attributes. This has important implications, indicating that not only price, but also sensory quality of organic food must be considered in order to maintain repeated purchases by most consumers.
An approach is introduced to combine survey data with multi-agent simulation models of consumer behaviour to study the diffusion process of organic food consumption. This methodology is based on rough set theory, which is able to translate survey data into behavioural rules. The topic of rule induction has been extensively investigated in other fields and in particular in learning machine, where several efficient algorithms have been proposed. However, the peculiarity of the rough set approach is that the inconsistencies in a data set about consumer behaviour are not aggregated or corrected since lower and upper approximation are computed. Thus, we expect that rough sets theory is suitable to extract knowledge in the form of rules within a consistent theoretical framework of consumer behaviour.
If service quality relates to retention of customers at the aggregate level, as other research has indicated, then evidence of its impact on customers' behavioral responses should be detectable. The authors offer a conceptual model of the impact of service quality on particular behaviors that signal whether customers remain with or defect from a company. Results from a multicompany empirical study examining relationships from the model concerning customers' behavioral intentions show strong evidence of their being influenced by service quality. The findings also reveal differences in the nature of the quality-intentions link across different dimensions of behavioral intentions. The authors' discussion centers on ways the results and research approach of their study can be helpful to researchers and managers.
Purpose
To determine the factors that explain customer satisfaction in the full service restaurant industry.
Design/methodology/approach
Secondary research and qualitative interviews were used to build the model of customer satisfaction. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather data and test the model. Sampling involved a random selection of addresses from the telephone book and was supplemented by respondents selected on the basis of judgment sampling. Factor analysis and multiple regression were used to test the model.
Findings
The regression model suggested that customer satisfaction was influenced most by responsiveness of the frontline employees, followed by price and food quality (in that order). Physical design and appearance of the restaurant did not have a significant effect.
Research limitations/implications
To explain customer satisfaction better, it may be important to look at additional factors or seek better measures of the constructs. For example, the measures of food quality may not have captured the complexity and variety of this construct. It may also be important to address the issue of why customers visit restaurants. Instead of the meal, business transactions or enjoying the cherished company of others may be more important. Under the circumstances, customer satisfaction factors may be different. The results are also not generalizable as the sampled area may have different requirements from restaurants.
Practical implications
Full service restaurants should focus on three elements – service quality (responsiveness), price, and food quality (reliability) – if customer satisfaction is to be treated as a strategic variable.
Originality/value
The study tests the transaction‐specific model and enhances the literature on restaurant service management.
Purpose
Seeks to provide answers to two questions: is willingness to pay (WTP) for organic products influenced by the same set of factors that affect purchasing of conventional foods? Does WTP for organic products vary according to different food categories?
Design/methodology/approach
Purchasers were approached during their food shopping in retail chains in Athens in July 2003. Sample inclusion is based on real awareness of the term “organic”. The questionnaire included in its first part a number of criteria that influence consumers when buying food. In the second part respondents were asked to indicate if any food products they buy were organic and to state how much more they were willing to pay. Information from the first part was analysed with factor analysis. With the help of t ‐value analysis, it was examined whether there is a statistically significant difference per product category between consumers who are willing to pay and consumers who are unwilling to pay in terms of the factors identified.
Findings
Consumers' stated WTP and the type and magnitude of factors that affect it differ according to the organic food category. These factors include food quality and security, trust in the certification, and, for some products, brand name. Organoleptic characteristics, prices and consumers' socio‐demographic profiles do not constitute determinants of organic WTP.
Research limitations/implications
Organic types of some fresh as well as processed food products do not exist in the Greek market. Moreover, the large number of t ‐tests conducted might result in Type I error.
Originality/value
Purchasing of organic food follows “basic‐highest frequency”, “basic‐average frequency”, and “non‐basic” discrimination. The most frequently consumed organic products are some basic components of the Greek diet. Only the factors “quality and security” and “trust” play an important role in defining WTP for most organic food categories. Consumers' attitudes towards both organic and PDO/PGI certifications converge towards a perception of high quality food. Approximately 26 percent of the sample exhibited a U‐shaped WTP trend for 14 out of 16 organic food categories in increments from 45 to 120 percent. All the above elements of originality are particularly valuable for organic food firms and policy/decision makers.
With this study we investigate the preferences of an important category of consumers of organic products (regular consumers of organic food or RCOFs) allowing for preference heterogeneity. A survey instrument was developed to elicit preferences for important qualitative and quantitative attributes of extra virgin olive oil. The survey was administered via questionnaire to a random sample of 198 RCOFs in organic food stores of Naples, Italy. The choice task was organised around a fractional factorial main effects orthogonal design. Each respondent made eight choices to rank-order nine product profiles in terms of their individual preference. Product attributes included price, origin of production, type of certification and visual appearance. Interestingly, the set of observed responses appears to display significant preference heterogeneity for origin of production and price. Once heterogeneity and correlation among repeated choice by the same respondent are accounted for by means of random-parameter panel logit models, the fit increases dramatically with respect to the more restrictive fixed-parameter logit models. Results also suggest that price plays an important role as quality proxy, while visual appearance is not significant in preference modelling and the type of certification programme has a fixed effect.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention as perceived by Spanish consumers. The food product object of analysis is the “Olive Oil from Bajo Aragon” with protected designation of origin (PDO).
Design/methodology/approach
Firstly, scale development was based on the review of the most relevant literature regarding food marketing and agribusiness. Then, to adapt the scales to the specific context of analysis, in‐depth interviews to a small sample of consumers were conducted, and the information contained in the preliminary scales was also judged by a group of experts in the food sector. After that, data were collected through a structured questionnaire, where the consumer was asked to indicate his/her level of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements based on a seven‐point Likert scale. After the completion of the fieldwork, a depuration process (exploratory and confirmatory analyses of reliability and dimensionality) was performed and, as a result, 223 valid questionnaires were obtained. Finally, a structural equations model was applied to analyze the relationships among consumer satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention.
Findings
The results show that a higher satisfaction leads to greater levels of loyalty and buying intention of the PDO “Olive Oil from Bajo Aragon”. In addition, in this specific context, the importance of consumers' perceptions regarding: the association of a traditional food product with a place of origin, territory, climate and know how of a geographical region; and the strict controls to which products under the protection are submitted by the regulatory councils were highlighted. Both aspects lead the consumer to infer a safety badge and food quality, which helps to develop feelings of satisfaction and loyalty, and a greater predisposition to buy the traditional product again.
Practical implications
The results can derive important practical implications when developing marketing strategies. Thus, it can be underlined that PDO should strengthen the consumer satisfaction (affective evaluation), emphasizing the differential characteristics to provide for the organoleptic factors like colour, taste and smell. All these factors increase the experimented feelings by consumers, so it is possible to improve the added value of the food product in order to achieve higher behavioural and attitudinal consumer loyalty. In fact, consumers' attitudes to this kind of products will increase the repurchase intention.
Originality/value
In this paper, the particularities of a traditional food product with PDO and the influence of these particularities on consumer satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention are analyzed. This fact implies a relevant contribution since the literature analyzing simultaneously the concepts of satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention is really scarce in this particular context.
Belief formation is a neglected part of research in consumer behaviour and a potentially valuable area of study for helping to clarify the conditions under which they relate to actual patterns of behaviour. Outlines the results of qualitative research undertaken as part of a major study of readers of the UK Ethical Consumer magazine, which used focus groups to explore issues of major concern to ethical consumers – such as fair trade – and an elicitation questionnaire with a broader sample to ascertain the nature of factors influencing their beliefs on this subject.
Purpose
Substantial changes in the organic food sector and recent studies on the Canadian organic food market are showing promising trends. However, community organic food markets are different from organic food mainstream markets. In a domain growing in theoretical and practical importance, the main objective of this paper is to develop an understanding and analysis of “community organic food market”.
Design/methodology/approach
Focus groups were conducted and data collected were analyzed using content analysis.
Findings
Five main themes emerged and brought contributions in terms of: organic food definition and recognition, organic food consumers' motivations, trust with regard to organic food, labeling and certification process, organic food distribution channels, and the proposition of a conceptual model of decision making with regard to organic food consumers in small communities.
Research limitations/implications
Data collection was conducted in only one small community location and should be extended to other small communities as well as urban city centers.
Practical implications
This study provides some insights to managers in terms of the market mix and target marketing of organic food niche markets.
Originality/value
The paper explores the difference between an organic food mainstream market and an organic food niche/community market using a consumer behaviour perspective.
Describes the current status of the organic food market in Ireland
– current trading arrangements of wholesalers, distributors and retailers
and the perceptions of organic food at different stages of the marketing
chain. There are three certification bodies for organic foods in
Ireland. The value of the market is estimated at IR£1.5 million. Fruit
and vegetables are the most important organic foods. Other organic
foods are available such as flour, grains, breakfast cereals, meat,
yogurt and cheese. Organic foods can be purchased in some of the larger
supermarkets, in healthfood/wholefood shops, at local markets or at farm
gate. Some of the constraints to development of the industry are limited
range and supply of products. Premium levels are also a constraint on
development as consumers generally perceive organic products to be too
expensive. Reports premiums charged on organic food and outlines the
results of a focus group on organic foods.
Evidence from past research and insights from an exploratory investigation are combined in a conceptual model that defines and relates price, perceived quality, and perceived value. Propositions about the concepts and their relationships are presented, then supported with evidence from the literature. Discussion centers on directions for research and implications for managing price, quality, and value.
Growing interest in organic agriculture has prompted numerous studies that compare various aspects of organic and conventionally produced foods. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of empirical studies comparing organic products and conventionally grown alternatives. The emphasis is on key organic consumer demand and marketing issues, including: (1) the implications of an economic definition of organically grown food for consumer demand; (2) attributes that shoppers consider most when comparing organic with conventionally grown products; (3) level and characteristics of consumer knowledge and awareness about organic food; (4) assessment methods and characteristics of organic consumer attitudes and preferences; (5) size of price premium and characteristics of consumers’ willingness-to-pay for organic products; and (6) profile of organic consumers. Overall, although there is some knowledge and awareness about organic products, consumers are not consistent in their interpretation of what is organic. Secondly, while consumers typically understand the broad issues about organic foods, many tend not to understand the complexities and niceties of organic farming practices and organic food quality attributes. Uncertainty regarding the true attributes of organic, and skepticism about organic labels, part of which stems from reported cases of (inadvertent) mislabeling, and product misrepresentation, and partly because of nonuniform organic standards and certification procedures, may hold some consumers back from purchasing organic. Thirdly, concern for human health and safety, which is a key factor that influences consumer preference for organic food, is consistent with observed deterioration in human health over time and, therefore, motivates consumers to buy organic food as insurance and/or investment in health. Fourthly, the proportion of consumers who are willing to pay a price premium for organic food decreases with premium level. On the other hand, premiums tend to increase with (combinations of) preferred attributes. In addition, demand tends to depend more on the price differential with respect to conventionally grown products, than on actual price. In contrast to sensitivity of demand to changes in price, income elasticity of demand for organic foods is generally small. Finally, it is important for policy analysts and researchers to note that organic fresh fruits and vegetables currently dominate the organic consumer's food basket. Furthermore, it is not clear whether frequent buyers consider particular organic products (e.g., organic meat) as normal goods, or if consumers consider such products as luxury goods.
The author discusses the concept of national character—the idea that the people of each nation have a distinctive, enduring pattern of behavior and/or personality characteristics. He examines the concept in terms of its value and validity for use in international marketing. The development of the study of national character in the anthropological, psychoanalytic, and quantitative schools is surveyed. A marketing-relevant national character concept with applicability to both consumer and strategic decision making is proposed.
The author presents a conceptual model of brand equity from the perspective of the individual consumer. Customer-based brand equity is defined as the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing of the brand. A brand is said to have positive (negative) customer-based brand equity when consumers react more (less) favorably to an element of the marketing mix for the brand than they do to the same marketing mix element when it is attributed to a fictitiously named or unnamed version of the product or service. Brand knowledge is conceptualized according to an associative network memory model in terms of two components, brand awareness and brand image (i.e., a set of brand associations). Customer-based brand equity occurs when the consumer is familiar with the brand and holds some favorable, strong, and unique brand associations in memory. Issues in building, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity are discussed, as well as areas for future research.
Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as private business since business activities have widespread and sometimes far-reaching impacts on the community. The side-effects of entrepreneurial decision making - increasing unemployment, for instance, or pollution - increasingly expose corporations to the public gaze, with management in the limelight.
Facing Public Interest opens up new vistas on business policy and corporate communications facing public interest. The relationship between private enterprise and public interest is subjected to an ethical examination, highlighting the role of the general public as a locus of morality for business and the guiding concept of a corporate dialogue between management and the concerned public. Instructive case studies are also presented.
The volume not only proposes corporate dialogue: it puts into practice. Business leaders, representatives of citizens' groups, public affairs consultants, and academics discuss the topics thoroughly and thoughtfully in the best contributions to the seventh conference on the European Business Ethics Network, held at the University of St. Gallen in September 1994.
Increasing concerns about farm animal welfare have led to an increase in the availability of welfare-friendly-products (WFP), but little is known about how much more consumers are willing-to-pay (WTP) for WFP or about their buying trends in Latin America. In this study, a survey was given to 843 meat consumers in the city of Toluca, Mexico. The results show that consumers were interested in farm animal welfare issues and their ethical, sociological and economic implications, as in Europe. The people surveyed also conveyed a high level of empathy with animal feelings and emotions, however they clearly demanded more information and regulations related to farm animal welfare. The majority of respondents expressed that they were WTP more for properly certified WFP, but mostly based on the benefits in terms of product quality and human health. If the demand for WFP begins to increase in Mexico, the supply chain should consider a certification system to guarantee product origin based on current conditions.
Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
In a sustainability perspective, consumption research has an unfortunate individualizing bias, which means that macro and structural causes of unsustainable consumption tend to be ignored. Hence, a comprehensive model of determinants of the sustainability of consumption is developed and applied on a specific case: organic food consumption. The analyzed data are published research on why consumer purchase of organic food products differs between countries. As expected, organic food’s share of total food consumption depends heavily on political regulation, including legal definitions and standards, financial support to farmers, and a national labeling system. Other important structural factors are soil conditions, an effective and efficient distribution system, and the size of the premium price demanded for organic food products. Macro factors such as the food culture and the culture’s level of postmaterialism and environmental concern play an additional role. The evidence suggests that, together, macro and structural factors such as these are more, and probably considerably more, important for the sustainability of food consumption than are individual-level attitudinal variables.
The author discusses the concept of national character-the idea that the people of each nation have a distinctive, enduring pattern of behavior and/or personality characteristics. He examines the concept in terms of its value and validity for use in international marketing. The development of the study of national character in the anthropological, psychoanalytic, and quantitative schools is surveyed. A marketing-relevant national character concept with applicability to both consumer and strategic decision making is proposed.
The author presents a conceptual model of brand equity from the perspective of the individual consumer. Customer-based brand equity is defined as the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing of the brand. A brand is said to have positive (negative) customer-based brand equity when consumers react more (less) favorably to an element of the marketing mix for the brand than they do to the same marketing mix element when it is attributed to a fictitiously named or unnamed version of the product or service. Brand knowledge is conceptualized according to an associative network memory model in terms of two components, brand awareness and brand image (i. e., a set of brand associations). Customer-based brand equity occurs when the consumer is familiar with the brand and holds some favorable, strong, and unique brand associations in memory. Issues in building, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity are discussed, as well as areas for future research.
One of the strategies employed by companies to differentiate themselves from others, in the food market, has been to market organic products according to the assumption that environmental values are an important influence on people's behavior. However, studies of the behavior of organic food consumers show that there is some debate on this subject. Although some studies associate organic food consumption with motives and attitudes in which the environment plays a predominant role, a greater number conclude that the motives for consuming this type of food are basically egoistic (related to health, food safety, or the quality or flavor of the food). This can lead to problems in deciding the central thrust of the marketing strategy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the meaning and interpretations placed on the term “organic,” and how they are integrated, as a way to explain consumption behavior. Qualitative research methods were adopted for this purpose. Four focus group sessions with different sociodemographic profiles, held in the cities of Madrid and Seville, in Spain, displayed two evident paradoxes, which could indicate that environmental motives are not important for consumers in this market. It is concluded that the term “organic” plays an important role as a heuristic cue to superiority, irrespective of the consumer's knowledge about the real features of organic food. Three alternative models are presented to explain consumer behavior. These results could be useful to food companies, largely in connection with positioning this type of product and with their communications policy.
Ever since Levitt’s (1983) controversial article on the globalization of markets, there has been a standing discussion on which degree of standardisation versus adaptation of marketing parameters is appropriate under which circumstances (e.g., Jain 1989; Samiee and Roth 1992; Wind 1986). Levitt’s forceful argument was that, driven by developments in technology and mass communication, consumers tend to develop homogeneous preferences around the world, and that marketers’ attempts to adapt locally is a waste of resources which were better spent bringing down costs and make products obtainable to more people. The more refined argument is that certain marketing parameters may be standardised to varying degrees, depending on characteristics of the market, the product, the company and the environment as such.
This conceptual article applies the customer value (CV) concept in the context of green marketing aiming to provide insights on the factors that motivate and/or hinder the development of consumer–green brand relationships. The article draws upon existing literature on the streams of CV, relationship marketing and environmental behaviour and synthesises relevant findings to propose an integrated conceptual framework entailing all identified types of value and cost, psychographic characteristics, as well as dimensions of relationship quality (RQ) and loyalty. Furthermore, it addresses existing questions on the links among constructs and proposes several relationships that may lead to a better understanding of consumer behaviour towards green brands. Through the here-proposed conceptual model, the article initiates the process of empirically examining the consumer adoption of and relationship development with green brands. The CV framework adopted here may provide practitioners with knowledge on the value and sacrifice factors, as well as the dimensions of RQ that are the most important in targeting green consumers and designing relationship marketing strategies. The article also fulfils an identified gap in the literature, as it is the first that brings together and applies research findings from CV and relationship marketing fields in the green marketing context and proposes an integrated approach to understanding consumer–green brands relationships.
Driven by more demanding customers, global competition, and slow-growth economies and industries, many organizations search for new ways to achieve and retain a competitive advantage. Past attempts have largely looked internally within the organization for improvement, such as reflected by quality management, reengineering, downsizing, and restructuring. The next major source for competitive advantage likely will come from more outward orientation toward customers, as indicated by the many calls for organizations to compete on superior customer value delivery. Although the reasons for these calls are sound, what are the implications for managing organizations in the next decade and beyond? This article addresses this question. It presents frameworks for thinking about customer value, customer value learning, and the related skills that managers will need to create and implement superior customer value strategies.
Three food groups, which are central in the Norwegian diet, were chosen for investigation of consumer valuation of quality: fruits and vegetables, potatoes, and meat. Most consumers prioritize freshness, taste and nutritional value. Those consumers who gave priority to environmental aspects were least satisfied with the quality of these products. A further investigation of consumer relationship to environmental aspects of food was made through analyses of the characteristics of consumers who 1) put priority on environmental aspects in their quality valuation of food, 2) are willing to pay an extra price for foods produced in an environmentally sound manner, and 3) buy these products today.The results showed that women are more likely to prioritize environmental aspects in their quality evaluation of food, and they are more likely to buy these products, than men. People in the highest educational group were also more likely to put priority on environmentally sound production. There were geographical differences; people living in Oslo and Northern Norway were least likely to put priority on ecological production. There was no independent effect of income, occupation or age. However, the reasons for buying foods from environmentally sound production were different in the various age groups. The youngest age group based their buying behavior on the considerations for the environment and animal welfare, whereas consideration for own health was the most prominent reason in the oldest age group. The results indicate that many consumers are interested in foods produced in an ecologically sound manner, but they are not willing to pay the present high prices for these products.
This study combines meta-analysis with structural equation modeling to examine the impact of service quality (SQ) on customer satisfaction (CS), attitudinal loyalty (AL), and purchase intention (PI). Findings from 86 articles containing 115 independent samples and 161 effect sizes representing 42,877 customers are used to test a model of the relationships among the above-referred variables. Results show that SQ has a large effect on CS, AL, and PI. Also, SQ is indirectly related to AL and PI. Because AL and PI are critical indicators of a customer's willingness to engage in a relationship with the firm, this study provides clear evidence that SQ plays a vital role in a firm's quest for building long-term relationships with customers. The effect of measurement and contextual moderators is also analyzed.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to test whether differences in motives for healthy food consumption stem from differences in cultural dimensions and whether cultural dimensions could serve as predictors for health food consumption motivations.
Design/methodology/approach
The study correlated secondary data on motives for healthy food consumption in a number of West European countries to cultural dimensions of those countries. In addition, primary data for prime motives of healthy food consumption were collected for Croatian consumers.
Findings
Influence of cultural dimensions was partly confirmed and that only for individualism and assertiveness, while human orientation and uncertainty avoidance showed no correlation to organic food consumption motivation. Croatian consumers display homogeneous collective awareness, i.e. they almost exclusively consider health as prime consumption motive.
Research limitations/implications
Correlation analysis was conducted on a small data set; the units of analysis were not distributed along the whole range of independent variables (cultural dimensions), coding of motives might be too robust. Future research should better tackle the exposed problems and also aim at discovering alternative antecedents that could improve prediction of prevailing motives.
Practical implications
By definition cultural dimensions capture variations in consumers' motives. Because of exposed limitations, the study did not provide full evidence for the conceptual proposal (that healthy food motivation is determined by cultural dimensions). Nevertheless, the conceptual model could serve managers as an initial indicator in predicting motives for healthy food consumption.
Originality/value
This research proposes a relationship between cultural dimensions and consumer motivation, which is an under researched field.
Following a broader perspective in exploring customer perceptions of and motives for purchasing luxury brands, it is not sufficient to explain the whole picture of luxury consumption in terms of socially oriented consumer motives and the desire to impress others. The main contribution here is to explore a multidimensional framework of luxury value as a general basis for identifying value-based consumer segments. The empirical results can be seen as a first step toward a better understanding of consumers' luxury value perceptions as based on social, individual, functional, and financial aspects. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This study analyzes the impact of ethical motivations, food safety and health-related concerns on purchasing intentions of habitual and less frequent consumers of organic food. A sample of 291 subjects was surveyed through a paper-and-pencil questionnaire and classified either as “regular” or “occasional” purchasers of organic food according to their buying frequency. Results show different determinants of intention for the two groups of subjects: ethical motivations affect the purchase intentions of regular consumers, whereas food safety concerns influence the purchase intentions of occasional consumers. Implications are discussed.
Many customer satisfaction studies have concluded that there is a significant relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty, but this finding has been questioned in that most of the studies focus on measuring the cognitive component of customer satisfaction. This study includes the cognitive component, but focuses on the affective component. It explores the role of emotions in satisfaction, and then compares the predictive ability of the cognitive and affective elements. Key findings are that both positive and negative emotions, and the cognitive component of satisfaction correlate with loyalty. Regression analysis indicates that the affective component serves as a better predictor of customer loyalty than the cognitive component. Further, the best predictor of both overall loyalty and the most reliable dimension of loyalty, positive word of mouth, is positive emotions. Thhe theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Purpose
Instead of using general food choice motives, this study adopts more specific attitudes – i.e. health consciousness and environmental attitudes – to predict the consumer's attitude toward organic foods. The main objective of the paper is to test the hypothesis whether health consciousness and environmental attitudes influence the consumer's attitude toward organic foods through an individual's healthy lifestyle.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected in Taiwan by means of a national self‐administered consumer questionnaire survey in this study. A series of regression models are used to detect how the mediating role of the healthy lifestyle construct plays in the relationships between the determinant factors (i.e. health consciousness and environmental attitudes) and the consumer's attitude toward organic foods.
Findings
The results are consistent with previous studies, which assert that concern for one's health and for the environment are the two most commonly stated motives for purchasing organic foods, with the former exceeding the latter in importance. In addition, the healthy lifestyle indeed exerts effective mediating effects on the positive relationships between health consciousness and environmental attitudes and the consumer's attitude toward organic foods. Therefore, a healthy lifestyle should be advocated to render the consumer's attitude toward organic foods more positive.
Practical implications
Based on the findings, the selection of advertising messages, social interaction and so forth should revolve around the issues of health consciousness, environmental attitudes, and healthy lifestyle in the future.
Originality/value
This study is one of the first to examine the mediating effect of a healthy lifestyle that bears on organic foods. The empirical findings from this study are expected to benefit the continued development of the organic sector in Taiwan's food industry.
Consumers of the 1990s are claimed to be caring, environmentally and socially aware and are demanding a say in the production, processing and resourcing of the products they regularly purchase. Hypothesizes that the environmentally-aware consumer has become ethically aware and is joined by many other consumers who believe in the principles of fair trade. The increasingly well-informed consumer is not only demanding fairly traded products, but is challenging manufacturers and retailers to guarantee the ethical claims they are making about their products. Reports on a survey to investigate the factors contributing to the development of ethical consumerism in the UK, and provides details of the integrating features which it finds. Discusses the implications of these for management.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to test the extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in an organic food buying context.
Design/methodology/approach
The relationships between subjective norms and attitudes and intention to buy organic food were studied by applying structural equation modelling.
Findings
The proposed modified model of the TPB model fitted the data better than the original model, implying that in the organic food‐buying context the role of subjective norms differs from the original theory of planned behaviour. In buying organic food subjective norms affected buying intention indirectly through attitude formation. In addition, results showed that the modified TPB model predicts intention to buy organic food better than the original model. Based on the results, it can be said that consumers' intentions to buy organic food can be predicted with their attitudes ( R ² =0.558), which can further be predicted by subjective norms ( R ² =0.374), and that behavioural intentions reliably predict self‐reported behaviour ( R ² =0.824).
Research limitations/implications
First, this study concerned only organic bread and flour products, and therefore the results cannot be expected to explain consumer behaviour for all organically produced products. Second, just one retail channel of organic foods, a hypermarket, was examined. Since the different store formats have also very different characteristics (e.g. price level and number of products), it is likely that also the consumers' buying behaviour differs between different stores.
Originality/value
In past studies on organic food‐buying behaviour, the role of subjective norms has often been neglected – either they are not included in the models or their explanatory power has been weak.
The complex issue of wine pricing is addressed with reference to
the Australian wine industry. The influence of the costs of production,
government policy and legislation, the image sought for the wine,
competitive forces, distribution channel costs and consumer behaviour
are detailed.
A series of studies, conducted over the period 1989 to 1993, based
on actual purchasing patterns, seeks to quantify the extent of purchase
of organic food and the consumer's commitment. The most commonly
expressed motives for purchasing organic food have become consideration
for the environment and health reasons. Availability and price are the
chief factors which inhibit the purchase of organic food. A profile of
actual purchasers of organic produce shows them to be female aged 30-45,
with children and having a higher level of disposable income. This
research has demonstrated that the primary factor in organic food
purchase is the consumer's level of personal disposable income. There
would appear to be a distinction between those who claim to be
interested in the environment and those who regularly buy organic
products.
Posits that although behaving “ethically” should be important for its own sake, whether a firm behaves ethically or unethically may also have a significant influence on consumers’ purchase decisions. Examines the issue of unethical corporate behavior from the perspective of consumers. Addresses several questions. First, what are consumers’ expectations regarding the ethicality of corporate behavior? Second, is whether a firm acts ethically or unethically an important consumer concern, and if so, will information regarding a firm’s behavior influence their purchase decision? Demonstrates that consumers say they do care about a firm’s ethics and will adjust their purchase behaviors accordingly.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers' motives for food choice and to reveal beliefs about organic food.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on results of a survey conducted on a sample of 1,010 Polish consumers. The questionnaire included items to identify food choice motives, attributes of organic food and barriers to buy organic products. The data collected was analyzed with SPSS 15.0 using descriptive statistics and carrying out two step cluster analysis to identify consumers' segments. To get better insight into factors decisive to organic food consumption, the segments were profiled according to declared consumption of organic food.
Findings
Sensory factors were the most important motives for food choice, followed by price and safety. Consumers with convenience and price orientation in their food choices were less inclined to buy organic products while consumers open to novelties and willing to try new foods more often declared to buy organic products. Polish consumers conceptualize organic food referring to aspects such as healthiness and safety. Despite the developments observed in the organic food sector in Poland, the information related that barriers to buy organic food still prevail.
Research limitations/implications
The choice of validated scale items related to food choice and food related lifestyle was limited and there is a need to further explore Polish consumers food related lifestyle and its relation to organic food consumption. Cluster analysis used to identify segments is a method not based on probabilistic statistics, so it is the researcher's interpretation that is most relevant.
Originality/value
Prior research concerning Polish consumers food choices with relation to organic food consumption is very limited. Such information is particularly pertinent to food manufacturers and distributors to support developing communication strategies to stimulate organic food market development in Poland.
The aim of this work was to analyse the relationships between three types of variables: consumer attitude towards a generic product – honey; the perceived quality of the specific brand consumed; and the satisfaction with this brand. The paper first tests the effects the different perceived quality dimensions exercise on satisfaction. Second, the paper proceeds to analyse the influence of attitudes, on the one hand, on the different quality dimensions and, on the other hand, on the effects of such dimensions on satisfaction.
The authors examine two aspects of brand loyalty, purchase loyalty and attitudinal loyalty, as linking variables in the chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance (market share and relative price). The model includes product-level, category-related controls (hedonic value and utilitarian value) and brand-level controls (brand differentiation and share of voice). The authors compile an aggregate data set for 107 brands from three separate surveys of consumers and brand managers. The results indicate that when the product- and brand-level variables are controlled for, brand trust and brand affect combine to determine purchase loyalty and attitudinal loyalty. Purchase loyalty, in turn, leads to greater market share, and attitudinal loyalty leads to a higher relative price for the brand. The authors discuss the managerial implications of these results.
Companies are facing increasing pressure to both maintain profitability and behave in socially responsible ways, yet researchers have provided little information on how corporate social responsibility impacts profitability. This paper reports the findings from in-depth interviews of consumers to determine their views concerning the social responsibilities of companies. A typology of consumers whose purchasing behavior ranges from unresponsive to highly responsive to corporate social responsibility was developed from the analysis.