Various Approaches to Product Life Cycle Modeling & Simulation

Abstract

In the global world of competitiveness, customers are more conscious of products & service quality & reliability. Moreover, the success depends on the product availability at the right time, at the right places, at the lowest prices. With the advent in the technologies, the entrepreneurs started using various approaches in the production & service sector right from the early stage of design up to the production stage to increase the efficiencies and bring quality & reliability in the products. It is seen that the product development in its different categories of grand design, Incremental design & Evolutionary design follows various Product Life Cycle Model approaches, its Simulation & Synthesis. In order to bring quality in to the products much Standard Software System levels are introduced to focus on the global market scenarios. The Test & validation are focussed on the conformation of the specification in the product functionalities right from the preliminary design, development and deployment through product realization. This way all the product related processes even forms part of Product Life Cycle Model (PLCM) under the market scenario from the conceptual stage through planning, production, implementation distribution & up to the recycling stages. The paper is focussed on both market & physical domain aspects of Modeling & Simulation.

Full text

Various Approaches to Product Life Cycle Modeling & Simulation
Authored by Kanhu Charan Padhy, B.E., MBA-PRVENO-02617, KSOU &
Supreetha Rao, M.Tech-USN: 4SF13LVS20, VTU
M/s KCTRONICS Innovative Consultancy Services Private Limited
#24,BMP40,Krishnappa Garden, C V Raman Nagar,Bangalore-560093,India.
Abstract: In the global world of
competitiveness, customers are more conscious
of products & service quality & reliability.
Moreover, the success depends on the product
availability at the right time, at the right
places, at the lowest prices. With the advent
in the technologies, the entrepreneurs started
using various approaches in the production &
service sector right from the early stage of
design up to the production stage to increase
the efficiencies and bring quality &
reliability in the products. It is seen that
the product development in its different
categories of grand design, Incremental design
& Evolutionary design follows various Product
Life Cycle Model approaches, its Simulation &
Synthesis. In order to bring quality in to the
products much Standard Software System levels
are introduced to focus on the global market
scenarios. The Test & validation are focussed
on the conformation of the specification in
the product functionalities right from the
preliminary design, development and deployment
through product realization. This way all the
product related processes even forms part of
Product Life Cycle Model (PLCM) under the
market scenario from the conceptual stage
through planning, production, implementation
distribution & up to the recycling stages. The
paper is focussed on both market & physical
domain aspects of Modeling & Simulation.
Key Words: Modeling, Simulation, Design,
Development,Life-cycle,Products.
Approaches.
I. Pre-amble:
Until 1970s-80s, the concept of product
development was of a temporal model rather
than a logical model. It was believed that each
stage is self contained i.e., accepting input from
the previous stages & followed by output in the
subsequent stages. And it was felt that early
design decisions during the requirement phase
were a constraint for the designers to opt for the
alternative/superior design. Hence, there was no
intervention of anybody prior to or during the
design phase. After 1990s, it was realized that
the temporal concept was a failure to the success
of any good system design. In the mean time
ISO 9000 in 1987 and revised in 1994, 2000,
2008,2015 brought out the philosophy of “Say
what you Do, then Do what you Say” that
determines the acceptance of a product &
process.
II. Literature Review:
A. Patterson, F.G., Jr. had brought out the trends of
using the concurrent Engineering & concurrent design
during the evolution of the system acquisition process
at George Mason University , Fairfax, VA USA . During
his strategic evolution he considered various process
models as the stages of evolution of system acquisition.
He had concentrated on the planning & Marketing Life
Cycle models vide Ref.[1]
B. Astrid von Euler-Chelpin, May 2008 in his paper
brought that the information modelling lies within the
scope of the manufacturing system life cycle which
encapsulates both the development phase & operation
phase. In his thesis he found out a modelling approach
that simplifies integration of manufacturing information
System under the manufacturing system life cycle. Thus,
it was to evaluate STEP (ISO-10303,v3) standards,
AP214 and AP239 Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS)
of its usefulness..
C. A product Life Cycle for internal Trade by Louis T.
Wells, JR. Journal Marketing, July 1968. It was brought
out in this article that many predictable follow a
predictable pattern in international trade. Understanding
the international product life cycle (IPLC) may lead to
improved policies which may result into increased
exports and a reduction in the effectiveness of import.
This concept was fruitful in America in gaining much

profit in the export sectors. A new approach to
international trade was related to the product life cycle
concept in marketing. According to trade cycle concept,
many products follow a pattern which could be divided
into four stages, viz.,
1) Phase –I: U.S export Strength,
2) Phase II: Foreign Product Starts,
3) Phase-III: Foreign Production competition in
export markets,
4) Phase-IV: Import Competition begins.
D. Staisch has also brought out that the product
cycle management is an evolution and
enhancement of Product Data Management (ref-
DMMM (Data Management Maturity Model). A
strategic approach to address the challenges like
development & innovative products and
responding to the changing global market is
utmost important.
III. Product Life Cycle Approaches:
A. PLC-Software Approach: The Software
Engineering Institute (SEI) with development of an
integrated family of models- known as capability
maturity model integration (CMM or CMMI)
based on which the methods and process
assessment and improvement in the software field
came into existence. Accordingly, models are
based on the existence of a documented and a
dependable process that one organisation must do
to achieve the results while developing a product.
The CMM model was adapted from the five level
model of Crosby to Software development by
Humphrey. The CMM developed by SEI at
Carnegie Mellon University provides a framework
of Levels of maturity. A comparative study is
shown in Table-3.1:
Crosby
Model
CMM
CMMI(
staged)
CMMI(co
ntinuous)
Le
vel
0
Incomplet
e level
Le
vel
1
Uncerta
inty:
Confusi
on, lack
of
commit
ment
Initial
Level:
adhoc,
method
s may
achieve
success
through
heroic
efforts.
Initial
Level :
quality
depend
s on the
best
efforts
or
excepti
onal
people
who
follow
their
instinct
s
Performan
ce level:
quality-is-
unpredicta
ble,
process is
reactive
solving
problems
as they
arise.
Le
vel
2
Awake
ning:
manage
ment
wakes
up and
realizes
that
quality
is
missing
Repeata
ble
level:
Success
es may
be
repeate
d for
similar
applicat
ions.
Management Level:
Project management is
following its own
repeatable processes
with well defined
phases and milestones.
Le
vel
3
Enlight
enment:
manage
ment
decides
to
utilize a
formal
quality
improv
ement
process
Defined
level:
Claims
to have
underst
ood
measure
d and
specifie
d a
repeata
ble
process
with
predicta
ble cost
and
schedul
e
characte
ristics.
Defined level:
Organisational
Management has
established a new
common corporate
process based on best
practices of project
management. The new
common processes are
tailorable for
individual projects.
Corporate training and
standard process
measures, promotes
uniformity &
manageability.
Le
vel
4
Wisdo
m:
Manage
ment
has a
Systemi
zed
underst
anding
of
quality
costs.
Manage
d
maturit
y level:
Compre
hensive
process
measure
ments
enable
interacti
ve risk
manage
ment.
Quantitatively
managed level :
Organisational
management uses
measurement to
manage exceptions by
establishing
boundaries of normal
and abnormal values
or process
measurement and
interactively detecting
and correcting
anomalies.

Le
vel
5
Certaint
y:
Manage
ment
knows
why it
has no
proble
ms with
quality
Optimis
ation
Level:
Continu
ous
process
improve
ment
for
lasting
quality.
Optimizing level:
Organisational
management can use
cause & effect analysis
to prevent problems.
Management can
proactively choose &
implement process
improvements with
predictive
consequences to
support strategic
planning.
Table-3.1: Comparative study of CMM-5level
Thus, CMM helps the management in the
process improvement by
1) Examination and assessment of its level of
maturity, according to a set of criteria,
2) Diagnosis of problems in the processes and
3) Prescription of approaches to cure the
problem by continual improvement.
Use of CMMI model supports the enterprises
wide improvement for both system design &
software development.
While analysing the CMMI, the stages reflect
as:
 Uncertainty: It is a stage of confusion, lack of
commitment.”Management has no knowledge of
quality at the strategic process level and at best,
views operational level quality control
inspection of finished goods as the only way to
achieve quality”.
 Awakening: Management wakes up and realizes
that quality is missing.”Statistical quality
control teams will conduct inspections whenever
problem develops.”
 Enlightenment: Management decides to utilize
the formal quality improvement process: “The
cost of quality is first identified at this stage of
development, which is the beginning of the
operational level quality assurance.”
 Wisdom: Management has a systemized
understanding of quality costs. “Quality related
issues are generally handled satisfactorily in
what is emerging as strategic & process oriented
quality assurance and management.”
 Certainty: Management knows why it has no
problems with quality.”
In addition, SPICE (Software Process
Improvement and Capability Determination) has
brought out a frame work for software process
assessment and improvement. This standard is
comparable to CMM models. In the mean time ISO
& SEI are engaged to harmonize the CMM &
SPICE
B. Product Life Cycle-Market Approach: The
production Life-Cycle theory by Raymond Vernon
(Qtrly Journal of Economics) says “as products
mature, both location of sales and optimal
production changes, which affects the direction of
exports & imports”. However, globalisation and
integration of economy makes the theory less
valid. After the new trade theory came into picture,
the specialisation became an instrument to enhance
the economy of scale. As the specialisation
increases, the output increases and thus, economies
of scale increases.
Fig.3.1 Products maturity vs Export /Import
The product life cycle is looked into in a two
prospective (i) Market (ii) Physical. Lets us see
the Product Life cycle phases in the market as
depicted in the following fig.No.1.1:
Fig.3.2: PLC-Market Model: Volume vs phases
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 2 4
Export
Import
0
5
0 5
Volumes

Let’s see the business dimensions like: cost,
Profits, Number of competitors, Customers &
marketing objectives as depicted in the table
below in Table 3.2 :
Life Cycle Phases
Dimensio
ns
Introd
uction
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Sales
Low
Sharply
Growing
Peak
Declining
Costs
Expen
sive
for
Custo
mers
Average
for
Customer
s
Low For
Customer
s
Low for
Customers
Profits
Negati
ve
Growing
High
Declining
Number
of
Competit
ors
Small
Raising
Steady
Starting
decrease
Decreasing
Customer
s
Innova
tors
First
Adopters
Majority
Delayers
Marketin
g
Objective
s
Create
produc
t
Knowl
edge
Maximise
market
Share
Maximise
profits,
defending
market
share
Reduce
expenses
Table No.3.2: Life Cycle phases
C. Production Life Cycle-Physical Approach: The
Physical Product design which starts from the
conceptual design stage to the product realization
stage ending with product disposal stage as per
STEP reference model (ISO-10303) is depicted in
fig.3.3:
Fig.3.3: STEP Ref. Model ISO-10303
D. Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture
and Methodology (GERAM): It was GERAM’s
initiative & EN/ISO19439. In this model, the
phases are defined by their life time activities.
Identification, Concept, Requirements, Preliminary
Design, Detailed Design, Implementation,
Operation, Decommission.
IV. Product Development:
A. Concept:
The concept of life cycle envisaged as a software
process in the late 1960s. However, it is now
more generally used for the development of all
Design
Produce
Operate
Support
Disposal

types of systems. Let’s discuss on different
product design types:
1) Grand design:
The product development is brought under
three categories. These are Grand Design,
Incremental design & Evolutionary Design”.[ref.1]
Under the grand design approach, the product is
deployed only after all the development is
completed. In this design approach, the requirement
growth is limited due to various factors like
environments, economic & political issues. E.g., a
rocket/ammunitions which are made for one time
use.
2) Incremental Design Approach:
Incremental development of a system is based on the
functional capabilities and is a variation of the divide
& conquers strategy as brought out by Boehm. In
this approach, the first stage is the basic working
system, followed by the successive increments of its
extended functional capabilities. Boehm has
modified the waterfall model to allow incremental
development of successive copies of each section of
the waterfall model. In this approach, it starts with
Preliminary design followed by detailed design,
Code integration, Verification & Validation
followed by the Deployment & Revalidation.
Similarly, Spiral model also follows the incremental
approach with each successive increment is assigned
to the next higher level of spiral; E.g., International
Space Station.
3) Evolutionary Design Approach:
The evolutionary development model does not have
the idea of the requirements in advance. The
development process requires an iterative process of
prototyping with the feedback from the user. And it
serves as de-facto specification for a new
development. It uses a waterfall model [Fig.4.2] in the
incremental development process. Since the
requirement of the design specification is to be
recalled more often and hence the development
requires water fall must be repeated. Moreover Spiral
model is the natural alternative to the Evolutionary model
as deployment is directly linked to the definition
portion of the higher level that allows the
requirement growth in an orderly manner. Examples
are accounting software & tax regulations software.
B. Development Models:
1) Royce’s Life Cycle 3-D Model:
Let’s throw some light on the Royce’s Life cycle
concept in which he brought out the three basic
stages such as Definition, Development &
Deployment and called it as (D-D-D) model
[Fig.4.1].
Fig.4.1 : 3-D(D-D-D) basic stages of PLC
Describing it [Fig.4.1] , the Definition stage covers
the Requirements analysis & specification,
Development stage covers Design & Implementation
while the Deployment stage covers Test &
Maintenance aspects.
2)Royce’s Waterfall Model vs Bohem’s
Model :
The [Fig.4.2] below depicts the Royce Waterfall model
as a comparison to that of Boehm’s model. Since the
Royce’s model was found with problems like, time
was not bound to each stage; Boehm suggested an
improved version of the waterfall model with
addition of few more stages.
Definition
Development
Deployment

Fig 4.2 .a) Royce’s Model of PLC
Fig.4.2.b) Boehm’s Model of PLC
Boehm’s model came out with feedback mechanism from
each stage to its previous stage thus the
modification/corrective changes can be made before
passing to the next stage. It is found to be logically
complete and it maintained the quality aspects of the design.
Moreover, Sage has also brought out a comprehensive
22–phase of life cycle model organised in three main
Phases viz., [Details are beyond the scope of the paper, as it is
dealt with the various approaches to PLCM. However,
it is brought out the various processes of these three
phases involved during the development phases of a
system in the subsequent paragraph V [ In Table 5.1] .
1) Definition,
2) Design & Development
3) Operation & maintenance.
V. DIGITAL DESIGN: With the above conceptual
data, let’s begin with the designing a digital system
with the help of the 3D technologies.
A. Processes in PRODUCTION PHASES: Various
processes during the PLC stages are shown below
in Table 5.1
Production
Phases
Processes
1
System
Definition
Phase
1. Perception of
need
2. Requirement
Definition
3. Draft Request for
Proposal
4. Comments on
the RFP
5. Final RFP &
Statement of
Work
6. Proposal
Development
7. Source Selection
System
Design &
Development
8.Development of
Refined Conceptual
Architecture
9. Partitioning of
System into Subsystem
2
System
Requirements
Software Requirements
Analysis
Program Design
Coding
Testing
Operations
Concept/Definition
Requirement
Definition
Preliminary Design
Detailed Design
Code/Unit Test
Integration/Product Verification
Implementation/System Test
Maintenance/Revalidation
Phase Out/Transition

level
10.Sub system level
Specification & Test
Requirement
Development.
11.Developement of
Components
12.Integration of
Subsystem
13.Integration of the
overall System
14.Developement User
Training & Aiding
Support
3
System
Operation &
maintenance
15. Operational
Implementation or
Fielding of System
16.Final Acceptance
Testing
17.Operational Test &
Evaluation (V&V)
18.Final System
Acceptance
19.Identification of
System
Change Requirement
20. Bid on System
Change or Pre-
negotiated Maintenance
Support.
21.System Maintenance
change Development
22. Maintenance
Testing by Support
Contractor.
Table 5.1 Processes in Production phases.
B. Quality approach to PLMSS :
1) Product Realization:
The globalisation of market has enabled
the manufacturers / developers to focus
on the life cycle simulations. This
enables designers to adapt to the
variations in the product to get the best
of the quality products and services and
thus obtain defect free products even up
to the six Sigma level. In the process,
the approaches move towards the
product conformance to the
specifications, product functionality and
process capability.
2) Standards:
In the context of design verification &
validation is not limited to that but
extends to modelling & Simulations
defined by ISO, IEEE standard 610,
1074-1997 and DoD standard, AIAA
etc., and the modelling & simulation of
the Integrated Physical prototype plays
a vital role in the Product Life Cycle.
The transition from the design specification
to actual product realization and associated
services is depicted below in fig.5.1of
Product Realization.
Fig.5.1 Product Realization
C. QFD (Quality Function Deployment):
During the early stages of design the life cycle
requirements need to be captured along with the
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methods.
This is depicted here for ref in fig 5.2. below:

Fig.5.2 QFD Phases
Basically QFD is customer driven methodology
for product design and development. It consists of
four phase’s viz., (i) Product design requirements
(ii) Parts Characteristics (iii) Manufacturing
Operations (iv) Production Requirements. This
helps in the setting the criteria for the product &
process compliance. Design for Six-Sigma
(DFSS) design approach is applied to have a high
capability of 6σ (six Sigma) figure in the
processes in the early stage of production. DFSS
is deployed within QFD is referred to as “Define-
Measure-Analyse-Design-Verify”.
D. Mechanical Design Standards: GPS Matrix &
GD&T standards are applicable for verification of
correctness & efficiency of the mechanical
Engineering designs. The GPS Matrix defines the
global guidelines for the design characteristics like
size, angle, orientation & surface texture. Even
GPS has come out with the concept of
specification uncertainty & correlation uncertainty
that directly influences the verification &
validation aspects. Similarly GD& T brings out the
geometry of the parts & assemblies tolerances in
the product mechanical design phase. Another set
of process specific standards is the ISO 14649
series.
Fig5.3 GPS Matrix & GD&T
VI. Development Approaches:
A. Digital Design Modeling :
The development commences with the design of a
system in a virtual mode of simulating a product
and through its life cycle stages. The designers
gains confidence of the pre-hand information on
the anticipated physical product and its
characteristics in a very economical mode rather
than wasting Time & Money in the physical
prototype (Mechanical Mock up) of a product.
This is done through a software code generated
through programming in high level (C++/C)/
hardware Description languages like HDL
(Verilog/VHDL).The verification is done through
the Simulation of the program code. This
validated digital prototype is utilised in the
verification of physical performance of a product
under manufacture. The digital modeling is done
through VHDL/Verilog programming on the
Xilinx platform of our company (i.e.,
KCTRONICS Innovative Consultancy Services
Private Limited) a few Project-based System
Design & Development and our projects have
been published in different international journals
like IJARCET, IJERA. It is here brought out in
[Fig.6.1] the various stages of project
development, which generally applied. However,
we (M/s. KCTRONICS ICSPL) have limited our

activities to the digital design modeling of various
systems on various platforms like Xilinx Ref.[7-
11].
Fig.6.1 Project development phases
B. Verification & Validation: Any design to be
successful, it has to be thoroughly tested &
verified and validated. As the design undergoes
through various stages, it needs to be tested for its
functionalities in each stage before entering into
the next stage. It becomes very cumbersome
exercise; if it is not tested during each stage of its
processes then there will be a loss of time, money
and may lead to mission failure/ repetition of the
exercises. So, every stage of its development a
V&V check is introduced and thus, a timely &
excellent new product will be developed.
VII. Inference:
It was discussed that a model is an abstraction of
system behaviours. In order to make a model,
software is needed to process the algorithm to build
a model. With the improvement in the software
field the many software tools have already been
developed to do such model building functions viz.,
Model Order Deduction Algorithm(MODA) ,by
Ferris et al , & Steins. This paper discusses only
the various modeling approaches to improve the
knowledge of modeling & synthesis during PLC
stages. It was seen that a modeling begins from the
real world scenarios like the some system
behaviour like system specification is converted
into an integrated physical model. The details are
beyond the scope of the paper.
VIII. Conclusion
Although there are various other approaches of
Product Life-cycle Modeling, Simulation &
Synthesis (PLMSS), this paper entails with these
limited approaches to the developers/manufacturers
to have an understanding of the digital system
design approach through Synthesis & Simulation
of their proposed products & processes. This will
make the developers to achieve their proposed
products in a very cost effective manner and get the
product features in a smarter way before going to
the physical mock-up-model.

References:
[1]System Engineering and Management for sustainable
development –Life cycle for System Acquisition.-Peterson, F.G.Jr.
[2] Information modelling for the manufacturing System Life
Cycle, by Astrid Von Euler-Chelpin.
[3] Current trends in Product Life Cycle Management by Staisch
et al, Current trends in PLM, 23rd Australian Conference on
information System, 3-5 Dec 2012.
[4] Standard for the Exchange of Product model data
(STEP - ISO 10303)
[5] Elements of Product Lifecycle Management by Sergio
Terzi.
[6] Design Verification and Validation in product life cycle ,
by P.G/Markopoulos & C.Ceglarek
[7] Recent trends in VLSI design applications; by Kanhu Charan
Padhy & others, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 4 Issue 4,
April 2015
[8] MODELING OF INTERFACE FOR FPGA AND EXTERNAL SRAM
USING VHDL in International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Engineering & Technology, Volume..4..Issue…4...,..April-
2015..,pp..1588..-..1590....
[9]VHDL Implementation of TMDS encoder for the transmission of video
signals in serial communication in International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Engineering & Technology,
Volume..4..Issue…4...,..April-2015..,pp..1576..-..1579.
[10] VHDL implementation for design of an I2C Interface for
Temperature Sensor and an EEPROM Memory International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015.
[11] VHDL Implementation of an SPI Interface for an FRAM Memory
over FPGA International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015.
*****************************************************
Personal Profile of Authors
Author:
Kanhu Charan Padhy is graduated in B.E (Electronics) from
UVCE, BU., PGDBA (HRM & Finance) and MBA (Finance). His
Publications are:
1. A paper on Ground and Flight Test of Systems Used in
Military aircraft. At NaSMAC-2004.20-21 August 2004,,
Bangalore
2. A paper QMS (9001/2000) Implementation –A boon to the
Industries. at ConQuest-2006, International Conference on
Quality & Reliability in Aerospace Systems, Jan15-17, 2006.
Organized by RCI, DRDO, Hyderabad.
3. An article on “Quality in Design and Reliability through
Repair”
4. Recent trends in VLSI Design Applications: International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &
Technology (IJARCET) vol.4 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN: 2278-
1323 pp1629-1632.
5. MODELLING OF INTERFACE FOR FPGA AND EXTERNAL SRAM
USING VHDL: International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) vol.4 Issue 4,
April 2015. ISSN:2278-1323 pp- 1588-1590
6. Implementation of an SPI Interface for an FRAM Memory
over FPGA: International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) vol.4 Issue 4, April 2015. ISSN:2278-
1323 pp-1580-1583
7. VHDL Implementation of TMDS encoder for the transmission
of video signals in serial communication: International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
vol.4 Issue 4, April 2015. ISSN:2278-1323 pp-1576-1579
8. VHDL implementation for design of an I2C Interface for
Temperature Sensor and an EEPROM Memory: International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
vol.4 Issue 4, April 2015. ISSN:2278-1323 pp- 1571-1575
9. Communication Protocols Augmentation in VLSI Design
Applications: Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA)ISSN:2248-9622.vol.5,Issue 5(Part-5) May2015,pp.116-120.
10. Learn & Work – the tools for Business Success
Published in IJAREM Journal, Volume 1 – Issue 2, May 2015
He holds Professional Membership in:
SAQR (The Society for Aerospace Quality & Reliability):Life-
Membership:#LM192; QCI: FM/ SR/ 4093; AeSI: Ex-AM-
6148;Moreover,his other Achievements are like: Commendation from
Group Capt. Shri P. Kamaraju, OIC, DGAQA, Min. of Defence, Govt. of
India, Awarded as one of the Best Citizen of India in 2003
****************************************************
Co-Author: Ms. Supreetha Rao received her
B.E degree in electronics and communication
engineering from Sahyadri College of
Engineering & Management in 2011 and
currently pursuing her M.Tech in VLSI &
Embedded Systems in Sahyadri College of
Engineering & Management. She has interest in the field of design for
low power circuits, VLSI digital system and communication system. She
has published one paper in IJAEM journals another in IJSR and have two
years of teaching experience in the Sahyadri college of Engineering. She
is presently, engaged in the prototype design & development of Digital
System at KCTRONICS Innovative Consultancy Services Private Limited
on internship as a part of M.Tech curriculum. During her internship
period, she has published the following three international papers:

1. VHDL Implementation of TMDS encoder for the transmission of
video signals in serial communication: International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology
(IJARCET) vol.4 Issue 4, April 2015. ISSN: 2278-1323 pp-1576-1579.
2. Recent trends in VLSI Design Applications: International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology
(IJARCET) vol.4 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN: 2278-1323 pp1629-1632.
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