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Incidence and prevalence of livestock diseases of Andaman and Nicobar islands
Abstract
The present study deals with the prevalence of livestock diseases of these islands. Randomly blood samples were collected from cattle, goat and swine and were subjected to various serological tests for screening of important diseases. The results revealed the prevalence of B. abortus agglutinins as 13.83%, IBR as 17.68% and leptospirosis as 2.44%, respectively, while none of the samples were positive for FMD and PPR. The faecal examination revealed the prevalence of eggs of Strongyle spp. (23.0%), Fasciola spp. (10.50%) and Amphistomes (24.50%). A high rate of humpsore (35.0%) was recorded in the cattle. The seroscreening of the goat sera samples revealed the prevalence of Brucella melitensis (11.96%), Mycoplasma capri (15.70%) and leptospirosis (16.41%). However, none of the samples were positive for PPR and bluetongue respectively. The prevalence of swine fever was 32.65%.
... Goat constitutes about 42.1% of the total livestock population on these islands, and these animals are an integral part of the livestock system [26,27]. The disease pattern in the goats indicated the sero-prevalence of Brucella melitensis, Mycoplasma capri, and Leptospirosis [28,29]. Other diseases like pox virus infection, contagious ecthyma (orf), enterotoxaemia, and gastrointestinal parasitism are also observed [28]. ...
... The disease pattern in the goats indicated the sero-prevalence of Brucella melitensis, Mycoplasma capri, and Leptospirosis [28,29]. Other diseases like pox virus infection, contagious ecthyma (orf), enterotoxaemia, and gastrointestinal parasitism are also observed [28]. In recent years, seasonal and sporadic incidence of contagious ecthyma (orf) in goats has been observed on these islands. ...
... The present investigation suggests a risk of the outbreak of CLA in the endemic zone on these islands. The islands are generally free from many of the dreaded livestock and poultry diseases [28,29]. However, the occurrence of CLA with an overall attack rate of 12.02% is alarming and a threat to the goat population of these islands. ...
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants, especially of goats and sheep. Here, we report an outbreak of the disease in goats for the first time from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands along with isolation and molecular characterization of the pathogen. A total of 22 goats were affected, with an attack rate of 12.02%, and six isolates were identified from the clinical samples. Molecular characterization of the pathogen was carried out based on the sequence information of 16S rRNA and RNA polymerase β subunit (rpoB) gene fragments. rpoB-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates belonged to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis. The antimicrobial resistance study revealed that the isolates were 100% resistant against erythromycin and rifampicin. Fifty percent resistance was found against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and vancomycin. All the isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, sulphafurazole, ampicillin/cloxacillin, and oxytetracycline. In conclusion, the present study reports the occurrence of CLA in goats for the first time from an isolated archipelago of India and unveils the molecular signature and antibiotic resistance patten of the pathogen. The findings of this study will be helpful to control or eradicate the disease from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
... As per the 20th Livestock census, cattle and goats comprise about 80% of the A & N Islands livestock population, and the observed study seroprevalence of 17% and 18% in North & Middle Andaman and South Andaman districts, respectively, corroborated with earlier reports. In the last 20 years, the seroprevalence of 12%, 34%, 2.5%, 12%, and 22.4% to 69% in cattle was reported for period 2002,[2003][2004][2005]2005, 2013-2014 and 2015, respectively [8,9,12,[15][16][17]22] using the cut-off titre of ≥ 1 in 100 in MAT. Similarly, in goats, the seroprevalence of 20%, 25%, 45%, 29%, 16% and 27% were reported during the period 2000-2001, 2002, 2003-2005, 2005, and 2013-2014, respectively [8,16,17,[22][23][24]. ...
... In the last 20 years, the seroprevalence of 12%, 34%, 2.5%, 12%, and 22.4% to 69% in cattle was reported for period 2002,[2003][2004][2005]2005, 2013-2014 and 2015, respectively [8,9,12,[15][16][17]22] using the cut-off titre of ≥ 1 in 100 in MAT. Similarly, in goats, the seroprevalence of 20%, 25%, 45%, 29%, 16% and 27% were reported during the period 2000-2001, 2002, 2003-2005, 2005, and 2013-2014, respectively [8,16,17,[22][23][24]. Studies from other parts of India, especially in the coastal regions also showed high seroprevalence in cattle and goats with different seroprevalence. ...
... All the previous studies used standard 12 serovars (Australis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Autumnalis, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bataviae, Hebdomadis, Javanica, Pyrogenes and Pomona,) in MAT [8,9,12,16,17,[22][23][24], whereas the present study employed 17 serovars to understanding the change in circulating anti-leptospiral antibodies against different serogroups. Last two decades reports revealed predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, and Hebdomadis serovars in cattle during 2003-2005 and a change in the predominancy observed with Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejroe, and Pomona serovars during 2013-14 [8] and serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejroe, Autmnalis, Pomona, Australis, and Grippotyphosa in 2015 [9,15]. ...
This study investigated the relative distribution of Leptospira serovars and changing patterns of anti-lepto- spiral antibodies in the endemic Andaman Islands of India. A total of 490 purposive random serum samples from cattle (n = 386) and goats (n = 104) were collected from Decem- ber 2019 to January 2020 and were tested in a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a panel of 17 reference Leptospira serovars comprising 16 serogroups including two serovars of intermediate Leptospira species. The total overall seroprevalence of 17.6% (86/490) was observed, with 17.6% attributed to cattle and 17.3% to goats. The major reactive serogroup-specific anti-leptospiral antibodies observed were Icterohaemorrhagiae (32.6%), Hardjo (15.1%), Hebdomadis (11.6%), Grippotyphosa (10.5%), Pomona (9.3%), Tarassovi (9.3%), amongst others. This investigation provides evidence for the circulation and emergence of pathogenic Tarass- ovi and Djasiman serovars and intermediate Hurstbridge serovar in the livestock of South Andaman. This study’s findings would help further strengthen the one-health strat- egy and mitigate the leptospirosis burden in the Andaman Islands ecosystem of India.
Keywords
... A seroprevalence of 48.15% was recorded in cattle in West Bengal (Ganguly et al. 2008). Not much data on the seroprevalence of IBR in A&N Islands is available except for two reports which revealed17.68% (Sunder et al. 2005) and 20.58%seroprevalence (Sunder et al. 2014). The study was undertaken to assess the seroprevalence of IBR in two districts of A&N Islands which are having more bovine population. ...
... The seroprevalence ranged born 10% in Diglipur tehsil to 41.93% in Rangat tehsil with an overall average of 17.68%. Interestingly, in Rangat Tehsil the seroprevalence of IBR (45.16%) (Sunder et al. 2005) andShome et al. (1998) showed 86% prevalence, which is considered to be very high as compared to the present findings. The reasons attributed were that of modernization and improvement of the animal husbandry practices and introduction of foreign germplasm, tourist intervention, lack of proper quarantine practices the island ecosystem is in danger facing threat to many of the emergence diseases like Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) (Sunder et al., 2005). ...
... Interestingly, in Rangat Tehsil the seroprevalence of IBR (45.16%) (Sunder et al. 2005) andShome et al. (1998) showed 86% prevalence, which is considered to be very high as compared to the present findings. The reasons attributed were that of modernization and improvement of the animal husbandry practices and introduction of foreign germplasm, tourist intervention, lack of proper quarantine practices the island ecosystem is in danger facing threat to many of the emergence diseases like Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) (Sunder et al., 2005). The suggested control measures like proper quarantine/isolation practices at the point of arrival of animals and use of IBR free certified semen straws can reduce the incidence of IBR in the Islands. ...
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), an infectious diseasecausing huge economic loss in dairy cattle. To keep dairy farming healthy and highly productive, there should be an IBR
surveillance programme in dairy cattle, hence a study on the seroprevalence of IBR was undertaken in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands where the density of livestock population was more. A total of 418 cattle serum samples during 2019-20
from 11 villages of two districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were screened for IBR antibodies using ICAR-NIVEDI
Avidin Biotin ELISA, of which 107 were found positive revealing 25.60% of seropositivity. HF crossbred and Jersey breed
showed seropositivity of 24.06% and 33.33% respectively. Cattle of 5-6 years of age showed high seropositivity of 27.65-
38.98%. Hence, it is recommended to test raw fresh semen/frozen semen straws, dairy animals regularly for IBR antigen/
antibodies to avoid the spread of infection.
... The climatic condition of the islands with high rainfall and high humidity favours the prevalence of parasitic and gastrointestinal parasitic diseases in cattle (Pal et al. 1987). The incidence of fascioliasis, ascariasis, amphistomiasis, strongylosis, taeniasis, trichuris, and schistosomiasis were also reported in the cattle (Sunder et al. 2005). The trend of parasitic diseases indicated that the total number of cases has been reduced. ...
... In Andaman, before the tsunami, i.e., 2004, the sero-prevalence of brucellosis was found to be almost 16 % (Shome et al. 1999).However, Sunder et al. 2005 recorded high sero-prevalence of Br abortus in cattle and Br melitensis in goats. No vaccine has been given to livestock of this islands, and the present trend of decline of brucellosis sero-prevalence may be due to fact that the animals are never exposed to the vaccines and the prevalence of antibodies are less. ...
The disease trend of livestock and poultry indicated that very few deadly viral and bacterial diseases are prevalent in the A & N Islands. The prevalence of parasitic diseases is reported to be very high in almost all parts of the Islands. An understanding of the epidemiology of disease is crucial for the development and implementation of effective diagnosis, treatment, control, and managemental practices. Hence, temporal and spatial epidemiological study of the livestock diseases was carried out. Among the parasitic disease, highest number of cases were reported due to ascariasis (34.02%) followed by fascioliasis (29.6%), amphistomiasis (25.5%), and strongyloids (10.9%). The trend showed that parasitic diseases increase during the rainy season (July to December). The secular trend of other diseases indicated that sero-prevalence of Infectious bovine rhinotracheatis (IBR) was found to be 20.58%, which is on increasing trend as compared to last 5 years data. The sero-prevalence of Brucella abortus was 12.84% during the period 2000 to 2014.However, during the last 4 years the prevalence is found to be nil. The sero-prevalence of peste des petits virus (54.93%) and bluetongue (77.9%) has been detected for the first time. The high prevalence of PPR and BT in goats is considered to be an alarming situation. The island has become presently free from goat and bovine brucellosis, goat and bovine tuberculosis. However, there is alarming situation of emergence of few bovine and goat viral and bacterial diseases of FMD, PPR BT, orf and leptospirosis. Considering the changing climatic condition and to improve the health and productivity of the livestock and poultry a strict surveillance, and regular monitoring of the important diseases of livestock and poultry required to be carried out.
... Recent increases in human settlement in the islands, and corresponding livestock populations, modernization of animal husbandry practices, intensification of construction practices, and an increased annual influx of tourists puts the island ecosystem at risk of various disease outbreaks ( [50], https:// www. and. ...
Background
The detection of multiple bluetongue virus serotypes, increasing trend in livestock density, rich biological diversity with high endemism, and the status of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a popular tourist destination underscore the need for a faunistic survey of medically and veterinary significant vector species, specifically Culicoides, in this region. Moreover, scattered information on Indian Culicoides species complicates the planning and implementation of preventive measures for pathogens transmitted by these vectors. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive account of the Culicoides fauna in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, along with an updated checklist of Indian Culicoides species and their state-wise distribution.
Methods
Surveys were conducted across various habitats in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in September 2022 and 2023. Midges were collected using CDC light traps, light sheets, Malaise traps, and manual collection from exposed body parts of the author and volunteers (biting collection). Identification was carried out using relevant taxonomic keys and original descriptions. Additionally, an updated checklist of Indian Culicoides, based on published and grey literature from 1910 to the present, is provided, with an emphasis on their potential role in pathogen transmission.
Results
A total of 3529 adult Culicoides were trapped during the survey, representing 5 subgenera and 3 unplaced species groups. The study recorded 23 Culicoides species, including 13 new species records for India: C. barnetti, C. gouldi, C. flaviscutellaris, C. flavipunctatus, C. hui, C. histrio, C. guttifer, C. perornatus, C. okinawensis, C. quatei, C. obscurus, C. coronalis, and C. kusaiensis.
Conclusions
The Indian Culicoides fauna now includes 93 valid species, with many of them recognized as confirmed or potential vectors of important pathogens of animal health. The enriched species composition highlights the importance of systematic surveys in this island ecosystem and the need to determine the role of midges, if any, in pathogen transmission.
Graphical Abstract
... Serogroup Grippotyphosa is considered one of the most common serogroups infecting human beings. The high seroprevalence of Grippotyhosa from cattle and goat in the present studies is alarming as the livestock acts as a carrier of Leptospira and sheds organism and contaminate the environment (Jeyakumar et al., 2002;Sunder et al., 2005). Sharma and co-workers also reported high sero-prevalance of leptospirosis in cattle (34%) and goats (29%) (Sharma et al., 2006). ...
Background: Leptospirosis is one of the important zoonotic diseases prevailing in most tropical countries worldwide. The disease is endemic in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India and affects humans and animals. Due to its zoonotic importance, continuous monitoring and surveillance are important. The present work was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and distribution of different serovars with respect to different ecoregions in cattle and goats. Methods: A total of 100 samples each from cattle and buffalo were tested by using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a panel of 12 serogroups as antigens. Samples showing a titer of more than 1:40 were considered positive. Result: Leptospirosis is one of the important zoonotic diseases with high endemicity reported from the A and N islands. The present study reports the prevalence of multiple serovars in cattle and goats, however, there have not many changes in terms of the prevalence of serovars is concerned. Regular monitoring and surveillance of livestock are very much important and necessary to study the disease prevalence scenario in changing climatic conditions in these islands.
... Higher seroprevalence rate in cattle (38.16%) concurred with the findings of earlier workers [9,11,42]. Seroprevalence of IBR in cattle has been reported from other Indian states too [19,23,25,28,39,44]. The prevalence rate reported by these workers varied between less than five per cent to more than 80%. ...
... Recently, increased brucellosis sero-prevalence in large and small ruminants and humans has graded India as geographical hotspot for brucellosis (Grace et al. 2012). Few reported swine brucellosis studies were based on purposive sampling or limited samples tested in a particular geographical region/farms suspected for brucellosis using various serological tests at different time points (Saini et al. 1994;Thoppil 2000;Jai Sunder et al. 2005;Nath et al. 2009;Jindal et al. 2017). All these reports have failed to provide swine brucellosis scenario at a PAN India level. ...
Brucellosis in swine is a contagious disease with greater zoonotic potential caused by Brucella suis. The study describes PAN India swine brucellosis sero-prevalence in 5431 stratified random serum samples collected during 2018–2019 from 26 out of 29 states and two out of seven union territories. The serum samples were tested for anti-Brucella antibodies by indirect ELISA and overall, 4.33% apparent prevalence (AP) was recorded. The AP is ≥ 10% in five states among 26 states, P ≥ 50% in four districts out of 117 districts screened and cent percent prevalence in two epi units out of 264 sampled. Significantly high seropositivity (p < 0.05) in male (6.08%) than female pigs (3.46%) and in ≥ 24-month-old pigs indicated older and male pigs as potential carriers of the disease. The study recorded endemicity of the swine brucellosis in few regions of India requiring periodical surveillance for control of the disease. Brucella testing of boars before breeding and awareness among farmers and veterinarians will aid in reduction of disease burden in the absence of vaccination policy.
Leptospira spp. infection in small ruminants is usually asymptomatic or presents nonspecific clinical signs and has an economic impact on goat farming and public health. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review with meta-analysis on the global seroprevalence and distribution of leptospirosis in goats. The methodology was based on the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and the review project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO—ID: CRD42023405693). Overall, 79 articles were included in the study. The global prevalence of leptospirosis in goats was 18.6% (CI 95% = 15.08–22.71%), with no publication bias and high heterogeneity. The records originated from South America (n = 32), Asia (n = 26), Europe (n = 8), North America (n = 7), and Africa (n = 6), and seropositivities were 17%, 19%, 12%, 34%, and 22%, respectively. It is concluded that Leptospira spp. infection is widespread in goat herds, including regions with semi-arid and arid climates, and it is suggested that the prospects for controlling the disease should focus on avoiding environmental contamination and improving management measures and sanitary practices. This important information provides guidance for actions to protect against human contamination and to control animal leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease affecting livestock, leading to reproductive issues and economic losses. Despite its endemic status in India, research has predominantly focused on coastal regions, leaving the North Eastern Region (NER) underexplored. This study aims to investigate the seroprevalence and serogroup distribution of leptospirosis in livestock across Assam, a major state in the North Eastern Region (NER) of India. Serum samples (n=811) from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs were collected between 2016 and 2019 and screened using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for 24 serogroups. The overall seroprevalence was 22.9% (186/811), with cattle (26.2%) and buffalo (25%) Pigs (18.6%) and small ruminants, (19.8%) showing the highest rates. Notably, uncommon serovars such as Mini (28.8%), Manhao (12.4%), and Cynopteri (7.5%) were identified, indicating a unique epidemiological pattern in Assam. High seroprevalence was observed in districts like Bongaigaon (66.7%), Kamrup Metropolitan (50.0%), and Nalbari (40.0%), emphasizing the need for targeted intervention strategies. The presence of these uncommon serogroups, typically found in other regions, suggests potential transboundary transmission from nearby countries. This study provides valuable insights into the seroprevalence and serogroup distribution of leptospirosis in Assam's livestock, highlighting the need for region-specific surveillance and control measures. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the local epidemiological landscape to develop effective disease management and prevention strategies, ultimately reducing the impact of leptospirosis in the NER.
Leptosprosis, a zoonotic disease has gained importance both in man and animals and is considered as emerging disease. The disease is a worldwide problem in dairy cattle on account of abortion, still birth, infertility and decreased milk production (Theirman, 1984). Further these domestic animals along-with pets and rodents act as carriers of leptospires. Preliminary report on occurrence of leptospirosis in cattle in India was documented by Adinarayanan et al. (1960). Prevalence of leptospirosis from various parts of India has been reported by Rajashekar and Nanijah (1971); Verma (1982) and Venkataramanan et al. (1991). In animals generally diseases are in -apparent state and go undiagnosed. The present sero surveillance was carried out in the islands extending from Diglipur in North Andaman to Campbell bay in southern group of islands for preparing a disease map and devising preventive mesures.