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Abstract
Background & Study Aim: Thai boxing, or muay thai, originates from southern Asia (not only from Thailand, but also from Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia). It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during hand-to-hand fighting warriors used Kaad Chuek [wrappings around hand and forearm] which were hardened and studded with gravel to cause the greatest damage possible. The overall objective of the research is knowledge about injuries and overloads typical for sportsmen who train thai boxing as well as about treatment methods and effects. Material & Methods: The study included 50 athletes training thai boxing aged 16 to 26 years (average age 21.9, ±3.1). Training experience amounted to 4.4 ±2.8 years in the case of more experienced athletes; 1.3 years ±0.4 in the case of less experienced ones. They trained on average 4 times a week. The largest group consisted of athletes with secondary education (40%), whereas competitors with higher education constituted 30%. Injuries and overloads in thai boxing were evaluated with the use of anonymous questionnaire developed by Bolach et al. (2008). Each examined person could give any number of answers to individual questions (criteria: number and location of injuries on the body, the type of treatment, biological regeneration, etc.). Results: The injuries most often affected lower extremities (knee joints, ankles, tights, shins), head and shoulders. In contrast, overloads affected knee joints and spine. Injuries and overloads more frequently occurred during trainings than during competitions. They occurred in more experienced athletes more often. Treatment of injuries was more effective (83%) than the one of overloads (74%). Injuries were most often treated pharmacologically and conservatively. The majority of competitors used biological regeneration. The most common was sports massage, sauna and cryotherapy. Conclusions: Many athletes continued to train or even participated in competitions without uncured sports injury (injury or overload). Coaches should educate players that the overarching mission of sport is to enhance health. Unfortunately, the media pressure for success in all human activities possible distorts the mission of sport. Thus, there is a growing interest in neo-gladiator fights.
... It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during hand-to-hand fighting warriors used kaad chuek (wrappings around hand and forearm) which were hardened and studded with gravel to cause the greatest damage possible martial art originally from Thailand characterized by the combined use of fists, elbows, knees, shins and feet [26]. ...
... In our opinion, these findings contribute important information enhancing the knowledge about improving effort safety [29] not only people practicing muay tai, but also combat sports involving mutual hitting the athletes [27]. Bolach et al. [26] emphasize that muay thai is a very offensive combat sport based on strikes made with maximum force and during nearly continuous attack. Many of muay tai athletes participated in training or competitions with untreated injury (57%) or overload (90%). ...
Background and Study Aim: It was observed that the increase in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) is associated with the size of the recruited muscle mass due to increased peripheral vascular resistance. However, some studies which analyzed this issue did not show any effect. The aim of the study was knowledge about the systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and heart rate between two types of muay thai strikes (sequences of punches and kicks with sequences of kicks and punches). Material and Methods: Thirteen men, muay thai experienced practitioners, with 30.08 ±2.36 years, made two visits with 48-hour interval between them, the first with alternating punches and kicks (PPK) and the second being kicked and then punched (PKP). Measurements were made of BP and HR at rest and after warming up and interventions. Results: A significant difference in relation to changes in SBP, only PPK compared to rest at p<0.05. There was not significant difference between HR and the PPK as well as between PKP with the respective values at rest and warm up. Conclusion: The results obtained in the sample, the punch sequence and kick, and kick and punch, alter the responses of HR, but not similarly alter the BP. However, an increase in systolic post punch and kick with respect to rest. This result may suggest care in practicing these techniques when performed by people with heart disease and the need of recovery intervals for any practitioner. Thus, further studies are recommended to women and other martial arts to verify the results found here.
... It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during hand-to-hand fighting warriors used kaad chuek (wrappings around hand and fore-arm) which were hardened and studded with gravel to cause the greatest damage possible martial art originally from Thailand characterized by the combined use of fists, elbows, knees, shins and feet [55]. ...
Background and Study Aim: Even today, sport is essential in human development, so it is necessary to constantly remind ourselves of this fact and use it to educate children and young people. Martial arts and combat sports are recognized worldwide for their educational aspect and the moral values they instil, as their principles serve as inputs for quality educational systems in numerous countries. This study aims is knowledge about the effects of the implemented combat sport K-1 academic module on the change of attitudes and the quality of knowledge of male and female first-year students.
Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of (n = 43) male and (n = 7) female students of the first year of the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education of the University of Sarajevo, attending theoretical and practical classes of the K-1 module during 2019/2020 academic year. The sample of variables for assessing attitudes towards combat sports consists of (n = 22) statements rated on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. The initial and final grades of male and female students were compared, and the results of the students’ evaluation of the work of the K-1 module leader were analysed.
Results: Statistically significant changes (p˂0.05) in the attitudes of male students in the final measurement occurred in 17 variables, while in female students such a change occurred in 7 variables. The research thus confirmed that the K-1 academic course has a lot of positive effects on both male and female students, which is reflected in the change of their opinions, high grades given to teachers for their work, as well as in the increase in students’ achievements expressed through grades from the academic course.
Conclusions: The martial arts and combat sports are more and better observed through an educational prism, and it is advisable to integrate the educational values of martial arts and combat sports into the educational system, being the practice in many advanced and organized societies in the world which lead the way toward well-being, quality and moral prosperity.
... It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during hand-to-hand fighting warriors used kaad chuek (wrappings around hand and fore-arm) which were hardened and studded with gravel to cause the greatest damage possible martial art originally from Thailand characterized by the combined use of fists, elbows, knees, shins and feet [59]. ...
Background and Study Aim: Despite the well-known efficiency of the boxing art, research focused on the effectiveness of boxing skills used in other full-contact combat sports remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed is knowledge about the effectiveness of boxing skills in other full-contact combat sports.
Material and Methods: The critical analyse was based on qualified 57 articles. The search was performed in the databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using a Boolean operator through specific combinations of keywords. Narrative review using the following approach was performed: i) characterizing the technical-tactical basics of boxing skills in attack, counterattack (as a specific form of defence), and defence (other way of defence than by counterattack); ii) reporting their use (“how?”, “why?”, “when?”) according to the characteristics and rules of combat sports other than Western boxing; iii) characterizing the conditional, coordinative, and psychological capabilities adequate to maintain the technical-tactical performance of boxing throughout the combat.
Results: Combinations of technical and tactical preparation of boxers with various elements of the impact of training on their organism are emphasized: coordination, synchronization of segmental and spatio-temporal movements; adjusted physical efforts (especially high-intensity intermittent); cognitive and ecological dynamics, such as perception, concentration, anticipation, timing, opportunities seizing, adequate and automated resources, adaptation or creativity. The potential of boxing skills is extended to other compatible combat sports.
Conclusions: Traditional/classic boxing skills are efficient method of attack/counterattack and defence in full-contact combat sports, being the blows (i.e., fist strikes) that most contribute to the outcomes of the fights by knockout. Additionally, boxing skills support the performance of other combat skills (e.g., controlling distances, establishing fluid and powerful combinations, preparing kicks, knee strikes or takedowns in an unpredictable and fast way, facilitating anticipated or simultaneous counterattacks). This study offers relevant references to improve the intervention of coaches and consequently optimize and maximize the performance of fighters, as well as an interesting framework for future research.
... It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during hand-to-hand fighting warriors used kaad chuek (wrappings around hand and fore-arm) which were hardened and studded with gravel to cause the greatest damage possible martial art originally from Thailand characterized by the combined use of fists, elbows, knees, shins and feet [99]. ...
In sports, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected variables such as training, recovery or athletes’ sleep quality, uncertainty about the future generating distress and anxiety in athletes. There are two cognitive purpose of the current study: knowledge about the subjectively experienced stress in martial arts athletes from selected Europe Union countries during the 4th wave of the pandemic; and knowledge of the likely of using coping strategies, and if so, with what frequency.
Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty-one competitive martial arts athletes from Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain were investigated (female n = 129, male n = 212). The athletes represented
(according to division of the combat sports under forms of the direct confrontation): workings of weapons (fencing); hits (boxing, karate, kickboxing, Muay Thai, taekwondo); throws and grips of immobilisation of opponent’s body (Brazilian jiu-jitsu, freestyle wrestling, judo) were investigated. In this paper we analyse workings of weapons and hits as conventional “striking combat sports” SCS (in consequence FSCS or MSCS – for female and male respectively), while throws and grips of immobilization of opponent’s body as “grappling combat sports” GCS (FGCS and MGCS respectively). The Perception of Stress Questionnaire was used to measure intrapsychic stress, external stress and emotional tension in athletes, while through
the Brief COPE questionnaire the frequency of use of 14 coping strategies was examined. Results: The highest intrapsychic stress levels, during the 4th wave of the pandemic, were registered by Slovak athletes, external stress was the highest among Italian martial arts athletes, while the highest emotional tension levels were reported by Latvian athletes. The lowest values were observed in Lithuanian martial arts athletes, in all three stress dimensions. Also, martial arts athletes who have tested positive for COVID-19 reported significantly higher levels of stress and used (during the 4th wave) more frequent denial, behavioural disengagement and less frequent positive reframing (as coping strategies). Gender and type of sport-dependent strategies to deal with stress were discussed: FSCS group used less frequently emotion-focused coping strategies than male athletes from both MSCS and MGCS (apparently a surprising result), and with a higher frequency dysfunctional coping strategies. No important differences were found between the four investigated groups of athletes MGCS, MSCS, FGCS and FSCS) with respect to
the problem-focused coping strategies. Conclusions: Martial arts (combat sports) athletes who have tested positive for COVID-19 reported significantly higher levels of intrapsychic stress, emotional tension and external stress, compared to athletes which reported that they have not suffered from COVID-19. Denial and behavioural disengagement (as dysfunctional coping strategies) were more frequent among athletes which reported that they were sick with COVID-19, while positive reframing was significantly less used. The research can be of interest for martial arts athletes, coaches, parents and sports psychologists seeking to promote the most effective strategies to deal with negative stress, if the pandemic will have long-term consequences for athletes’ mental health and well-being.
... The main causes of injuries are believed to be as follows: overtraining, excessive overload of bone and muscle system, insufficient preparation of an athlete for competitions in technical terms, ambition of a competitor and coach to take part in competition regardless of health, e.g. due to unresolved injury, material, technical or organisational deficiencies, doping agents, dissimulation, methodical deficiencies [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
Background & Study Aim: In combat sports (martial arts), numerous competitors with short training experience are injured relatively
quickly. Such injuries, improperly treated or not treated, turn into a persistent, chronic conditions. The goal of
this study was the knowledge about on prevention and treatment methods for martial arts practitioners.
Material & Methods: The study enrolled 101 martial arts practitioners aged 15-16; 51 of which were female and 50 of which were
male. The study was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of 22 questions that was drawn up specifically to meet its goals.
Results: The most of respondents (43 sufficient, 36 good, 13 very good) assess their current state of knowledge about
prevention. The largest group of individuals was composed of those that employ both warm-up and stretching in their training units. Many respondents sustained injuries during their career (n = 90 and 11 declared
“no”), the most common: soft tissue bruises 39.8%; joint sprain (ankle, elbow, etc.) 26%; joint sprain (ankle,
elbow, etc.)10.4% and below ten percent: complete or partial tear of ligaments and tendons 8.2%; bone fracture 7.3%; head injury 5.2%; spine injury 3.1%.
Conclusions: The majority of individuals who start training combat sports are not aware of the risk associated with them.
The majority of individuals who start training combat sports are not aware of the risk associated with them.
Despite very good access to information about prevention and how to avoid injury, 90% of the respondents
sustained an injury while training. This proves that preventive measures are insufficient.
... These include knee, spine, finger and toe injuries. Knee injuries in this discipline are also pointed out by Rukasz and Sterkowicz [15][16][17][18][19]. Similar conclusions have been drawn by authors comparing various disciplines, including judo [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
Background and Study Aim: Combat sports are characterised by a high dynamics of activities. One of the unwanted elements of the training process are injuries. The aim of this study was the knowledge about the body type of persons practising
judo in accordance with Wanke’s typology and to specify injuries that are characteristic of individual body
types of athletes.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted on a group of men being members of the Junior Polish National Team. They included 29 athletes aged 17-19 years, representing various weight categories at judo competitions. The minimum
experience of the subjects was 5 years. Another qualifying criterion was a medal at the Polish Junior, Youth or
Senior Championships. Anthropometric measurements were carried out for the purpose of determining the
somatic build. In the course of research a typical set of anthropometric instruments was used and Martin’s
measuring technique was applied. The athletes examined were classified into particular somatic types using
Wanke’s typology.
Results: Judo athletes in the 90-100 kg category were characterised by high values of pelvic width and chest depth.
Athletes in the 81-90 kg category were characterised by wide shoulders. In the group examined there was
a high percentage of knee, finger and toe injuries.
Conclusions: With regard to somatotypes a general tendency was observed, consisting in the body type becoming stronger, as the weight categories go up, i.e. an increase in the “H” component and a definite decrease in the “I”
component. The most frequent injuries suffered by the athletes examined were injuries of the knee, spine,
fingers and toes, regardless of their body type. It may be concluded that it is the nature of sport combat that
generates the prevalence of given injuries in judo.
... Consequently, a player is periodically or completely removed from further football trainings. Mechanical energy is the reason for most sports injuries [11,12]. Joint sprains with partial or total ligament rupture are some of the most common injuries on a football field. ...
Background and Study Aim: Football is one of sports that causes most injuries throughout the world. The reasons vary, because competition
in football very often becomes fierce. The objective of the study was answer the questions which injuries are
most frequently sustained by female and male football players, circumstances in which injuries are sustained,
how an injury and long recovery time may affect sports career, health and life outside of the football field.
Material and Methods: The study enrolled randomly selected 114 individuals, including 76 females and 38 males from 6 voivodeships who participated in the second league matches in 2016/2017. The average age of the respondents
was 26, with the youngest male player being 17 and the oldest female player being 41. A questionnaire was
developed for the purposes of the study.
Results: The study revealed that most common injuries in football setting were joint sprains, bone fractures and muscle
problems. Lower extremities were usually more prone to sports injury, which affected nearly all football players from the field. Injuries were sustained primarily during the season at matches. Treatment of complete tear
of ligaments and Achilles tendon lasted for the longest time. Recovery to regain full fitness from before the
injury is a long and arduous rehabilitation process for everyone. Support from the loved ones is very important in this time. Brutality is the most common cause of injuries. A decision to end football career was mostly
taken due to fear of one’s life, mental injury, reaction of loved ones and medical opinion. Most of the injured
were removed from the team by the coach.
Conclusions: In summary, every injury sustained by an athlete affects their mental status to a lesser or greater extent.
It depends on the personality and approach of the injured ones, how and when they will cope with it and
come back to physical activity. The coach and coach’s attitude should be one of the main factors playing
role in player’s return to sport.
... O Muay Thai, também conhecido por Boxe Tailandês (Delp, 2012;Bolach, Witkowski, Zerzut & Bolach, 2015;Vitale, Bassani, Galbusera, Bianchi & Martinelli, 2018), teve um rápido crescimento mundial nas três últimas décadas (Müller Júnior, Sonoda-Nunes & Capraro, 2020). Segundo Gartland, Malik e Lovell (2001) (Wmc, 2019). ...
O presente estudo objetiva descrever, a partir das narrativas de mestres pioneiros, como estes se organizaram para regulamentar a modalidade no Brasil. Para tanto, as seguintes questões foram elaboradas: Como foi o processo de criação e desenvolvimento das primeiras associações e federações para regulamentar a modalidade no país? Após o surgimento destas entidades regulamentadoras, o que foi feito para melhorar o nível técnico dos atletas e mestres brasileiros? Na tentativa de responder a tais questionamentos recorreu-se à história oral híbrida como metodologia. Foi possível concluir que o processo de institucionalização iniciou em 1983, em parceria com a Confederação Brasileira de Pugilismo. Logo em seguida, foram criadas as primeiras federações estaduais. O Boxe Tailandês (Muay Thai) foi reconhecido como modalidade esportiva pelo Conselho Nacional de Desporto em 1988, após passar por uma reestruturação. A partir da institucionalização foi possível realizar seminários internacionais e intercâmbios para a modalidade se aproximar do que é praticado na Tailândia e em outros países. Iniciativa plena de sucesso, tanto que o Brasil figura na atualidade entre os cinco melhores países do mundo, com campeões mundiais em diferentes categorias. / The present study aims to describe, from the narratives of pioneer masters, how they organized themselves to regulate the sport in Brazil. Therefore, the following questions were
elaborated: How was the process of creating and developing the first associations and federations to regulate the sport in the country? After the appearance of these regulatory entities, what was done to improve the technical level of Brazilian athletes and masters? In an
attempt to answer such questions, hybrid oral history was used as a methodology. It was possible to conclude that the institutionalization process started in 1983, in partnership with the Brazilian Confederation of Boxing. Soon after, the first state federations were created. Thai Boxing (Muay Thai) was recognized as a sport by the National Sports Council in 1988, after undergoing a restructuring. After institutionalization, it was possible to hold international seminars and exchanges for the sport to get closer to what is practiced in
Thailand and other countries. Successful initiative, so much so that Brazil currently ranks among the top five countries in the world, with world champions in different categories. / El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir, a partir de las narrativas de maestros
pioneros, cómo se organizaron para regular el deporte en Brasil. Por ello, se elaboraron las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo fue el proceso de creación y desarrollo de las primeras asociaciones y federaciones para regular el deporte en el país? Después de la aparición de
estas entidades reguladoras, ¿qué se hizo para mejorar el nivel técnico de los atletas y maestros brasileños? En un intento de responder a tales preguntas, se utilizó como metodología la historia oral híbrida. Se pudo concluir que el proceso de institucionalización se
inició en 1983, en alianza con la Confederación Brasileña de Boxeo. Poco después, se crearon las primeras federaciones estatales. El boxeo tailandés (muay thai) fue reconocido como deporte por el Consejo Nacional de Deportes en 1988, luego de someterse a una
reestructuración. Tras la institucionalización, fue posible realizar seminarios e intercambios internacionales por el deporte para acercarse a lo que se practica en Tailandia y otros países. Iniciativa exitosa, tanto que Brasil se ubica actualmente entre los cinco primeros países del mundo, con campeones mundiales en diferentes categorías.
... There were no intra-group differences for SBP under WE group. Considering the of WE combat, a high level of vasoconstriction caused by isometric muscle action may provide a significant increase in SBP [29]. However, the results of this study do not corroborate this assumption; therefore, there was no significant difference in SBP and DBP among WE MT athletes, respectively. ...
Background & Study Aim: Despite the large number of competitive activities, the combat sports has been presenting a large growing in several countries. One these modalities is the Muay Thai (MT) and wrestling (WE). MT and WE are characterized as intermittent combat modalities, performing maximal and submaximal strikes and grappling techniques. The purpose of this study is knowledge about the hemodynamic indicators as organisms as the body's response post combats between MT and WE professional athletes.
Material & Methods: This study was composed by 20 subjects (10 male athletes of MT; 10 male athletes of WE) in preseason with 28.06 ±6.43 years of age. The combat sessions were initiated after five-minute interval post warm up session. Each pair of athletes (i.e., MT and WE) performed a high intensity round with the duration of five minutes. The coaches instructed the athletes to implement as many strikes or attacks as possible. The blood pressure (BP) and HR was measured 15 seconds (Post), and 10 (P10), 20 (P20), 30 (P30) 40 (P40), 50 (P50) and 60 minutes (P60) post combat.
Results: Significant main effects for group was noted for systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.0001). Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed higher SBP was found significant (p = 0.009) under MT versus WE group only at 10-minute post combat time point. Considering the MT intra-group differences, the SBP significantly increased compared to resting value at 30-minute (p = 0.012) time point and reduced at 40-minute (p = 0.005), 50 minute (p = 0.001), 60 minue (p = 0.004) time points versus rest value. There were no intra-group differences for SBP under WE group. Additionally, there was no difference intra and inter groups for diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that MT presented greater SBP and RRP than WE athletes after a high intensity round. Therefore, these results indicated that major combat mode performed by athlete provide specific hemodynamic adaptations and responses post combat and these measures can be implemented to monitoring the state of the athletes organism during training programs.
... This perspective becomes even more true and brought into light by researchers, as young participants seem to become more interested in fighting and increasingly involved in even harder types of martial arts (e.g., Thai boxing, mixed martial arts) [7,8]. Perfect example may be seen in Thailand, where even children between five and nine take part in Thai boxing and later start professional fights when they are between 12-14 years old [22,23]. ...
Background & Study Aim: Martial arts involvement among children and adolescents has been described in many controversial terms. The study of the effects of martial arts training on youth show lot of contrasting images. While some refer to enhanced personal and social opportunities for those that participate in martial arts, others warn against increased levels of aggressive¬ness and antisocial behaviour among its participants after trainings. The aim of this study are the psychological and social effects of martial arts training of children and youth in the evaluation of coaches and parents or caregivers.
Material & Methods: The research was conducted on group of 47 sensei (coaches) and 137 parents or caregivers of children training ka¬rate. Among sensei group there was a division due to the size of the club: small up to 200 members (53%) and large from 200 members including (47%). Research tool was the original questionnaire survey consisting of two part: A Survey for Sensei (coaches) and Survey B for parents or caregivers of children who regularly train karate.
Results: More than half of respondents do not notice problems with self-discipline and concentration (57%). In addition, the size of the clubs do not differentiate substantially this opinion. The majority of respondents noticed significant changes in behaviour of children (72%). The size of the club influences this phenomenon. Much more often, chang¬es in children are declared by the sensei of big resorts (86%). The study revealed that the parents or caregivers of girls pointed out most frequently (33%) self-defence as the item, which they associate the concept of martial arts. Among parents or caregivers of male training groups martial arts are associated with individual development (46%).
Conclusions: The participation of children in karate training has a positive effect on their behaviour, regardless of gender. Positive exposure on behaviour of karate training groups is more clearly visible in large clubs (more than 200 members). The most common reasons for taking karate training is to develop character and positive impact of physical activi¬ty on training groups’ development therefore karate like other martial arts should be recommended as optimal form of health-related training for children and youth or part of PE.
... Most athletes practising combat sports on a professional basis have contracted a bodily injury at least once during their career [10][11][12][13][14]. However, the issue also concerns representatives of other disciplines. ...
Background & Study Aim: High physical fitness requirements towards judokas, as well as the combat specificity may foster bodily injuries. The research objective was to identify the spinal joints, hip joints and shoulder joints mobility in relation to bodily injuries sustained by men practising judo (as professional or amateur sportsmen).
Material & Methods. Forty one men practising judo divided into two groups according to the level of sport advancement were considered for participation in this study. Group 1 (G1 – the study group) were 15 professional sportsmen. Group 2 (G2 – the control group) were recreational, amateur sportsmen (n = 26). The research tool consisted of a series of functional tests: (the Dega wall test, Thomas test, Thomayer test and Zipper – Back Scratch Test), as well as a custom survey on training methods, the number, type and circumstances of contracted injuries, as well as their treatment methods.
Results: Iliopsoas contracture was observed in 14 judokas (93%) in G1 and 15 judokas (58%) in G2. Thirteen practitioners in G1 and 11 in G2 scored negative in the Dega test, compared to 14 judokas in G1 and 7 judokas in G2 scored negative in the Back Scratch Test. Significant asymmetry was also observed in both groups: the discrepancy between the left and the right side amounted to p = 0.002 for G1 and p<0.001 for G2. A notably higher number of bodily injuries (p = 0.022) was noted among professional judo athletes.
Conclusions: The degree of functional limitations may be the effect, yet also the cause of bodily injuries. The majority of professional practitioners had limited joint flexibility (which may increase the risk of injury to this body part). This demonstrates an insufficient amount of stretching exercises during training.
Hand-to-hand combat based on a set of techniques is a universal mean of the system of professional activity of law enforcement officers and the Armed Forces, and is a separate sport. Techniques of hand-to-hand combat are performed against the opponent with weaponsand without. In the conditions of the socio-political situation in Ukraine, the formation of hand-to-hand combat skills among the population requires special attention. The purpose of the study is to analyze the native and foreign experience of scientificresearch on hand-to-hand combat, with the aim of outlining promising directions for its development among other types of martial arts. Research methods: method of analysis of scientific and methodical literature, systematization, generalization. Research results. The modern scientific field of knowledge on the theoretical foundations of hand-to-hand combat separates several main directions, among which are the system of training employees of security forces to perform their professional duties, the system of training athletes in hand-to-hand combat as a sport, and fragmentary studies on the use of hand-to-hand combat tools in the system of physical education of the children of school age. The current state of theoretical studies of hand-to-hand combat for school-aged children encourages a more detailed study of it.
Muay Thai fighting has been embedded in traditional Thai sport for generations. However, little is known about the lives of these nak muay Thai (muay Thai fighters). This chapter discusses the study with nak muay Thai using qualitative methods to gain a deep understanding about the lives of these individuals living in different regions of Thailand. The photovoice method was conducted with 43 trained nak muay in combination with an in-depth interviewing method. Most entered the world of nak muay Thai when they were very young, for some, when they were about seven years of age. Their lifestyles are noticebly different from other people of the same age. They spend most of their time practicing this martial art in a campsite. There, they have to rigidly follow strict rules, regulations, and training programs. Personal interest and poverty are prominent reasons of becoming a muay Thai fighter. Being a muay Thai fighter can provide them with proper career and regular income which greatly increase their social inclusion in Thai society and quality of life. They become well-known personalities and are recognized by people in Thai society. Society expects and acknowledges them as good role models for the youth in Thai society. Due to their social participation, their social status also increases.
The term “agonology in preventive and therapeutic dimension” is an abbreviation informating for application of science about struggle (agonology) in preventive and therapeutic dimension. Its rational use is limited by widespread lack of knowledge about this science. Preventive and therapeutic value of agonology primarily relates to i.a. to micro scale (an individual or a small group). This formula of agonology is typically applied in upper-medium scale to the victory of Mahatma Gandhi over the British Empire who masterfully used the non-violence (method to struggle without violence). It does not matter that the term “agonology in preventive and therapeutic dimension” historically emerged later than non-violence. Agonology is an interdisciplinary science which is still evolving and since 1991 its preventive and therapeutic dimension has been developing. Agonology analyses the effectiveness of methods incorporated into a defensive fight and formulates practical rules which do not tolerate any form of retaliation for physical or verbal aggression, or combination thereof that goes beyond necessary counteractive methods and measures which fall within the criteria of self-defence. As the most effective counteractive measure of even the most violent verbal aggression, agonology in preventive and therapeutic dimension recommends the method established by Buddha Sakyamuni. If it is assumed that peace is the greatest global welfare, then armed fights (wherever they take place) based on mutual destruction would inevitably lead to total destruction. This is just a matter of time. If it is believed that science is the second greatest global welfare, ignoring the preventive and therapeutic features of agonology will only accelerate this process.
There is limited knowledge on epidemiological injury data in judo.
To systematically review scientific literature on the frequency and characteristics of injuries in judo.
The available literature up to June 2013 was searched for prospective as well as retrospective studies on injuries in judo. Data extraction and presentation focused on the incidence rate, injury risk, types, location and causes of injuries.
During the Olympic Games in 2008 and 2012, an average injury risk of about 11-12% has been observed. Sprains, strains and contusions, usually of the knee, shoulder and fingers, were the most frequently reported injuries, whereas being thrown was the most common injury mechanism. Severe injuries were quite rare and usually affected the brain and spine, whereas chronic injuries typically affected the finger joints, lower back and ears. The most common types of injuries in young judo athletes were contusions/abrasions, fractures and sprains/strains. Sex-differences data on judo injuries were mostly inconsistent. Some studies suggested a relationship between nutrition, hydration and/or weight cycling and judo injuries. Also, psychological factors may increase the risk of judo injuries.
The present review provides the latest knowledge on the frequency and characteristics of injuries in judo. Comprehensive knowledge about the risk of injury during sport activity and related risk factors represents an essential basis to develop effective strategies for injury prevention. Thus, the introduction of an ongoing injury surveillance system in judo is of utmost importance.
Background: Loss of balance, fall and collision with the ground or vertical obstacle can be the cause of personal injury and even death. The aim of this study is veri. cation the following hypothesis: if methodical and educational standards are met, gender, age, and body build are not factors limiting the effectiveness of learning safe falling. Material/Methods: The researches covered 688 people between 19 and 55 year old, who made four different in structure (but not in content) programs of combat sports propaedeutics - basic of judo (CSP-BJ). It used a specific test of making safe falls. Results: The structure of the CSP-BJ had no influence on the educational effects. At average similar safe falling motor competence level, the oldest students follow activities the most slowly. Weak but statistically significant correlation is between age and a test of making safe falls and between Rohrer index and the test result only in a group of students where was the greatest diversity of age (spread 32 years). Conclusions: Empirical data authorize to the general conclusion that verified the hypothesis is true. Monitoring the phenomenon in so-called virtual research group can accelerate implementation of a system of universal teaching of safe falls and increase the effectiveness of prevention of physical injury in a macro scale.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the origin of Jigoro Kano's concept regarding Judo's techniques performed from a distance, and to indicate its actualization by Kenji Tomiki, through primary historical materials. Kano mentions that judo techniques also include atemi, the striking and kicking techniques that are prohibited in "sport randori". Therefore, the style of competitive judo which is now an Olympic sport is only one part of judo. Kano was concerned with the future of judo due to the deterioration of randori and its becoming stiff. He wanted to combine judo's close range techniques with techniques performed from a distance in order to create the ideal judo. Jiro Nango, the second president of the Kodokan, assembled high-ranking judoka at the Kodokan for a lecture about the relationship between judo and aiki-budo by Kenji Tomiki. In summer of 1941, a committee for studying "techniques performed while keeping distance in Judo" was established at the Kodokan. In 1942, Tomiki published an article entitled The Systematic Study of Techniques While Maintaining Distance in Judo: The Principles of Judo and the Techniques of Aiki-budo. Tomiki successfully integrated randori and atemi into one theory using the fundamental laws of judo. That was an improvement that Kano did not bring about. In particular, Sen and Metsuke are very important principles in kendo, swordsmanship as well as aiki-budo.
The purpose of the present work is to review the key research methods as well as the existing knowledge of biomechanics on human motor safety when during a fall. The second goal of the paper is a biomechanical analysis of falls performed in a rotational motion on the ground, by reference of the movement of a man to a car wheel rolling. The analysis leads to the conclusion that during such a fall the energy of the body deformation per volume unit of the body parts touching the ground can be reduced by minimizing the time of the body contact with the surface and by increasing the area of body parts in contact with the surface. Decreasing the time of the body contact with the surface can be achieved by increasing, to some extent, the velocity of the body rolling. A factor increasing the contact surfaces can be extending a radius of the circle on which the fall continues. This can also decrease the rolling resistance strength, which is responsible for non-elastic body deformation. The knowledge of biomechanics contained in this paper proves the correctness of the statement, that “suffering an injury” does not necessarily mean to be an unavoidable consequence of a fall. Body injuries can be weakened through a proper technique of falling, applied in particular physical conditions generating a fall. In the majority of cases the contemporary educational systems do not see properly the necessity of teaching safe falls. Taking adequate preference actions in this area would reduce significantly fatal accidents and serious injuries to a body caused by falls, especially of elderly people and professionals who are frequently exposed to falls.
Judo's founder, Jigoro Kano, stated by the end of his life that in the future judo should integrate the principles of kendo (Japanese swordsmanship). He also often mentioned that his vision of ideal judo was present in the extremely fluid randori sparring practices that took place during the early years of judo. These statements will be unexpected for most modern judo practitioners, who practice a competitive judo as a sport and are largely unaware of Kano's desire to make judo into a practical martial art. Kano's hope of combining the principles of judo and kendo to make a practical martial art was not realized during his lifetime, but his goal was pursued by his student, Kenji Tomiki. Professor Tomiki defined the principle of kendo as the "technical theory of chop and thrust while avoiding being touched" and worked towards integrating it with judo's throwing techniques. In particular, he noted that just as the proper moment to begin executing a sword technique is the moment of first contact between attacker and defender, the proper moment to begin executing a judo technique is also the moment of first contact between attacker and defender. Thus, the long periods of slow and indecisive wrestling that occur in modern judo tournaments after competitors have grabbed each other's uniforms fail to meet Kano's ideal. Instead, players should grasp lightly, move fluidly, and treat each moment as the moment of initial contact.
Background:
Few studies have documented catastrophic head and neck injuries in judo, but these injuries deserve greater attention.
Purpose:
To determine the features of catastrophic head and neck injuries in judo.
Study design:
Descriptive epidemiological study.
Methods:
This study was based on the accident reports submitted to the All Japan Judo Federation's System for Compensation for Loss or Damage. A total of 72 judo injuries (30 head, 19 neck, and 23 other injuries) were reported between 2003 and 2010. The investigated parameters were mechanism of injury, age at time of injury, length of judo experience, diagnosis, and outcome.
Results:
Among head injuries, 27 of 30 (90%) occurred in players younger than 20 years of age. The relationship between age, mechanism, and location of injury was more relevant when players younger than 20 years incurred head injury while being thrown (P = .0026). Among neck injuries, 13 of 19 (68%) occurred in players with more than 36 months of experience. The relationship between experience, mechanism, and location of injury was more relevant when experienced players incurred neck injury while executing an offensive maneuver (P = .0294). Acute subdural hematoma was diagnosed in 94% of head injuries. The outcomes of head injury were as follows: 15 players died; 5 were in a persistent vegetative state; 6 required assistance because of higher brain dysfunction, hemiplegia, or aphasia; and 4 had full recovery. Among neck injuries, 18 players were diagnosed with cervical spine injury, 11 of whom had fracture-dislocation of the cervical vertebra; there was also 1 case of atlantoaxial subluxation. The outcomes of neck injury were as follows: 7 players had complete paralysis, 7 had incomplete paralysis, and 5 had full recovery.
Conclusion:
Neck injuries were associated with having more experience and executing offensive maneuvers, whereas head injuries were associated with age younger than 20 years and with being thrown.