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... In the last few decades, the simple long-chain polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become one of the most common packaging polymers. 1,2 PET has now established a strong base in a number of room-temperature filling and storing food applications (such as edible oils, some ketchups, peanut butter and pourable dressings). 3 PET is particularly suitable for food packaging applications because of its chemical inertness. ...
... 9 Migration from packaging materials into products generally is concerned with minor constituents that influence the quality of the contained product by sensory or toxicological hazards. 1,10,11 The toxicity of migrated monomers from PET packaging into foods has been demonstrated by many investigations: isophthalic acid (IPA) and terephthalic acid (TPA) are examples of migrant compounds, and their harmful effects on laboratory animals have been demonstrated. For this reason, the EFSA fixed levels of IPA and TPA migration into foods from plastics of 5 and 7.5 mg kg −1 of food, respectively 12 -14 (Regulation 2011/10/EU). ...
... PET is made by polymerizing ethylene glycol with TPA or by transesterification with dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), commonly using antimony trioxide as catalyst. 1 A more recent development in PET manufacturing is the modification of polymers by the incorporation of IPA to generate a polymer. The presence of an appropriate comonomer such as IPA or DMT slows down the rate of crystallization, which allows the manufacture of thicker bottle walls, sheets and films. ...
PET containers for food oil packaging were evaluated with a newly established determination method for terephthalic acid (TPA) and isophthalic acid (IPA). The analysis of monomers, TPA and IPA that migrate from PET bottles into oils was performed by HPLC with a diode array detector (DAD). Three types of commercial oils (sunflower oil, canola oil, and blended oil which included sunflower oil, soy bean oil, and cottonseed oil) were bottled in PET containers. These samples were incubated for 10 days at 49 °C as accelerated test condition.
The means of recovery for this method varied from 70-72% and from 101-111% for TPA and IPA, respectively. The results showed that the amounts of specific migration of TPA and IPA into the samples conform to European Union legislation that identifies specific migration limits (SML). More important, the results highlighted a different behavior of migration as function of the fatty acid profile.
Previous investigations have been performed with food simulants such as HB307 or 20% ethanol but our study used real food samples and determined trace amounts of the migrated compounds. Further investigation will be needed to better explain the influence of fatty acid conformation on migration of PET monomers.
... Polystyrene (PS) is a polymer material that is extensively used in industry due to its low cost, cyclability, and excellent physical-chemical properties, such as being lightweight and having chemical and mechanical stabilities [1]. PS is used for different applications, including food packaging [2], transparent solid tools [3], and thermal insulators [4]. This polymer is hydrophobic in nature; however, for some specific applications, hydrophilic PS is needed for use as a biosensing platform [5], surface protection, or smart coatings [4]. ...
... Schematic view of spin-coated PS deposition on Si substrates (1) followed by plasma treatment(2) and gold NP deposition(3). ...
Polystyrene (PS)/Gold (Au) is used for a wide range of applications, including composite nanofibers, catalysis, organic memory devices, and biosensing. In this work, PS films were deposited on silicon substrates via a spin coating technique followed by treatment with argon (Ar) plasma admixed with ammonia (NH3), oxygen (O2), or tetrafluoroethane (C2H2F4). X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed modified surface chemistry for Ar/O2, Ar/NH3, or Ar/C2H2F4 plasma treatment through the incorporation of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine groups, respectively. Size-controlled magnetron sputter deposition of Au nanoparticles (NP) onto these plasma-treated PS films was investigated via XPS and AFM techniques. The interaction of the Au NPs, as probed from the XPS and AFM measurements, is discussed by referring to changes in surface chemistry and morphology of the PS after plasma treatment. The results demonstrate the effect of surface chemistry on the interaction of Au NPs with polymer support having different surface functionalities. The XPS results show that significant oxygen surface incorporation resulted from oxygen-containing species in the plasma itself. The surface concentration of O increased from 0.4% for the pristine PS to 4.5 at%, 35.4 at%, and 45.6 at% for the Ar/C2H4F4, Ar/NH3, and Ar/O2, respectively. The water contact angle (WCA) values were noticed to decrease from 98° for the untreated PS to 95°, 37°, and 15° for Ar/C2H2F4, Ar/NH3, and Ar/O2 plasma-modified PS samples, respectively. AFM results demonstrate that surface treatment was also accompanied by surface morphology change. Small Au islands are well dispersed and cover the surface, thus forming a homogeneous, isotropic structure. The reported results are important for exploiting Au NPs use in catalysis and sensing applications.
... PET used in oil packaging is going to be one of the most popular plastics all around the world, because it has excellent protection, appearance, mechanical properties and lower price in comparation with glass (Brook and Giles, 2002;Kucuk and Caner, 2005;Cooper, 2007). However one of the most important limitation of plastic application in food field is associated with mass transport phenomena such as migration and scalping (Hotchkiss, 1995). ...
... The EU limit of the overall migration is 10 milligrams per square decimeter of surface area of material or article (mg/ dm2 ). In another term, According to EU legislation: Food contact materials, Migration of any constituent may not exceed 60 milligrams of the constituents released per kilogram of food or food simulant (mg/ kg) (Sheftel, 2000;Cooper, 2007). ...
Overall migration (OM) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pieces into three types of commercial oils, namely sunflower oil, canola oil and blended oil (which included sunflower oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil) has been investigated by the determination of the weight variation of plastic pieces before and after 20, 60 days contact with oil at 25, 45˚C and also determination the amount of absorbed oil. Also Fatty acid profiles of each type of oil were determined by using a Gas Chromatography (GC) system before and after experiments to find the correlation between the amount of overall migration and fatty acid profile. The result shows that the highest migration level was noticed with PET pieces contacted with blended oil. Also the effect of temperature, storage time, kind of oils and amount of unsaturated fatty acids and degree of unsaturation in amount of migration were observed. The amount of migration has correlation with fatty acid profile, especially the amount of unsaturated fatty acids and also, the degree of unsaturation. The reasons of these subjects can be investigated in future trends. Previous investigations have been performed on food stimulant such as olive oil and synthetic triglyceric mixture HB307, the present study has the advantage of working on real food samples so obtaining more accurate results were possible.
... PET used in oil packaging is going to be one of the most popular plastics all around the world, because it has excellent protection, appearance, mechanical properties and lower price in comparation with glass (Brook and Giles, 2002;Kucuk and Caner, 2005;Cooper, 2007). However one of the most important limitation of plastic application in food field is associated with mass transport phenomena such as migration and scalping (Hotchkiss, 1995). ...
... The EU limit of the overall migration is 10 milligrams per square decimeter of surface area of material or article (mg/ dm2 ). In another term, According to EU legislation: Food contact materials, Migration of any constituent may not exceed 60 milligrams of the constituents released per kilogram of food or food simulant (mg/ kg) (Sheftel, 2000;Cooper, 2007). ...
Overall migration (OM) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pieces into three types of
commercial oils, namely sunflower oil, canola oil and blended oil (which included sunflower
oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil) has been investigated by the determination of the weight
variation of plastic pieces before and after 20, 60 days contact with oil at 25, 45˚C and also
determination the amount of absorbed oil. Also Fatty acid profiles of each type of oil were
determined by using a Gas Chromatography (GC) system before and after experiments to find
the correlation between the amount of overall migration and fatty acid profile. The result shows
that the highest migration level was noticed with PET pieces contacted with blended oil. Also
the effect of temperature, storage time, kind of oils and amount of unsaturated fatty acids
and degree of unsaturation in amount of migration were observed. The amount of migration
has correlation with fatty acid profile, especially the amount of unsaturated fatty acids and
also, the degree of unsaturation. The reasons of these subjects can be investigated in future
trends. Previous investigations have been performed on food stimulant such as olive oil and
synthetic triglyceric mixture HB307, the present study has the advantage of working on real
food samples so obtaining more accurate results were possible.
... 9 NC/R, not considered in the regulations but shows recommendations. 10 Provisional tolerable monthly intake (TMTI) of 25 µg/kg body weight [69]. 11 Tolerable weekly intake of cadmium of 2.5 µg/kg body weight [70]. ...
Currently, the processes of obtaining and producing food as well as consumption habits give rise to new challenges for food safety. The presence of heavy metals in edible vegetable oils has harmful effects for humans. In this study, the scientific literature which reports the presence of heavy metals in different types of vegetable oils was analysed. More than 25 heavy metals are evaluated in 35 different oils from 24 countries. The widely studied metals are Cd, Pb, Cu, and Fe in olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and corn oils, mainly in Brazil, Turkey, China, Iran, and India. Likewise, the presence of Antimony (Sb) as a product of migration from PET containers to edible vegetable oils is a topic of great interest in recent years. Additionally, the different analytical techniques used for this purpose and the standards are analysed. This study highlights the main findings and challenges in this research field.
... Plastik merupakan suatu material yang tersusun dari polimer beserta bahan campuran lainnya bergantung pada jenis plastik yang akan dibuat. Polimer penyusun plastik dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu termoplastik dan termoseting (Cooper, 2007). Polimer termoplastik bisa dicetak ulang dengan cara dipanaskan. ...
Plastic is widely used because it is light, strong, and stable. However, plastic will produce waste that is difficult to decompose. One effective way to manage plastic waste is to recycle it into plastic pellets. Besides being used as a raw material for making recycled plastic, plastic pellets can be used as a substitute for fine aggregate. The compressive strength test of plastic concrete decreases compressive strength. It is due to plastic’s slippery surface, which weakens the bond between plastic and cement matrix. Calcite deposition using Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation (SCU-CP) method is expected to provide a solution. This study discussed the effect of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic pellets on concrete strength as the fine aggregate substitution. In addition, the impact of calcite on concrete with HDPE plastic substitution was also evaluated in this study. The results show that plastic substitution decreases the strength of concrete. On the other hand, adding calcite can improve compressive strength compared to plastic concrete without SCU-CP. The optimum compressive strength was obtained with a variation of 1% plastic and 5% SCU-CP, which increased 7.5% and 2.8% higher compared to the normal concrete and plastic concrete without calcite, respectively. This study elucidated that the adding SCU-CP method to plastic concrete has a great potential to optimize the concrete strength.
... Plastic contamination of landfills, freshwater sources, or handling activities in industries will likely introduce the MPs into the products. MP contamination from the atmospheric deposition of the airborne MPs (Allen et al. 2019), mechanical breakage of the plastic material during the manufacturing process (Cooper 2007), and airborne microfibre from the clothes of the industrial workers (Prata 2018) are other potential sources of contamination in salts. The MPs may also end in salt from the industrial equipment or material (Dris et al. 2016), the release of wear particles from conveyor belts (Andrejiova et al. 2016;Bindzár 2002), furniture inside the industries, or from the tear and wear of synthetic tyres from vehicles (Prata 2018). ...
The omnipresence of microplastics (MPs) in marine and terrestrial environments as a pollutant of concern is well established and widely discussed in the literature. However, studies on MP contamination in commercial food sources like salts from the terrestrial environment are scarce. Thus, this is the first study to investigate various varieties of Australian commercial salts (both terrestrial and marine salts) as a source of MPs in the human diet, and the first to detect MPs in black salt. Using Nile red dye, the MPs were detected and counted under light microscopy, further characterised using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Of all the 90 suspected particles, 78.8% were identified as MPs with a size ranging between 23.2 µm and 3.9 mm. The fibres and fragments constituted 75.78% and 24.22% respectively. Among the tested samples, Himalayan pink salt (coarse) from terrestrial sources was found to have the highest MP load, i.e. 174.04 ± 25.05 (SD) particle/kg, followed by black salt at 157.41 ± 23.13 particle/kg. The average concentration of detected MPs in Australian commercial salts is 85.19 ± 63.04 (SD) per kg. Polyamide (33.8%) and polyurethane (30.98%) were the dominant MP types. Considering the maximum recommended (World Health Organization) salt uptake by adults daily at 5 g, we interpret that an average person living in Australia may be ingesting approximately 155.47 MPs/year from salt uptake. Overall, MP contamination was higher in terrestrial salts (such as black and Himalayan salt) than the marine salt. In conclusion, we highlight those commercial salts used in our daily lives serve as sources of MPs in the diet, with unknown effects on human health.
... The reason is that ubiquitous environmental contamination, coming from surrounding plastic polymer release, ends up suspended in the air and eventually precipitating on different surfaces including edible products (Rist et al. 2018). In addition, plastic packaging release was also identified as a possible source of food and beverage contamination (Castle 2007;Cooper 2007;Cox et al. 2019;Toussaint et al. 2019). ...
In recent years, increasing global attention has focused on “microplastics” (MPs) and “nanoplastics” (NPs) resulting in many studies on the effects of these compounds on ecological and environmental aspects. These tiny particles (<5000 µm), predominantly derived from the degradation of plastics, pollute the marine and terrestrial ecosystems with the ability to enter into the food chain. In this manner, human consumption of food contaminated with MPs or NPs is unavoidable, but the related consequences remain to be determined. The aim of this review is to complement previous reviews on this topic by providing new studies related to exposure, absorption, and toxicity in mammalian in vivo and in vitro systems. With respect to novel information, gaps and limitations hindering attainment of firm conclusions as well as preparation of a reliable risk assessment are identified. Subsequently, recommendations for in vivo and in vitro testing methods are presented in order to perform further relevant and targeted research studies.
... Other types of possible micro-and nanoplastic particles contamination are those linked to food packaging. Chemical constituents, including residual monomers, additives and production aids, might migrate from food contact materials into the food product they come in contact with (Castle 2007;Cooper 2007). However, the contamination of foodstuffs by micro-and nanoplastic particles which are released spontaneously from the packaging material seems rather unlikely. ...
Whereas the dramatic environmental impact of plastic waste rightfully receives considerable attention by scientists, policy makers and public in general, the human health impact of micro- and nanoplastics contamination of our food and beverages remains largely unknown. Indeed, most studies aim at understanding the environmental impact rather than the human health impact of a possible exposure to micro- and nanoplastics. In addition, these papers generally lack a methodological, standardised approach. Furthermore, some studies focus on the damage to and contamination level of animal species collected from the wild environment, and others investigate the rate and biology of microplastic uptake of animals fed with microplastics in laboratory. This review aims at understanding human exposure. Since there is, with few exceptions, no evidence available on the presence of micro- and nanoplastics in a normal diet, this study takes an indirect approach and analyses peer-reviewed publications since 2010 that document the presence of micro- and nanoplastics in those animals (more than 200 species) and food products that are part of the human food chain and that may thus contribute directly or indirectly to the uptake of micro- and nanoplastics via the human diet. It also addresses the question of the definitions, the methodologies and the quality criteria applied to obtain the reported results. This review suggests that, beyond a few estimations and comparisons, precise data to assess the exact exposure of humans to micro- and nanoplastics through their diet cannot be produced until standardised methods and definitions are available.
... Plastic package materials are characterized by their light weight, relative ease of fabrication, low cost and their malleability. The most commonly used plastic packaging materials for storage of fermented milks such as laban are high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) (Cooper, 2007;Cutter, 2002). HDPE is used for the manufacture of tubs and their lids, while PP and PS are used for the manufacture of cups. ...
... Methods used to quantify natural antioxidants in food matrices or food simulants Due to its health implications, migration of substances from packaging into foods has been the target of reviews (Lau & Wong 2000; Arvanitoyannis & Bosnea 2004; Sanches-Silva et al. 2006; Arvanitoyannis & Kotsanopoulos 2014) and books (Cooper 2007; Rijk 2007; Veraart & Coulier 2007; Franz & Störmer 2008; Veraart 2010 ). Some of the papers dedicated to the development of active packaging with natural AOs have carried out migration tests to allow the verification of active compound release from the films in the worst conditions that can be foreseen in its real application. ...
The demand for natural antioxidant active packaging is increasing due to their unquestionable advantages compared with the addition of antioxidants directly to the food. Therefore, the search for antioxidants perceived as natural, namely those that naturally occur in herbs and spices, is a field that is attracting great interest. In line with this, in the last few years, natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, carvacrol and plant extracts (e.g. rosemary extract) have been incorporated into food packaging. On the other hand, consumers and the food industry are also interested in active biodegradable/compostable packaging and edible films to reduce environmental impact, minimize food loss and contaminants from industrial production and reutilization by-products. The present review focuses on the natural antioxidants already applied in active food packaging, and it reviews the methods used to determine the oxidation protection effect of antioxidant active films and the methods used to quantify natural antioxidants in food matrices or food simulants. Lastly consumers' demands and industry trends are also addressed.
The C1 polymerization of substituted diazomethanes, including diazoethane and 2,2,2‐trifluoromethyl diazomethane, are reported. N ‐heterocyclic carbene copper complexes were employed as catalysts for the polymerization reactions and afforded the corresponding persubstituted polymers containing methyl or trifluoromethyl units along the backbones of the polymer products. The polymers were characterized using size exclusion chromatography, a variety of spectroscopic and thermal techniques, and contact angle measurements. Polymers prepared using the C1 polymerization methodology described herein are more hydrophobic than related polymers that were obtained using a standard C2 polymerization method and the fluorinated polymers were determined to be more hydrophobic than their hydrogenated analogues. The relationship between fluorine content and wettability of persubstituted polymers was quantified.
Microplastics are persistent anthropogenic pollutants that have become a global concern due to their widespread distribution and unfamiliar threat to the environment and living organisms. Conventional technologies are unable to fully decompose and mineralize plastic waste. Therefore, there is a need to develop an environmentally friendly, innovative and sustainable photocata-lytic process that can destroy these wastes with much less energy and chemical consumption. In photocatalysis, various nanomaterials based on wide energy band gap semiconductors such as TiO 2 and ZnO are used for the conversion of plastic contaminants into environmentally friendly compounds. In this work, the removal of plastic fragments by photocatalytic reactions using newly developed photocatalytic composites and the mechanism of photoca-talytic degradation of microplastics are systematically investigated. In these degradation processes, sunlight or an artificial light source is used to activate the photocatalyst in the presence of oxygen.
The homopolymerization of (dimethylamino)phenylsulfoxonium ethylide, a substituted sulfoxonium ylide, is reported. Treatment of the monomer with a readily available Ni(II) catalyst afforded poly[(1‐butene)‐ran‐(2‐butene)‐ran‐(ethylene)] in good yield and high molecular weight. Varying the initial monomer‐to‐catalyst feed ratio enabled control over the molecular weights of the polymers produced. The polymerization mechanism appears to proceed in a chain growth fashion that entails the addition of ethylide units to growing polymer chains in conjunction with the expulsion of (dimethylamino)phenyl sulfoxide as a byproduct.
A simple and economic analytical method based on low density solvent ion-pair dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection has been used for the determination of phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and iso-phthalic acid in aqueous samples. In this work, 0.75mLmethanol (as a disperser solvent), 90 µL toluene (as an extraction solvent), and 15 µL tri-butyl amine (as an ion pair reagent) were injected into aqueous phase. After centrifuging (at 4000 rpm for 5 min), the analyte ion pairs were extracted into toluene. The collected toluene was withdrawn and transferred into a microtube. The transferred toluene was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen at room temperature to dryness. Then, 10 µL of the mobile phase was added to the microtube to re-dissolve the residues. Under the optimized conditions, limits of detection and quantification were calculated in the range of 0.12−0.34 and 0.37−1.06 ng mL-1, respectively. The linear range of the developed method was obtained as 0.37-10000 ng mL-1. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were from 82 to 98 % and 411 to 492, respectively. Finally, different aqueous samples such as tap water, mineral water, cola, lemon juice, vinegar, and dextrose and NaCl injection solutions were analyzed successfully by the developed procedure and the selected analytes were found in some of them in the range of 6.2–72 ng mL–1.
In the present study, a rapid, simple, and highly efficient sample preparation method based on ion-pair air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction using a low-density extraction solvent followed by high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection has been developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of three phthalic acids (phthalic acid, iso-phthalic acid, and terephthalic acid) in aqueous samples. In this method, a mixture of tri-butyl amine (as an ion-pair reagent) and toluene (as an extraction solvent) is transferred into an aqueous sample solution. Fine organic solvent droplets are formed by aspirating and dispersing of the mixture via syringe needle. After that, the formed ion-pairs are extracted into toluene, and after centrifuging, the obtained collected phase is transferred into a microtube and is evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at room temperature. The residue is re-dissolved in mobile phase and injected into the separation system for analysis. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed low limits of detection and quantification between 0.09–0.24 and 0.29–0.78 ng mL−1, respectively. Extraction recoveries and enrichment factors were from 88 to 98 % and 443 to 491, respectively. Relative standard deviations for the extraction of 5 ng mL−1 of each analyte were less than 8.4 % for intra-day (n = 6) and inter-days (n = 5) precisions. Finally, different aqueous samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method, and the target analytes were determined in some of them at ng mL−1 level.
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