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Hypoglycemic Activity of Psidium guajava Linn. Leaf Extract

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Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of ethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves. Materials and methods: The ethanol extract of leaves of Psidium guajava was tested for its hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Results: In both acute and sub-acute tests, the ethanol extract, at an oral dose of 250 mg/kg, showed statistically significant and considerable hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion: Psidium guajava leaves possess statistically significant hypoglycemic activity.

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... The aqueous leaf extract was tested in alloxan and STZ-induced diabetic rats. The authors attributed the observed hypoglycaemic effect of the extracts [8,9,10,11,12,13]. In another study, the anti-hyperglycaemic activity of a stem bark extract on blood glucose levels of normal, alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic and normal glucose loaded rats was examined and reported that the extract exhibited significant hypoglycaemic activity but was devoid of hypoglycaemic effect in normal and glucose loaded rats [14]. ...
... Out of the total of 403 studies, we identified eleven eligible experimental studies and eight of them [8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16] were used for Meta-analysis ( Figure 1). Details of the search are shown in Figure 1 and characteristics of the studies are shown in Tables 1. ...
... To perform sensitivity analysis, we tried to remove the poorer trials in which the quality of methodological design was not as high as in most recent studies. After excluding these trials [11,14,16], our results did not significantly change (SMD = -4.34 (95% CI -6.59; -1.79), = 0.0001) and heterogeneity became lower (I 2 = 83%). ...
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Introduction: Psidium guajava belonging to family Myrtaceae is traditionally used plant for the treatment of diabetes in many countries of the world. This systematic review was designed to determine level of evidence of on the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of Psidium guajava extracts from experimental trials. Methods: An electronic literature search from the database inception was performed since December 2014 with specified terms and defined outcome. We included only experimental study designs using Psidium guajava extract as anti-hyperglycaemic effect. Two reviewers independently extracted data and rated the risk of bias of each included trial. A Standard Mean difference with 95% confidence interval was an effective measure for the outcome. The statistical analysis was done using Review Manager 5.3. Results: Studies included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that following the treatment of diabetic albino rats with the Psidium guajava extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose at all dose level of the extract p = 0.00001). This analysis showed very promising effect of guava extract on in diabetes mellitus in terms of significance when compared to the individual studies. Conclusion: The results of the present review have shown the significant antidiabetic activities of extracts of Psidium guajava in experimental rats. Although a number of included studies regarding the current topic are limited, the available evidence is sufficient to support the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the extract on diabetes mellitus. Further investigations involving humans designed with attention to duration of the blood glucose assessment are needed. Study on understanding of the mechanisms of the antidiabetic effect Psidium guajava is also recommended.
... It is economically important and also known as the heart of the farmer fields, as India contributes 80% of the global guar gum production. Guar can be used as a laxative, digestive aid, appetizer, or cooling agent (Mukhtar et al., 2004). Potentially, guar gum can help hypercholesterolemic insulin-dependent diabetic patients with improved glycemic control and lower serum LDLcholesterol concentrations (Vuorinen-Markkola et al., 1992). ...
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Introduction Phenolic phytochemicals are known for antioxidant-mediated pharmacological effects in various diseases (diabetes, cancer, CVDs, obesity, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders). However, individual compounds may not exert the same biological potency as in combination with other phytochemicals. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar), an underutilized semi-arid legume which has been used as a traditional food in Rajasthan (India), is also a source of the important industrial product guar gum. However, studies on its biological activity, like antioxidant, are limited. Methods We tested the effect of C. tetragonoloba seed extract to enhance the antioxidant activity of well-known dietary flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, and catechin) and non-flavonoid phenolics (caffeic acid, ellagic acid, taxifolin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and chlorogenic acid) using DPPH radical scavenging assay. The most synergistic combination was further validated for its cytoprotective and anti-lipid peroxidative effects in in vitro cell culture system, at different concentrations of the extract. LC-MS analysis of purified guar extract was also performed. Results and discussion In most cases, we observed synergy at lower concentrations of the seed extract (0.5-1 mg/ml). The extract concentration of 0.5 mg/ml enhanced the antioxidant activity of Epigallocatechin gallate (20 µg/ml) by 2.07-folds, implicating its potential to act as an antioxidant activity enhancer. This synergistic seed extract-EGCG combination diminished the oxidative stress nearly by double-fold when compared with individual phytochemical treatments in in vitro cell culture. LC-MS analysis of the purified guar extract revealed some previously unreported metabolites, including catechin hydrate, myricetin-3-galactoside, gossypetin-8-glucoside, and puerarin (daidzein-8-C-glucoside) which possibly explains its antioxidant enhancer effect. The outcomes of this study could be used for development of effective nutraceutical/dietary supplements.
... In the Eastern Cape, the warm water extracted from the dried leaves of the plant is taken orally to treat diabetes [67] The leaves of the plant are also used for other ailments such as boils, wounds, and coughs [68]. It has been reported that P. guajava ethanol extract demonstrates a considerable decrease in blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats at an oral dose of 250 mg/kg [69]. Another study reported by Shukla and Dubey [70] revealed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. guajava produced blood glucose homeostasis but also reversed metabolic and pathologic changes in pancreatic islets. ...
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Oral antidiabetic drugs are usually costly and are associated with several adverse side effects. This has led to the use of medicinal plants that are considered to have multiple therapeutic targets and are readily accessible. In the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, the number of people using medicinal plants for the management of diabetes has been climbing steadily over the past two decades due to their cultural acceptability, accessibility, affordability, efficacy, and safety claims. In this study, a review of antidiabetic medicinal plants used in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa was conducted. A comprehensive literature survey was thoroughly reviewed using several scientific databases, ethnobotanical books, theses and dissertations. About forty-eight (48) plant species were identified as being used to treat diabetes by the people of Eastern Cape province. Among the plant species, only eight (8) species have not been scientifically evaluated for their antidiabetic activities and twenty antidiabetic compounds were isolated from these medicinal plants. This review has confirmed the use and potential of the antidiabetic medicinal plants in the Eastern Cape province and identified several promising species for further scientific investigation.
... Plants like Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia variegata, Dalbergia sissoo, Psidium guajava and Syzygium cumini are important ethnomedicinal species, known for their role in traditional systems of medicine for treatment of diabetes (Bharath et al., 2013;Khalid et al., 2017;Umair et al., 2017;Venkatachalapathi et al., 2018). Only a few scientific studies are available that show antidiabetic and/ or antioxidant activities of these plant species (Mukhtar et al., 2004;Saini and Sharma 2013;Gupta et al., 2016;Baldissera et al., 2016;Kulkarni and Garud, 2016;Tripathi et al., 2019;Artanti et al., 2019;Sanni et al., 2019;Beidokhti et al., 2020;Abdel-Halim et al., 2020;Moreira et al., 2021;Silva et al., 2021). Though these few studies have demonstrated antidiabetic and/or antioxidative potential of these plants independently but comparative studies on the antidiabetic and antioxidative potential of these plants are not available. ...
Article
Ethnopharmacological relevance Plant species like Azadirachta indica (locally known as ‘neem’), Bauhinia variegata (locally known as ‘kachnar’), Dalbergia sissoo (locally known as ‘tahli’), Psidium guajava (locally known as ‘amrood’) and Syzygium cumini (locally known as ‘jamun’) are known for their role in traditional systems of medicine for treatment of diabetes and other diseases in India and other countries. Aim of the study The present study was designed to compare antioxidant and antidiabetic potential among methanolic leaf extracts of A. indica, B. variegata, D. sissoo, P. guajava and S. cumini employing in vitro assays. In addition, this study also deals with quantitative analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents in the extracts. Materials and Methods In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of above five plant species were determined by 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS), 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging assays whereas the antidiabetic potential of all the extracts was determined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Results On the basis of EC50 values of different leaf extracts analysed for their antioxidant activity in three assays, leaf extracts of B. variegata and S. cumini were shown to present better antioxidant activity mainly in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays. EC50 values for leaf extract of B. variegata were 31.19 ± 4.15 and 28.82 ± 4.42 and for S. cumini were 13.64 ± 10.39 and 30.19 ± 6.82 in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays respectively. Similarly, these extracts also demonstrated better antidiabetic activity in both α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays with IC50 of 27.28 ± 6.11 and 24.69 ± 0.91 for B. variegata and 48.34 ± 1.62 and 30.15 ± 0.80 for S. cumini in respective assays. Conclusion The study demonstrated that leaf extracts of B. variegata and S. cumini showed better antioxidant potential than other plant species studied in ABTS and superoxide radical scavenging assays. These extracts also showed better antidiabetic potential in both α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays as compared to other extracts.
... Finally, the anti-hyperglycemic effect of extract obtained under optimal extraction conditions was higher than that of acarbose. Interestingly, hypoglycemic activity of leaf extracts of guava has also been reported (50) where they have observed statistically significant hypoglycemic activity at 250 mg/kg oral dose on alloxan induced hyperglycemia by MeOH extract of guava leaves in both acute and subacute tests. ...
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Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), also known as guava, is a medicinal tree native to tropical America that has been introduced and is widely available in many countries. Almost all plant parts of P. guajava have a long history of being used to treat a variety of ailments, in addition to applications as foods. Guava leaves are used as both medicine and food purposes, and there are numerous scientific reports on their medicinal uses, chemical composition and pharmacological properties. Cancer, blood pressure, diarrhea, bowel irregularities, diabetes, cough, cold, constipation, dysentery, scurvy, weight loss, improves skins tonicity are some of the diseases treated with guava leaves. Polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, flavones, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, phlobatanins, steroids and other classes of bioactive compounds have been identified from the leaves. The primary chemical constituents of guava leaves are phenolic compounds, iso-flavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol, caryophyllene oxide, p-selinene etc. Several studies have demonstrated its pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antitumor, anticancer, antidiarrheal, healing, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial/ anti-plasmodial, dental plaque, antiglycative and many more. This review is aimed on compiling all the literature reported on pharmacological activities and phytochemical compositions of guava leaves as a support to the scientific community for further studies and to provide scientific data to validate its traditional uses.
... From the above result it was revealed that alpha glucosidase inhibition activity of plant distillate of M. indica increases with increase in the concentration of plant distillate. Mukhtar et al. (2004) 8 worked on hypoglycemic activity of Psidium guajava ethanol leaf extract. The plant belongs to family Myrtaceae and leaves were useful in wounds, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, vomiting and ulcerated mouth. ...
... From the above result it was revealed that alpha glucosidase inhibition activity of plant distillate of M. indica increases with increase in the concentration of plant distillate. Mukhtar et al. (2004) 8 worked on hypoglycemic activity of Psidium guajava ethanol leaf extract. The plant belongs to family Myrtaceae and leaves were useful in wounds, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, vomiting and ulcerated mouth. ...
... From the above result it was revealed that alpha glucosidase inhibition activity of plant distillate of M. indica increases with increase in the concentration of plant distillate. Mukhtar et al. (2004) 8 worked on hypoglycemic activity of Psidium guajava ethanol leaf extract. The plant belongs to family Myrtaceae and leaves were useful in wounds, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, vomiting and ulcerated mouth. ...
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Maesa indica belonging to family Myrsinaceae, commonly known as Atki is a large shrub. Ethnobotanical studies of Kolhapur district revealed that stem bark of M. indica is used in the treatment a diabetes. The literature survey revealed that there is no experimental evidence of antidiabetic effect of the plant. Therefore the present study was carried out to investigate antidiabetic effect of M. indica stem bark in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The Plant was subjected to pharmacognostic, physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluations which will assist in standardization for authenticity, quality and identification of the herbal products. Treatment with 2ml/kg stem bark distillate to diabetic rats resulted in significant reduction in blood glucose level. The preset study clearly demonstrated that the plant is having potential hypoglycemic activity which may be beneficial for the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus. It also shows good alpha glucosidase inhibition activity.
... Guar is useful as a cooling agent, digestive aid, appetizer, and laxative ( Mukhtar et al., 2006 ). Guar gum holds potential for improving glycemic control and decreasing serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic insulin-dependent diabetic patients ( Markkola et al., 1992 ). ...
Chapter
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Guar or cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub) is a drought tolerant, annual legume grown mainly in semi-arid regions of India and Pakistan on marginal soil. Guar seeds have a large endosperm, which is enriched in galactomannan, a commercial gum with a myriad industrial applications such as paper, textile, oil and gas drilling, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and explosives. The global demand for guar gum has increased sharply mainly because of fracking, a process involving deep, horizontal drilling for natural gas. Increased demand has translated into improved livelihood of the otherwise marginal farmers in the guar-growing countries. This chapter covers various aspects of the guar crop, which include cultivation, breeding and genetics, galactomannan synthesis and production, and applications of guar gum.
... It has also been used extensively as a hypoglycaemic agent [22]. The cariogenic bacteria are known for its adherence ability to the tooth surfaces [23]. P. guajava extracts have been studied for their antiadherence effect on the cariogenic bacteria in the process of dental plaque formation [24,25]. ...
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Hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of Psidium guajava, Terminalia chebula, Mimusops elengi and Achyranthes aspera were tested against the dental caries causing bacteria Streptococcus mutans and fungus Candida albicans isolated from caries infected patients. All the four extracts of P. guajava showed activity against both S. mutans and C. albicans. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed in ethyl acetate of P. guajava. The four extracts of T. chebula and M. elengi showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans. M. elengi extracts and ethanol extract of T. chebula did not show any antifungal activity against C. albicans. Except for the hexane extract of A. aspera, the other three extracts showed activity against the tested microbes. The ethyl acetate P. guajava leaf extract showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. mutans to be <0.076 mg/mL in both MHB and BHI. The P. guajava ethyl acetate extract was subjected to GC-MS.
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Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. (Poaceae) is traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus. The grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum are having potential in the development of drug for diabetes due to their antidiabetic activity. To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. (Poaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight), were administered orally to male Wistar albino rats. Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes mellitus. Total phenolic content was estimated in the extracts. The parameters studied included oral glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and glycated haemoglobin levels, liver glycogen content, serum lipid profile, and changes in body weights. In oral glucose tolerance test, reduction of fasting blood glucose levels took place from 60 min of extract administration. The extracts produced a dose-dependent fall in fasting blood glucose (FBG). After 15 days of treatment with extracts the maximum reduction in FBG (35.14%) was observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extract 500 mg/kg dose. A significant increase in serum insulin level was observed in the treated rats. Serum lipid levels were reversed towards near normal and a control in the loss of body weight was observed in treated rats as compared to diabetic control. The extract treatment also showed a significant increase in the liver glycogen and a significant decrease in glycated haemoglobin levels. The results demonstrate that Paspalum scrobiculatum possesses significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats. The results suggest that Paspalum scrobiculatum has antidiabetic activity, thereby justifying its traditional claim and augmenting it into the present day systems of medicine.
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Extracts of 5 Chinese and 3 Paraguayan medicinal plants were examined for their effects on the duration of the forced swimming-induced immobility in mice to evaluate their antidepressant activities. In the case of MeOH extracts, Ginseng Radix was the most active followed by Rosmarinus officinalis LINN. In the case of 30% EtOH extracts, the activities were in the decreasing order, Psidium guajava LINN., Rosmarinus officinalis LINN., Valerianae Radix and Zizyphi Fructus. Hot 30% EtOH extracts of Zizyphi Fructus and Theobroma cacao L. showed potent activities. The activities of EtOAc solubles of Psidium guajava LINN. and H2O solubles of Valerianae Radix at 100 mg/kg were comparable to that of imipramine at 20 mg/kg.