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Accepted by M.T. Craig: 13 Sep. 2011; published: 12 Oct. 2011
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3057: 49–60 (2011)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/Article
49
Four new records of shore fishes for the Red Sea, with notes
on Parupeneus heptacanthus and Diodon liturosus
SERGEY V. BOGORODSKY1, JOHN E. RANDALL2 & DANIEL GOLANI3
1Station of Naturalists, Omsk, Russia. E-mail: ic187196@yandex.ru
2Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. E-mail: jackr@hawaii.rr.com
3Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
E-mail: dgolani@cc.huji.ac.il
Abstract
New records of fishes for the Red Sea include the Indian Oil Sardine, Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, based on two
specimens obtained in the fish market of Hurghada, Egypt; the Needle Pipehorse, Kyonemichthys rumengani Gomon from
a single specimen from Hamata, Egypt; the Herring Scad, Alepes vari (Cuvier), from an underwater photograph taken at
the Hanish Islands at the southern end of the Red Sea; and the Twospot Hogfish, Bodianus bimaculatus Allen, from an
underwater photograph taken of a subadult off Jeddah. An underwater photograph of the Cinnabar Goatfish, Parupeneus
heptacanthus (Lacepède), taken at Marsa Alam, Egypt was first misidentified as P. procerigena Kim & Amaoka; a com-
parison of these two species is provided. The range of the Blackblotched Porcupinefish, Diodon liturosus Shaw, is extend-
ed from the southern to the northern Red Sea. Three individuals that were photographed in Egypt had numerous small
black spots on the fins. The species lacks spots on the fins elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific region.
Key words: Red Sea; new records
Introduction
Dor (1984) published the first checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea. He listed 139 families and 996 species. Goren
& Dor (1994) updated the checklist, recognizing 157 families and 1,248 species of fishes. Golani & Bogorodsky
(2010) revised the Red Sea checklist more critically, and reduced it to 154 families and 1078 species. Some species
had been previously listed from old records now shown to be erroneous, others from misidentification of specimens
or photographs, and still others from presumed range extensions into the Red Sea, as by distribution maps.
Since the 2010 checklist, a new species of blenny, Entomacrodus solus Williams & Bogorodsky (2010), has
been described from the Red Sea, and three manuscripts reporting new species and new records of gobiid fishes for
the Red Sea have been submitted for publication. In the present paper, we report four new records, one in each of
the following families: Clupeidae, Syngnathidae, Carangidae, and Labridae, mainly the result of recent field work
in the Red Sea by the first author. We also show color variation of the goatfish Parupeneus heptacanthus
(Lacepède) and the porcupinefish Diodon liturosus Shaw.
Material and methods
Specimens representing the new Red Sea record of the sardine Sardinella longiceps were deposited in the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem (HUJ), and the Red Sea specimen of the pipehorse Kyonemichthys rumengani at the
Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (NMV), the institution housing the holotype. Standard length (SL), from tip of
snout to base of caudal fin, is used for proportional measurements, and total length (TL) for the maximum length of
specimens.
BOGORODSKY ET AL.
50 · Zootaxa 3057 © 2011 Magnolia Press
New Red Sea Records
Clupeidae
Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847
Figure 1
Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847: 273 (type locality, Pondicherry, India).
Material examined. HUJ 19844, 2: 166-167 mm SL, fish market, Hurghada, Egypt, S.V. Bogorodsky, 7 April
2009.
Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays 16–18; anal-fin rays 14–16, the posterior two rays enlarged; pectoral-fin rays 17;
pelvic-fin rays 9; longitudinal scale series 45–48; median predorsal scales as alternating pairs (not a single straight
row of scales); pelvic scutes 31 or 32; lower-limb gill rakers numerous, 150–253 (in fish from 8.0–15.5 cm SL);
body moderately elongate, the depth 4.0–4.2 in SL; second supramaxilla symmetrically paddle-shaped; head long,
3.1–3.4 in SL; 8–11 striae on each side on top of head; bluish on back with iridescence, silvery on side and ven-
trally; a small, diffuse black spot at edge of opercle at level of eye; usually a brassy blotch above upper end of gill
opening. Attains 230 mm TL.
FIGURE 1. Sardinella longiceps, freshly collected specimen, 167 mm SL, Hurghada, Egypt (S.V. Bogorodsky).
Distribution. East coast of India (type locality, Pondicherry), west along the continental shelf, except for the
Arabian Gulf, to Somalia and the Gulf of Aden (Whitehead, 1985: 105). The range is extended here to the northern
Red Sea at Hurghada (27°15’N).
Remarks. Sardinella longiceps is distinguished from all Red Sea clupeid fishes by having 9 pelvic-fin rays and
numerous gill rakers. The Atlantic-Mediterranean Sardinella aurita Valenciennes also has 9 pelvic rays and a high
number of gill rakers (description and summary of biological data by Ben-Tuvia, 1960). Because it ranges through-
out the Mediterranean, one might expect it to be an "anti-Lessepsian" migrant into the Red Sea via the Suez Canal.
We soon eliminated this possibility by comparing the head length of S. longiceps and S. aurita to our Red Sea spec-
imens. Mediterranean specimens of S. aurita have a distinctly smaller head (head length 3.8–4.55 in SL, compared
to 2.85–3.45 in SL for S. longiceps). The two Red Sea specimens have a head length of 3.4 in SL. Further confir-
Zootaxa 3057 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 51
FOUR NEW RECORDS OF FISHES FOR THE RED SEA
mation of our identification of these two specimens as S. longiceps is provided by the gill-raker counts of 250 and
265. Ben-Tuvia (1960) counted 100–170 gill rakers from Mediterranean specimens of S. aurita that measured
morethan 90 mm standard length.
Sardinella longiceps, known by the common name Indian Oil Sardine, is the most abundant and commercially
important clupeid fish in Indian seas (Whitehead, 1973), and in Oman (Randall, 1995). Biological data were sum-
marized by Nair (1973).
Syngnathidae
Kyonemichthys rumengani Gomon, 2007
Figure 2
Kyonemichthys rumengani Gomon, 2007: 27, figs. 1–3 (Lembeh Strait, Sulawesi, Indonesia).
Kyonemichthys sp. Kuiter, 2009: 146 (from first author’s underwater photograph).
Material examined. NMV A 24906-001, 25 mm, November 2008, near Wadi Lahmy hotel, 5 km south off
Hamata, southern Egypt, 24°15’ 08” N, 38°24’30”E, semi-enclosed lagoon, near entrance of small cave on margin
of lagoon reef, 3 m, hand net, S. V. Bogorodsky, 23 November 2008.
FIGURE 2. Kyonemichthys rumengani, freshly collected specimen, 25 mm TL, Hamata, Egypt (S.V. Bogorodsky).
Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays 15; anal-fin rays 3; pectoral-fin rays 12; trunk rings 9; tail rings 42; no caudal fin;
head angled about 30° to axis of trunk; head length about 9 in total length; occiput bulbous with a low, crest-like,
median ridge and a slender tentacle, its length about 1.5 in orbit diameter; snout short, about 3 in head length, with
BOGORODSKY ET AL.
52 · Zootaxa 3057 © 2011 Magnolia Press
a very low median ridge and two small tubercles, the posterior larger; orbit about equal to snout length; edge of
orbit with a prominent ridge bearing tubercles, the dorsal rim continuing as a ridge laterally on occiput; superior
trunk and tail ridges continuous; inferior trunk ridge ending at anal ring; lateral trunk ridge confluent with inferior
tail ridge; a slender tentacle equal to snout length dorsally between eighth and ninth trunk rings; a much thicker ten-
tacle, as long as head, dorsally between fourth and fifth tail rings; origin of dorsal fin on ninth tail ring; trunk
greatly swollen ventrally between third and last rings, with a constriction at about the sixth and seventh trunk rings;
ridges of anterior tail rings flared laterally, with a retrorse spinule from each posterior angle; color when fresh pale
yellowish, faintly mottled and dotted with light yellowish brown; tubercular bumps on ridges nearly white; dorsal-
fin rays and the two slender tentacles pink, the long stouter tentacle yellowish green.
Distribution. The few records suggest a broad range from the tropical and subtropical western Pacific to the
Red Sea.
Remarks. The first author detected this tiny pipehorse at a depth of 3 m in the Red Sea as it was slowly swim-
ming in an oblique position at the entrance to a small cave near branches of a hydroid (probably a species of Dyna-
mena). The specimen was sent for deposit to the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, where Martin F. Gomon
confirmed the identification. The original description of this unusual syngnathid by Gomon (2007) is based on a
single specimen 26.8 mm in total length collected from Sulawesi. Senou et al. (2007: 50, fig. 3) illustrated it from
an underwater photograph and listed five lots of specimens as “Syngnathidae, indeterminate genus and species”,
now recognized as Kyonemichthys rumengani (H. Senou, pers. comm.). Kuiter (2009) published several underwa-
ter photographs identified as K. rumengani, stating that it appears to be widespread in the tropical western Pacific.
Carangidae
Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833)
Figure 3
Caranx vari Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833: 48 (type locality, Pondicherry, India).
Alepes vari Smith-Vaniz in Carpenter & Niem, 2000: 2690, fig. (western Pacific to east coast of Africa).
FIGURE 3. Alepes vari, underwater photograph, Hanish Islands, Yemen (J. E. Randall).
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FOUR NEW RECORDS OF FISHES FOR THE RED SEA
Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays VIII + I,24–27; anal-fin rays II + I,20–23; scales in curved part of lateral line 42–50 (of
which 0–2 posteriorly are scutes); straight part of lateral line with 0–7 scales and 48–69 scutes; gill rakers (includ-
ing rudiments) 9–12 + 23–26; body moderately elongate, the depth about 3.0–3.5 in fork length; maxilla nearly
straight posteriorly; supramaxilla relatively large with an anterior, spine-like projection; last ray of second dorsal
and anal fins subequal to penultimate ray; bluish silver dorsally, silvery on side and ventrally, with a diffuse black-
ish blotch posteriorly on opercle at level of eye; posterior margin of caudal fin blackish. Largest specimen, 56 cm
TL. Distribution. Ranges from the southern Red Sea and Arabian Gulf in continental waters of south Asia to
northwestern and northern Australia, throughout the Indo-Malayan region, and north to Okinawa.
Remarks. The Red Sea record is based on the underwater photograph of Figure 3 taken by the second author at
the Hanish Islands, Yemen (13° 45 N, 42° 45 E). The identification as Alepes vari was confirmed by William F.
Smith-Vaniz. This carangid fish is usually seen in shallow coastal waters, including mangrove areas, often in small
groups. It feeds mainly on the larger crustaceans of the zooplankton and small fishes.
Labridae
Bodianus bimaculatus Allen, 1973
Figures 4, 5
Bodianus bimaculatus Allen, 1973: 386, fig. 1 (Bairakaseru Island, Palau).
FIGURE 4. Bodianus bimaculatus, subadult, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (R. Field).
Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays XII,8–10; anal-fin rays III,12; pectoral-fin rays 16; lateral-line scales 30 or 31; predorsal
scales 7–10, not reaching anterior to interorbital; gill rakers 14-16; body moderately elongate, the depth 3.6-4.0 in
SL; snout short, 3.7–4.2 in head length; eye large, slightly larger than snout in juveniles, smaller in adults; caudal
fin rounded; pelvic fins short, not reaching anus; adults yellow on body dorsal to a narrow red stripe from eye to
base of caudal fin, pink below with indistinct narrow yellow bars; an irregular, ocellated black spot in adults poste-
BOGORODSKY ET AL.
54 · Zootaxa 3057 © 2011 Magnolia Press
riorly on opercle over red stripe; a pupil-size dark brown spot on base of caudal fin at end of red stripe (relatively
larger and rimmed with pale blue in young). Largest specimen, 7.0 cm SL.
Distribution. Reported from Japan, Palau, New Caledonia, Great Barrier Reef, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia,
Mauritius, and Madagascar.
Remarks. The second author observed one individual of this species at 28 m while ascending from a deep dive
off Jeddah in 1981, with no bottom time remaining to collect the fish. He returned to the same area the next day, but
failed to find the species. The present Red Sea record is based on the underwater photograph of a subadult (Fig. 4)
taken off Jeddah by Richard Field. Figure 5 provides a photograph of an adult taken in Mauritius. The color pattern
of Figure 4 is approximately intermediate to that of a juvenile from Japan illustrated by Gomon (2006) as Plate I C
and the initial-phase adult from Bali of his Plate I D. An underwater photo of one from the Maldive Islands illus-
trated in color by Randall & Anderson (1993, pl. 5, fig. H) provides a link between the subadult of Figure 4 and the
initial-phase adult in Gomon (2006).
Bodianus bimaculatus is known from depths of 20 to more than 60 m, generally deeper than 30 m. It is the smallest
species of the genus, with females maturing at 4 cm SL (Gomon, 2006).
FIGURE 5. Bodianus bimaculatus, Mauritius (J.E. Randall).
Mullidae
Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepéde, 1802)
Figures 6–8
Sciaena heptacanthus Lacepède, 1802: 308, 311 (no type locality given).
Parupeneus heptacanthus Randall, 2004: 30, fig. 6, pl. V C, XIII A–C (Indo-Pacific).
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FOUR NEW RECORDS OF FISHES FOR THE RED SEA
FIGURE 6. Parupeneus heptacanthus, Eilat (J.E. Randall).
FIGURE 7. Parupeneus heptacanthus, Eilat (J.E. Randall).
Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays VIII + 9; anal-fin rays 7; pectoral-fin rays 16 (rarely 15 or 17); gill rakers 6 or 7 + 19–23
(total 26–30); body depth 2.95–3.55 in SL; head length 2.95–3.25 in SL; snout length 1.75–2.1 in head length; bar-
BOGORODSKY ET AL.
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bel length 1.15–1.35 in head length; longest dorsal spine 1.45–1.75 in head length; pectoral-fins long, 1.25–1.4 in
head length; pelvic-fin length 1.4–1.6 in head length; tan to light red dorsally (deeper-dwelling fish more red), suf-
fused with pink dorsally on head; the edges of scales darker, shading to pale yellowish or white ventrally; adults
with a small red to blackish spot on side of body on lower part of eighth lateral-line scale and adjacent ventroante-
rior scale; dorsal body scales often with a pale blue or pearly spot, faint and more diffuse below lateral line; pale
blue to lavender lines extending anteriorly and posteriorly from eye, and small spots on interorbital; second dorsal
and anal fins with faint pale blue or pink bands, alternating with pale yellow; peritoneum pale. Largest specimen
examined, 37 cm TL.
FIGURE 8. Parupeneus heptacanthus, Brayka Bay Marsa Alam, Egypt (S.V. Bogorodsky).
Distribution. Red Sea south to Eastern Cape, South Africa, east to the Samoa Islands and the islands of Micro-
nesia; in the western Pacific from southern Queensland to Japan.
Remarks. Figure 6 is an underwater photograph of a typical adult of Parupeneus heptacanthus, actively feed-
ing in the Gulf of Aqaba, with the diagnostic spot on the lower part of the eighth lateral-line scale. The individual
photographed in the Gulf of Aqaba (Fig. 7) is also larger (estimated 32 cm TL) and a little more colorful. The goat-
fish of Figure 8 from Brayka Bay, Marsa Alam, Egypt, however, is much more colorful than any known for P. he p-
tacanthus and lacks the diagnostic spot on the lateral line. It was first identified by us as P. procerigena Kim &
Amaoka, 2001, type locality Saya de Malha Bank in the Western Indian Ocean, and otherwise known only from the
Seychelles. This identification was largely due to the similarity in color to an underwater photograph of P. proceri-
gena in Taquet & Diringer (2007: 262) from 20 m in the Seychelles, misidentified as P. chrysopleuron, a similar
western Pacific species. Noting a faint smudge where the lateral-line spot should be on Figure 8, and more care-
fully comparing the rest of the color pattern, we have reidentified it as P. heptacanthus.
Parupeneus heptacanthus is usually found on silty sand or seagrass substrata at depths greater than 15 m.
Lieske & Myers (2004) gave a maximum depth of 350 m. Parupeneus cinnabarinus (Cuvier) and P. pleurospilos
(Bleeker) are commonly used synonyms.
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FOUR NEW RECORDS OF FISHES FOR THE RED SEA
Diodontidae
Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804
(Figs. 9,10,11)
Diodon Liturosus Shaw, 1804: 436 (type locality, Indian Seas).
Diagnosis. Dorsal-fin rays 14–16; anal-fin rays 14–16; pectoral-fin rays 21–25 rays; transverse rows of spines dor-
sally on head and body anterior to origin of anal fin 16–21; spines on forehead much shorter than longest spines
posterior to pectoral fins; caudal peduncle without spines; a short, downward-pointing spine below front of eye; a
pair of short tentacles usually present on chin; head broad, the width 3.3-4.2 in standard length; posterior rays of
anal fin nearly reaching a vertical at caudal-fin base; yellowish brown to olivaceous dorsally, shading to white ven-
trally; small black spots associated with spines on side of body; a broad dark brown bar extending ventrally from
eye, and a short distance above; a broad, transverse, dark brown bar across occipital part of head, and one in line
with it across operculum; a large, irregular, dark brown spot above pectoral fin, one on back before dorsal fin, and
one at base of dorsal fin; a dark brown transverse band at front of chin; large dark markings on head and body pale-
edged (usually white); fins yellowish (dark-spotted in the Red Sea). Attains 50 cm TL.
FIGURE 9. Diodon liturosus, Seven Brothers Islands, Gulf of Aden (J.E. Randall).
BOGORODSKY ET AL.
58 · Zootaxa 3057 © 2011 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 10. Diodon liturosus, Marsa Shagra, Marsa Alam, Egypt (S.V. Bogorodsky).
Distribution. Indo-Pacific from the Society Islands (Leis, 2006) to the east coast of Africa from Algoa Bay,
South Africa (Leis in Smith & Heemstra, 1986) north to the Gulf of Aden (record based on Fig. 9 taken Rhounda
Komaytu, Seven Brothers Islands) and the southern Red Sea from a video record (Randall, 1994). We extend the
range north in the Red Sea to Marsa Alam, Egypt (Fig. 10) and to Ras Mohammed at the southern end of the Sinai
Peninsula from observation in the Ras Mohammed National Park by Jean Michel Rose (pers. comm.) and Tania
Malkerova kindly provided her underwater photo of Diodon liturosus (Fig. 11) taken at Dahab on the west coast of
Sinai at 28.5°N that clearly shows small black spots on the fins.
Remarks. Two adult individuals were photographed by the first author in 2006 in Brayka Bay and Marsa Sha-
gra in the Marsa Alam region of Egypt (identification confirmed by Jeffrey M. Leis) at a depth of 2–5 m in coral
reefs of a bay and a semi-enclosed deep lagoon; both fish were close to shelter, one near a large cave. They are
unusual in having dark-spotted fins. Leis (1977), in his review of the genus Diodon, described the fins of D. lituro-
sus as unmarked, except at the base, and he presently knows of no specimens or photographs extralimital to the Red
Sea with dark spots on fins.
Acknowledgment
We thank the following colleagues for their assistance in this study: Richard Field, Martin F. Gomon, Jeffrey M.
Leis, Jean Michel Rose, Hiroshi Senou, and William F. Smith-Vaniz.
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FOUR NEW RECORDS OF FISHES FOR THE RED SEA
FIGURE 11. Diodon liturosus, Dahab, Gulfof Aqaba (T. Malkerova)
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