No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Smaller is beautiful: For smaller sporting events
Abstract
Major sporting events have been growing rapidly and have become bigger and bigger. For most of the organizers and their partners the principle of "bigger is better" has become the reference to which we must strive. This paper proposes different solutions allowing sporting events to be more sustainable, particularly in terms of their ecological and financial footprint while maintaining or even increasing their value. Firstly it presents a new typology of sporting events that overcomes the notion of size. This typology is then related to the events' main stakeholders interests. The article concludes by presenting event-centred strategies, which can serve the best interests of all stakeholders in relation to the type of event.
... This awareness of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 eco-responsibility is, moreover, consubstantial with the idea of Olympic education, capable of enriching the Olympic Games and their derivatives with a more civic dimension. It embodies the integration of an ethical reflection that can increasingly less be dissociated from these events (Parry, 2016), which are called upon to change their paradigm and to rethink their social, ecological and financial footprint, while preserving and even developing their value (Ferrand and Chappelet, 2015). The integration of sustainability and responsibility at the heart of the Games is thus becoming an essential element that can help the Olympic movement, now at a critical moment in its history, to overcome its contradictions. ...
... Conceptual framework: the AWG, "Future Games"? Ferrand and Chappelet (2015) observe that while international sports events are tending to become bigger and bigger, another "smaller is beautiful" model is currently being invented that is more sustainable, more responsible, and more likely to comply with social expectations. In this context, a great deal of research has focused on the real social and local impacts of these events for the territories that host them, going beyond the purely economic approach , and attributing an essential place to the notion of heritage (Viersac and Attali, 2021). ...
... This awareness of eco-responsibility is, moreover, consubstantial with the idea of Olympic education, capable of enriching the Olympic Games and their derivatives with a more civic dimension. It embodies the integration of an ethical reflection that can increasingly less be dissociated from these events (Parry, 2016), which are called upon to change their paradigm and to rethink their social, ecological and financial footprint, while preserving and even developing their value (Ferrand and Chappelet, 2015). The integration of sustainability and responsibility at the heart of the Games is thus becoming an essential element that can help the Olympic movement, now at a critical moment in its history, to overcome its contradictions. ...
This article focuses on the Arctic Winter Games (AWG) that, since
1970, have been bringing together young people from across the
circumpolar world. This sporting and cultural gathering prioritises
sharing and exchange between young people and promotes indigenous
cultural and sporting practices (Dene Games, Arctic
sports). As such, the Games’ purpose is to contribute to building
an Arctic community. Furthermore, via their educational objectives
and social aims, they assert their role as an actor in the
development of the territories. This article proposes an analysis of
the 2016 Games organised in Nuuk (Greenland). By employing an
ethnographic approach, combining work on the archives of the
AWG and interviews with participants and Games officials, we
show that beyond their sporting aspect, it would seem that these
events can constitute levers of social, cultural and educational
development for a territory from a sustainable and responsible
perspective. They thus disseminate a model that questions, even
destabilises, the contemporary sports movement, while suggesting
perspectives for its evolution. By examining the public value
of the AWG, we will discuss the paradigm on which international
sports events are built today.
... Academic research tends to prioritize mega-sporting events MSE (Summer and Winter Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Commonwealth Games) (Müller, 2015), over non-mega ones NMSE (Zawadzki, 2020), due to factors like limited media coverage, lower economic impact and alignment with current research priorities (Taks, 2013(Taks, , 2016Oshimi & Yamaguchi, 2023). However, the belief that bigger events are always better is increasingly challenged, as the high costs of mega-events often outweigh long-term benefits (Ferrand & Chappelet, 2015). In contrast, (NMSE) the smaller version of MSE (Taks, 2016), can have a significant impact on local communities (Djaballah et al., 2015;Taks et al., 2015). ...
This article explores the Mediterranean Games as Non-Mega Sporting Events (NMSE), with a focus on their impact on urban development of host cities, in this case the city of Oran. It examines how the city leveraged the event for infrastructure, tourism and local economic growth. The initial hypothesis suggests that the Games acted as a catalyst for significant investments that promoted sustainable urban development. Through an exploratory analysis, the study investigates socio-spatial and territorial impact from the bidding phase to the post-event period. Findings reveal that, while not comparable in scale to the Olympics, the Mediterranean Games significantly influenced Oran's urban and social development, generating major urban projects and encouraging international cooperation and cultural exchange among participating nations.
... Further, their findings reveal that sport tourism plays a significant role in shaping a distinctive identity closely aligned with sustainability objectives of a given region, with a focus on small-scale sport events. Thus, optimum management of the size of sports events must be based on actor's management, to better reflect ther interests from a sustainable development perspective (Ferrand and Chappelet., 2015). ...
Introduction: Morocco is one of Africa's major destinations when it comes to hosting major sporting events. The aim of this paper is to study the effects of these events in interaction with local actors. Methodology: We decided to use a qualitative approach in order to understand the perceptions of the actors involved in the management of sporting events in Benslimane province (n=20). Data were collected using semi-structured interviews of actors, based on four main axes: economic, social, territorial and sporting. Results: Findings indicated that sporting event is an opportunity for positive change in the host territory, which will promote its development. Discussions: As a result, sporting events can be an instrument for mobilizing actors and building a "collective actor". We were also able to identify a number of structural and managerial issues that affect the promotion of sporting events at territorial level. Conclusions: This suggests that organizing sporting events has notable potential as a stimulating tool for achieving territorial development, as long as the inherent obstacles and negative externalities identified are successfully managed.
... Pour Maillard and Monnin (2014), cette sensibilisation à l'éco-responsabilité est d'ailleurs consubstantielle à l'idée d'éducation olympique, capable d'enrichir d'une dimension plus civique les Jeux Olympiques et leurs dérivés. Elle concrétise en outre l'intégration d'une réflexion éthique qui pourra de moins en moins être dissociée de ces évènements (Parry, 2012), qui doivent progressivement changer de paradigme, notamment du point de vue de leur empreinte sociale, écologique et financière, tout en préservant, voire en développant, leur valeur (Ferrand & Chappelet, 2015). L'intégration de la durabilité et de la responsabilité au coeur des Jeux s'impose ainsi aujourd'hui comme un incontournable susceptible d'aider le mouvement sportif, arrivé à un moment critique de son histoire, à dépasser ses contradictions. ...
Depuis 1970, les Jeux d’hiver de l’Arctique (JHA) rassemblent des jeunes du monde circumpolaire. Rencontre sportive et culturelle, ils valorisent le partage et l’échange entre jeunes de même que les pratiques culturelles et sportives autochtones (jeux Dene, sports arctiques). Ils entendent ainsi participer à bâtir une communauté arctique. Cet article propose une réflexion sur cet évènement et montre que ce type de rencontre, au-delà de son aspect sportif, peut constituer un levier de développement social, culturel, éducatif pour un territoire. Partant, ce texte consiste en une interrogation du mouvement sportif contemporain. En questionnant la valeur publique des JHA, il discute du paradigme sur lesquels les évènements sportifs internationaux sont aujourd’hui construits.
This chapter echoes the introduction and highlights the fact that the term legacy is now well established in the field of major sporting events. However, there is still no consensus on its meaning. In addition, it is often associated with or substituted by other terms, such as impact, leverage and sustainability. According to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the first step is to combine the vision of the host city and territory with that of the Olympic Movement. It is then necessary to implement the appropriate actions to create the intended legacy and achieve complementary objectives. The Guide on Olympic Games Heritage (IOC 2015) distinguishes between impact, which refers to immediate and short-term changes, and legacy, which has a long-term effect.
The last two decades have seen dramatic increases in the size and scope of the Summer Olympic Games. In many ways, London 2012 reached even higher summits than the Beijing Games in 2008. This growth is a major challenge for the Olympics and its future organizers, as it is making the Games increasingly difficult to stage and has greatly reduced the number of cities capable of hosting them. This study shows how various participation and organization indicators have expanded over six Olympiads, from Barcelona 1992 to London 2012, and examines the reasons for this growth. It suggests ways of reducing the size of the Summer Olympic Games in order to make them more manageable and to encourage candidatures from smaller cities and countries.
While understanding the planning and hosting of major sporting events is a popular research area, less is known about the bid process despite the potential economic and political spinoffs. Some studies offer criteria for successful bids and even consider the stakeholder network as a key factor. Considering the importance of the stakeholder network, we delve deeper into this area. Using the power, legitimacy and urgency framework by Mitchell et al. (1997), we examine the 2018 Olympic Winter Games’ French national bid competition (four candidacies) to analyse the stakeholder relationships, identify their salience and then determine stakeholder-based bid key success factors. Archival material and 28 interviews were analysed. We notably found that to increase the probability of winning, no actor alone should have a definitive status, the sport stakeholder group should have at least the expectant status, and no strategic stakeholder should have the latent status. We also find that a three-level analysis of the stakeholder network allows for a greater understanding of the bid governance and process dynamics at play, which help to elucidate a successful bid. We contribute to the literature by (a) showing how stakeholder salience analysis can assist in understanding the bid network governance structure; (b) demonstrating that stakeholder salience depends on the level which is analysed (local, between bids, and with the event owner), the stage (deciding to bid, national bid competition, national bid win/international competition), and the case/context; and (c) determining stakeholder-based key bid success factors such as who should and should not be more salient in the bid process.
This article examines the numerous impacts of hallmark events on the destination area which has generated the event. These effects include not only the economic results but also the physical, socio-cultural, psychological, and political impacts such events have.
Hallmark tourist events are major fairs, expositions, cultural and sporting events of international status which are held on either a regular or a one-off basis. A primary function of the hallmark event is to provide the host community with an opportunity to secure high prominence in the tourism market place. However, international or regional prominence may be gained with significant social and environmental costs.Several important features emerge from an examination of the research on hallmark events. First, there is no agreed upon definition of events. Second, major methodological weaknesses emerge in the study of hallmark events. Third, the majority of research is economic in orientation with relatively little attention being paid to the important social and physical impacts of such events.The paper concludes by noting the general neglect of hallmark tourism events by researchers and the urgent need for further theoretical and empirical studies.
The possibility of measuring and comparing sustainability performance is generally taken for granted in management studies and practices based on the evaluation, selection and ranking of the supposedly best companies in the field. The purpose of this article is to question this basic assumption by analyzing the comparability of sustainability performance through a systematic review of 12 mining company reports using Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines. The analysis of information based on 92 GRI indicators raises serious questions concerning the hypothesis of measurability and comparability of sustainability performance, drawing attention to the main reasons that make it very difficult if not impossible to establish a credible and justifiable classification among organizations.
La possibilité de mesurer et de comparer les performances de développement durable est généralement prise pour acquise tant dans les recherches en gestion que dans les pratiques de classement ou de sélection des meilleures entreprises dans ce domaine. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner cette hypothèse de mesurabilité et de comparabilité des performances de développement durable à partir de l’étude systématique de 12 rapports d’entreprises minières utilisant le même guideline du Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). L’analyse des informations relatives aux 92 indicateurs du GRI utilisés remet en cause l’hypothèse de comparabilité des performances de développement durable en mettant en lumière les principales raisons qui rendent pratiquement impossible l’établissement d’un classement crédible et justifiable entre les entreprises.
There is considerable ambiguity about what makes an event a mega-event. Intervening in this debate, this paper develops a definition and classification scheme for mega-events. On the basis of a review of existing definitions, it proposes four constitutive dimensions of mega-events: visitor attractiveness, mediated reach, costs and transformative impact. The paper develops indicators for each dimension and maps onto these four dimensions a sample of the latest editions of nine large events (Expo, Summer and Winter Olympics, Football World Cup, European Football Championship, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, Pan American Games, Universiade). From this, it develops a multi-dimensional, point-based classification scheme of large events according to size, distinguishing between major events, mega-events and the recently emerging class of giga-events. Concluding, it identifies the need for more systematic data on the size, costs and impacts of a broad range of large-scale events over time.
This article presents conclusions from a 10-year research program, the purpose of which has been to develop a framework and methodology, grounded in the reality of corporate behavior, for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. There are three principal sections: (a) a summary of the approaches, models, and methodologies used in conducting more than 70 field studies of corporate social performance from 1983-1993; (b) a discussion of the principal conclusions derived from the data that (1) corporations manage relationships with stakeholder groups rather than with society as a whole, (2) it is important to distinguish between social issues and stakeholder issues, and (3) it is necessary to identify the appropriate level of analysis in order to evaluate CSP; and (c) a discussion of propositions and areas for further research.
Although special events have become an important element of the leisure and tourism product in many regions, there is still no widely accepted definitional framework for the term “special event.” This article seeks to address this problem by proposing a conceptual and definitional framework based upon an extensive review of the published literature on special events. The literature review identified the key attributes that researchers have used to describe special events. These attributes are then prioritized into core and qualifying, so that a definitional framework can be presented based on the hierarchy of attributes identified by researchers. A schema is presented to illustrate the relationship between the various categories of special events.
Les grands événements : un moteur pour la croissance économique et touristique du Grand Paris
- M Baillot
baillot, M. (2013), Les grands événements : un moteur pour la croissance économique et touristique du Grand Paris. Paris, Chambre de commerce et d'industrie
de la région Paris Île-de-France.
Commission d'étude des Jeux olympiques. Rapport à la 115 e session du CIO
CIO (2003), Commission d'étude des Jeux olympiques. Rapport à la 115 e session du
CIO. Lausanne, CIO.
Les événements sportifs patrimoniaux comme vecteur de développement territorial
- J.-L Chappelet
chaPPelet, J.-L. (2013b), Les événements sportifs patrimoniaux comme vecteur de
développement territorial, in O. Bessy (dir.), Événements sportifs innovants et
développement territorial. Paris, L'Harmattan.
Guidebook for the management of sport event volunteers
- A Ferrand
- N Chanavat
Ferrand, A. & chanavat, N. (2006), Guidebook for the management of sport event
volunteers. Lausanne, Sentedalps -IDHEAP.
« Evolution and issue patterns for major-sport-event organizing committees and stakeholders
- M M Parent
Parent, M. M. (2008), « Evolution and issue patterns for major-sport-event organizing committees and stakeholders », Journal of Sport Management, 22(2),
pp. 135-164.
Handbook of Sports Events Management
- M M Parent
- J.-L Chappelet
Parent, M. M. & chaPPelet, J.-L. (2015), Handbook of Sports Events Management.
London, Routledge.