Essentials of psychological testing (4th ed.)
... A pilot test was then conducted with a sample of 30 entrepreneurs selected via simple random sampling. The reliability of the pilot data was assessed via Cronbach's alpha [69]. The resulting coefficient for the full questionnaire was 0.964, exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.7 [70], thus demonstrating strong internal consistency and justifying its use for data collection with the main sample. ...
... The analysis reveals strong factor loadings ( ) across all the items. The measured constructs demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, with both Cronbach's alpha ( ) and composite reliability (CR) values surpassing 0.6 [69]. Moreover, the average variance extracted (AVE) values exceeded 0.5 for all the constructs, confirming adequate convergent validity [69]. ...
... The measured constructs demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, with both Cronbach's alpha ( ) and composite reliability (CR) values surpassing 0.6 [69]. Moreover, the average variance extracted (AVE) values exceeded 0.5 for all the constructs, confirming adequate convergent validity [69]. These findings substantiate the measurement model's reliability and validity, providing a robust foundation for subsequent structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses. ...
This study investigates the relationship between digital literacy levels among entrepreneurs and their impact on business performance. Specifically, it examines how entrepreneurs' digital skills significantly influence financial and marketing efficiency. The study evaluates the effects of digital literacy on business performance within the theoretical frameworks of the Digital Economy (DE), Digital Orientation (DO), Dynamic Capabilities (DC), and Adaptive Capability (AC). Using a quantitative approach and structural equation modeling (SEM), a novel analytical framework was developed on the basis of data collected from 354 members of provincial chambers of commerce across Thailand. The findings reveal that digital literacy positively and significantly impacts both financial and marketing performance, with adaptive capability serving as the most influential indirect factor. These results emphasize the critical importance of fostering digital skills among entrepreneurs to enhance innovation, adaptability, and sustainable growth in a competitive digital economy. This study contributes to the expanding literature on digital transformation by providing actionable insights into the practical applications of digital literacy for entrepreneurial success. Policymakers and business leaders are encouraged to prioritize the development of digital skills as a strategic pillar for achieving growth and competitiveness in the digital era. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2025-06-01-018 Full Text: PDF
... In this study, a combination of metrics, evaluatives, and specifics is useful for evaluating the effectiveness of ChatGPT as an integrative tool for clinical supervision. Metrics include the Likert scale [17,18], which is used to measure trainees' enjoyment of supervision feedback. The Likert scale is a commonly used instrument in clinical psychology, social work, and other fields to assess perceptions of service quality. ...
... In particular, the first result would attest to the greater effectiveness of the pre-trained AI (fb2) compared to the non-pre-trained AI (fb1) in providing supervisory feedback with respect to the empathic approach, help with the contract, suitability for the professional level, highlighting areas for improvement and help with trust, obtaining results like those of human feedback. This result could reflect the ability of the AI to analyze and process large amounts of data and to use this function to formulate responses that sound linguistically empathetic or aware with respect to the situations described [17]. ...
Clinical supervision is essential for trainees, preventing burnout and ensuring the effectiveness of their interventions. AI technologies offer increasing possibilities for developing clinical practices, with supervision being particularly suited for automation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using ChatGPT-4 as a supervisory tool in psychotherapy training. To achieve this, a clinical case was presented to three distinct groups (untrained AI, pre-trained AI, and qualified human supervisor), and their feedback was evaluated by Gestalt psychotherapy trainees using a Likert scale rating of satisfaction. Statistical analysis, using the statistical package SPSS version 25 and applying principal component analysis (PCA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), demonstrated significant differences in favor of pre-trained AI feedback. PCA highlighted four components of the questionnaire: relational and emotional (C1), didactic and technical quality (C2), treatment support and development (C3), and professional orientation and adaptability (C4). The ratings of satisfaction obtained from the three kinds of supervisory feedback were compared using ANOVA. The feedback generated by the pre-trained AI (f2) was rated significantly higher than the other two (untrained AI feedback (f1) and human feedback (f3)) in C4; in C1, the superiority of f2 over f1 but not over f3 appears significant. These results suggest that AI, when appropriately calibrated, may be an appreciable tool for complementing the effectiveness of clinical supervision, offering an innovative blended supervision methodology, in particular in the area of career guidance.
... However, it is seen that none of the sub-dimensions have an acceptable correlation. However, Cronbach (1990) suggests that high internal consistency is only expected when the phenomenon under measurement is not multi-dimensional [40]. A similar argument was put forward by Nunnally (1975), who suggested a minimum average level of correlation between the test items for the acceptability of internal consistency [41]. ...
... However, it is seen that none of the sub-dimensions have an acceptable correlation. However, Cronbach (1990) suggests that high internal consistency is only expected when the phenomenon under measurement is not multi-dimensional [40]. A similar argument was put forward by Nunnally (1975), who suggested a minimum average level of correlation between the test items for the acceptability of internal consistency [41]. ...
Objective
This study aimed to translate the "Children with Cochlear Implant: Parental Perspectives (CCIPP)" scale into Turkish and evaluate its validity and reliability.
Material and methods
Parents of 378 children between the ages of 2 and 18, who had used cochlear implants for at least one year, filled out the Turkish version of the scale. The original scale was translated from English to Turkish. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the scale construct validity. For the evaluation of the scale reliability, internal consistency and test–retest reliability measures were evaluated with Cronbach's alpha (α) and correlation, respectively.
Results
The reliability coefficients of the dimensions are between 0.237 and 0.678. The test–retest correlation coefficient of 0.875 was obtained. As a result of factor analysis, ten sub-dimensions were determined, corresponding to the original ten domains defined in the CCIPP scale. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) sample adequacy coefficient calculated in the sub-factor analysis was determined to be 0.850. The dimensions obtained according to the result of the Bartlett test in which the significance of the factor structures was tested (test value: 9596.996, degrees of freedom (df): 2628, p < 0.001) are structurally significant. CFA confirmed the accuracy of the ten-dimensional structures (Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.901; Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.902; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.054).
Conclusion
The Turkish version of the scale has good validity and reliability and can be used to examine parents' perspectives on cochlear implants.
... The percentage of a test score that may be attributed to a mistake will decrease as the reliability estimate rises. It is important to remember that test reliability shows how measurement error affects observed values rather than a specific participant [21], [28]. The measurement error standard must be computed to determine how measurement error affects a participant's observed value [29], [30]. ...
... Reliability is fundamentally based on the assumption that a sample of test items is unidimensional; if this condition is not met, dependability is significantly underestimated [8]. A multidimensional test does not always have a lower alpha than a unidimensional test, as has been well shown [28]. Accordingly, alpha cannot be only understood as a measure of a test's internal consistency, according to a more strict interpretation [29]. ...
Likert scales are helpful in social science and perception studies. High-quality tests are essential to examine the dependability of the data provided in a particular evaluation. One often-used measure of test reliability is Cronbach alpha. The dimensionality and test duration have an impact on it. The fundamentally tau-equivalent approach’s (a statistical method that measures how consistent a set of items are in a test) presumptions should be followed by alpha as a reliability indicator. If these presumptions are not met, a low alpha is shown. The Airline Service Quality (ASQ) test measures the quality of services offered by a specific airline using service attributes provided by the airline, which influence passenger satisfaction and enhance more than one-time patronage. The original instrument used measured opinions of a four-point Likert scale with fifteen airline service items, and the allowable Cronbach’s Alphas for the original test ranged from 0.70 to 0.95. By first adding a “3 represents undecided” option and then adding four-word items to the instrument, a five-point Likert scale was developed from the original instrument. The test was piloted with 33 participants.This pilot study’s Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85; following its employment in a larger research study, the instrument’s Cronbach’s alpha was 0.86, resulting in a tool with good internal consistency. Since reliability test depends on the extent of test, Cronbach alpha does not only evaluate test homogeneity or unidimensionality. Whether a test is homogeneous or not, its reliability is increased by its extent. A high alpha score (> 0.90) might indicate that the test should be shorter and may indicate redundancy.
... De esta manera, pudieron detectarse los ítems más problemáticos, errores de formato y erratas o dificultades para comprender las instrucciones (Carretero-Dios y Pérez, 2005). Para su valoración métrica se analizó la consistencia interna mediante el cálculo del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (Cronbach, 1970), obteniéndose el coeficiente de correlación entre cada ítem y la escala. A partir de este análisis se han identificado y eliminado aquellos ítems que presentaron consistencia baja. ...
... Para la evaluación de la fiabilidad del instrumento se optó por el coeficiente de consistencia interna. Se ha calculado el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (Cronbach, 1970) de cada una de las siete dimensiones, a partir del promedio de las correlaciones de sus ítems. La magnitud del coeficiente de confiabilidad se evaluó según la regla de evaluación propuesta por Bartram (2005), por la que un resultado igual o superior a .7 puede ser considerado como razonable o satisfactorio. ...
Introducción: el aprendizaje cooperativo es un modelo pedagógico ampliamente utilizado en
educación física, pero carece de herramientas específicas para evaluar su implementación
desde la perspectiva docente. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como finalidad diseñar y validar el
Cuestionario de Implementación del Aprendizaje Cooperativo en Educación Física (CIACEF).
Metodología: la validación inicial se llevó a cabo con una muestra de 204 docentes de educación
física en España. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para evaluar la estructura del instrumento
(KMO = .863; prueba de Bartlett = .000, p < .001), junto con análisis de consistencia
interna mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (valores entre .729 y .883 para las dimensiones
principales).
Resultados: El CIACEF se estructuró en tres bloques principales: 1) Dificultades en la implementación,
2) Estrategias para una aplicación efectiva; y 3) Evaluación del aprendizaje cooperativo.
Consta de 35 ítems organizados en 7 dimensiones: 1) Dificultades en el alumnado; 2)
Competencia percibida y satisfacción del docente; 3) Estrategias de implementación; 4) Selección
de técnicas cooperativas; 5) Aspectos que evaluar, 6) Evaluación compartida y 7) Evaluación
formativa. Los resultados respaldan la validez y fiabilidad inicial del cuestionario.
Conclusiones: el CIACEF constituye una herramienta valiosa para avanzar en la investigación
educativa, permitiendo explorar y evaluar las dinámicas de implementación docente en metodologías
cooperativas, su impacto en los procesos de enseñanza, así como continuar estudiando
los factores de eficacia en el aprendizaje cooperativo.
... De esta manera, pudieron detectarse los ítems más problemáticos, errores de formato y erratas o dificultades para comprender las instrucciones (Carretero-Dios y Pérez, 2005). Para su valoración métrica se analizó la consistencia interna mediante el cálculo del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (Cronbach, 1970), obteniéndose el coeficiente de correlación entre cada ítem y la escala. A partir de este análisis se han identificado y eliminado aquellos ítems que presentaron consistencia baja. ...
... Para la evaluación de la fiabilidad del instrumento se optó por el coeficiente de consistencia interna. Se ha calculado el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (Cronbach, 1970) de cada una de las siete dimensiones, a partir del promedio de las correlaciones de sus ítems. La magnitud del coeficiente de confiabilidad se evaluó según la regla de evaluación propuesta por Bartram (2005), por la que un resultado igual o superior a .7 puede ser considerado como razonable o satisfactorio. ...
Introducción: el aprendizaje cooperativo es un modelo pedagógico ampliamente utilizado en educación física, pero carece de herramientas específicas para evaluar su implementación desde la perspectiva docente. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como finalidad diseñar y validar el Cuestionario de Implementación del Aprendizaje Cooperativo en Educación Física (CIACEF). Metodología: la validación inicial se llevó a cabo con una muestra de 204 docentes de educación física en España. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para evaluar la estructura del instrumento (KMO = .863; prueba de Bartlett = .000, p < .001), junto con análisis de consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (valores entre .729 y .883 para las dimensiones principales). Resultados: El CIACEF se estructuró en tres bloques principales: 1) Dificultades en la implementación, 2) Estrategias para una aplicación efectiva; y 3) Evaluación del aprendizaje cooperativo. Consta de 35 ítems organizados en 7 dimensiones: 1) Dificultades en el alumnado; 2) Competencia percibida y satisfacción del docente; 3) Estrategias de implementación; 4) Selección de técnicas cooperativas; 5) Aspectos que evaluar, 6) Evaluación compartida y 7) Evaluación formativa. Los resultados respaldan la validez y fiabilidad inicial del cuestionario. Conclusiones: el CIACEF constituye una herramienta valiosa para avanzar en la investigación educativa, permitiendo explorar y evaluar las dinámicas de implementación docente en metodologías cooperativas, su impacto en los procesos de enseñanza, así como continuar estudiando los factores de eficacia en el aprendizaje cooperativo.
... yöneticilerinin daha bilinçli kararlar almasına katkıda bulunur (Cronbach, 1990). Örneğin, öğrenci başarısını değerlendirirken kullanılan akademik başarı testlerinin yanı sıra, kişilik, yetenek ve motivasyon testleri gibi psikolojik araçlar, bireyin tam potansiyelini anlamada önemli rol oynar (Naglieri, 2011). ...
... Bununla birlikte, psikolojik testlerin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik açısından bazı sınırlılıkları bulunmaktadır. Her test, kültürel bağlam ve çevresel faktörlerden etkilenebilir (Cronbach, 1990). Örneğin, bir testin geliştirilme sürecinde yeterince kültürel uyarlama yapılmamışsa, farklı kültürel geçmişlere ...
... The CR value of 0.7, falling within the reliable category, is a cornerstone in assessing measurement instrument integrity. Reliability refers to a measurement tool or instrument's consistency, stability, and dependability in producing consistent results when used repeatedly under the same conditions (Cronbach, 2017;Nunnally & Bernstein, 2018). It signifies the consistency and strength of the measurements and the confidence in the robustness of the findings derived from the analysis (Hair et al., 2019;Streiner, 2020). ...
In the context of global environmental challenges, this study aims to identify significant gaps related to the absence of a comprehensive assessment tool to evaluate STEM literacy within the framework of a geoscience project. The subjects of the study included a population of 254 respondents, with sampling using a simple random sampling technique that resulted in a minimum sample of 155 respondents. The data collection method was carried out through a systematic problem analysis technique, including needs analysis and field research. Data collection was designed to obtain accurate and representative information by considering an error rate (e) of 0.05. The data analysis method used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with Lisrel software, which tested the structural legitimacy of the research data. The feasibility test criteria included the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. The results showed very strong psychometric characteristics of the instrument, with content validity reaching an Aiken coefficient of 0.99, construct validity with a good model fit index, and construct reliability (CR) of 0.83. The instrument consists of ten items covering four main STEM literacy indicators: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. The conclusion of the study confirms that this instrument is not just an assessment tool but a transformative mechanism to develop students' interdisciplinary skills in facing the challenges of the 21st century. The contribution of this study is significant in providing an epistemological foundation for STEM education, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary literacy in preparing a generation that is able to compete in an increasingly complex global landscape.
... Qualitative data were collected by study area survey, household survey, meeting, in-depth interviewing, and focus group discussions with leading farmers and village/community leaders. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed, including a paired-sample T-test and a One-Way ANOVA (F-Test) to assess variations and compare differences in average capital and potential across different farmer groups (Cronbach, 1990;Vanichbuncha & Vanichbuncha, 2015). ...
The study aims to explore the demographic attributes, assets, and farmer's potentialities across three agricultural systems and examine the consequences of transitioning from a precedent maize production system under the DFID's sustainable livelihood framework. Understanding livelihood assets can reveal an approach to poverty reduction and the differences in production models suitable for the local context, emphasizing self-reliance in food and sustainable income generation, and aiding local agencies in planning community development. The research gathered data from 100 households for each farming system in Na Noi District, Nan Province. The research employs both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The results show that integrated farming has younger, higher-educated farmers with a significant portion of their income from agriculture. Commercial farming has the lowest average landholding and highest annual expenses and debts due to the costs of commercial crop production. Semi-commercial farming provides intermediate outcomes between the other systems. Upon results consideration, it can be inferred that switching to integrated agriculture increases farmers' incomes, reduces expenses, improves debt repayment, boosts overall capital, enhances food security, and promotes sustainable agriculture by restoring the quality of soil, water, and air and helping farmers adapt to climate change.
... All statistical results for reliability and validity test are shown in Table 1. By testing the reliability and the validity of the items associated to the construct CRM we found that overall Cronbach's Alpha was 0.697 0.7, which indicated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach, 1970) By testing the reliability and the validity of the items associated to the construct SMEP we found that overall Cronbach's Alpha was 0.843 indicated good internal consistency between the items of SMEP. Moreover, there were significant correlation among all SMEP items ( ...
This study examines the impact of social customer relationship management on performance of small and medium enterprises. It studies the impact of customer relationship management and social media usage on performance of an enterprise. It shows changes in approaching customers that secure long lasting relationships. A model is developed and tested through the analysis of randomly selected data obtained from employees using social media in their businesses as a mean of reaching existing and potential customers. The results show that there are positive relationships between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive analysis as well as regression analysis are used to reach to study findings. When social media is integrated with customer relationship management, it brings deeper understanding of customers, develops further commitment by firms, and facilitates satisfaction and loyalty, which increases a firm's performance. Firms' employees are advised to work on social customer relationship management for better efficiency. This study shows that customer relationship management and social media usage have great impacts on firms' performance. This research contributes to the literature by filling the gap between implementation of social customer relationship management and its impact on performance of small and medium enterprises.
... En su propuesta de cálculo, la z= valor significativo de la validez de contenido; m= nº de variables; n= nº de expertos y c= rango de la escala. Para analizar la fiabilidad del instrumento se empleó el coeficiente α de Cronbach (Cronbach, 1990 ...
The purpose of this study was to design and validate an observation instrument to know the characteristics of the padel volley, when, where and by whom it is performed and its effectiveness. Eleven experts participated in the process and had to meet the five inclusion criteria. Aiken's V coefficient and confidence intervals were used to calculate content validity and Cronbach's α coefficient to analyze reliability. The judges evaluated the appropriateness and wording of the fifteen designed items that were part of the initial instrument. After their assessment, two variables were eliminated for obtaining values <.91 in Aiken's V coefficient in the adequacy. The rest of the variables were modified in their wording, according to the qualitative assessments of the experts, or were considered correct. The reliability of the instrument was acceptable, (α=.89). The VAOP instrument is very novel, as it is of interest to analyze the use and effectiveness of the padel volley.
... Se calculó la fiabilidad (consistencia interna) dado que un instrumento de validación no puede ser válido si carece de fiabilidad (Thomas et al., 2015). Para medir la consistencia interna de las acciones que conforman el programa CEYM se usó el coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach (Cronbach, 1990), que permitió conocer si todas las acciones del programa de intervención medían lo mismo y podían sumarse para tener una única puntuación total (Polit & Hungler, 2000). ...
The climate generated by teachers is related to positive consequences in the school context. Given the lack of training in this area, we decided to design, validate and evaluate an intervention programme on emotional and motivational climate for teachers. Firstly, the programme was designed through a nominal group of seven experts. Secondly, its content was validated and its internal consistency was analysed through the opinion of 25 experts. Finally, the programme was applied by assessing the improvement of the emotional and motivational climate through specific observation tools for this purpose. The programme consists of a series of trainings that provide teachers with strategies and resources that can be applied in the classroom. The results have shown that the "Emotional and Motivational Climate-CEYM" programme is a valid and reliable training proposal for improving the emotional and motivational climate generated by teachers.
... Finally, the reliability analysis was carried out for each of the 11 measurement scales: as shown in Table 6, Cronbach's alpha statistic is higher than 0.7 (Cronbach, 1970;Nunnally, 1987), except for the case of the INTE variable with a value of 0.656, also considered suitable when exceeding 0.6 (Robinson et al., 1991); and the values of the correlation matrix (Hair et al., 2004), was used, taking into consideration three levels of statistical significance: p < 0.001 (***); p < 0.05 (**); and p < 0.10 (*). It was performed using the AMOS version 29 module of the IBM SPSS Statistics software. ...
Purpose: An investigation was conducted to understand how a group of undergraduate engineering students from Escola Universitària Salesiana de Sarrià (EUSS), Barcelona, Spain incorporate sustainability into their academic and professional journeys and the factors that influence their actions.
Study design/methodology/approach: Leveraging the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) (Taylor and Todd, 1995), the study surveyed 275 students from diverse engineering areas and programmatic trajectories. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), this research aimed to understand the complex interplay between various factors influencing students' attitudes and intentions toward sustainable practices.
Findings: The study's findings indicate that a positive attitude and a strong subjective norm (a person's perception of the social expectations to adopt a particular behaviour) directly and positively impact an individual's behavioural intention to act sustainably and responsibly in their future professional life. This validates two of the proposed hypotheses, examining the positive influence of a person’s attitude and subjective norm on behavioural intention. The results confirm that attitude is the most critical element among others so that universities can promote a positive attitude toward sustainability among students.
Originality/value: The final goal is to generate critical points for sustainability across the European Union, thereby showcasing originality and innovation beyond its geographical focus.
... To ensure content validity, experts evaluated the questionnaire using the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) (Bollen, 1989), ensuring alignment with the study's objectives. Finally, the reliability of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) (Cronbach, 1990), which yielded a value of 0.957, indicating a high level of reliability. The statistics used to analyze the data in this quantitative research are as follows: descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. ...
... Un'assunzione piuttosto diffusa tra i ricercatori e gli utilizzatori degli strumenti Web-based è che la versione carta e matita possa essere convertita in una versione Web senza che venga meno l'equivalenza delle due forme. Tuttavia, come suggerisce Cronbach (1990), è sempre opportuno analizzare l'equivalenza delle diverse forme di uno stesso strumento, dato che le sue proprietà psicometriche potrebbero cambiare quando vengono impiegati differenti metodi di somministrazione. A tutt'oggi, comunque, un numero piuttosto limitato di studi ha esaminato le differenze in tali proprietà nel caso di misure di personalità raccolte via Web. ...
Obiettivo del presente lavoro è fornire un contributo all'adattamento italiano della scala del con-trollo sociopolitico di Zimmerman e Zahniser (SPCS, 1991), una misura delle credenze circa le capa-cità e l'efficacia individuale rispetto ai sistemi sociali e politici, impiegando e comparando due diverse metodologie di somministrazione: carta e matita vs. Web-based. La SPCS è utile per misurare e prevedere la partecipazione in ruoli di leadership e responsabilità nei contesti socio-politici e l'impegno profuso in essi. Hanno preso parte alla ricerca complessivamente 481 persone, adulti e studenti universitari: 254 hanno compilato il questionario nel formato carta e matita e 227 attraverso un form on-line. Oltre alla SPCS, il questionario comprendeva la scala di mastery e una forma breve della scala di desiderabilità sociale di Marlowe e Crowne. I risultati, ottenuti attraverso analisi fatto-riali esplorative e confermative e mediante la procedura multi-sample, hanno confermato il modello originario a due fattori correlati della scala SPCS. È stata inoltre verificata l'invarianza della struttura fattoriale della scala nelle forme carta e matita e Web-based. Infine, i punteggi compositi ottenuti dalle due somministrazioni non sono risultati diversi. / The aim of the present study is to supply a contribution to the adaptation of the Zimmerman and Zahniser' Sociopolitical Control Scale (SPCS, 1991) to the Italian context. The scale is a comprehensive measure of the perceived individual effectiveness towards social and political systems. The SPCS is useful in order to measure and to predict the participation in leadership roles within the social and political contexts. In the present study we used and compared two methods of administration of the scale: paper-and-pencil vs. Web-based. The study was carried out with 481 participants, adults and university students: 254 filled out the questionnaire in the paper-and-pencil format and 227 filled out the on-line format. The questionnaire included also the Mastery Scale and a short form of the Marlowe and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale. The results, via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with multi-sample procedure, support the original two-correlated-factors model of the SPCS scale. Moreover, the invariance of the factorial structure has been verified in the paper-and-pencil and Web-based format. Finally, no differences were found between the composite scores in the two administration methods.
... The reliability of the personality test was tested on all questions using Cronbach's alpha (46). The Cronbach's alpha score was 0.84 for the personality test, indicating good internal consistency. ...
Background
Orthodontic pain is defined as orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement. The application of orthodontic forces activates periodontal sensory receptors, resulting in a cascade of nociceptive pain processing and transduction in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is eventually felt by patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between pain perception, pressure pain threshold (PPT), attitude toward orthodontic treatment, and personality traits in adolescents treated with fixed orthodontic appliances.
Methods
The study involved 60 subjects aged 16 to 18 year-olds divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 30 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances, and group 2 consisted of 30 untreated subjects. The tool for data collection was a questionnaire that assessed pain experience for treated subjects, pain expectation for untreated subjects, and attitude toward treatment using a visual analog scale (VAS) marked at 10-mm intervals. The assessment of patients’ personality profiles was carried out using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). PPT was measured using a digital force algometer. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. The significance threshold was established at p < 0.05.
Results
The multivariate analysis showed that treatment status was the only variable affecting patients’ average attitude scores and average pain experience/expectation scores measured using a VAS, and average PPT scores (p < 0.0001). Gender and personality traits did not affect PPT scores, pain intensity, and attitude toward treatment (p > 0.05). The results of the follow-up univariate analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the patients’ average attitude toward treatment (p = 0.017) and PPT scores (p < 0.0001) between the treated and untreated groups.
Conclusion
Orthodontic treatment may impact the pressure pain thresholds measured using algometry and patient attitudes toward treatment. This knowledge is essential for orthodontists and patients, as the success of orthodontic treatment largely depends on the patient’s cooperation and motivation, which may be affected by patient’s attitude toward treatment and pain perception. This, in turn, encourages the search for effective methods of pain reduction during orthodontic treatment and attention to communication between orthodontists and patients for a good understanding of the procedures used.
... Second, the findings for sophistication may also be related to the task instructions, which did not state that participants were expected to use sophisticated words. As a result, it is possible that our writing tasks did not test ability as such, but rather typical performance in terms of lexical sophistication (Cronbach 1970). Learners might have been able to use advanced vocabulary 'had they known' this was part of the scoring (Schoonen 2011), but this ability was not reflected in their output because they were unaware their vocabulary use would be analyzed. ...
This study investigated the lexical proficiency of L2 learners of English and French. The aim of the study was two-fold. First, we examined the cross-sectional differences in productive vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary use between L2 learners in two grades. Second, we investigated the extent to which vocabulary knowledge and grade could predict vocabulary use in writing, operationalized as lexical diversity (moving average type-token ratio), mean-based, and band-based lexical sophistication (average frequency and lexical frequency profile). Participants (N = 423) from grade 10 and grade 12 completed a form recall test (productive vocabulary knowledge) and two writing tasks (vocabulary use) in both English and French. The cross-sectional comparison showed that while vocabulary knowledge and lexical diversity increased across grades in both languages, mean-based lexical sophistication only improved in English. Band-based sophistication was not observed to increase in either language. Furthermore, the results indicated that productive vocabulary knowledge predicted all measures of vocabulary use in English, but only predicted lexical diversity for French. The findings are discussed in light of their implications for L2 pedagogy.
... The researchers used a group of similarly qualified individuals to complete the questionnaire and then tested the data for confidence by finding Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient for the rating scale questionnaire. Reliability result: Cronbach's Alpha was 0.678 [3]. Therefore, it can be concluded that this questionnaire can be used. ...
This study on factors affecting digital economy education aimed to examine the general condition of individuals, personal factors, academia factors and decision-making to study digital economy. The study was conducted with a sample group of final year students at the bachelor's degree level and used an online questionnaire as a data collection tool. The statistics used in the data analysis were frequency, percentage, standard deviation and regression. The results showed that age, occupation, need to have knowledge and skills in educational research for use in working or writing academic work, and need to use knowledge or qualifications to help hold a position at a higher level and having the opportunity to become a master's degree student increase the honour and dignity for oneself and one’s family. These points can significantly explain the decision to pursue a master’s degree in digital economy. Policy recommendations include continuing education based on the need for knowledge and research skills. Consequently, changes in technology affecting the economy and society may require policymakers to consider shifting the skills of workers or careers in new fields and learning skills in the future in line with the changes occurring in the digital economy era.
... On the other hand, intelligence is defined as the ability to solve problems, reason, make good decisions, learn from experience, adapt, etc. (Gottfredson 1997). Therefore, it is usually measured via tests that include tasks designed to assess what a person can do, that is, by maximum performance tests (Cronbach 1949). In this study, personality traits are self-report based, while intelligence was assessed using a maximum performance test. ...
The differentiation of personality by intelligence hypothesis, which has mixed support in the literature, predicts that personality is more variable for more intelligent individuals. This study aimed to test that hypothesis by comparing variances, reliability coefficients, and inter‐scale correlations of personality as assessed by self‐reports between groups of participants with different intelligence scores. We used two independent datasets ( N 1 = 655; N 2 = 836; N total = 1491) in which the same vocabulary test was used as a measure of verbal intelligence, but personality was measured as self‐report by different inventories (NEO‐FFI and HEXACO‐100). As the verbal ability scores had a normal distribution, the combined mean was calculated, and empirical groups were generated within each sample to compare groups of participants who indicated a low‐ability group (G1) and the high‐ability group (G3). Results mostly support the differentiation hypothesis in the NEO‐FFI dataset, where participants in G3 have higher variances and reliability coefficients than participants in G1, but do not show lower inter‐scale correlation coefficients. However, the same trend was not found in the second sample where personality was assessed by the HEXACO inventory. In conclusion, the results of this study provide only partial support for the personality differentiation by intelligence hypothesis.
... Besides, we measured effort for final consensus and time for final consensus using new scales, as we didn't find these construct's measures in the literature. Cronbach's α of our measurement instruments were satisfactory (between 0.638 and 0.968), reliabilities of 0.50 to 0.60 being deemed sufficient at early stages of research (Cronbach, 1970;Moore and Benbasat, 1991). ...
... Then, we tested the questionnaire on preservice science teachers who were not target groups of 30 people to determine the confidence of the questionnaire in understanding the nature of science. The Cronbach's alpha model was found to be equal to 0.83 (Cronbach, 1990). ...
Understanding the nature of science is one component of knowing science and is key for science teacher students to to have a correct understanding. Therefore, the researcher was interested in studying the learning persistence of understanding the nature of science among the science teacher students after the course with a series of inquiry-based learning activities combined with reflective indication and history of scientists for 1 month using a combination of research methodology. The target group for the research was 35 science teacher students of a Rajabhat University in southern Thailand. The research tools include 1)learning management plan 2) Questionnaire on understanding the nature of science 3) a semi-structured interview form on understanding the nature of science. For quantitative data analysis with percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test for dependent sample, and analyze qualitative data with content-oriented analysis. The results showed that: Science teacher students who studied with the learning activity set had a statistically significant average score of understanding the nature of science after a one-month learning gap, not statistically significantly different from after the course, at a level of .05.All scientific community resolutions feature the nature of science. The results show that incorporating the inquiry process into teaching, along with an explicit reflective approach and the historical context of scientists, can greatly enhance the student's understanding and learning retention of the nature of science.
... RPs offer valuable insights into examinees' performance, helping test designers reduce the gap between observed responses and the constructs being measured. Although not a new area of research, the study of cognitive processes used by examinees in different tasks has a long history (e.g., [36]). Collecting this evidence involves various methods such as think-aloud interviews, cognitive interviews, keystroke and mouse click analysis, ET techniques, and RT analysis [33]. ...
Background: When measuring complex cognitive constructs, it is crucial to correctly design the evaluation items in order to trigger the intended knowledge and skills. Furthermore, assessing the validity of an assessment requires considering not only the content of the evaluation tasks, but also how examinees perform by engaging construct-relevant response processes. Objectives: We used eye-tracking techniques to examine item response processes in the assessment of digital competence. The eye-tracking observations helped to fill an ‘explanatory gap’ by providing data on the variation in response processes that cannot be captured by other common sources. Method: Specifically, we used eye movement data to validate the inferences made between claimed and observed behavior. This allowed us to interpret how participants processed the information in the items in terms of Area Of Interest (their size, placement, and order). Results and Conclusions: The gaze data provide detailed information about response strategies at the item level, profiling the examinees according to their engagement, response processes and performance/success rate. The presented evidence confirms that the response patterns of the participants who responded well do not represent an alternative to the interpretation of the results that would undermine the assessment criteria. Takeaways: Gaze-based evidence has great potential to provide complementary data about the response processes performed by examinees, thereby contributing to the validity argument.
... The reliability analysis results presented in Table 2 demonstrate that the obtained coefficients satisfy the minimum threshold of 0.60 as suggested in the literature (Cronbach, 1990;Punch, 2005). Consequently, the scales and dimensions used in the study exhibit high internal consistency. ...
... The reliability of the criteria determined within the EFA factors was assessed using the internal consistency coefficient (α) developed by Cronbach (Cronbach 1984). The alpha coefficient not only gauges the quality of various criteria but also determines the extent to which they complement each other. ...
Background
Wildfire severity is increasing yearly owing to climate change, and fires pose serious threats to forest fire workers (FFWs). Effective management of their recruitment process is vital to mitigate risks, ensuring ongoing firefighting efficacy.
Aims
This study aimed to develop criteria to be used in the recruitment process of FFWs engaged in fighting forest fires in Turkey and to assess the validity and reliability of these.
Methods
A survey consisting of 5 questions and 30 items was designed to establish a recruitment scale for FFWs. A total of 682 personnel serving in ground teams participated in the survey. The recruitment scale was developed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).
Keyresults
The FFWs recruitment scale that has been developed comprises 23 criteria. These criteria are collected into five factors, which are suitability for work, physical and mental condition, education, working conditions and self-management.
Conclusions
The EFA model explains 67.18% of the total variance. Goodness-of-fit indices collectively indicate that the CFA model fits the observed data very well. A multidimensional, reliable and valid recruitment scale has been designed.
Implications
The recruitment scale for FFWs can also be used in the preparation of national occupational standards and qualification criteria.
... A continuación, con la finalidad de otorgar veracidad y fiabilidad al instrumento final elaborado y antes de someterlo a la valoración de prueba piloto con un grupo participante de características similares al incorporado en este proceso de investigación, la consideración de su posible validación pasa por el cumplimiento de los requisitos estipulados por Muñiz (1996) incorporando un coeficiente de fiabilidad satisfactorio obteniendo el Alfa de Cronbach un 0.89 (Cronbach, 1990). En este momento, comienza la denominada fase empírica, en la que se llevó a cabo una prueba piloto con el cuestionario definitivo, con la finalidad de analizar la comprensión y pertinencia del instrumento y la validez del mismo, dentro de un grupo de estudiantes de categorías similares a las necesarias, consiguiendo un resultado satisfactorio en la cumplimentación de la misma. ...
La presente investigación se centra en un contexto caracterizado por una constante evolución legislativa que ha conducido a una disminución de la carga lectiva en la asignatura de Música en el nivel de educación primaria. Esta situación plantea interrogantes significativos acerca de la relevancia y pertinencia de mantener la música como componente integral del currículo escolar. En este contexto, el propósito fundamental de este estudio reside en la comprensión profunda de la valoración y nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes en relación con las clases de música. Es crucial subrayar que esta investigación no se circunscribe a la perspectiva de los docentes, sino que se enfoca en la percepción directa del propio alumnado. Para lograrlo, se considera la inclusión de 584 estudiantes de tercer ciclo de educación primaria de centros educativos tanto públicos como privados de la localidad de Marbella (Málaga), con el objetivo de identificar posibles similitudes y diferencias en la manera en que estas instituciones abordan la asignatura de música. La metodología de investigación se sustenta en la triangulación de datos, lo que implica la recolección de información a través de diversas fuentes y técnicas. Los resultados de esta investigación no solo enriquecerán la comprensión de la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la música en el contexto educativo, sino que también proporcionarán datos valiosos para los especialistas en educación musical. A través de estas conclusiones, se aspira a promover un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje más eficaz y significativo en el ámbito musical, adaptado a las motivaciones y preferencias de los estudiantes, asegurando así la continuidad de la música como componente esencial de la formación educativa en la educación primaria.
The role of counseling and guidance professionals in modern education has become increasingly vital, particularly in addressing the diverse psychological and emotional needs of students. Among the critical competencies required for effective counseling is the ability to administer and interpret psychological tests, which are essential tools for assessing various psychological domains such as intelligence, personality, and emotional functioning. This study explores the significance of enhancing the skills of counseling guidance students as psychological testers, focusing on theoretical foundations, practical applications, and the need for targeted training programs. The study employed a quantitative approach, assessing participants' skills through a series of tests conducted during a two-day training session. The training aimed to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, offering students hands-on experience in administering and interpreting psychological tests. A total of 25 students participated in the training, and their performance was evaluated through written exams and practical tests. The results revealed that while most participants demonstrated a good understanding of the theoretical aspects, there were varying levels of proficiency in practical testing skills. The training proved effective in enhancing students' abilities, but it also highlighted the need for more structured and continuous practice to build confidence and competence. The findings suggest that targeted training programs are crucial for preparing counseling guidance students to meet the demands of their future professional roles. This study underscores the importance of investing in the professional development of counseling guidance students through comprehensive training programs. By equipping students with the necessary skills to administer and interpret psychological tests, these programs can improve the quality of counseling services and contribute to better psychological outcomes for individuals.
يهدف البحث التعرف الى :
1- الدوافع الايجابية للمواجهة الاستباقية لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية .
2- دلالة الفروق الإحصائية في الدوافع الايجابية للمواجهة الاستباقية لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية بحسب متغيري النوع (ذكور- اناث) .
3- الشخصية المؤثرة لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية .
4- دلالة الفروق الإحصائية في الشخصية المؤثرة لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية بحسب متغيري النوع (ذكور- اناث) .
5- العلاقة الارتباطية بين الدوافع الايجابية للمواجهة الاستباقية والشخصية المؤثرة لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية .
ولتحقيق اهداف البحث قام الباحث ببناء مقياس الدوافع الايجابية للمواجهة الاستباقية وفق نظرية كرينغلاس (Greenglass,2002)، وتكون المقياس من (14) فقرة، وتم التحقق من الصدق الظاهري وثبات المقياس بطريقة اعادة الاختبار وبلغ معامل الثبات (0،84)، وتبني مقياس الشخصية المؤثرة وفق نظرية مارتنز (Martins , 2019)، وتكون من (25) فقرة وتم التحقق من الصدق الظاهري وثبات المقياس بطريقة اعادة الاختبار وبلغ معامل الثبات (0،89)، وتم عرض المقياسين على مجموعة من المحكمين، اذ بلغت عينة البحث (400) من الطلبة، وباستخدام الوسائل الاحصائية (الاختبار التائي لعينة واحدة، والاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون، وباستعمال الحقيبة الاحصائية (spss)، وبينت نتائج البحث انه توجد دوافع ايجابية للمواجهة الاستباقية، وتوجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بسيطة ولصالح الذكور، وكذلك لديهم شخصية مؤثرة ولا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية تبعاً لمتغير النوع (ذكور- اناث)، وكذلك توجد علاقة ارتباطية بين المتغيرين وخرج البحث بمجموعة من المقترحات والتوصيات
The research sought to accomplish the following goals: 1) To examine the demographic factors influencing the decision of people in Ratchaburi province to use smartphone applications for food ordering, and 2) To study the marketing mix factors, as perceived by consumers influencing customers' decisions to use smartphone applications for food ordering in the province of Ratchaburi. This study employed a quantitative research methodology and collected a convenience sample of 313 participants. The statistical analysis included a variety of methods, such as percentage calculation, determination of mean and standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and application of the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes Model (MIMIC model). The decision of consumers in Ratchaburi province to place their food orders via smartphone applications was influenced by a variety of demographic factors, including gender, age, education level, and average monthly income. At the 0.05 level of statistical significance, these factors were found to be significant. In addition, the opinions of customers regarding the aspects of the marketing mix that were considered in the decision-making process were taken into consideration. These aspects of the market were referred to as Consumer Wants and Needs (CWN), Convenience to Buy (CTB), Communication that Connects (CTC), and Consumer's Cost to Satisfy (CCS). It was determined that these parameters had a predictive value equivalent to 76.30 percent. Introduction The consumption of food is an essential component in maintaining and improving the quality of human life (Office of The Royal Society, 2020). It is generally acknowledged as one of the primary requirements for human survival and has a significant role in the formation of our way of life. The current era is increasingly characterised by urbanisation, chaotic schedules, strong competitiveness, and constant traffic congestion. More and more people, therefore, try to find some technology that could help make their life as easy as possible. It found that in today's society, many people consider using applications for ordering their food and services online. This is to reduce the time-making queues in food shops which helps save a lot of their time and allows them to order their food in advance. Ordering food through online applications, thus, becomes one of the most preferable trends and ways done by many Thai people these days. Research by Saichana and Srinuan (2018) found that most of the consumers of online food applications were a group of students and they were satisfied with the online food applications as they use a very short response time and meet consumers' needs. Besides, the report showed that Thais have adopted the practice of purchasing food and beverages using app-based platforms that offer home delivery services. This trend has grown in popularity due to the convenience it provides in obtaining meals. Furthermore, these platforms frequently provide great discount programs, making the food more reasonable when compared to purchasing straight from physical retailers. As a result, online platform entrepreneurs can observe and change their delivery services to match the individual needs of customers who use their online applications for food orders. This shift toward online meal ordering matches Thai people's current lifestyles and delivers various benefits to consumers, including convenience, lower pricing, and appealing marketing campaigns. The KBank Research Centre made a prediction that by the year 2019,
The paper aims to investigate the role of reputation in the insurance industry. It is important to test the direct and indirect outcomes of reputation in insurance companies. Direct consequences of reputation include perceived value, satisfaction, trust, and commitment, while the indirect outcomes are loyalty and word-of-mouth (WOM). For this purpose, a theoretical model was proposed and tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). A questionnaire survey was developed to examine the relationships between reputation, perceived value, satisfaction, trust, commitment, loyalty, and word-of-mouth. For this study, 744 valid questionnaires were collected from a sample of Portuguese car insurance policyholders. The results revealed that reputation directly influences perceived value, satisfaction, trust, and commitment and indirectly affects loyalty via these variables. Additionally, reputation indirectly influences WOM through perceived value, satisfaction, and commitment. Finally, loyalty has an impact on WOM. This research emphasises the crucial role of reputation in insurance companies and fills a gap in understanding the outcomes of reputation in insurance services.
ภูมิหลังและวัตถุประสงค์การวิจัย: สุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษาเป็นสภาวะการปฏิบัติงานตามภารกิจและความรับผิดชอบของสถานศึกษาเพื่อให้มีความพร้อมที่จะคงอยู่และปรับตัวท่ามกลางสภาพแวดล้อมและสภาวการณ์ต่าง ๆ ได้อย่างเหมาะสม สามารถจะปรับปรุงหรือรองรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงการปฏิบัติงานและการพัฒนาก้าวหน้าไปอย่างต่อเนื่อง และสามารถจัดการกับปัญหาต่าง ๆ ที่มาคุกคามได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ โดยข้าราชการครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษาในสถานศึกษาทุกคนปฏิบัติงานร่วมกันได้อย่างมีความสุขและเกิดประสิทธิภาพและประสิทธิผล ดังนั้นการวิจัยครั้งนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษาสภาพปัจจุบัน สภาพที่พึงประสงค์และความต้องการจำเป็นการพัฒนาสุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษา และ 2) ศึกษาแนวทางการพัฒนาสุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษา ระเบียบวิธีการวิจัย : การวิจัยแบ่งเป็น 2 ระยะ คือ ระยะที่ 1 ศึกษาสภาพปัจจุบัน สภาพที่พึงประสงค์และความต้องการจำเป็นการพัฒนาสุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษา กลุ่มตัวอย่าง ผู้บริหารสถานศึกษาและครู จำนวน 322 คน ได้มาโดยวิธีการสุ่มตัวอย่างแบบแบ่งชั้น เครื่องมือการวิจัย คือ แบบสอบถาม มีลักษณะเป็นแบบมาตราส่วนประมาณค่า 5 ระดับ มีค่าความเชื่อมั่นเท่ากับ 0.98 วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยการหาค่าเฉลี่ยและส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน และระยะที่ 2 ศึกษาแนวทางการพัฒนาสุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษา กลุ่มผู้ให้ข้อมูลสำคัญ คือ ผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ จำนวน 5 คนแนวทางการพัฒนาสุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษา และผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ จำนวน 7 คน เพื่อประเมินแนวทาง เครื่องมือการวิจัย คือ แบบสัมภาษณ์แบบกึ่งโครงสร้าง และแบบประเมินความเหมาะสมและความเป็นไปได้ของแนวทาง ผลการวิจัย: 1. สภาพปัจจุบันโดยรวมมีค่าเฉลี่ยอยู่ในระดับมาก สภาพที่พึงประสงค์โดยรวมมีค่าเฉลี่ยอยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด และมีค่าความต้องการจำเป็นเรียงตามลำดับจากค่าสูงสุดถึงต่ำสุด ดังนี้ ด้านการอยู่ร่วมกันของครู ด้านเกียรติศักดิ์ของสถานศึกษา ด้านการมุ่งเน้นวิชาการ ด้านการสนับสนุนทรัพยากร และด้านความเป็นผู้นำและอิทธิพลของผู้บริหารสถานศึกษา ตามลำดับ 2. แนวทางการพัฒนาสุขภาพองค์การของสถานศึกษา ประกอบด้วย องค์ประกอบ 5 ด้าน และ มี 15 แนวทาง ดังนี้ ด้านการอยู่ร่วมกันของครู มี 4 แนวทาง ด้านเกียรติศักดิ์ของสถานศึกษา มี 3 แนวทาง ด้านการมุ่งเน้นวิชาการ มี 3 แนวทาง ด้านการสนับสนุนทรัพยากร มี 2 แนวทาง และด้านความเป็นผู้นำและอิทธิพลของผู้บริหารสถานศึกษา มี 3 แนวทาง และมีผลการประเมินโดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด สรุปผล: สุขภาพองค์การถือว่ามีความสำคัญสำหรับสถานศึกษา ผู้บริหาร ครู บุคลากรทางการศึกษา และนักเรียน เนื่องจากองค์การที่มีคุณภาพและมีประสิทธิภาพในการทำงานนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับสุขภาพขององค์การเป็นสำคัญ เพราะองค์การที่มีสุขภาพสมบูรณ์จะมีผลผลิตที่ดีทั้งด้านปริมาณและคุณภาพ จะส่งผลให้เป็นที่ยอมรับของสังคม สมาชิกในองค์การมีความสุข มีความพึงพอใจในการทำงาน มีบรรยากาศที่เอื้อต่อการทำงาน สมาชิกมีความรักและผูกพันต่อองค์การและมีการประสานความร่วมมือในการปฏิบัติภารกิจขององค์การให้บรรลุเป้าหมาย
The objectives of the study on affecting factors on accessing public railway transportation in Bangkok Metropolitan are 1) to examine the factors influencing the use of the public transportation system, and 2) to investigate the factors affecting access to public railways. The research employed a mixed methodology, combining quantitative methods using data collected from a sample of 815 public transportation. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic models. In addition, qualitative methodology was utilized, which involved conducting in-depth interviews with officials from the Ministry of Transport, private sector executives, and service users. Content analysis was applied to generate inductive analysis and draw conclusions. The research findings indicated that there is no significant relationship between the group of rail transit users (Group A) and non-users (Group B). However, a significant relationship exists between rail transit users (Group A) and non-users (Group C). Based on this study, the recommendations include developing an electric bus and QR code application on mobile phone to efficient connectivity system to the rail transportation system, considering fare pricing, and providing support for low-income individuals. For further research, this comprises examining the price structure, which is a significant factor in travel expenses, and studying price elasticity on different routes within the public transportation system. This research can serve as a basis for testing and implementing measures that would increase passenger accessibility to the rail system and potentially reduce fares in the future. Applying the proposed recommendations would be beneficial for the development of Thailand's mass rail transportation system in the future.
The present study investigated the relationship between alternative measures of field dependence/independence. Two fundamental issues have centered around (a) whether field dependence/independence is a cognitive style or cognitive ability and (b) the use of multiple measures of the construct. Consistent with past research, the results tended to support a cognitive-ability interpretation but only when the Group Embedded Figures Test was the measure. Using the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test, results were more compatible with a stylistic interpretation. The implications of these findings for the operational measurement and application of the construct are discussed.
Background
Evolution is the foundation for understanding life’s diversity and interconnectedness. Acceptance of the theory of evolution is correlated with its effective teaching and learning. The Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) is a widely used tool for assessing this acceptance; however, it requires adaptation and validity evidence for application in new linguistic and cultural contexts. This study aims to validate the Spanish adaptation of MATE (MATE-E) for Spanish-speaking high school students and biology teachers.
Results
Evidence of content validity, response process, internal structure, relationship with other variables, and testing consequences supports the MATE-E’s suitability for Spanish-speaking, Puerto Rican high school students and teachers. Analysis of the instrument’s structure through exploratory factor analysis identified five factors. The instrument also shows strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.879). Additional evidence on the instrument's relationship with other translations or adaptations of the MATE supports the instrument validity for the intended construct. Additional data from teachers' pre- and post-test assessments following a professional development program affirms the MATE-E's cultural sensitivity and construct validity.
Conclusions
The current study provides evidence for the adaptation, reliability, and validity of the MATE-E, supporting its use in research and evaluation among Puerto Rican Spanish-speaking secondary students and biology teachers.
Many recent studies have reported a convergence in the scores of males and females on spatial tests; however, these studies also indicate different amounts of convergence. There are indications that spatial differences continue to exist. It was decided to study such differences in spatial ability on two different tests for two groups of South African first-year university students (ns = 60), one from arts and one from the sciences. In all comparisons statistically significant differences were found between the sexes.
The objectives of this research were 1) To analyze the relationship of demographic
factors and customers’ buying decision of agricultural products 2) To analyze the affects of services marketing mix on buying decision of agricultural products. The populations was the 1,334 customers. The samples used in this study was a group of 307 customers of Khao Khitchakut Agricultural Cooperative Limited. Selected by purposive sampling selection. Statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson Chi-Square, and multiple regression analysis. The result showed that
1) The demographic factors (age and status) were correlated with consumer behavior (interms of annual purchase expenditure) with statistical significance at the 0.05 level.
2) Services marketing mix (price, place, promotion, people, and processes) had a positive affecting on customers’ buying decision with statistical significance at the 0.05 level. While product and physical evidence showed no interaction between them.
It’s widely accepted in all cultures and educational systems around the world that
math anxiety negatively impacts people’s lives. However, anxiety is not always
negative. When stress increases, “fight or flight” reaction is triggered to prepare our
body’s response to a challenge or threat. Once you learn how stress responses can be used as an adaptive tool, it provides the student with ambition and motivation on the road to success. According to laboratory studies, cognitive reappraisal interventions can help students to alter their negative thoughts about anxiety. It can even improve students’ math performance by reducing math anxiety. In this study, I investigated whether cognitive reappraisal interventions applied before the mathematics exams affect students’ mathematics anxiety, perceived coping resources and academic performance. Forty undergraduate students from social sciences department of a nonprofit private university in Turkey participated. In the pretest, students completed questionnaires about math anxiety and stress appraisals before Math Exam-1. In the posttest, students were randomly assigned to two conditions: treatment or control. While students in the treatment group (n = 26) were taught how stress can be used as an adaptive tool by focusing on its positive effects (cognitive reappraisal), students in the control group (n = 14) were asked to ignore stress. I found that while math exam anxiety was reduced in the treatment group, it increased in the control group, but this difference wasn’t statistically significant. No effect on students’ coping resources and academic achievement found. Limitations and implications for further research are discussed.
บทความวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) เพื่อศึกษาระดับปัจจัยวัฒนธรรมองค์กร 2) เพื่อศึกษาระดับปัจจัยความสุขในการทำงานของพนักงานครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษาสำนักการศึกษา เทศบาลนครเชียงราย และ 3) เพื่อศึกษาวัฒนธรรมองค์กรที่ส่งผลต่อความสุขในการทำงานของพนักงานครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษา สำนักการศึกษา เทศบาลนครเชียงราย กลุ่มประชากรที่ใช้ในการศึกษาประกอบด้วยพนักงานครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษาในสังกัดเทศบาลนครเชียงราย จำนวน 232 คน ซึ่งได้จากการสุ่มตัวอย่างแบบสุ่มอย่างง่าย เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการเก็บข้อมูลคือแบบสอบถาม ซึ่งผ่านการตรวจสอบคุณภาพและความน่าเชื่อถือแล้ว สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลประกอบด้วยการวิเคราะห์ถดถอยพหุคูณแบบขั้นตอนและการวิเคราะห์สหสัมพันธ์ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า 1) ระดับปัจจัยวัฒนธรรมองค์กร อยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด 2) ระดับปัจจัยความสุขในการทำงานของพนักงานครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษาสำนักการศึกษา เทศบาลนครเชียงราย อยู่ในระดับมากที่สุด และ 3) ผลการวิเคราะห์วัฒนธรรมองค์กรที่ส่งผลต่อความสุขในการทำงานของพนักงานครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษา สำนักการศึกษา เทศบาลนครเชียงรายโดยเฉพาะวัฒนธรรมองค์กรแบบปรับตัว วัฒนธรรมองค์กรแบบเครือญาติ และวัฒนธรรมองค์กรแบบมุ่งผลสำเร็จ ซึ่งทั้งสามปัจจัยนี้มีอิทธิพลเชิงบวกอย่างมีนัยสำคัญต่อความสุขในการทำงาน โดยสามารถอธิบายความแปรปรวนของความสุขในการทำงานได้ถึง 49.90% ซึ่งแสดงถึงความสำคัญของการพัฒนาวัฒนธรรมองค์กรในการเพิ่มความสุขและประสิทธิภาพในการทำงานของพนักงานครูและบุคลากรทางการศึกษา
This study investigates the realms of 1) Level of the knowledge and understanding in the construction of water-retaining structures, and 2) Public participation pertaining to the construction of water-retaining structures. Employing a mixed-method approach, it combines both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. For quantitative research, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted on 363 Rural Community Members in Agriculture, underwent scrutiny through measures such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Concurrently, qualitative data emanated from interviews and observations conducted with 29 key informants, comprising community members engaged in agriculture, government officials, students, and leaders. The findings of the study were as follows: 1) Level of the knowledge and understanding in the construction of water-retaining structures, in all aspects was high spanning various facets of construction, including land surveys, design, materials, site planning, and the construction process itself. 2) Public participation: the participants exhibited a profound understanding of water-retaining structure erection, underlining the significance of public participation. Community-driven construction of water-retaining structures promotes decision-making, unity, and mutual benefits. Utilizing local resources, especially bamboo, aids environmental preservation. The adoption of bamboo weirs enhances cooperation, ensuring year-round water access and strengthening community bonds. Decentralized responsibilities foster collaboration, improving community relationships. These structures yield intellectual, economic, and social gains, benefiting agriculture and reducing drought risks. Ongoing evaluation and stakeholder collaboration ensure project success, enhancing community knowledge, understanding and sustainability. This collaborative culture encourages inclusivity and long-term stability, reducing external support dependency.
Counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) are widespread in Indian organizations. The objective of this study is to construct a culture specific tool (directed towards Indian population) that would not directly question an employee but could still gauge his propensity to indulge in counterproductive work behaviors. This tool is designed to have two dimensions-rating of counterproductive work behavior (CWB Rating) and respondent's propensity to indulge in counterproductive work behavior (CWB Self). Day to day work situations were presented followed by two sets of questions (one for each dimension). The responses were taken on a four point rating scale. Four categories of behaviors were identified from the pool of behaviors, these were lying, production deviance, bullying and aggression based on a pilot study which showed highest prevalence of these behaviors in Indian Organizations. The methodology for tool development process took place in three stages: stage 1, focusing on instrument development, stage 2, focusing on instrument refinement and stage 3, focusing on instrument validation. The sample consisted of 352 employees working both in public and private sector organizations. The age varied from 20 to 60 years. The sample was drawn from organizations based in Delhi. Split half reliability of these scales was found to be .91 and .90 respectively. The results of Confirmatory factor analysis showed that two factor structure had an acceptable fit. The tool justified the objective with which it was constructed.
Psychology reflects the scientific study of behavior, in human as well as in animal models. From a very early time, people have noticed and have been interested in the concept of individual differences. Aristotle directly commented on this with reference to the idea that intelligence is not equally distributed in all organisms (1). Individual differences more accurately characterize behavior than does commonality. Yet, the availability of this “fact” of behavior to scientific study was debated for hundreds of years. It was not until the nineteenth century that any meaningful scientific method of inquiry was applied to variable behaviors.
Background and Aims: Effective resource allocation, goal setting, and achievement are made possible by organizational management, which is essential to the success of the organization as a whole. Organizational culture improves performance and retention by creating a happy work environment, increasing employee engagement, and coordinating behavior with the goals and values of the business. The research aims to 1) study the level of organizational management and organizational culture of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province, 2) study the factors of organizational management and organizational culture that affect the effectiveness of the management of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province, and 3) propose guidelines for developing the efficiency of the management of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province. Methodology: The sample group used in the research was 400 people aged 18 years and over living in the area of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province, obtained by using the Taro Yamane (Yamane. 1973: 725) sampling formula and simple random sampling. The qualitative data were collected by using a specific group of 11 informants. The research instruments were a 5-level rating scale questionnaire and an interview form. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient. Multiple regression analysis. Results: The research results found that (1) The level of organizational management and organizational culture of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province was at a high level overall. When considering each aspect from highest to lowest, they were: coordination Command and control, planning, organization, and control, respectively. (2) The 13 organizational management and organizational culture factors that affect the effectiveness of the management of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province (Y) overall, regardless of the statistical significance of the variables, found that the coefficient of prediction was low (R2) equal to 0.177 or could predict only 17.7 percent, with statistical significance Sig. = 0.96, which is greater than .05, and there was high variability of data within and between groups, F = 76.6. (3) Suggestions for developing the efficiency of the management of sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province The executives should have regular meetings between related agencies to create understanding and effective coordination. There should be a budget to support volunteers who join the work in various aspects, including public health, occupation, and economy. Conclusion: The study found that organizational management and culture are generally high in sub-district administrative organizations in Pathum Thani Province, with the strongest characteristics being coordination and command. However, these variables only have a 17.7% predictive ability when it comes to management effectiveness. Among the suggestions are funding for volunteers in a variety of industries and improving interagency meetings for better coordination.
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