No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The South Polar Forest Ecosystem
Abstract
The solar energy input into the very high southern latitudes determines the maximum productivity level that could have been achièyed by Antarctic ecosystems in the geological past when there was not a major glaciation. The input of energy must supply all that is needed the primary producers (the green plants) to carry out photosynthesis.Finally, the carnivorous animals feed either on the herbivorous ones or on other carnivorous ones. Parasites feed either on living plants or animals and scavengers feed on the latter2019s dead remains. Every organism in the ecosystem is thus dependent on the energy input either directly or indirectly. The solar input of about 3500 megajoules/m2/yr (Farman and Hamilton 1987; LaGrange 1963) for high latitudes in Antartica will determine for the continent a temperature ecosystem.
... During the Permian, the warming of the global climate from icehouse to extreme hothouse conditions allowed trees to colonize high latitudes and establish forests well beyond the polar circle (Taylor et al. 2000;Cantrill & Poole 2012). Fossils from these regions yield insights into the diversity and biology of the trees growing in these ecosystems with no modern analogue, that is warm polar forests with a strongly seasonal light regime (Creber 1990;Francis 1994;Taylor & Ryberg 2007;Gulbranson et al. 2014;Slater et al. 2015;Miller et al. 2016). In the Late Permian, the high-latitude forests of the Southern Hemisphere were largely dominated by trees belonging to an extinct order of seed plants, the Glossopteridales (Cúneo et al. 1993;Anderson et al. 1999;Taylor et al. 2009). ...
... These values fall within the range of estimates for some mature temperate rainforests of Australia, Europe and North America (Balian & Naiman 2005;Keith et al. 2009;Jacob et al. 2013;Ximenes et al. 2018). Combined with previous data on growth ring anatomy (Creber 1990;Francis 1994;Taylor & Ryberg 2007), these results show that the productivity of late Permian high-latitude glossopterid forests was similar to modern forests in temperate regions. Our new specimen shows that some plant-plant facilitative interactions were also similar. ...
The biology of trees that grew in high‐latitude forests during warmer geological periods is of major interest in understanding past and future ecosystem dynamics. As we study the different plants that composed these forests, it becomes possible to make comparisons with ecosystem processes that occur today. Here we describe a silicified late Permian (Lopingian) glossopterid (seed fern) trunk from Skaar Ridge, central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, with evidence of glossopterid rootlets growing into its wood. The specimen is interpreted as a nurse log similar to those seen in some extant forests. Together with evidence of glossopterid roots growing within the lacunae of older roots, this new specimen suggests the existence of facilitative interactions among the glossopterid trees that dominated the high‐latitude forests of Gondwana during the late Permian. More generally, the existence of self‐facilitation might have favoured the expansion of glossopterids within various environments, especially those at high palaeolatitudes, during the Permian icehouse to greenhouse transition.
... However, this kingdom was not always so poor in flora and fauna (Truswell, 1990). Before the ice cap extended across the entire continent of Antarctica, diverse biota had adapted to the extremely seasonal light and thermal conditions imposed by its high latitude (Creber, 1990). The prevailing climate in this territory appears to have been temperate pluviestival (also known as cool-temperate). ...
This paper presents an updated overview of the world's biogeographical realms and regions in the terrestrial domain. It incorporates new data on floristic and vegetation aspects, along with recent regional information, which has emerged in the decades following the influential maps created by A. Takhtajan and R. Good. We elucidate the various biogeographic scales, ranging from kingdoms to districts, and outline the specific criteria that define them. We delve into the criteria used for characterizing the kingdoms and regions, with a particular focus on their floristic content, evolutionary background, and vegetation patterns, expressed through biomes and subbiomes. Additionally, we discuss the climatic conditions and their variability within and between these units. Our study identifies six kingdoms and 42 regions that are recognized for the entire planet and provides a concise summary for each of them.
... In situ fossil forests that range in age from the Holocene (11,700 years before AD 2,000) to the Carboniferous (359.2 to 299 Myr) provide a wealth of information including forest biodiversity, structure, biomass, productivity, environmental setting, paleoclimate, water-use ef fi ciency, and plant-fungal and plant-insect interactions (Figs. 14-18 ;Jefferson 1982 ;Francis 1984Francis , 1988Francis , 1991Creber and Chaloner 1985 ;Creber 1990 ;Taylor and Osborn 1992 ;Scott and Calder 1994 ;Pole 1999 ;Falcon-Lang and Cantrill 2000 ;Poole 2000 ;Labandeira et al. 2001 ;Jagels and Day 2003 ;Williams et al. 2003aWilliams et al. , b, 2008Williams et al. , 2009Creber and Ash 2004 ;Thorn 2005 ;Williams 2007 ;Vassio et al . 2008 ;Akkemk et al. 2009 ) . ...
Climate change could have profound impacts on world wetland environments, which can be better understood through the examination of ancient wetlands when the world was warmer. These impacts may directly alter the critical role of wetlands in ecosystem function and human services. Here we present a framework for the study of wetland fossils and deposits to understand the potential effects of future climate change on wetlands. We review the methods and assumptions associated with the use of plant macro- and microfossils to reconstruct ancient wetland ecosystems and their associated paleoenvironments. We then present case studies of paleo-wetland ecosystems under global climate conditions that were very different from the present time. Our case study of extinct Arctic forested-wetlands reveals insights about high-productivity wetlands that flourished in the highest latitudes during the ice-free global warmth of the Paleogene (ca. 45 million years ago) and how these wetlands might have been instrumental in keeping the polar regions warm. We then evaluate climate-induced changes in tropical wetlands by focusing on the Pleistocene and Holocene (2.588 Myr ago to the present) of Africa. These past ecosystems demonstrate that subtle changes in the global energy balance had significant impacts on global hydrology and climate, which ultimately determine the composition and function of wetland ecosystems. Moreover, the history of these regions demonstrates the inter-connectedness of the low and high latitudes, and the global nature of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle. Our case studies provide glimpses of wetland ecosystems, which expanded and ultimately declined under a suite of global climate conditions with which humanity has little if any experience. Thus, these paleoecology studies paint a picture of future wetland function under projected global climate change.
... The fossil record suggests that Antarctica supported rich plant and animal communities during the Palaeocene and Eocene, which were largely obliterated by subsequent cooling and ice cap expansion (van Zinderen-Bakker, 1970;Chaloner & Creber, 1989;Creber, 1990). The extant antarctic biota is restricted to ice-free mountains and nunataks and includes a few algae, mosses, lichens and invertebrates. ...
The extant Acari occurring on the inland mountain ranges and nunataks of Continental Antarctica comprise only pre-Pleistocene endemic Prostigmata and Cryptostigmata of which the Prostigmata are the probable earlier colonists. The inland acarofauna of Continental Antarctica has a different origin from that of Maritime Antarctica, though both are the relict descendants of a Mesozoic acarofauna, which has been radically depleted by one or more Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic glacial events.
A recently discovered vegetational biome in the Pliocene Sirius Group of the Dominion Range, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica (Figs. 1 and 2) is discussed. The flora is dominated by the southern beech tree genus Nothofagus. The geological occurrence, phytogeographic implications, dispersal, survival, climatic significance, and eventual demise of this flora are discussed, as are recent experiments in which species of Nothofagus have been transplanted from South American and Australasian forests to a variety of Northern Hemisphere alpine and Arctic post-glacial environments. The ability of Nothofagus to survive hostile glacial-deglacial conditions at very high southern latitudes for almost the entire duration of the Cenozoic Era (66 million years) is documented.
The extant Acari occurring on the inland mountain ranges and nunataks of Continental Antarctica comprise only pre-Pleistocene endemic Prostigmata and Cryptostigmata of which the Prostigmata are the probable earlier colonists. The inland acarofauna of Continental Antarctica has a different origin from that of Maritime Antarctica, though both are the relict descendants of a Mesozoic acarofauna, which has been radically depleted by one or more Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic glacial events. (C) 1996 The Linnean Society of London.
Permineralized trunks and mature wood samples with well-preserved growth rings are described and analyzed from the Upper Permian and Middle Triassic of the central Transantarctic Mountains. This fossil wood is unique in that the plants lived in an environment with no modern analogue and exhibited luxuriant tree growth above 75°S paleolatitude. Ring width averages 1.69–2.3 mm, with maximum width of 6.83–9.9 mm, an order of magnitude larger than ring widths produced at near-polar latitudes today. Tree rings in both the Permian and Triassic woods show similar structure, consisting almost entirely of earlywood (spring wood), with between 0–12% of each ring classified as latewood (summer wood). The small amount of latewood (0–6 cells) indicates a very rapid transition to seasonal dormancy, probably in response to decreasing light levels at these paleolatitudes. In order to accurately delimit the earlywood–latewood boundary, a comparison was done of classical dendroclimatological techniques and alternative techniques utilized primarily by paleobotanists analyzing fossil woods. We found that classical wood anatomy techniques provided a more accurate explanation of wood development and tree growth for these high-latitude samples. The suggested cool-temperate Late Permian Glossopteris flora from this area differs substantially from the warm-temperate Middle Triassic corystosperm flora (leaf type, Dicroidium) and very different paleoclimates have been reconstructed for these two time periods. Ring structure and wood growth from both sites, however, are very similar, indicating that these plants were responding to the environment in very similar ways. The structure of the tree rings, including a large number of earlywood tracheids and a very low number of latewood cells, provides evidence that growth at these polar latitudes was limited by light levels rather than water and temperature as occurs in modern high-latitude forests. These fossil tree rings have important implications for understanding woody shoot growth and cambial function at high latitudes during periods of global warmth.
Calorific values are given for the different types of plant material in an age series of plantations of Pinus sylvestris and the amounts of energy in the organic matter present per hectare of woodland are calculated. Following afforestation with Scots pine a progressive accumulation of energy occurs up to 35 years of age when the organic matter present per hectare contains about 10, 000×108 calories. Values are given for the energy content of the primary production by the trees and ground vegetation, of energy accumulation in the tree stock, understory vegetation, and litter, of energy removed in the harvested trees and of energy released by decomposition. The photosynthetic efficiency of the forest community is calculated and shown to be comparable to that of high producing agricultural crops so that it is suggested that the forest community makes very full use of site conditions.
Samples based on stand measurements and borings of trees, and clippings of undergrowth, were taken from 24 forests and forest heaths in the Great Smoky Mountains. Samples were taken also from heath balds and grassy balds and a California coastal redwood forest. Available information on ratios and regressions of forest tree and shrub dimensions were used to estimate stand biomass and net annual production above ground. Mature climax forests of mesic environments below 1,400 m are characterized by: wood basal areas of 50-64 m^2/ha and basal area increments of 0.3-0.6 m^2/ha/yr, stem wood volumes (parabolic estimate) of 750-900 m^3/ha and estimated wood volume increments of 530-590 cm^3/m^2/yr, aboveground biomasses of 500-610 t/ha and aboveground net annual productions of 1,000-1,200 g/m^2, and biomass accumulation ratios of 40-50. These and other stand dimensions decrease along the moisture gradient to xeric sites and decrease toward higher elevations. Above-ground net annual productions of forest heaths of xeric slopes and forests of highest elevations are 420-650 g/m^2. Evergreen spruce-fir forests are more productive than deciduous forests above 1,400 m. Among mesic high-elevation beech and fir forests, production is higher on south slopes than on north slopes. Production and biomass of steady-state forests were estimated from multiple correlations using elevation and weighted-average index of site moisture as independent variables. Apart from some high-elevation stands, production is not significantly correlated with evergreen vs. deciduous foliage or with direction of exposure affecting incident sunlight. When unstable stands are excluded, production and biomass are strongly correlated with each other and with mean tree height and other stand dimensions. A wide range of temperate-zone climax forests of relatively favorable environments have net annual productions above and below ground of 1,200-1,500 g/m^2. Productions of stable closed heath balds are lower, 700-1,200 g/m^2, but productions of heath balds and less productive forests overlap broadly. Production of unstable forests, both successional stands and those opened by removal of large trees, exceeds that of steady-state forests of similar environments. Canopy coverage and light penetration are not strongly correlated with forest production. Light penetration to the herb stratum ranges from 1.4-7.0% of incident sunlight in more open forests and forest heaths to 0.3-0.9% in cove forests. Foliage live/dry ratios decrease along the moisture gradient from mesic to xeric stands--from about 5.0 to 2.8 in shrub clippings, 7.6 to 2.8 in herb clippings. Undergrowth production and biomass are trivial compared with the tree stratum in many forests. Shrub production is generally higher in xeric environments and is 20-145% of tree production in forest heaths. Herb production is higher at the extremes of the moisture gradient (exceeding 3% of total aboveground production in mesic and in open xeric stands) than in intermediate stands (below 1%). Apart from such differences, her and thallophyte biomass and production increase with elevation to maximum values in fir forests of the highest summits.
Productivity studies have shown that plants with marked vertical extension of photosynthetic crown can be more productive per unit area of land or water occupied than plants whose photosynthetic surface is spread in a thin horizontal sheet on the earth's surface if environmental factors are not otherwise limiting. Geometric models including a flat disc and cones of several heights but constant base radius show that heightening cones intercept progressively more light. Amount of chlorophyll displayed per unit area of earth's surface can also increase greatly with vertical extension of aerial crown. These observations suggest that thickness, geometric configuration, and chlorophyll content of the photosynthetic portion of the vegetation per unit area of earth's surface, and light intensity incident on surfaces at right angles to sun's rays should be measured and described as basic data in primary productivity studies.
(1) A dynamic model for estimating the dry matter production rate of a plant community is described. The model is used to simulate the production rate of above-ground dry matter by trees and by the ground vegetation in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand. Only formation of structural dry matter during the vegetative growth phase is considered. (2) The model assumes that growth and production rates are affected by environmental factors, but they are also dependent upon the internal state of the plant. Temperature is the only environmental factor considered. The physiological stage of development of the plant during the annual cycle is estimated as a function of temperature. Its effect on growth rate is brought into the model by means of inherent growth rhythm. (3) The concept of potential production rate, PPR, is introduced. It combines the effect of the inherent growth rhythm, number of growing compartments and the amount of available carbohydrates on the growth rate into one variable. The actual production rate of the community is obtained by multiplying PPR by the temperature factor. (4) Strong correlation was found between measured and modelled values for daily growth and production.
Production of a young secondary successional plant community and an older mature stand were measured in the tropical forest of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Production of both communities was relatively low, probably because of limited solar energy input into the forest. Rate of wood production and rate of leaf and litter production of plant communities throughout the world were compared. Annuals have the highest rate of leaf and litter production, and often the highest rate of total production. Leaf and litter production is relatively uniform in perennial herb and grass, and tree communities. Rates of wood production by trees is similar throughout the world, but efficiency of wood production is higher in northerly latitudes. In areas where solar energy is limited, there may be a selective advantage in producing wood as efficiently as possible.
Above-ground biomass data for trees, ground flora and litter are given for an age series of Pinus radiata plantations at Tumut, New South Wales, Australia. The weights of trees in the stands were determined using regression equations relating tree weight to trunk diameter and length. From the biomass data the production, retention and decomposition of organic matter were calculated and compared with values obtained for other pine stands, P. radiata is considered to be a very efficient producer of organic matter. Peak production of organic matter occurs relatively early (5-7 years) after planting reflecting the rapidity with which maximum leaf weight is achieved.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION LIST OF SYMBOLS 1. SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS 2. GAS LAWS Pressure, volume and temperature Specific heats Lapse rate Water and water vapour Other gases 3. TRANSPORT LAWS General transfer equation Molecular transfer processes Diffusion coefficients Radiation laws 4. RADIATION ENVIRONMENT Solar radiation Terrestrial radiation Net radiation 5. MICROCLIMATOLOGY OF RADIATION (i) Interception Direct solar radiation Diffuse radiation Radiation in crop canopies 6. MICROCLIMATOLOGY OF RADIATION (ii) Absorption and reflection Radiative properties of natural materials Net radiation 7. MOMENTUM TRANSFER Boundary layers Wind profiles and drag on uniform surfaces Lodging and windthrow 8. HEAT TRANSFER Convection Non-dimensional groups Measurements of convection Conduction Insulation of animals 9. MASS TRANSFER (i) Gases and water vapour Non-dimensional groups Measurement of mass transfer Ventilation Mass transfer through pores Coats and clothing 10.MASS TRANSFER (ii) Particles Steady motion 11.STEADY STATE HEAT BALANCE (i) Water surfaces and vegetation Heat balance equation Heat balance of thermometers Heat balance of surfaces Developments from the Penman Equation 12.STEADY STATE HEAT BALANCE (ii) Animals Heat balance components The thermo-neutral diagram Specification of the environment Case studies 13.TRANSIENT HEAT BALANCE Time constant General cases Heat flow in soil 14.CROP MICROMETEOROLOGY (i) Profiles and fluxes Profiles Profile equations and stability Measurement of flux above the canopy 15.CROP MICROMETEOROLOGY (ii) Interpretation of measurements Resistance analogues Case studies: Water vapour and transpiration Carbon dioxide and growth Sulphur dioxide and pollutant fluxes to crops Transport within canopies APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES INDEX
Evidence from the distribution and characteristics of fossil wood in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary indicates that a much warmer global climate prevailed in those times. There appears to have been a broad zone of largely non-seasonal climate stretching from about 32° N to 32° S (palaeolatitudes). In addition to this low-latitude zone, forest growth extended into very high palaeolatitudes where trees cannot grow at the present day. A number of theories have been proposed to account for the palaeoclimate responsible for this distribution of forests. Most notable have been those involving changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, in the positions of the continents or in the obliquity of the earth's axis of rotation. Evidence from fossil forests indicates that a combination of the effects of an increased quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the palaeopositions of the continents in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary appears at the moment to be the simplest explanation for the climate of those geological times, without the need to invoke axial movement.
Field measurements were made of the rates of transpiration and of net photosynthesis and dark respiration at controlled temperatures on plants of bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). These plants were growing close to one another at 10,150 ft in the subalpine zone of the White Mountains of California. The bristlecone pine plants (saplings) were relatively insensitive to the change in environmental conditions during the course of the summer of study, which included an extended drought period. Carbon dioxide exchange rates of terminal branches, expressed on a leaf-dry-weight basis, were comparatively stable from the initiation of seasonal bud elongation until the end of the growing season. The photosynthetic rates of needles of different ages included in the measurement sample were similar. Transpiration rates, during the active growth period including the drought, were relatively constant. The sagebrush plants, however, showed marked fluctuations in metabolic response...
White spruce trees (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) producing annually the same number of tracheids had a much shorter season for cambial activity in Alaska (65° N) than in New England (43° N). We counted the number of potential dividing cells in the cambial zone (NCZ) and estimated the rate of cell division by determining the percentage of cambial zone cells in mitosis (MI) for trees of different vigor (annual tracheid production) from each region during the early summer period of relatively constant mitotic activity. Within each region, NCZ was dependent on tree vigor and MI was independent of tree vigor. Rate of tracheid production was higher in Alaskan trees because of their higher rate of cell division (higher MI).
Light-proof coverings were used to isolate Pinus resinosa Ait. needles of different-aged internodes for an entire growing season. The contribution of each complement of needles to growth of the current-year shoot was determined by weekly measurements of internodal extension and needle elongation, and to wood formation by anatomical evaluation of trees harvested periodically. Internodal extension in all treatments was primarily at the expense of reserve foods although additional complements of exposed needles improved growth considerably. The curves of needle elongation of trees with either the 2nd- or 3rd-year needles exposed alone were similar to the uncovered controls, but growth ceased earlier and total growth was reduced. Needles of the current-year shoot, when exposed alone to light, grew continuously with no indication of ceasing at the final harvest date. Diameter of the tracheids comprising the wood of the current-year internode paralleled, in general, the patterns of needle elongation; large-diameter tracheids were produced during periods of active or prolonged needle growth, and the transition to narrow-diameter tracheids was associated with the reduction or cessation of needle growth. The thick tracheid walls, typical of latewood, were first evident when the new shoot attained a certain stage of maturity. Tracheid wall thickness is therefore believed to be a function of net assimilation. Distribution of radial growth, primarily the latewood zone of the growth ring, was strongly influenced by the age of the needles exposed to light. Several probable explanations for the observed growth distributions are presented.
The mechanism of wood development records in varying degree the effects of both external and internal factors that are operating
at the time of development. As a result, fossil woods spanning the last 370 million years represent a unique palaeo-environmental
data-store. Data concerning external factors that can be reclaimed consist of: presence or absence of growth rings; ring widths;
relative proportions of earlywood and latewood and the nature of the transition between them; “false” and “frost” rings and
evidence of damage by animals or fire; occurrence of reaction wood. These effects have to be seen against a background of
the influences of the internal factors.
The development of wood involves the action of plant growth regulators. The production of an entire season’s growth of wood
depends on a supply of photosynthate, partly stored from the previous year, and the remainder directly from photosynthesis
during the current one. In any population of trees of the same species there will be genetic variation which will lead to
differences in the wood formed by the individual trees even if they have all grown in a largely similar environment. However
the external factors exert a much greater influence than the internal ones.
Our earliest fossil woods (Upper Devonian) show either seasonless growth patterns or, if weak rings are perceptible, then
the increments are extensive. This is consistent with the palaeo-equatorial position of all recorded Devonian woods. In the
Carboniferous a few sites (marginal in the tropical belt?) show subdued (weak) growth rings. By the time of the Gondwana glaciation
strong rings are shown in high southern latitudes, but most surprisingly there are sizeable increments well inside the palaeoantarctic
circle. This phenomenon persists into the Mesozoic where lack of growth rings shows consistency with positions within the
palaeo-equatorial latitudes. However occurrence of Cretaceous high latitude wood growth demonstrates that given an adequate
ambient temperature, forest growth was possible close to both poles. It is shown that this is consistent with the total energy
flux known to occur now in high latitudes.
Le mécanisme de développement du bois enregistre à des degrés variables les effets des facteurs, à la fois externes et internes,
opérant au moment du développement. C’est pourquoi les bois fossiles des dernières 370 millions d’années représentent un fonds
d’information unique en ce qui concerne le paléo-environnement. Les informations qui ont pu être recueillies au sujet des
facteurs externes sont les suivantes: la présence ou l’absence des zones d’accroissement; le diamètre des cernes; les proportions
relatives du bois initial et du bois final et la nature de la transition entre eux; les “faux cernes” et les “cernes de gelée”
et les traces de dommage causé par les animaux ou le feu; l’existence de bois de réaction. On doit analyser ces effets à la
lumière des influences des facteurs internes.
Le développement du bois nécessite l’action de régulateurs de croissance des plantes. La production totale de bois pendant
une saison depend de l’alimentation en produits de photosynthèse dont une partie provient des stocks de l’année précédente,
le reste ayant été synthétisé pendant l’année en cours. Dans toutes les populations d’arbres d’une même espèce il existe des
variations génétiques qui conduisent à des différences dans le bois formé par chaque arbre individuel même s’ils ont tous
poussé dans un environnement semblable. Néanmoins les facteurs externes exercent une influence beaucoup plus importante que
les facteurs internes.
Nos bois fossiles les plus anciens (Dévonien Supérieur) montrent soit des modèles de croissance qui ne tiennent pas compte
des saisons, soit, si les cernes faibles sont visibles, ils sont larges. Ceci est compatible avec la position paléo-équatoriale
de tous les bois Dévoniens observés. Pendant le Carbonifère, quelques sites (marginaux dans la ceinture tropicale?) montrent
de faibles zones d’accroissement. A l’époque de la glaciation Gondwana, des cernes remarquables apparaissent dans les hautes
latitudes méridionales, mais on observe avec surprise des accroissements de taille dans le cercle paléo-antarctique. Ce phénomène
persiste pendant le Mesozoïque où l’absence des zones d’accroissement est compatible avec les positions dans les latitudes
paléo-équatoriales. Cependant l’existence de forêts dans les hautes latitudes pendant le Crétacé démontre que si la température
ambiante était adéquate, la pousse de forêts était possible près des deux pôles. On démontre que ceci est compatible avec
le flux total d’énergie que l’on sait exister aujourd’hui dans les hautes latitudes.
Traducción de: Waldertragskunde Incluye bibliografía
World forest productivity. InDuvigneaud P (ed) Productivity of Forest Ecosystems
- N I Bazilevich
- A V Drozdov
- Rodin Le
- NI Bazilevich
Tree growth at very high latitudes in the Permian and Mesozoic. Colloque International sur l’Arbre
- G T Creber
Productivity in fossil forests
- G T Creber
- J E Francis
Measurements of radiation at the Argentine Islands and Halley Bay
- J C Farman
- R A Hamilton
Forest management tables (metric). Forestry Commission, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office
- G J Hamilton
- J M Christie
- GJ Hamilton
Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1955-58 Scientific Report No. 13. Meteorology I. Shackleton, South ice and the Journey across Antarctica
- J Lagrange
- JJ Grange La
The contribution of growth rings to the reconstruction of past climates. InWard RG (ed) Application of Tree-Ring Studies: Current Research in Dendrochronology and Related Areas
- G T Creber
- W G Chaloner
- GT Creber