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Effects of Combined Application of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Growth Characteristics of Rice Plants under Flooded and Periodic Saturation Conditions.
In order to reduce the microbial load and the decomposition rate of sewage sludge this organic waste could be converted to hydrochar and be used in the soil. To evaluate the effects of different levels of sewage sludge and sewage sludge-derived hydrochar on growth characteristics of rice in a Cu-spiked soil a factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with three replications and three factors of organic matter at three levels (control, 10 g sewage sludge, and 10 g sewage sludge-derived hydrochar per kilogram soil), nitrogen (N) at two levels (0, and 250 mg per kilogram soil as urea), and copper (Cu) at three levels (0, 10, and 250 mg Cu per kilogram soil as copper sulfate) under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that by applications of sewage sludge and its hydrochar, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry matter weights, and tillers, spikes, and leaves numbers were significantly increased as compared to the control and the amounts of these increases in the presence of the sewage sludge were greater than those of the hydrochar, respectivly. Also, using 250 mg N per kilogram soil significantly increased the mentioned characteristics relative to the control. The soil Cu contamination significantly reduced the tillers, spikes, and leaves numbers, and root dry matter weight as compared to the control. The use of sewage sludge-derived hydrochar and N fertilizer reduced the Cu toxicity and increased the rice tolerance to Cu toxicity by reducing the Cu concentration in rice shoot. To achieve rice optimum growth in the both Cu contaminated and non-contaminated conditions, the use of 10 g sewage sludge or sewage sludge-derived hydrochar and 250 mg N per kilogram soil can be recommended at similar conditions.
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