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A New Species Of Ischnocnema (Anura: Eleutherodactylinae) From Open Areas Of The Cerrado Biome In Southeastern Brazil
Abstract
We describe a new species of Ischnocnema from the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) of the Triângulo Mineiro region, state of Minas Gerais. Comparisons were made with those species historically thought to be closely related to I. juipoca. Topotype males (14.9-18.7 mm SVL) of the new species are smaller than those of Ischnocnema juipoca, I. octavioi, Eleutherodactylus heterodactylus, Pristimantis dundeei, and P. crepitans. Different from E. heterodactylus and P. crepitans, the new species does not have expanded discs on finger III and IV. The new species is different from P. dundeei by lacking finger/toe discs and nuptial pads. A marked sexual dimorphism in size is absent in P. crepitans and present in the new species. Different from the new species, I. verrucosa is coarsely tuberculate on dorsal surfaces. Ischnocnema verrucosa, I. octavioi, and P. dundeei are primarily forest dwellers while the new species is common in open areas. The advertisement call of the new species has more (1.5-2.5 times) pulses and higher (1.3-1.8 times) pulse repetition rate than that of I. juipoca.
... (Giaretta et al., 2007); and in Silvânia National Forest, with 486.37 ha, Silvânia municipality, state of Goiás (Bastos et al., 2015). The population of Ischnocnema from Perdizes Municipality, state of Minas Gerais, was referred as I. penaxavantinho by Giaretta et al. 2007, that highlighted the necessity of further taxonomic studies with this population. ...
... ; and in Silvânia National Forest, with 486.37 ha, Silvânia municipality, state of Goiás (Bastos et al., 2015). The population of Ischnocnema from Perdizes Municipality, state of Minas Gerais, was referred as I. penaxavantinho by Giaretta et al. 2007, that highlighted the necessity of further taxonomic studies with this population. However, the Perdizes population was considered as Ischnocnema penaxavantinho in the extinction risk evaluation for the species (Haddad et al., 2016), and we decide to follow this report. ...
... In Panga Ecological Station, males of Ischnocnema penaxavantinho were observed calling in marshes along streams (Giaretta et al., 2008), from the ground or over dense grasses, in "Vereda" habitats, an ecosystem characterized by open fields with wet soil and the conspicuous presence of buriti palms (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.). Sometimes the species was found inside forested habitats and forest borders (Giaretta et al. 2007). In this locality, I. penaxavantinho seems to be very common, corresponding to almost 30% of 566 sampled frogs collected by pitfall traps, and being more abundant during rainy season (Giaretta et al. 2008). ...
... Consequently, the I. lactea and I. verrucosa groups lost their morphological diagnoses (i.e., I. lactea species series was previously recognized by at least the outer digital discs of fingers moderate to large, whereas digital discs in species of the I. verrucosa series are small; Hedges et al. 2008). Currently, these two species series together are composed of 18 species (Canedo and Haddad, 2012;Padial et al., 2014), but the calls of only seven of them have been described up to date (i.e., Ischnocnema verrucosa series: I. bolbodactyla, I. juipoca (Sazima and Cardoso, 1978), I. penaxavantinho Giaretta et al., 2007; I. lactea series: I. nigriventris (Lutz, 1925), I. randorum (Heyer, 1985) and I. vizottoi Martins and Haddad, 2010). ...
... Therefore, we decided to compare the call of I. abdita from the type locality with the species from both I. lactea and I. verrucosa groups plus the species I. manezinho and I. sambaqui. Moreover, the calls of I. penaxavantinho and I. sambaqui were described as a single multi-pulsed note emitted at irregular intervals (Giaretta et al., 2007;Castanho and Haddad, 2000;respectively). However, we considered their calls as sequences of notes (notes = temporally discrete vocalization units composing the call; sensu Toledo et al., 2015b) based on their resemblance with other calls described for Ischnocnema. ...
... Furthermore, duration of both notes was also an intermediate trait in the B call from Espera Feliz. 1999Sazima & Cardoso, 1978Giaretta et al., 2007Heyer, 1985Berneck et al., 2013Martins & Haddad, 2000Castanho & Haddad, 2000Castanho & Haddad, 2000 Calls of Ischnocnema abdita ...
Ischnocnema abdita is a small-sized litter frog belonging to the I. verrucosa species series and only known for mountainous areas of southeastern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in the Municipalities of Santa Teresa (type locality), Cariacica and Mimoso do Sul. In this paper, we describe the calls and provide estimates of within-male variation of I. abdita from its type locality and from a recently discovered population in the region of Alto Caparaó, Municipality of Espera Feliz, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Additionally, we also performed a GMYC analysis of molecular assignment that recovered the haplotypes of I. abdita from its type locality and from the new record (Alto Caparaó) under the same taxonomical entity. Our bioacoustical analysis revealed two distinct types of calls, herein referred as A and B calls. The A call was observed in both populations, whereas the B call was only recorded at Alto Caparaó. Despite the apparent similarity in the A calls from both localities, we observed differences in all traits analyzed. Moreover, each call trait expressed variation within males. The peak frequency never exceeded 5% variation and it was classified as static in both populations. Temporal parameters, such as call duration and interval between calls were classified either as dynamic or intermediate, with variations ranging from 1.8-66.1% within males. Although number of pulses per note was a dynamic trait at the type locality, it did not vary in both types of call recorded at Alto Caparaó.
... manezinho and I. sambaqui) are not allocated in the series (Padial et al., 2014). Currently, there is a gap in knowledge about the vocalisations of frogs in the genus Ischnocnema, in which less than 30% have an advertisement call described (Sazima & Cardoso, 1978;Castanho & Haddad, 2000;Giaretta et al., 2007;Oliveira et al., 2008;Conte et al., 2010: Martins & Haddad, 2010Pombal, 2010;Taucce et al., 2012;Berneck et al., 2013) and only two species have aggressive calls known (Conte et al., 2010;Berneck et al., 2013). ...
... Ischnocnema penaxavantinho Giaretta, Toffoli & Oliveira, 2007 is a species from the Cerrado domain and it was previously reported only from the State of Minas Gerais (Giaretta et al., 2007). It is closely related to I. juipoca and both may be confounded (Giaretta et al., 2007). ...
... Ischnocnema penaxavantinho Giaretta, Toffoli & Oliveira, 2007 is a species from the Cerrado domain and it was previously reported only from the State of Minas Gerais (Giaretta et al., 2007). It is closely related to I. juipoca and both may be confounded (Giaretta et al., 2007). I. juipoca has been recorded in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, State of Goiás, Brazil (Bastos & Pombal, 2001;Bastos et al., 2003;Morais et al., 2012). ...
... In the original description of Ischnocnema penaxavantinho, Giaretta et al. (2007) related this species to I. juipoca and compared this species to species historically thought to be closely related to I. juipoca, which currently includes species in Eleutherodactylus, Ischnocnema, and Pristimantis (Giaretta et al., 2007). The species of Ischnocnema used in their comparisons were I. juipoca, I. octavioi, and I. verrucosa. ...
... In the original description of Ischnocnema penaxavantinho, Giaretta et al. (2007) related this species to I. juipoca and compared this species to species historically thought to be closely related to I. juipoca, which currently includes species in Eleutherodactylus, Ischnocnema, and Pristimantis (Giaretta et al., 2007). The species of Ischnocnema used in their comparisons were I. juipoca, I. octavioi, and I. verrucosa. ...
... Ischnocnema surda resembles species in the I. verrucosa series, differing from them in having a tympanum and tympanic annulus that is externally indistinct (distinct in the species of the I. verrucosa series as rearranged above) and distinct white glandular-appearing nuptial pads in males (indistinct in the other species of the I. verrucosa series). The new species also differs from I. juipoca and I. penaxavantinho by its red iris in life (not red in these species: iris dark yellow in I. juipoca according to Sazima and Cardoso, 1978; iris gray to copper both in I. juipoca and I. penaxavantinho; Giaretta et al., 2007: fig. 4). ...
Field activities in several localities within the basin of the Doce River, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, resulted in the collection of a new Ischnocnema that we assign to the I. verrucosa species series. The new species resembles I. verrucosa and I. octavioi by its possession of small digital discs, short legs, conspicuously tuberculate dorsal surfaces, a W-shaped mark between the shoulders with two large tubercles at the bases, and a red iris with a vertical black bar in life. It differs from I. verrucosa and I. octavioi by its possession of externally indistinct tympanum and tympanic annulus and visible white glandular-appearing nuptial pads in males. We also assign I. octavioi and I. penaxavantinho to the I. verrucosa species series.
... Indeed, 14 (36 %) species of Ischnocnema still lack description of their vocal repertoire. Among species belonging to the I. verrucosa series, I. abdita, I. bolbodactyla, I. juipoca, and I. penaxavantinho have known calls (Sazima & Cardoso, 1978;Haddad et al., 1988;Pombal & Cruz, 1999;Giaretta et al., 2007;Bastos et al., 2015;Rocha et al., 2017;Assis et al., 2018). However, I. octavioi, I. surda and I. verrucosa have unknown calls and taxonomic problems. ...
... However, within the I. verrucosa series, acoustic traits seem to relate to genetic lineages and morphological similarities. The advertisement call of I. verrucosa differs from those of the I. juipoca + I. penaxavantinho lineage by its lower number of notes per call (5-19 notes per call combining vocalisation of I. juipoca and I. penaxavantinho; see Giaretta et al., 2007;Bastos et al., 2015;Assis et al., 2018) and from those of the I. abdita + I. bolbodactyla lineage by its lower number of pulses per note (2-4 pulses per note combining calls of I. abdita and I. bolbodactyla; see Pombal & Cruz, 1999;Rocha et al., 2017). ...
... Indeed, 14 (36 %) species of Ischnocnema still lack description of their vocal repertoire. Among species belonging to the I. verrucosa series, I. abdita, I. bolbodactyla, I. juipoca, and I. penaxavantinho have known calls (Sazima & Cardoso, 1978;Haddad et al., 1988;Pombal & Cruz, 1999;Giaretta et al., 2007;Bastos et al., 2015;Rocha et al., 2017;Assis et al., 2018). However, I. octavioi, I. surda and I. verrucosa have unknown calls and taxonomic problems. ...
... However, within the I. verrucosa series, acoustic traits seem to relate to genetic lineages and morphological similarities. The advertisement call of I. verrucosa differs from those of the I. juipoca + I. penaxavantinho lineage by its lower number of notes per call (5-19 notes per call combining vocalisation of I. juipoca and I. penaxavantinho; see Giaretta et al., 2007;Bastos et al., 2015;Assis et al., 2018) and from those of the I. abdita + I. bolbodactyla lineage by its lower number of pulses per note (2-4 pulses per note combining calls of I. abdita and I. bolbodactyla; see Pombal & Cruz, 1999;Rocha et al., 2017). ...
... Based on Köhler et al. (2017), we considered the call of I. penaxavantinho as sequences of notes [described as a single multi-pulsed note (Giaretta et al., 2007;Bastos et al., 2015)]. For comparison, we also analysed �ocalizations of I. juipoca from two localities and reanalysed the recording used by Sazima & Cardoso (1978) in the description of this species. ...
... Considering the available information in the literature about I. penaxavantinho and I. juipoca, we found overlap in most parameters analysed herein, except by the number of notes by call (Table 1). This acoustic parameter is one of the most useful features in differentiating these species (Giaretta et al., 2007), which sustain the attribution of the population recorded in this study as I. penaxavantinho. ...
The genus Ischnocnema Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862 comprises 33 recognized species found in central and eastern Brazil and northern Argentina. Among them, Ischnocnema penaxavantinho Giaretta, Toffoli & Oliveira, 2007 is a small species endemic to the Cerrado biome, occurring in areas with “Vereda” physiognomy. This species is closely related to I. juipoca, however, it can be distinguished from it by the smaller size (SVL: adult males 14.9–18.7 mm; adult females 19.9–20.7 mm), and differences in the advertisement call, which has more pulses and higher pulse repetition rate. Currently, I. penaxavantinho is only known from four localities in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás, and little is known about its natural history and population trends, being therefore classified as Data Deficient. Herein we provide a new record of I. penaxavantinho, expanding its known geographic distribution.
... Those species are I. juipoca (Sazima & Cardoso, 1978), I. penaxavantinho (Giaretta, Toffoli, & Oliveira, 2007), I. surda (Canedo & Caramaschi, 2010), and I. verrucosa (Canedo et al. 2010). Ischnocnema juipoca differs from I. octavioi by having a dark yellow iris and no W-shaped shoulder marking (iris red, shoulder mark present in I. octavioi) (Sazima & Cardoso 1978). ...
... Ischnocnema juipoca differs from I. octavioi by having a dark yellow iris and no W-shaped shoulder marking (iris red, shoulder mark present in I. octavioi) (Sazima & Cardoso 1978). The iris color in I. penaxavantinho is gray or copper and the bars of the W-shaped mark are not connected (Giaretta et al. 2007). Ischnocnema surda has an indistinct tympanum and distinct white glandular-appearing nuptial pads in males (Canedo et al. 2010). ...
We present the first record of Ischnocnema octavioi from São Paulo state, Brazil. Until now, the species was thought to be endemic to Rio de Janeiro, where it was known from fewer than 10 localities. Based on recent data, we recommend that the IUCN Red List status for this species be re-evaluated.
... Some species found here show restricted distributions and/or taxonomic problems, which reinforces the relevance of our new records. Ischnocnema penaxavantinho is endemic to the Cerrado, previously known only from its type-locality (municipality of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil; Giaretta et al., 2007;Giaretta, 2008). More recently, the species was found at the Silvânia National forest (Goiás State), extending its distribution ca. ...
The Brazilian Cerrado is one of the 25 most important biodiversity hotspots, considered the most threatened savanna on earth. Amphibians are especially vulnerable to habitat modifications due to behavioural and physiological traits. Herein, we list anuran species of a Cerrado area in the municipality of Sacramento, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, after 12 months of efforts between 2010 and 2011. Also, we provide information about habitat use and reproductive activity based on field surveys, where we registered habitat occupation and temporal distribution of the anurans at the study site. A total of 20 species belonging to seven families were recorded; two species are considered Data Deficient by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, two have unreported status, and one is considered Critically Endangered. Moreover, seven of the 20 species need status updating. We highlight that fragments in altered areas are crucial to maintain amphibian diversity, especially for species with restricted distributions, taxonomic uncertainties and/or that require more information on their conservation status.
... described Ischnocnema surda Canedo, Pimenta, Leite, and Caramaschi, 2010, and placed it in the I. verrucosa series. They also took I. octavioi out of the I. guentheri series and placed it, together with Ischnocnema penaxavantinho Giaretta, Toffoli, and Oliveira, 2007, in the I. verrucosa series based on morphological char- acters. proposed a new classification for the superfamily Brachycephaloidea based on the greatest sampling of Ischnocnema in a phylogenetic study until then, with about 80% of its described species. ...
We present a new phylogenetic hypothesis for Ischnocnema, a Neotropical
brachycephaloid genus of ground-dwelling direct-developing frogs. We performed
Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses using two
nuclear (RAG1 and Tyr) and three mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, tRNA-Val, and 16S
rRNA) in a matrix comprising more than 80% of the described species. We recover
Ischnocnema nanahallux outside the Ischnocnema parva series, and it is now
unassigned to any species series, nor are Ischnocnema manezinho and Ischnocnema
sambaqui. We propose the Ischnocnema venancioi species series to comprise
Ischnocnema venancioi, Ischnocnema hoehnei, and two new species described herein
(Ischnocnema parnaso sp. nov. and Ischnocnema colibri sp. nov.). Furthermore, we
designate a lectotype for I. venancioi. The nuptial pad present in males is an important
character in the genus, and having a large, conspicuous, and glandular-appearing nuptial
pad seems to be a synapomorphy for the clade composed of the I. parva, Ischnocnema
guentheri, and the newly proposed I. venancioi series.
... The bioacoustic approach has been employed in recent works studying the taxonomy of Cerrado anuran taxa, and has proven very useful in the unraveling and/or reassessing unresolved species identities, revealing new species under morphologically cryptic taxa (Carvalho et al. 2010;Carvalho 2012;Andrade & Carvalho 2013) or at least sharing similar overall morphological patterns (Giaretta et al. 2007;Martins & Giaretta 2011;Carvalho et al. 2012). It is worth stressing that this study represents one more case of the use of bioacoustics addressing cryptic species complexes, in this case a species that is widely distributed in central Brazil, under similar overall morphology shared with A. martinezi. ...
In this paper, we provide a taxonomic circumscription of Adenomera martinezi from its type locality (Cachimbo, southwestern State of Pará) since its description (57 years ago) based on a newly collected series of eleven adult topotypes, and through a bioacoustic approach, recognize an undescribed cryptic taxon under this nominal species, which is widely distributed in central and northern Brazil. Adenomera martinezi and Adenomera saci sp. nov. can be diagnosed from all con-geners by their distinctive 4–6 symmetrically arranged rows of longitudinal dark-colored spots on dorsum. They differ from each other through advertisement call structure, pulsed in Adenomera martinezi (audibly pulsed to the human ear), and non-pulsed in Adenomera saci sp. nov. (a whistle to the human ear). The recognition of Adenomera saci sp. nov. has conservation implications. Based on our assumed distribution of A. martinezi and Adenomera saci sp. nov., the IUCN conservation status of A. martinezi requires a reassessment, inasmuch as we herein reconsider this species, as far as we know, as endemic to Cachimbo, southwestern State of Pará, Brazil. The 2004 extinction risk assessment included both A. mar-tinezi and Adenomera saci sp. nov., and the conservation status category of 'Least Concern' might only be applied to Ad-enomera saci sp. nov., a widely distributed and abundant species in central and northern Brazil.
... seven species either belong to Atlantic Forest clades or have their sister-group in Atlantic Forest: Pseudis tocantins vs. P. fusca (Garda and cannatella 2007), Proceratophrys cururu vs. P. renalis (Amaro et al. 2009), Phyllomedusa megacephala vs. P. rhodei (Faivovich et al. 2010), and Phasmahyla jandaia vs. all other Atlantic Forest endemic Phasmahyla. moreover, Ischnocnema penaxavantinho belongs to the I. verrucosa series (Giaretta et al. 2007), Physalaemus deimaticus belongs to the Atlantic Forest P. deimaticus group (nascimento et al. 2005), and Thoropa megatympanum belongs to an Atlantic genus. cerrado endemics belonging to Amazonian and/or Andean clades include four species: Scinax constrictus, from the Amazonian S. rostratus group (Faivovich et al. 2005); Barycholus ternetzi, the sister-species of the trans- Andean B. pulcher (hedges et al. 2008); and Oreobates heterodactylus and O. remotus, from a mostly Amazonian/Andean clade (padial et al. 2008; teixeira et al. 2012). ...
Species distribution patterns result from the combination of multiple factors acting over different spatial and temporal scales. We analyze the distribution patterns of anuran amphibians within the Cerrado domain of South America in a historical framework. First, we provide an updated list of species based on extensive research in zoological collections and fieldwork. We then explore patterns of endemism and the distribution of species occurring both in Cerrado and each of the adjoining domains, providing directions for future hypotheses tests. We found 209 anuran species occurring in localities within Cerrado. Among them, 150 are primarily associated with Cerrado, and 59 are typical of one of the Cerrado adjoining domains. Widespread species account for only 14% of the Cerrado typical species. Species occurring in Cerrado and one adjoining domain present a highly structured spatial pattern in which Amazonian species are restricted to the northwestern Cerrado, Atlantic species to the southeastern Cerrado, Caatinga species to the northeastern Cerrado, and Chaco species to the southwestern Cerrado. Cerrado endemics occur in most localities and in all regions, whereas narrow endemics (< 60,000 km2) are restricted to mountain ranges in central, southeastern, and southwestern Cerrado. The limited distribution of species shared with one of the four adjoining domains highlights the influence of independent species pools more associated with other domains.
... However, the species diversity of anurans in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is still poorly known, particularly in places with more than 1000 m of altitude (Rossa-Feres et al., 2008). The number of species in the genus Ischnocnema will probably increase in the next years, considering the recent descriptions of new species (Giaretta et al., 2007; Targino et al., 2009) and mainly the large number of unnamed species that can be found in the shelves of Brazilian collections (personal observations). The use of molecular information and vocalizations, allied to morphological studies, will increase our comprehension on the evolution of this genus and certainly uncover a great diversity of cryptic species. ...
A new species of Ischnocnema is described from Serra da Mantiqueira, Municipality of Campos do Jordão, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The new species is a member of the Ischnocnema lactea Species Series. The new species differs from other species in the Ischnocnema lactea Species Series by its small size, snout sub-elliptical in dorsal view and acuminate-rounded in lateral view, and advertisement call. Descriptions of the dorsal coloration, advertisement call, and natural history are presented.
... This index will yield a value of zero when the entire population uses only a single category of prey, increasing with both the number of prey categories and the evenness with which they are used. We then took the data for the other four species of frogs reported in Bolnick et al. (2007) -Leptodactylus fuscus, Leptodactylus sp., Proceratophrys sp., and Ischnocnema penaxavantinho (Giaretta, Toffoli & Oliveira 2007); note that in Bolnick et al. (2007), there are two samples for each frog species (wet and dry season)-combined with our data and regressed V on TNW. A significant positive slope would confirm a positive relationship between TNW and V. Following Bolnick et al. (2007), we tested whether this positive slope could be accounted for by a null model involving only stochastic sampling. ...
Many natural populations exploiting a wide range of resources are actually composed of relatively specialized individuals.
This interindividual variation is thought to be a consequence of the invasion of ‘empty’ niches in depauperate communities, generally in temperate regions. If individual niches are constrained by functional trade‐offs, the expansion of the population niche is only achieved by an increase in interindividual variation, consistent with the ‘niche variation hypothesis’.
According to this hypothesis, we should not expect interindividual variation in species belonging to highly diverse, packed communities.
In the present study, we measured the degree of interindividual diet variation in four species of frogs of the highly diverse Brazilian Cerrado, using both gut contents and δ ¹³ C stable isotopes.
We found evidence of significant diet variation in the four species, indicating that this phenomenon is not restricted to depauperate communities in temperate regions.
The lack of correlations between the frogs’ morphology and diet indicate that trade‐offs do not depend on the morphological characters measured here and are probably not biomechanical. The nature of the trade‐offs remains unknown, but are likely to be cognitive or physiological.
Finally, we found a positive correlation between the population niche width and the degree of diet variation, but a null model showed that this correlation can be generated by individuals sampling randomly from a common set of resources. Therefore, albeit consistent with, our results cannot be taken as evidence in favour of the niche variation hypothesis.
Guia dos anfíbios do estado de Goiás e do Distrito Federal, Brasil.
Field Guide for Amphibians from the state of Goiás and the Federal District, Central Brazil
The Brazilian Cerrado and Atlantic Forest shelter an especially rich herpetofauna and experience strong anthropogenic disturbances, which is also true for the western portion of Minas Gerais State. Herein, we present a list of the herpetofauna from the Triângulo Mineiro region in Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. From 2012 to 2016, we sampled 28 localities along 23 municipalities in the region, using three sampling methods: active search, pitfall traps, and opportunistic records. We recorded 79 species, 44 amphibians and 35 reptiles. Three species (Bokermannohyla sazimai, Ololygon canastrensis, and Pithecopus azureus) are classified as "data deficient" (DD) according to the IUCN. One species (Proceratophrys moratoi) is classified as "critically endangered" (CR) according to the IUCN Red List, and "endangered" (EN) according to the national red list. However, we suggest listing P. moratoi in the "least concern" category. We also present the first record of Dendropsophus elianeae in Minas Gerais State, and distribution map of the species. Furthermore, we elucidate the composition of the herpetofauna in the Triângulo Mineiro region and contribute to future conservation plans for the region and the species.
Protected areas (PAs) cover a small proportion of the Earth's surface and most species are not covered by the current network. Amphibians are the least represented group in PAs around the world and expanding the network is still the major recommendation for species conservation. We evaluated the effectiveness of PAs in safeguarding endemic amphibians in the Cerrado biome of Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. We conducted a gap analysis to highlight site-based conservation actions for target species within study site. We extracted occurrence points from the national database and calculated the intersection between the minimum convex polygon and natural vegetation remnants for each species. For each target species, we calculated the percentage of the range covered by PAs and assessed the scientific knowledge based on academic publications between 1950-2015. We recorded 206 amphibians in Minas Gerais, of which 127 occur in the Cerrado. We identified 24 target species and concluded that 80% are insufficiently protected by the current PA network. A quarter of the species have zero coverage and most species have < 30% of their range legally protected. In southwestern Minas Gerais, we recommend habitat restoration and connectivity to provide additional habitat to target species. In western Minas Gerais, the creation of PA seems to be the best solution. The distribution of target species is concentrated in the Espinhaço Mountain Range, where we recommend the establishment of biodiversity corridors. We examined 246 publications, most of which focus on taxonomy. Few species have sufficient information to have their conservation status re-assessed, with only 26.8% of publications containing specific information on conservation. Scientific knowledge must be improved for all research areas, especially species distributions and ecology, to support evidence-based conservation and management actions.
We describe a new species of Ischnocnema from the municipality of Arcos, in the karst region of the upper Rio São Francisco basin, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed by the possession of a W-shaped mark on the back, at the level of the shoulder, with one tubercle at each posterior point, red iris in life, and moderate-sized discs on fingers III and IV. These characteristics resemble those of Ischnocnema manezinho and I. sambaqui (from the I. lactea series) but also that from the species in the I. verrucosa series. Uma nova espécie de Ischnocnema é descrita, procedente do Município de Arcos, região cárstica do alto curso da bacia do rio São Francisco, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A nova espécie é diagnosticada por apresentar uma marca em forma de W entre os ombros, com um tubérculo em cada uma das bases; íris vermelha em vida; discos com tamanhos moderados nos dedos III e IV. Tais características assemelham-se às apresentadas por I. manezinho e I. sambaqui (da série de I. lactea), mas também àquelas apresentadas pelas espécies da série de I. verrucosa.
The taxonomic status of two leptodactylid frog genera is reevaluated. Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 is considered a junior synonym of Eleutherodactylus Duméril and Bibron, and the combination E. verrucosus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862) is proposed. Oreobates Jiménez-de-la-Espada, 1872 is revalidated, and the combinations Oreobates quixensis Jiménez-de-la-Espada, 1872, O. simmonsi (Lynch, 1974), O. saxatilis (Duellman, 1990), O. sanctaecrucis (Harvey and Keck, 1995), and O. sanderi (Padial, Reichle and De la Riva, 2005) are proposed. Epsophus verrucosus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937 is synonymized with Eleutherodactylus verrucosus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862).
The taxonomic status of two leptodactylid frog genera is reevaluated. Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 is considered a junior synonym of Eleutherodactylus Duméril and Bibron, and the combination E. verrucosus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862) is proposed. Oreobates Jiménez-de-la- Espada, 1872 is revalidated, and the combinations Oreobates quixensis Jiménez-de-la-Espada, 1872, O. simmonsi (Lynch, 1974), O. saxatilis (Duellman, 1990), O. sanctaecrucis (Harvey and Keck, 1995), and O. sanderi (Padial, Reichle and De la Riva, 2005) are proposed. Epsophus verrucosus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937 is synonymized with Eleutherodactylus verrucosus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862).
A total of 112 Frog species of the Iquitos Region are characterized, according to ist life characteristics, taxonomy, Habitat and biology, as known. Comparisons with similar species are made, to avoid confusion. Tadpoles, calls and Food Habits are also provided. Full - Color plates are also presented to help the amateur and experienced scientists to identify the species.
It was sampled the litter frogs at altitudinal sites of a semideciduous mesophytic forest located at Sena do Japi (Jundiaí, São Paulo, 23º17'S, 47º00'W, 800-1300m altitude, 1500mm rain/year). Forty two plots of 8x8m were sampled in the dry/cold season of 1995: 21 at a Higher Site (HS) (1000m) and 21 at a Lower Site (LS) (850m). The plots were evenly located near, mid-distance, and far from the stream-bed. It was found a total of five species, three at each site. Eleutherodactylus guentheri comprised 83% of the individuals at HS and E. juipoca 67% at LS. The density of individuals was higher at HS and near the stream. The greater density at HS may be due to greater humidity there, provided by mist. The frogs may aggregate in wetter places (stream edges) in the dry/cold season. The studied sites represent harsh and early successional environments and both these factors may be acting together to produce the low observed diversity.
Examination of the types of Eleutherodactylns crepitans Bokermann, 1965, indicates that they represent a valid species, which should be removed from the synonymy of Eleutherodactylns fenestratiis (Steindachner 1864). Eleutherodactylns crepitans is only known from the type material. Certain features of the types of Telatrema heterodactylwn Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, are described and the type locality clarified. Analysis of the advertisement call and morphology of a series of specimens from Chapada dos Guimarâes indicates that the specimens represent a species distinct from E. fenestratiis (Steindachner 1864), for which no name is available. We describe this new species as Eleutherodactylns dundeei. The frog fauna of Chapada dos Guimarâes contains four distinct historical units: cerrado, chaco, Amazonian hylaea, and endemic.
Eleutherodactylus heterodactylus was rediscovered in Cerrado montane forest of eastern Bolivia, 250-300 km airline from its type locality in Brazil, in similar habitat. The advertisement call is described for the first time. This species shares morphological features with species of the Eleutherodactylus binotatus and Eleutherodactylus discoidalis groups but is not assigned to either group pending further study. We confirm that Eleutherodactylus crepitans and Eleutherodactylus dundeei are valid species easily distinguishable from Eleutherodactylus fenestratus. Bolivian populations of the Andes previously assigned to E. dundeei correspond to an undescribed species allied to Eleutherodactylus peruvianus.
Eleutherodactylus jota sp. nov. is named from Bocas del Toro province in western Panama. It is closely allied to E. bransfordii (with which it is sympatric) and E. podiciferus (found at higher altitudes) but readily differs from each in having folds along the forearm and tarsus, a calcar, and a short first toe, as well as in snout shape.
We sampled litter frogs in an 1800-ha mid-elevation seasonal forest in southeastern Brazil. One hundred 8 * 8-m plots were sampled during the dry/cold season and wet/warm season (unburned areas); we also examined the effects of fire in recently burned areas. A total of 267 frogs (305 g), belonging to 16 species (4 families) were caught. A single species comprised 78.5 percent of the individuals in the dry/cold season and 54.3 percent in the wet/warm season. The density of individuals did not change significantly with season, biomass did. Density and biomass of frogs were positively correlated with altitude. A Mantel test indicated that biological data (species and their abundance) were significantly associated with environmental parameters. The burned areas showed low values in richness, density and biomass of frogs. Harsh seasonal climate and a history of human disturbance may produce the low observed diversity values. The greater densities of frogs in sites of higher elevation may primarily result from mist-generated humidity, which diminishes the harshness of the dry/cold season in relation to lower sites.
Approximately one-half of all species of amphibians occur in the New World tropics, which includes South America, Middle America, and the West Indies. Of those, 27% (801 species) belong to a large assemblage, the eleutherodactyline frogs, which breed out of water and lay eggs that undergo direct development on land. Their wide distribution and mode of reproduction offer potential for resolving questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, progress in all of these fields has been hindered by a poor understanding of their evolutionary relationships. As a result, most of the species have been placed in a single genus, Eleutherodactylus, which is the largest among vertebrates. Our DNA sequence analysis of a major fraction of eleutherodactyline diversity revealed three large radiations of species with unexpected geographic isolation: a South American Clade (393 sp.), a Caribbean Clade (171 sp.), and a Middle American Clade (111 sp.). Molecular clock analyses reject the prevailing hypothesis that these frogs arose from land connections with North and South America and their subsequent fragmentation in the Late Cretaceous (80–70 Mya). Origin by dispersal, probably over water from South America in the early Cenozoic (47–29 million years ago, Mya), is more likely.
• amphibian
• anura
• biogeography
• Eleutherodactylus
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Três novos batráquios da região central de Mato Grosso, Brazil (Amphibia, Salientia)
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Scinax canastrensis. Geographic distribution
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The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical savanna
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Generic partitioning of the South American leptodactylid frog genus Eupsophus Fitzinger 1843 (sensu lato)
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Anfíbios da Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, estado de Goiás
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) História natural da serra do Japi
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Frogs of the Genus Eleutherodactylus in Western Ecuador. University of Kansas Natural History Museum Special Publication
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