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Impact of Lifestyle on Health

November 2015
Iranian Journal of Public Health 44(11):1442-1444

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Authors:

Dariush Farhud

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

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Iran J Public Health, Vol. 44, No.11, Nov 2015, pp.1442-1444 Editorial

1442 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir

Impact of Lifestyle on Health

*Dariush D. FARHUD

1, 2

1. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2. Dept. of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences ,Tehran, Iran

*Correspondence: Email: farhud@tums.ac.ir

(Received 12 Oct 2015; accepted 22 Oct 2015)

Introduction

Lifestyle is a way used by people, groups and na-

tions and is formed in specific geographical, eco-

nomic, political, cultural and religious text. Life-

style is referred to the characteristics of inhabit-

ants of a region in special time and place. It in-

cludes day to day behaviors and functions of indi-

viduals in job, activities, fun and diet.

In recent decades, life style as an important factor

of health is more interested by researchers. Ac-

cording to WHO, 60% of related factors to indi-

vidual health and quality of life are correlated to

lifestyle (1). Millions of people follow an un-

healthy lifestyle. Hence, they encounter illness,

disability and even death. Problems like metabolic

diseases, joint and skeletal problems, cardio-vascu-

lar diseases, hypertension, overweight, violence

and so on, can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle.

The relationship of lifestyle and health should be

highly considered.

Today, wide changes have occurred in life of all

people. Malnutrition, unhealthy diet, smoking, al-

cohol consuming, drug abuse, stress and so on,

are the presentations of unhealthy life style that

they are used as dominant form of lifestyle. Be-

sides, the lives of citizens face with new challenges.

For instance, emerging new technologies within

IT such as the internet and virtual communication

networks, lead our world to a major challenge that

threatens the physical and mental health of indi-

viduals. The challenge is the overuse and misuse

of the technology.

Therefore, according to the existing studies, it can

be said that: lifestyle has a significant influence on

physical and mental health of human being. There

are different forms of such influences. Consangu-

inity in some ethnicity is a dominant form of life

style that it leads to the genetic disorders. Refor-

mation of this unhealthy life style is a preventing

factor for decreasing the rate of genetic diseases

(2). In some countries, the overuse of drugs is a

major unhealthy life style. Iran is one of the 20

countries using the most medications. They prefer

medication to other intervention. Furthermore, in

15-40% of cases they use medications about with-

out prescription (3). Pain relievers, eye drops and

antibiotics have the most usage in Iran. While self-

medications such as antibiotics have a negative

effect on the immune system, if the individual

would be affected by infection, antibiotics will not

be effective in treatment. Overall, 10 percent of

those who are self-medicated will experience se-

vere complications such as drug resistance. Some-

times drug allergy is so severe that it can cause

death (4).

Finally, variables of lifestyle that influence on

health can be categorized in some items:

1- Diet and Body Mass Index (BMI): Diet

is the greatest factor in lifestyle and has a

direct and positive relation with health.

DD Farhud: Impact of Lifestyle on Health

Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir 1443

Poor diet and its consequences like obesity

is the common healthy problem in urban

societies. Unhealthy lifestyle can be meas-

ured by BMI. Urban lifestyle leads to the

nutrition problems like using fast foods

and poor foods, increasing problems like

cardiovascular (5).

2- Exercise: For treating general health

problems, the exercise is included in life

style (6). The continuous exercise along

with a healthy diet increases the health.

Some studies stress on the relation of ac-

tive life style with happiness (7, 8).

3- Sleep: One of the bases of healthy life is

the sleep. Sleep cannot be apart from life.

Sleep disorders have several social, psy-

chological, economical and healthy conse-

quences. Lifestyle may effect on sleep and

sleep has a clear influence on mental and

physical health (9).

4- Sexual behavior: Normal sex relation is

necessary in healthy life. Dysfunction of

sex relation is the problem of most of so-

cieties and it has a significant effect on

mental and physical health. It can be said

that dysfunctional sex relation may result

in various family problems or sex related

illnesses like; AIDS

5- Substance abuse: Addiction is consid-

ered as an unhealthy life style. Smoking

and using other substance may result in

various problems; cardiovascular disease,

asthma, cancer, brain injury. According to

the resent studies in Iran, 43% of females

and 64% of males experience the use of

hubble-bubble (10). A longitudinal study

shows that 30% of people between 18-65

years old smoke cigarette permanently (11).

6- Medication abuse: It is a common form

of using medication in Iran and it is con-

sidered as an unhealthy life style. Un-

healthy behaviors in using medication are

as followed: self-treatment, sharing medi-

cation, using medications without pre-

scription, prescribing too many drugs, pre-

scribing the large number of each drug,

unnecessary drugs, bad handwriting in

prescription, disregard to the contradictory

drugs, disregard to harmful effects of

drugs, not explaining the effects of drugs.

7- Application of modern technologies:

Advanced technology facilitates the life of

human beings. Misuse of technology may

result in unpleasant consequences. For ex-

ample, using of computer and other de-

vices up to midnight, may effect on the

pattern of sleep and it may disturb sleep.

Addiction to use mobile phone is related

to depression symptoms (12).

8- Recreation: Leisure pass time is a sub

factor of life style. Neglecting leisure can

bring negative consequences. With disor-

ganized planning and unhealthy leisure,

people endanger their health.

9- Study: Study is the exercise of soul. Plac-

ing study as a factor in lifestyle may lead to

more physical and mental health. For ex-

ample, prevalence of dementia, such as

Alzheimer's disease is lowerin educated

people. Study could slow process of de-

mentia.

Conclusion

With a look at existing studies in health domain, 9

key factors can be suggested for healthy life style

(Fig. 1). In regard to each factor, the systematic

planning in micro and macro level can be estab-

lished. It can provide a social and individual

healthy lifestyle.

Acknowledgements

The authors declare that there is no conflict of

interests.

Iran J Public Health, Vol. 44, No.11, Nov 2015, pp.1442-1444

1444 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir

Fig. 1: Nine key factors that forming healthy life style

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Nov 2024

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Depression, anxiety, and stress are common mental health issues that affect individuals worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of various lifestyle interventions including physical activity, dietary changes, and sleep hygiene in reducing the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Using stress as an outcome and conducting detailed subgroup analyses, this study provides novel insights into the differential effects of lifestyle interventions across diverse populations. Methods: Five databases were systematically searched: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, for gray literature searches. Keywords were used to search each database. The search period was from the conception of the databases until August 2023 and was conducted in English. For each analysis, Hedges' g was reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the random-effects method. Subgroups were analyzed and heterogeneity and publication bias were examined. Results: Ninety-six randomized clinical trial studies were included in this meta-analysis. Lifestyle interventions reduced depression (Hedges g −0.21, 95% confidence interval −0.26, −0.15; p < 0.001; I 2 = 56.57), anxiety (Hedges g −0.24, 95% confidence interval −0.32, −0.15; p < 0.001; I 2 = 59.25), and stress (−0.34, −0.11; p < 0.001; I 2 = 61.40). Conclusions: Lifestyle interventions offer a more accessible and cost-effective alternative to traditional treatments and provide targeted benefits for different psychological symptoms.

Sports Participation on Multiple Intelligences: A Cross-Sectional Study of University Student-Athletes

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Student-athletes are a unique group, facing numerous challenges in maintaining excellent academic performance while balancing their sports commitments. Participation in sports has significantly impacted their socialization, intellectual growth, and character building. It is essential to address the factors underlying these issues and devise effective strategies to help student-athletes successfully navigate their academic and athletic pursuits. Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences (MI) provides a valuable framework for understanding the diverse cognitive strengths and weaknesses of individuals. This theory posits that intelligence is not a single entity but rather a combination of several distinct intelligences, including kinesthetic, intrapersonal, logical, interpersonal, and linguistic intelligences. By evaluating student-athletes through the lens of MI, we can gain insights into how their unique intelligence profiles influence both their athletic performance and personal growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the multiple intelligences of student-athletes and examine the differences in MI subdomains based on gender, type of sport, age group, and ethnicity. To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional survey research design was employed, utilizing a sample of 182 student-athletes representing the university. Overall, the multiple intelligences of the students were high. Among the five MI subdomains, kinesthetic intelligence scored the highest (M = 21.51 ± 2.99), followed by intrapersonal (M = 20.17 ± 3.13) and logical intelligences (M = 18.78 ± 2.83). Interpersonal (M = 17.80 ± 3.11) and linguistic intelligence (M = 15.33 ± 3.35) received the lowest scores. Independent sample t-test results revealed significant differences in the kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences between genders, while logical and interpersonal intelligences differed significantly by type of sports (p < 0.05). Logical intelligence was the only subdomain showing a significant difference between age groups, while none of the ethnicity groups showed significant differences in any of the subdomains (p > 0.05). Significant differences were found in several MI subdomains based on gender, type of sport, and age group. Specifically, kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences differed between genders, while logical and interpersonal intelligences varied by type of sport. Additionally, logical intelligence showed differences across age groups. Overall, the results underscore the importance of a holistic approach in supporting student-athletes, leveraging their strengths in kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and logical intelligences while addressing areas like interpersonal and linguistic intelligences. Tailored strategies based on MI profiles can help balance their athletic success and personal development.

Melatonin hormone, metabolism and its clinical effects: A review

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

Introduction: Melatonin, a hormone that exists in most living organisms, is produced in the pineal gland, retina, alimentary tract and various other tissues of the body and secreted by the pineal gland. It can be said this hormone exists in most living organisms. Production of this hormone is affected by different factors like age, light and other environmental and physiological agents. Considering its vast effects, the aim of this review article is to provide an update of current data available on the production, metabolism and clinical effects of this hormone in humans and its roles in different diseases like obesity, some cancers and diseases affecting brain function. Materials and Methods: This article is the result of reviewing 60 articles, of which 34 are directly referred to. Results: Based on the articles investigated, several environmental factors participate in the regulation and synthesis of this hormone which acts as a protective agent against chronic and degenerative diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic and behavioral disorders. Additionally, Melatonin intake improves some pathological conditions. Conclusion: Considering the positive effects of melatonin and the fact that no side effects of melatonin supplementation, have been documented it can be said that should, for any reason its synthesis and secretion cease in individuals taking a suitable physician-prescribed dose of this hormone would be beneficial, preventing increase in disease.

Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - A prospective cohort study

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011
BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

Because of the quick development and widespread use of mobile phones, and their vast effect on communication and interactions, it is important to study possible negative health effects of mobile phone exposure. The overall aim of this study was to investigate whether there are associations between psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in a prospective cohort of young adults. The study group consisted of young adults 20-24 years old (n = 4156), who responded to a questionnaire at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Mobile phone exposure variables included frequency of use, but also more qualitative variables: demands on availability, perceived stressfulness of accessibility, being awakened at night by the mobile phone, and personal overuse of the mobile phone. Mental health outcomes included current stress, sleep disorders, and symptoms of depression. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated for cross-sectional and prospective associations between exposure variables and mental health outcomes for men and women separately. There were cross-sectional associations between high compared to low mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression for the men and women. When excluding respondents reporting mental health symptoms at baseline, high mobile phone use was associated with sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression for the men and symptoms of depression for the women at 1-year follow-up. All qualitative variables had cross-sectional associations with mental health outcomes. In prospective analysis, overuse was associated with stress and sleep disturbances for women, and high accessibility stress was associated with stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression for both men and women. High frequency of mobile phone use at baseline was a risk factor for mental health outcomes at 1-year follow-up among the young adults. The risk for reporting mental health symptoms at follow-up was greatest among those who had perceived accessibility via mobile phones to be stressful. Public health prevention strategies focusing on attitudes could include information and advice, helping young adults to set limits for their own and others' accessibility.

The WHO Cross-National Study of Health Behavior in School-Aged Children from 35 Countries: Findings from 2001-2002

Article

Aug 2004

Lifestyle physical activity interventions

Article

Nov 1998
AM J PREV MED

Introduction: Lifestyle physical activity interventions have resulted in response to the public health problem of promoting regular amounts of physical activity to the majority of U.S. adults who remain inadequately or completely inactive. These lifestyle interventions allow a person to individualize his/her physical activity programs to include a wide variety of activities that are at least of moderate intensity and to accumulate bouts of these activities in a manner befitting his/her life circumstances.

Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men

Article

Jun 2011
NEW ENGL J MED

Specific dietary and other lifestyle behaviors may affect the success of the straightforward-sounding strategy "eat less and exercise more" for preventing long-term weight gain. We performed prospective investigations involving three separate cohorts that included 120,877 U.S. women and men who were free of chronic diseases and not obese at baseline, with follow-up periods from 1986 to 2006, 1991 to 2003, and 1986 to 2006. The relationships between changes in lifestyle factors and weight change were evaluated at 4-year intervals, with multivariable adjustments made for age, baseline body-mass index for each period, and all lifestyle factors simultaneously. Cohort-specific and sex-specific results were similar and were pooled with the use of an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Within each 4-year period, participants gained an average of 3.35 lb (5th to 95th percentile, -4.1 to 12.4). On the basis of increased daily servings of individual dietary components, 4-year weight change was most strongly associated with the intake of potato chips (1.69 lb), potatoes (1.28 lb), sugar-sweetened beverages (1.00 lb), unprocessed red meats (0.95 lb), and processed meats (0.93 lb) and was inversely associated with the intake of vegetables (-0.22 lb), whole grains (-0.37 lb), fruits (-0.49 lb), nuts (-0.57 lb), and yogurt (-0.82 lb) (P≤0.005 for each comparison). Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change). Other lifestyle factors were also independently associated with weight change (P<0.001), including physical activity (-1.76 lb across quintiles); alcohol use (0.41 lb per drink per day), smoking (new quitters, 5.17 lb; former smokers, 0.14 lb), sleep (more weight gain with <6 or >8 hours of sleep), and television watching (0.31 lb per hour per day). Specific dietary and lifestyle factors are independently associated with long-term weight gain, with a substantial aggregate effect and implications for strategies to prevent obesity. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).

Lifestyle physical activity interventions. History, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations

Article

Dec 1998
AM J PREV MED

Lifestyle physical activity interventions have resulted in response to the public health problem of promoting regular amounts of physical activity to the majority of U.S. adults who remain inadequately or completely inactive. These lifestyle interventions allow a person to individualize his/her physical activity programs to include a wide variety of activities that are at least of moderate intensity and to accumulate bouts of these activities in a manner befitting his/her life circumstances. We reviewed the history of lifestyle physical activity interventions and defined lifestyle physical activity based on this review. We located 14 studies that met this definition. Lifestyle physical activity interventions are effective at increasing and maintaining levels of physical activity that meet or exceed public health guidelines for physical activity in representative samples of previously sedentary adults and obese children. The majority of these interventions have been delivered by face-to-face contact in small groups, which limits their public health impact. However, a small number of studies demonstrate that these interventions can be delivered by mail and telephone, which may enhance their generalizability. Most of these studies utilized behavior change theories such as Social Cognitive Theory, the Transtheoretical Model, and Behavior Learning to shape the interventions. Lifestyle interventions aimed at modifying the environment, such as signs posted to increase stair climbing, also have been shown to be effective over the short term. The major issues concerning lifestyle physical activity interventions are: (1) testing their ability to be implemented on a large scale; (2) examining cost-effectiveness for different modes of delivery; and (3) researching the efficacy in populations such as the elderly, minorities, economically disadvantaged, and individuals with concurrent disease. More studies aimed at manipulating the environment to increase physical activity need to be tested over periods of one year or longer. It is possible that lifestyle interventions could be integrated and delivered by new technologies such as interactive computer-mediated programs, telephone, or computer web-based formats. All of these recommended approaches should utilize valid and reliable measures of physical activity and should examine the health effects, particularly on a longitudinal basis. Basic dose-response studies in controlled settings also are needed to help us understand the health effects of accumulated moderate intensity activity.

Services for the Prevention and Management of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects in Developing Countries

Article

Feb 1999

The benefits of the enormous progress in medical genetics during the past two decades in industrialized nations have had limited impact in developing countries, where more than 80&percnt; of the world’s population lives. To assess the status of genetic services in developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Alliance of Organizations for the Prevention of Birth Defects (WAOPD) convened a group of experts in medical genetics who either work in, or are familiar with, the social, economic and health problems of developing countries (see Appendix) in The Hague from 5 to 7 January 1999. The purpose of the meeting was to review the current status of genetic services in the developing world and to make recommendations to further the implementation of programs for the management and prevention of genetic disorders and birth defects at the primary health care and community levels in those countries.

Effective factors on using medication in aging by using healthy believe

Jan 2010
70-78

M Karimi
A Heidarnia
F Ghofranipur

Karimi M, Heidarnia A, Ghofranipur F., (2010). Effective factors on using medication in aging by using healthy believe. J Arak Med Uni, 14(5); 70-78.

Prevalence of smoking: health in view of Iranian

Jan 2011
365-372

M Ebadi
M Vahdaninia
A Azin
A Aeenparast
S Omidvari
K Jahangiri

Ebadi M, Vahdaninia M, Azin A, Aeenparast A, Omidvari S, Jahangiri K et al. (2011). Prevalence of smoking: health in view of Iranian. Peyesh Quarterly, 10 (3); 365-372.

Frequency of using cigarette in adolescents: awareness of authority. www.ebrat.ir/part=mobil&inc=news&id=487 74

Nov 2013

Ebrat News

Ebrat news (2013). Frequency of using cigarette in adolescents: awareness of authority. www.ebrat.ir/part=mobil&inc=news&id=487 74. Accessed: 1 Oct 2014

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