Screening of Some Turkish Plants for Antibacterial Activity
Abstract
Some 14 ethanol extracts from 13 plant species collected from various regions of Turkey were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram positive and 5 Gram negative bacteria, using the disc-diffusion and dilution methods. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the disc-diffusion method shows that 12 extracts from the 14 plants studied have antibacterial activity in different levels. The broadest spectrum of activity was exhibited by Malva sylvestris against five bacteria, whereas the Verbascum spp. extract only showed activity against one. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by the extract of Hypericum perforatum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of plant extracts with antibacterial activity ranged from 0.125 to 4 mg/ml. The high MIC values showed that the extracts had low to moderate activity compared with standard antibiotics. Based on the results from the present investigation, it is concluded that most of the plants studied may be sources of antibacterial agents.
Supplementary resource (1)
... The components in the peel extract are directly related to their antimicrobial action [15]. Extensive research has demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of several natural substances, including essential oils, protopine and corydaline alkaloids, lactons, polyacetylene, acyclic sesquiterpenes, hypericin, and pseudohypericin [16,17]. In addition, citrus fruit has long been utilized in traditional Asian medicine to cure indigestion also improve bronchial as well as asthmatic disorders [18]. ...
The plants are rich of metabolites that can be enter many fields of life, called phytochemicals. The most important features of phytochemicals are shown in human health. The natural components of plants can exhibit anti-diabetic, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and other properties with benefits to the human health. The bacterial resistance to the traditional drugs has opened the area of research to overcome this serious problem. Another contributor to health problems is oxidative stress, which is caused by an inadequate supply of antioxidants to counteract the free radicals. Lemon (citrus limon) has shown to contain wide spectrum of phytochemicals with therapeutic behavior. Our study was designed to investigate two types of lemon peels extract on microbes growth and free radical scavenging, one as pure peel oil, and the other is an extract by methanol. Our findings demonstrate that an extract of Iraqi lemon peel is an effective microbicidal agent, with significant growth suppression against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Candida albicans. The ethanolic extract of the lemon peels has shown to be more effective against the growth of microbes. Furthermore, Iraqi lemon peel extract of both oil and ethanolic have exhibited an antioxidant activity comparable to the pure ascorbic acid. This features of lemon peels make it a very good candidate for natural therapeutic medicine.
... As a result of this antibiotic resistance is becoming major problem in a worldwide (Demetrio et al., 2015). Increased antibacterial resistance among bacteria made it compulsory to find different strategies to combat with bacteria (Keles et al., 2001). For many years, plants have been the subject of studies for this purpose. ...
Abstract Treatment with plant is considered an effective option against increased antibiotic resistance. In this study antibiofilm activity of methanol (CH3OH), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water (H2O) extracts of Hypericum atomarium Boiss. which is member of Hypericum genus was evaluated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and antibacterial performance against Gram (+) and Gram (-) strains and also bioactive compounds of extract were analysed using by HPLC and GC-MS. According to antibacterial activity test results the extracts were effective all Gram (+) bacteria and Gram (-) Chromobacterium violaceum (MICs ranging from 0.42 μg/ml to 4.3 mg). Inhibition effect of biofilm formation was found to be different rate in extracts (methanol-63%, chloroform-52%). The major flavonoids were detected (−)-epicatechin (2388.93 μg/ml) and (+)-catechin (788.94 μg/ml). The main phenolic acids were appeared as caffeic acid 277.34 μg/ml and chlorogenic acid 261.79 μg/ml. And according to GC results α-pinene was found main compound for three solvent extracts methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate 67.05, 62.69, 49.28% rate respectively.
... al., 1999;Keleş, et al., 2001;Erdogrul, 2002;Dulger & Gonuz, 2005& Ercisli, 2007. However, antibiotics are also correlated with adverse effects such as hypersensitivity, allergic reaction, and immune suppression.(Davies, ...
... These products were detected by UV 280 nm which gave light blue, bright blue, blue, blue and blue colors respectively, while these compounds gave blue, blue, blue, blue, blue by eye after spry the TLC plate with reagent. Several studies showed that C. limon are rich sources of essential oils, protopine and, lactons, acyclic sesquiterpenes, hypericin and pseudohypericin compounds (Keles et al., 2001). Figure 1A and B shows the characteristics of steroids compounds that found in crude extract of ethanol extract of C. limon seeds revealed that contain three spots with relative flow (Rƒ) equal to 0.06, 0.21, 0.34 respectively. ...
The present study was carried out to estimate the vital effects of the water and alcohol extract of Citrus limon (L.) seeds in thyroids hormone levels secretion in adults female Albino rats. Plant Seeds was extracted with distilled water and alcohol using ethanol. Then phytochemical compound detected using classical methods and thin layer chromatography (TLC). animal's groups were injected with L-Thyroxine and plant extracts. Blood samples were collected from all animals after the end of the trial time of 10 days. The results of study showed that the water and ethanol extract contain many bioactive substances, including carbohydrates, tannins, glycoside, saponin, terpenes, alkaloids and phenols. Meanwhile, Glycosides detection by (TLC) plate from water and alcohol extracts of C. limon showed 4 and 5 bands using the BAW (4: 1: 5) solvent system respectively, 4 and 5 bands with alkaloids, showed 4 and 5 bands of terpenoids compound, 4; 5 spots with tannins compounds were observed.
... Differences in radical scavenging activities may depend on geographical origins, weather and seasonal conditions, collection time, stage of development, extraction method and the presence of new chemotypes (64). It can be linked to changes in the chemical content of plants, soil composition, daily or seasonal changes in plant material during collection, physiological development of plants, with the type of bacteria (65,66,67,68). ...
The objective of this study is to develop a new and effective antibacterial agent against food pathogens that poses a major threat to human health and to investigate the antioxidant activity of this plant. Methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial potency. Eight different microorganisms were used in the study, one of which was yeast. These microorganisms are food pathogens. Antimicrobial activity testing was performed using a disc diffusion method. Another test for antimicrobial activity is the minimum inhibitory level. Antioxidant activity was conducted using 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). Citrus limon ethanol extract had a maximum inhibiting zone against Escherichia coli (12 mm). In the ABTS method, the highest scavenging activity was obtained from an ethanol extract (58.3 percent). The methanol extract (95.4%) led to the largest DPPH scavenging activity. Consequently, Citrus limon extracts have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-biofilm potential against foodborne pathogens.
... al., 1999;Keleş, et al., 2001;Erdogrul, 2002;Dulger & Gonuz, 2005& Ercisli, 2007. However, antibiotics are also correlated with adverse effects such as hypersensitivity, allergic reaction, and immune suppression.(Davies, ...
Through hydro-distillation of industrial lemon juice waste, the study obtained Citrus lemon 's aqueous phase (AP) and essential oil (EO), with the EO yield at approximately 0.89% and a high monoterpene content (50.77% limonene), while the AP contained high total phenols (36.96 ± 1.2 mg g − 1 ). The EO and AP exhibited Strong bactericidal effects with minimal cidal concentrations values (MCC) ranging from 2.5 to 10 g mL − 1 and 187.5 to 1500 g mL − 1 , respectively. The inhibitory efficacy of various concentrations of the EO and AP against a foodborne pathogen belonging to Salmonella enteritidis inoculated in chicken meat showed that AP demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect of 0.25–0.5 and 1 mg AP g − 1 meat. However, the bacterial count (> 10 ² CFU/25 g meat) rendered it inedible for humans. Additionally, at the maximum concentration (1% v/w), the EO exhibited bactericidal action, but even at the minimum concentration (0.5 v/v EO/v box), the EO vapor action was still the most effective. Sensory analysis indicated that meat treated with the highest concentrations of EO and AP had an unpleasant taste and was discarded. Nonetheless, the study suggests that the AP and EO of lemon juice industrial waste could be a viable alternative to chemical preservatives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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The lemon peel is a flavonoid-hefty source and also has bioactive constituents, such as polyphenols. This research was performed to assess the potential of lemon peel essential oil and its nano-emulsion as a fruit waste in protecting against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in experimental animals. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a daily dosage of aflatoxin (80 μg/kg b.w) treated with lemon peel essential oil and its nano-emulsion (100 mg/kg). All nutritional parameters, biochemical parameters, and histopathological examinations were evaluated. The results revealed severe toxicity and carcinogenicity of AFB1 established by elevation of TNF-α and IL-6 and pathogenic elevation in kidney and liver enzymes manifested by significant elevation of creatinine, urea, uric acid, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.98, 79.4, 3.2, 57.6, 38, and 98.14, respectively. All these biochemical changes were confirmed by histopathological examination. All these harmful changes were amended by the use of lemon peel essential oil and its nano-emulsion, which led to the conclusion that lemon peel essential oil and its nano-emulsion as a fruit waste could be a promising source for the immune-enhancing drug that could protect against aflatoxin ingestion.
Objectives
Human exposure to heavy metals and pesticides is a worldwide major health problem. These environmental pollutants have been considered as the most neurotoxic agents and responsible to causing neurological toxicity. Plant-based therapeutic supplement may be used in the event of toxicity. Citrus limon contains several useful bioactive ingredients including flavonoids, dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamins, pectin, minerals, and essential oils, which are responsible for its therapeutic potential. In the present investigation, we have studied the toxicity of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and a carbamate pesticide such as cartap (Cp) on rat brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Methods
The chemical characterization of C. limon involved determination of total antioxidants and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging activity using known methods. The AChE activity and its kinetic characterization were performed by assaying the enzyme activity at varying substrate concentrations, pH, temperature, and time of reaction. Its different kinetic parameters such as K i , V max , K m , K cat , and K cat / K m were determined by using standard procedures. The amelioration potential of the extract was evaluated on the neurotransmission system of rat brain AChE treated with Pb, Cp, and their combination (Pb–Cp), considering their 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values.
Results
The optimal activity of rat brain AChE was recorded at 25 µg of protein, pH of 7.4, substrate concentration [S] of 0.5 mM, and temperature of 37.4–40°C. The enzyme was stable for 10 min when incubated at 37.4 °C in vitro . The enzyme displayed 70% of its activity remaining even after 160 min of incubation in this condition. It may be stable up to 1 month when stored at −20°C. The IC 50 values for Pb, Cp, and Pb–Cp were found to be 75, 2.9, and 5 mM, respectively. Pb, Cp, and Pb–Cp inhibited the activity of rat brain AChE in the noncompetitive, mixed, and uncompetitive manners, respectively, with their respective K i values to be 675, 2.37, and 22.72 mM.
Conclusions
The results indicated that the Pb and Cp were able to cause significant alterations in the level and properties of AChE. However, the introduction of lemon juice on Pb- and Cp-treated AChE indicated protection of its activity from their adverse effects. The results may be useful in prospective therapeutic applications of lemon juice or as a food supplement to protect mammalian systems from adverse effects of these toxicants.
Freeze dried and finely ground leaves of two plants with known antimicrobial activity, Anthocleista grandiflora and Combretum erythrophyllum were extracted with acetone, ethanol, methanol, methylenedichloride, methanol/chloroform/water and water at a 1 to 10 ratio in each case. The quantity and diversity of compounds extracted, number of inhibitors extracted, rate of extraction, toxicity in a bioassay, ease of removal of solvent and biological hazard were evaluated for each extractant. An arbitrary scoring system was developed to evaluate the above parameters for the different extractants. Acetone gave the best results with these plants with an arbitrary value of 102 followed by methanol/chloroform/water (81), methylene dichloride (79), methanol (71), ethanol (58) and water (47). Four five minute sequential extractions of very finely ground A. grandiflora shaking at a high rate extracted 97% of the total antimicrobial activity.
H. perforatum is a medicinal plant which has been known in traditional medicine as antiinflammatory and healing agent. Nowadays purified extracts of its aerial parts are used for their antidepressant activity. Furthermore the antiviral activity of hypericin is currently under investigation. This review deals with the botany, chemistry, pharmacology and the clinical efficacy of H. perforatum extracts and of their active constituents, namely hypericin and pseudohypericin.
Three Origanum essential oils, Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Origanum dictamnus, and a commercially available Origanum oil, were analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) and showed a high content of carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene representing 73.7%, 92.8%, and 87.78% of the total oil, respectively. The three essential oils exhibited high levels of antimicrobial activity against eight strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among the major components of the three oils, carvacrol and thymol exhibited the highest levels of antimicrobial activity, while their biosynthetic precursors γ-terpinene and p-cymene were inactive. The essential oil of O. vulgare ssp. hirtum was extremely bactericidal at 1/4000 dilution and even at dilutions as high as 1/50000 caused considerable decrease in bacterial growth rates. The same essential oil also exhibited high levels of cytotoxicity against four permanent animal cell lines including two derived from human cancers. Keywords: Origanum vulgare; Origanum dictamus; essential oils; carvacrol; thymol; antimicrobial activity; cytotoxicity; terpenes; cancer
Some 68 plant extracts from 65 species belonging to 25 families were investigated for antibacterial activity against eight gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Of the 68 extracts, 64 (94.1%) exhibited inhibitory effects against one or more microorganisms. Furthermore, among the active extracts, 12 from 11 species exhibited a broad spectrum of activity. Discussion on the probable chemical components responsible for this activity is included.
The broad knowledge of the chemistry of theCompositae allows the discussion of its relevance for the systematics and evolution within the family. Furthermore a separation into subfamilies can be supported by the observed differences in the distribution of the main constituents in the tribes.
In an ethnopharmacological survey, extracts of the six East African medicinal plants Entada abyssinica (stem bark), Terminalia spinosa (young branches), Harrisonia abyssinica (roots), Ximenia caffra (roots), Azadirachta indica (stem bark and leaves), and Spilanthes mauritiana (roots and flowers) were tested against 105 strains of bacteria from seven genera (Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Mycobacterium). The minimum inhibitory concentration reached by 50% (MIC50%) and 90% (MIC90) of the strains for the extracts of E. abyssinica, T. spinosa, X. caffra, and A. indica (stem bark) ranged from 0.13-8 mg/ml and from 0.5 to > 8 mg/ml, respectively. Their minimum bactericidal concentration by 50% (MBC50%) and MBC90% were all between 0.5 and > 8 mg/ml. H. abyssinica, A. indica (leaves), and S. mauritiana (roots and flowers) had MIC and MBC values > or = 8 mg/ml. Mycobacteria were not inhibited at extract concentrations of 0.5-2 mg/ml. It is concluded that plant extracts with low MIC and MBC values may serve as sources for compounds with therapeutic potency.
The data given in the literature published during 1976-1986 concerning antimicrobial activities of essential oils are treated from an experimental point of view and with regard to a possible practical application. Attention is paid to four factors which are important when testing essential oils: the assay technique; the growth medium; the micro-organism; the essential oil.
Plants used in Swedish traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and/or wounds were selected, based on literature data, for evaluation of inhibitory activity on prostaglandin biosynthesis and platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced exocytosis in vitro. Fifty-nine water extracts from 52 different plants in 28 families were tested. A number of plants, e.g. Calluna vulgaris, Corylus avellana, Geum urbanum, Juniperus communis, Polygonum aviculare, Potentilla erecta and Salix caprea were found to be active in both assays. The most potent cyclooxygenase inhibitors were extracts of Calluna vulgaris, Potentilla erecta and Salix caprea. None of the extracts inhibited just the prostaglandin biosynthesis. In the PAF-test, high inhibition was obtained by 19 extracts, the most potent of which were from Geum rivale, G. urbanum, Solanum dulcamara, Symphytum x uplandicum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The in vitro effects in relation to the traditional use, chemical contents and botanical classification, as well as the possibilities and the limitations of the methods are discussed.
Dilution methods were employed to determine the effect of ethanolic extracts of Agave lecheguilla Torr. (Agavaceae), Baccharis glutinosa Pers. (Compositae) and Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov. (Zygophyllaceae) on growth of yeasts, molds and bacteria. The three extracts analyzed showed good antimicrobial activity against more than one organism. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the extracts was also determined.