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BYOD Security: A New Business Challenge
Kathleen Downer
School of Computing & Mathematics
Charles Sturt University
NSW, Australia-2640
kathleendowner@gmail.com.au
Maumita Bhattacharya
School of Computing & Mathematics
Charles Sturt University
NSW, Australia-2640
mbhattacharya@csu.edu.au
Abstract— Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) is a rapidly
growing trend in businesses concerned with information
technology. BYOD presents a unique list of security concerns for
businesses implementing BYOD policies. Recent publications
indicate a definite awareness of risks involved in incorporating
BYOD into business, however it is still an underrated issue
compared to other IT security concerns. This paper focuses on
two key BYOD security issues: security challenges and available
frameworks. A taxonomy specifically classifying BYOD security
challenges is introduced alongside comprehensive frameworks
and solutions which are also analysed to gauge their limitations.
Keywords—BYOD, BYOD security, BYOD security framework
I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
BYOD is a relatively new initiative adopted by modern
businesses which allows employees to use personal mobile
devices to complete work in a convenient and flexible manner.
Recent industry reports claim approximately 70% of
businesses already utilize BYOD and agree they experience
improvements including enhanced productivity, efficiency,
morale and reduced hardware expenses [15][35][39]. Of these,
50% of employees actively use pre-installed security measures
on their device (eg. pass codes), yet less than 20% utilize extra
methods (eg. anti-malware) [5][26][27]. In contrast, the rate of
threats and attacks aimed towards mobile devices are
increasing; especially software based attacks [19][29][39].
This paper was inspired by inconsistencies in research
specifically concerning BYOD security. Analysis of reviewed
literature revealed that researchers direct their focus towards
security challenges and frameworks which counteract certain
threats (see Tables 1, 2 and 3). This information was collated
to provide a well-rounded view of the current state of BYOD
security. This paper introduces a new taxonomy for
categorising BYOD security challenges inspired by those used
for classifying network security threats taught by Hansman
[18]. The BYOD security challenge taxonomy is divided into
two dimensions:
Dimension 1. Security challenges are classified according
to areas and resources of the organisation they affect most.
There are two categories: Equipment (software and hardware)
based and Human resource challenges.
Dimension 2. Further divides challenges by primary
concerns, key characteristics, similarities and logical
relationships. Equipment based challenges are further divided
into 'deployment challenges' and 'technical challenges'.
Deployment challenges occur during pre-implementation,
whereas Technical challenges are ongoing concerns
throughout the lifecycle of a BYOD strategy. Human resource
challenges is divided into 'Policy and regulation challenges'
(laws and privacy rights) and 'Human aspect challenges'
(issues directly concerning employees).
The paper is organised as follows: Section II categorises
BYOD security challenges using the above taxonomy, Section
III explores existing frameworks and Section IV exposes their
limitations.
II. BYOD SECURITY CHALLENGES
A. Deployment Challenge
Determining exactly where and how BYOD is necessary is
an initial challenge for companies when implementing security
policies [2][7] (see Figure 1).This involves analysing all
departments and
employee responsibilities, then deciding which resources are
accessible by mobile devices. Difficulty arises when
determining how data is accessed and controlled when
employees job share or when an employee’s job encompasses
many roles. Mobile devices involved in job sharing are prone
to data duplication, as employees may modify data differently.
B. Technical Challenge
Access control for mobile devices coincides with the
previous challenge. Companies need to determine permission
levels for each employee when accessing certain company
resources with personal devices and external network
connections [2][7].Other factors that determine access control
specifications include: setting time limits, limiting how many
people can access certain resources at one time and how
employees will gain access to company resources. Access
control issues and considerations vary according to the
business size, location, number of employees and industry.
Incorporating security measures to cover a range of
portable devices against threats and attacks is complicated, as
employees will own an unpredictable range of devices with
differing operating systems, meaning the security needs of
each need to be equally supported where possible. Clashes
between operating system such as requirements, behaviours,
conditions and default security issues, will determine security
measures required [8][7]. Constantly adjusting security
measures to protect all devices is a heavy strain on resources
and personnel responsible for maintaining them.
Table 1. Some key publications with the most influence towards BYOD research.
Research
Focus
Limitations
Survey/Review
(S/R) /
Investigation (I)
Bradford
Networks,
2012
Explains security challenges and
guidelines for forming BYOD
policies.
Limited explanation about
how to enhance access
control solutions.
I
Disterer et
al, 2013
Opportunities and risks of BYO
and comparison of desktop
virtualisation models.
Only discusses desktop
virtualisation models, with a
mere mention of MDM.
I
Eslahi et
al, 2013
Discusses MDM, MIM, MAM
and Mobile bot nets.
Limitations of MDM, MIM
and MAM are not mentioned.
S/R
Hansman,
2004
Taxonomy theories for network
security vulnerabilities.
Focus is only on categorising
attacks and threats.
I
Hormazd,
2014
Explanation of access control
methods that protect data from
some threats and attack types.
Advice only revolves around
access control initiatives.
I
Leavitt,
2013
Explains mobile specific security
frameworks, cloud storage and
vulnerabilities.
Only acknowledges a few
threats and MDM related end
point security methods.
I
Morrow,
2012
Mobile device vulnerabilities as
challenges, supported by
statistical evidence.
Information is influenced by
statistics, thus is biased by
trends reported 3 years ago.
I
Scarfo,
2012
Presentation of trends and
security frameworks currently
favoured by businesses.
Biased towards desktop
virtualisation, in comparison
to other solutions presented.
I
Tokoyosh
i, 2012
Explores issues influencing
BYOD policies and ideas for
mitigating risks.
Security frameworks are
mentioned, yet are not
explained in detail.
I
Wang et
al, 2014
Specific security frameworks
and challenges are discussed.
Frameworks are limited to
VPNs and MDM variations.
S/R
Figure 1. Categories of Security Challenges.
Table 2. Literature review index based on security challenge focus
Category
Security Challenge
Research
Deployment
Challenges
Determining how to implement BYOD security
measures into existing networks.
[2][7]
Determining who in the organization needs BYOD.
[2][7]
Determining where BYOD is useful.
[2][7]
Technical
Access Control.
[2]
Challenges
Implementing security measures to protect all device
hardware and operating systems.
[8]
Providing ongoing support 24/7
[2]
Containing, controlling, monitoring data distribution.
[22][32][13][28]
Maintaining secure and stable connections.
[22][2]
Protecting cloud storage facilities.
[32][34][25][3][
33][36]
Policy & Regulation
Challenges
Local government regulations and laws.
[1][4]
Ethical and privacy issues.
[1][13]
Human Aspect
Challenges
Employee training and ongoing education of BYOD
security.
[7][17]
Employee reactions, emotions and compliance of
BYOD policies.
[8][37]
Providing ongoing support for BYOD security policies
demands extra resources to maintain the desired level of
security for all devices connected to the network. The
responsibilities of security personnel will increase to meet
these needs. BYOD security solutions require commitment,
time and money, especially during deployment [2].
Containing, monitoring and controlling the distribution
of data is a primary concern for companies enabling BYOD
initiatives [22]. Maintaining confidentiality and integrity of
data depends on whether it is stored or only accessed by
mobile devices. Monitoring data on devices is complicated as
the company loses sight of it once it is transferred from their
network, which leads to the potential of data leakage [32].
Maintaining secure and stable connections between
corporate network resources and devices connected via
external networks is a common concern for BYOD reliant
businesses. Wireless access points may contain threats such as
malware which installs itself on a device when a connection is
initiated [22][2]. Factors influencing connections include
employees use of public, unprotected Wi-Fi hot spots, and
unknown security configurations of their home networks.
Protecting company data stored on a cloud facility is a
sensitive issue, as cloud applications enable data to be
accessed anytime, and may be used as an alternative or
eliminates the need to store data on mobile devices
[3][33][36]. When cloud based storage is accessed from
mobile devices, it is also prone to the same security threats as
the device [32], such as hacking, software based attacks, and
can also exacerbate other BYOD security challenges such as
containing, controlling, monitoring distribution and
contamination of data. The inability for a company to control
the transfer of data creates security loop holes (cloud sprawl),
which occurs when employees transfer company data to public
clouds for file sharing, then do not delete later. Cloud service
providers also maintain backups of data for reliability reasons,
thus data is never completely destroyed [34][20]. The
likelihood of threats against cloud storage and mobile devices
is increased by enabling the "remember password" feature
(storing login credentials in the authentication cache) [34][25].
C. Policy and Regulation Challenges
Local government regulations and laws regarding
corporate data determines rules incorporated into a company's
BYOD security policy [1]. Legislations may limit levels of
control that companies can enforce on employee owned
devices. Companies spread globally need to adjust BYOD
policies for each country they are based, in order to align with
local laws, which makes streamlining employee contracts and
monitoring changing laws more laborious. Legislations
influencing BYOD initiatives in Australia include the Privacy
Act (1988) and the Freedom of Information Act (1982) [4].
Ethical and privacy issues coincide with aforementioned
legal implications. When employees provide devices for work
use, companies must consider how evasive security measures
are, and how they comply with data privacy rights and
regulations. Sensitive data needs to be under tight surveillance
in order to avoid data leaks which lead to lawsuits [1]. Most
data privacy laws worldwide state that employees must
provide consent before companies install invasive security
measures or access data on personal devices, and in return, the
company needs to provide adequate protection [1]. Ideally,
security solutions are always active; however it can restrict
how employees interact with devices outside of work [13].
D. Human Aspects Challenges
Training and educating employees about BYOD
security, deployed solutions, and enforcement of security
policies is critical. This challenge is enhanced when all staff
need to have the same understanding of companywide BYOD
security policies, yet those handling more sensitive data have
extra procedures to follow [7]. Effectively teaching staff in a
way they will understand and follow BYOD policies is an
ongoing issue. The main aim of training is to convey
expectations of acceptable device use, ensure awareness of
risks, and how to maintain good security practises [17].
Employee reactions, emotions and observance of
BYOD security policies is an ongoing challenge for
businesses to monitor, contain and maintain [8]. Policies need
to include guidelines for handling situations where employees
show resistance, utilize mobile devices for illegal activities, or
experience difficulty adjusting to them. Over time employees
have a tendency to forget guidelines set by policies, or are
unaware of changes, which highlights the need for constant
reinforcement and training. Employees who strongly disagree
with limitations enforced by BYOD security policies, will
actively seek loopholes to exploit [37].
Table 3. Literature review index based on security framework and solutions focus
Category
Framework/ Solution Explored
Research
Comprehensive
BYOD Security
Frameworks
Company's existing security measures
[9][31][11][39]
Network Access Control (NAC)
[9][12][24][30]
MDM
[23][21][35][11][25]
MAM
[35][25]
MIM
[35][14]
Desktop virtualization models
[35]
Single Purpose
BYOD Security
Solutions
End user agreements, acceptable usage policies,
liability agreements
[37][1][2][17][7]
Containerization
[31][20][25][16]
Remote wiping
[25][15]
Anti-malware, anti-virus, anti-spyware solutions
[20]
III. EXISTING FRAMEWORKS FOR BYOD SECURITY
Security solutions generally maintain a single focus and
are recommended to enhance comprehensive frameworks,
which are multi-functional approaches.
A. Comprehensive BYOD Security Frameworks
Existing security measures include Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs), firewalls and email filtering [9][31], are
ideal for protecting resources inside networks and when
mobile devices are already engaged in BYOD prior to the
enforcement of formal policies. VPNs facilitate exclusive
network connections with devices and allows access to
resources in a controlled environment [11][39]. This reduces
the need for storing data on devices, whilst accommodating
flexible work patterns. Firewalls protect networks by
monitoring network traffic and denying access to suspicious
requests. Email filtering detects and warns users of infected
emails. Mobile devices can sync email applications, therefore
benefiting the device when email filtering is active [31].
Network Access Control (NAC) limits the number of
connected devices, determines permissions and denies
unrecognized devices access to a company's internal network
[9][12][24][30]. It was well established prior to the rise of
BYOD, yet is pivotal for enhancing BYOD frameworks.
Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a variation of
NAC, which applies customized device access control rules to
a network, yet also manages single sign on and separation of
duties [9]. Similarly, Access Application control (AAC), is
installed on a mobile device and performs identical access
control functions. Desktop virtualization and MDM variations
are heavily reliant on NAC and ACC. NAC helps ensure that
the probability of data leakage, company-wide malware
infections and other attacks are reduced or avoided.
Mobile Device Management (MDM) is a multi-
functional framework which grants businesses the ability to
strictly control mobile devices. MDM solutions contain a main
component which manages protocols, provides constant
control and monitoring, resides within the company's network
and relies on the exchange of certificates to authenticate and
communicate with MDM agents, which are installed on
mobile devices [23][21]. Together they enforce access rights,
update, synchronise files, trigger remote wiping, support VPN
connections, conduct anti-malware scans, and provide activity
reports [35][11][25]. MDM is useful for companies
implementing BYOD strategies rapidly and require a
centralized, simplified solution.
Mobile Application Management (MAM) is a flexible
alternative to MDM, as the scope of protection concerns a
specific set of applications on the mobile device. MAM allows
the company to apply security policies, lock down, define
access control rules, configure software behaviours, remote
wipe applications under its control, restrict access to
unauthorised applications and install approved applications.
Applications outside of MAM’s boundaries remain private and
continue to function at the employee’s discretion [35][25].
MAM is enhanced when combined with containerisation.
Mobile Information Management (MIM) is primarily
concerned with data integrity and encryption, determines
application and personnel access and ensures document
synchronization amongst multiple devices, whilst
simultaneously administering security procedures such as
malware scanning [35]. Company data is located in one place,
such as a cloud server, yet is accessed according to permission
rules applied to the requesting devices and applications [14].
MIM synchronises data across devices similarly to cloud
storage services; as data is stored in a virtual central location.
Desktop virtualization models enable desktop computers,
virtual machines and servers to host sessions for remotely
located devices. Mobile devices operate like remote controls
when interacting with applications contained on hosting
hardware, and communicate via VPN connections. There are
four types of end user virtualisation: virtual desktop streaming,
application streaming, hosted virtual desktop & hosted virtual
applications, which divide applications, operating systems and
user profiles into independent, yet cohesive layers which adapt
to user profiles. Some businesses already use this technique,
however it is becoming increasingly prevalent as BYOD
grows [35]. Desktop virtualisation models are low cost,
centralise resources, data and security management and
reduces or eliminates the need to transmit data onto mobile
devices, thus reduces the possibility of data leakage occurring.
B. Single Purpose BYOD Security Solutions
End user agreements, acceptable usage policies and
liability agreements are formal contracts ensuring companies
and employees mutually agree upon BYOD security policies;
this is vital to the success of BYOD [37]. Agreements support
all security controls in place, as they make certain employees
know what is expected whilst using personal devices for work,
and protects the business on legal accounts in the case of a
security breach [1]. BYOD policies contain information such
lists of permitted applications, installed security measures,
management access, levels of access control, back up
procedures, and rules concerning storage of data [2][17]. For
example, employees may use VoIP applications, yet social
websites are prohibited during work hours. Businesses are
advised to involve employees when devising BYOD security
policies in order to help them understand responsibilities [7].
Containerization partitions mobile device storage space
into independent sections in order to divide personal and work
data. The section containing company data has its own
security policies applied and allows remote access for
company control, without affecting personal data [31][20].The
company can also specify a browser within the container to
help secure online traffic [25]. Gessner et al. suggests using
containerisation as perimeter defence, where its internal
applications utilise VPN connections to access resources in the
company's network, whilst allowing policy management to
direct control. Policy management includes rules controlling
access rights of devices, and security procedures required to
ensure the contents of the container are protected from threats
which may be present elsewhere on the device [16].
Remote wiping is the final reactive solution that is
triggered when a device is lost, stolen or the owner separates
from the company. The technique involves logging into, then
removing all company applications and data residing on the
device [25][15]. Some commercially available MDM and
MAM solutions already contain remote wiping procedures.
Antivirus, anti-malware and spyware applications are
essential for strengthening BYOD security frameworks [20]. It
is imperative that companies enforce the use of these measures
and employees using mobile devices for work reasons have
some form of this software installed and actively scanning, in
order to reduce the chances of infecting resources and other
devices connected to the company's network.
IV. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING FRAMEWORKS
A. Limits of Comprehensive BYOD Security Frameworks
VPNs, firewalls and email filtering are biased towards
protecting internal network resources. Mobile devices are not
fully protected and are still capable of transmitting malware
into the network and opening loop holes for other threats such
as data leakage. Firewalls and antivirus software installed on
company networks may only recognize threats targeting PC
operating systems, thus allowing mobile OS specific malware
to enter the network and infect other devices. Email filtering is
restricted by its dependency on commitment of end users
[31].The primary purpose of NAC is to protect network entry
points, and as such cannot single-handedly detect suspicious
activity [24]. Once infected applications enter the network,
NAC holds little control over its activities [12]. Other down
falls include limits on the number of connected devices that
can be supported simultaneously and increased strain on
administrators who monitor network traffic. Application
Access Control is prone to being dismissed by employees as it
is an intrusive form of access control [30].
MDM is controversial as all applications and data on the
device (work and personal) are subject to security protocols it
enforces. It is an endpoint, access control solution whose
security features are primarily reactive measures. Lack of
preventative measures still leaves mobile devices prone to
inappropriate use if stolen or lost [20][25]. Employees are
usually resistant of MDM, as they feel restricted, their privacy
is invaded or that device ownership is surrendered [25][24].
MDM can be laborious to maintain, as connected devices
constantly vary and it requires regular updating [20].
MIM and MAM have similar limitations to MDM in
regards to access control and heavy focus towards reactive
security measures. Neither offer control like MDM, which
limits the company's power to control devices. MAM only
protects applications, whilst MIM protects data stored in a
central location, and both provide minimum protection against
malware [14]. MAM does not explicitly protect data and the
placement of its boundaries around selected applications can
inhibit communication with personal applications [16].
Businesses must consider management of data synchronisation
as employees overriding each others work is a potential
consequence if MIM policies are not refined.
Desktop virtualisation models fundamentally depend on
stable and secure network connections, and the strength of
these affect the safety of transmitted data. If too many
employees connect simultaneously to a particular virtual
desktop environment, bottlenecks can occur at it's entry points.
Businesses still need to determine user access permissions and
apply monitoring techniques, such as session management.
Network security solutions offer little protection from data
leakage and may increase hardware costs.
B. Limits of Single Purpose BYOD Security Solutions
End user, liability agreements and acceptable usage
policies are limited by how strongly the administering
company enforces them. Human error, general negligence and
failure to comply with BYOD security agreements contribute
to risks and damages incurred as a result of security breaches
and lost intellectual property [29][37][38][6][8]. Compliance,
auditing and agreements that are not BYOD specific are prone
to being challenged by resistant employees who disagree or
have malicious intent [37].
Containerisation only places boundaries around selected
applications and does not prevent employees from copying
data in the container to other storage spaces, which means
there is no protection from suspicious activities [31]. Remote
wiping is only a reactive measure which does not prevent data
from being stolen or used for malicious reasons. Remote
wiping is obsolete if its execution is delayed; if not triggered
immediately after an event, data may already be compromised.
Antivirus, antimalware and spyware are reactive measures
concerned with counteracting software based attacks as they
appear to devices. Their effectiveness is dependent on the
device owner's initiative to execute scans regularly. They may
not protect the device entirely, due to the rapid rate at which
malware is growing, and multiple anti-malware applications
may be required, which is time consuming and tedious.
V. CONCLUSION
In light of challenges and frameworks discussed, it is
evident that BYOD security requires further research and
development. Although frameworks discussed are effective,
there is room to improve, reduce limitations and close existing
loopholes. Scholars recommend implementing a multi layered
approach when devising BYOD security policies [31][35][10],
yet seldom provide thorough advice about uniting existing
frameworks and solutions effectively. It is fair to state that
industry awareness needs to gain a higher priority. Existing
frameworks will eventually extend themselves to flexibly suit
specific business needs in response to cybercrime and the
growth rate of malware targeting mobile operating systems.
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