Principles of Economics
... The framework in this study is based on demand theory where demand can be influenced by the price of the goods themselves, then there are non-price factors, namely income and population (Mankiw, 2012). This is reinforced by several previous studies that milk consumption is influenced most significantly by the price of milk itself, per Assessing the Role of Baby Milk Consumption in Tackling Stunting http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/signifikan ...
... According to economic theory, namely demand theory, prices have an important role in influencing demand, especially the demand for baby's milk. An increase in the price of baby's milk will make the demand for baby's milk fall, and conversely if the price of baby's milk falls it will increase the demand for baby's milk, assuming all things are fixed (Mankiw, 2012). In measuring the price, authors use the price of baby's milk itself. ...
... This level of education in Indonesia also explains the negative correlation between the population and milk consumption. According to demand theory, an increase in population should increase demand for goods/services (Mankiw, 2012). However, population growth in Indonesia actually reduces baby milk consumption. ...
Research Originality: This study uniquely examines the relationship between baby milk consumption and stunting rates in Indonesia using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach. It fills a gap in understanding why Indonesian consumers prefer sweetened condensed milk over baby formula, despite the increasing prevalence of stunting, offering new insights into the economic and educational factors influencing milk consumption.Research Objectives: To investigate the factors that influence baby milk consumption in Indonesia, such as milk prices, education levels, and population size. Also, to assess the impact of baby milk consumption on stunting rates among Indonesian children.Research Methods: The research uses an econometric approach, specifically two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression, analyzing data from 2005 to 2022.Empirical Results: The results indicate that baby milk consumption is significantly affected by milk prices, education levels, and population size. Interestingly, the study finds that higher consumption of baby milk is correlated with an increase in stunting rates.Implications: The findings suggest a need for greater parental awareness regarding the nutritional value of baby milk and potential policy interventions to regulate milk quality. Additionally, the results highlight the importance of educational campaigns to improve milk consumption behaviors and further research on the nutritional content of available baby milk products to address the stunting problem effectively.JEL Classification: D11, I15, O13, Q18, R22
... Moreover, mainstream economics frequently promotes limited government intervention and highlights the benefits of free markets, prioritizing efficiency and equilibrium as primary objectives [5]. ...
... Roots and Principles: Mainstream economics, rooted in neoclassical principles, emphasizes market efficiency, individual rationality, and the allocation of scarce resources through competitive markets [5]. ...
... Goals and Focus: It prioritizes efficiency and equilibrium as central goals, often advocating for minimal government intervention and emphasizing the virtues of free markets [5]. ...
The fields of political economy and mainstream economics are essential because they provide opposing viewpoints on economic theory and policy formulation. The focus of mainstream economics is on individual rationality and market efficiency, but political economy adds depth to our understanding by integrating institutional dynamics and socio-political contexts into economic analysis. Crafting comprehensive economic policies that strike a balance between equity and efficiency is crucial for promoting sustainable development and improving global societal welfare. This requires integrating insights from both fields. This paper aims to Compare the Mainstream Economics and Political Economy Perspectives. The results found that the comparative analysis of political economy and mainstream economics advances economic theory and policy-making by highlighting the limitations of market-centric approaches and advocating for a broader consideration of institutional structures and historical contexts. This approach underscores the importance of integrating insights from both disciplines to develop more effective economic policies that address both efficiency and equity concerns while promoting sustainable development and societal well-being on a global scale. In conclusion, the comparison of mainstream economics and political economy highlights the need to go beyond purely market-driven approaches. Policymakers can better address economic challenges with a comprehensive approach that balances efficiency, equity, and sustainability by integrating insights from both disciplines. This will ensure that policies are firmly rooted in strong institutional frameworks and historical understanding to improve societal welfare on a global scale.
... This information is very relevant as it is more likely that updated books cover topics on sustainability and, therefore, so do the lessons included in the syllabi. In light of this, we compared the first and last published editions of both textbooks (Krugman et al., 2007 andWells, 2020;Mankiw, 1998 and to identify any updates related to sustainability, taking into account that 13 years elapsed in the first case and 23 in the second case. ...
... For example, Mankiw's last edition is a bit longer than his first, and the root emiss has a lower relative frequency in 2021 despite its higher absolute frequency (but only by one unit); as such, emiss is located below the diagonal in Figure 5. And something similar happens with acid, which appears only once in each textbook (acid rain) but has a higher relative frequency in Mankiw (1998) due to its shorter length. ...
... Subject to some restrictions, the decisions of Homo economicus are characterized by rationality and two additional assumptions: the self-regardfulness of preferences and the exogeneity of preferences (Rodriguez-Sickert, 2009). In the first chapter of each textbook, the principles of economics are explained: Ten Principles of Economics in Mankiw (1998Mankiw ( , 2021 and First Principles in Krugman et al. (2007) and Krugman and Wells (2020). There are no significant differences between the two authors, nor do any exist from the first to the last editions. ...
Research background: Scientific evidence has shown the impact of environmental degradation on human well-being, demanding that political and economic decision-makers address the challenge of reversing this process. In this context, the economic education provided to future policymakers and business managers is crucial, because it can accelerate or impede the transition towards sustainability. What is taught in university economic courses, particularly introductory ones, shapes the ideas and the worldview of economic agents, influencing the decisions they will take in their professional activities. Purpose of the article: The main objective of this paper is to determine how sustainability is addressed in introductory economics courses, where the foundations of the discipline are laid. Specifically, the goal is to uncover what ideas are conveyed about sustainability in these courses, how they are taught, and whether there have been any changes in the last decades. Methods: Text Mining and Reflexive Thematic Analysis are applied to examine data from university syllabi and the most commonly used economic textbooks through the lens of a deconstruction of the complex concept of sustainability. Findings & value added: The main contribution of this paper is a proposal for a deconstruction of the complex concept of sustainability that guides the empirical analysis. The results reveal that sustainability is practically absent from introductory economics courses; notably, no progress has been made on ethical issues or in addressing the impact of nature and environmental degradation on human well-being. Moreover, certain conceptions and models that work against the understanding of sustainability are conveyed in the most used textbooks. Although the role of economics discipline in understanding sustainability and in designing and implementing policies for an equitable sustainable transition is key, the teaching of economics offers resistance to change, remaining part of the problem of unsustainability. The integration of sustainability into the university economic courses still represents a major challenge with implications for future decision-makers.
... Conversely, sustained economic growth is expected to increase the demand for banking services and promote financial deepening [15]. Interest rates play a crucial role in the deposit mobilization and lending activities of banks, as per the loanable funds theory [17]. Exchange rate stability can enhance the confidence of economic agents in the banking system and promote financial intermediation [14]. ...
... The theory of loanable funds suggests that higher deposit interest rates can incentivize economic agents to hold more bank deposits, thereby increasing the deposit mobilization capacity of commercial banks [17]. Higher lending rates can also encourage savings and discourage borrowing, leading to an increase in deposit mobilization [29]. ...
... The moderate interest rate range, with a mean of 5.47% and a range of 4.5% to 8%, indicates a relatively stable monetary policy environment. According to the loanable funds theory, interest rates play a crucial role in the deposit mobilization and lending activities of banks [17]. Empirical studies, such as that of Olokoyo, F. O., have found a positive relationship between interest rates and deposit mobilization in Nigeria [29]. ...
Deposit mobilization plays a vital role in the operations of commercial banks, facilitating financial intermediation and fostering economic development. This study delves into the impact of key macroeconomic factors on the deposit mobilization performance of commercial banks within the context of a developing economy. Through the application of panel data regression analysis, the research explores the dynamics between deposit mobilization and various macroeconomic variables, including inflation, interest rates, real GDP, exchange rates, monetary supply, and GDP per capita. The results indicate that both inflation and the monetary supply (measured by the M2/GDP ratio) exert a statistically significant negative effect on deposit mobilization. Furthermore, the investment deposit ratio also demonstrates a notable negative relationship with deposit mobilization. Conversely, GDP per capita shows a marginally significant positive correlation with deposit mobilization. The study includes a thorough descriptive analysis of the macroeconomic environment, assessing trends in inflation, exchange rates, real GDP growth, interest rates, and the expansion of money supply. This contextual review highlights a mixed macroeconomic landscape characterized by both favorable and adverse factors, which likely impact the deposit mobilization performance of commercial banks. The findings from this research offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders within the banking sector. By informing the development of strategic initiatives aimed at promoting financial inclusion, enhancing asset-liability management practices, and bolstering the resilience of the banking system, stakeholders can effectively address the identified macroeconomic determinants influencing deposit mobilization.
... The rise in price diminishes the purchasing power of money, which means that each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services than before. It is a critical measure of rates, employment, and the value of a nation's currency (Mankiw, 2017). While it's generally accepted that stable, for boosting consumer spending in an economy (Wilkinson, 1997). ...
... Costproduction increase, causing producers Common causes include increases in wages and prices of raw materials. The 1970s oil crisis is a classic example, where the sharp rise in oil prices led to soared (Mankiw, 2017 (Mankiw, 2017). ...
... Costproduction increase, causing producers Common causes include increases in wages and prices of raw materials. The 1970s oil crisis is a classic example, where the sharp rise in oil prices led to soared (Mankiw, 2017 (Mankiw, 2017). ...
This study investigates the perceptions of college-level Nepali students toward inflation, a critical economic phenomenon characterized by a continuous rise in the general price level of goods and services. The research has used a quantitative approach, gathering data from 208 students of bachelor and master level in community colleges of Kathmandu and Rupandehi districts via a structured questionnaire. The survey reveals significant concern among students about inflation’s impact on their lives. The findings underscore a prevalent skepticism among students towards government-published inflation rates, reflecting broader societal doubts about economic transparency and management. The majority of respondents express concerns about how inflation impacts their personal finances, career decisions, and access to essential services like education and healthcare. Moreover, there is a notable perception among students that inflation exacerbates income inequality and poses substantial challenges to economic stability in Nepal. In the context of rising cost of living of average Nepali people, findings of such study could provide guideline for policy makers.
... The exchange rate represents the value at which one nation's currency is traded for another country's currency {Mordi (2006) [14] . It is also defined as the price at which international exchange occurs between two countries (Mankiw, 1997) [13] . Furthermore, the exchange rate serves as an indicator of a currency's strength relative to another country's currency. ...
... The exchange rate represents the value at which one nation's currency is traded for another country's currency {Mordi (2006) [14] . It is also defined as the price at which international exchange occurs between two countries (Mankiw, 1997) [13] . Furthermore, the exchange rate serves as an indicator of a currency's strength relative to another country's currency. ...
The study examined the effect of exchange rate volatility on international trade in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to investigate the impact of exchange rate on import and export in Nigeria. The study employed an ex post facto research design and used monthly data from January 2013 to December 2023. Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) methodology was employed in the study to measure exchange rate volatility. Vector Autoregression (VAR) model was used to analyze the relationships between exchange rate volatility and trade variables. While the Impulse Response Function (IRF) was used to examine the impulse responses of trade variables to exchange rate volatility shocks, the Granger Causality test was used to determine the causality between exchange rate volatility and trade variables. Findings showed that exchange rate volatility has a significant negative effect on imports and a positive effect on exports on the Nigeria economy. Based on the findings, it was recommended that exchange rate management is crucial for trade policy decisions in Nigeria. JEL Classification: C58, F18, F31
... Numerous empirical investigations conducted since the study of Solow in 1957 on technical advancement and others using Harrod-Domar models have concluded that investment does not significantly affect growth [4]. Mankiw (2004) [5] examines how increasing investment can promote economic growth, which is gauged by annual increases in GDP since investment is a component of GDP. He displayed the rates of investment and economic development for 15 countries. ...
... Numerous empirical investigations conducted since the study of Solow in 1957 on technical advancement and others using Harrod-Domar models have concluded that investment does not significantly affect growth [4]. Mankiw (2004) [5] examines how increasing investment can promote economic growth, which is gauged by annual increases in GDP since investment is a component of GDP. He displayed the rates of investment and economic development for 15 countries. ...
The study looks into the relationship between investment and economic growth in Bangladesh using time series data covering 1975-2017. The unit root test, the Johansen co-integration approach, and the vector error correction methods have been used to estimate an investment function with three variables: investment, GDP, and interest rate. Each of the three variables is I(1) and co-integrated. The Vector Error Correction Model results show a long-run equilibrium in GDP, interest rate, and investment with a 15% speed of adjustment. VECM-based Granger causality demonstrates a unidirectional causality running from GDP to investment in both the short and long run. It also depicts investment in Granger as caused by interest rates in both the short and long run. To expedite the economic expansion of Bangladesh, policymakers ought to provide an atmosphere conducive to investment.
... According to quantity theory, the amount of money circulating in society determines the value of money and the growth of the money supply determines the inflation rate (Mankiw, 2021). In 2020 the amount of money in circulation was 6,900,050 billion rupiah, an increase of 7,870,453 billion rupiah in 2021. ...
Through the responses and contributions generated during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to April 2023, this research aims to analyse the monetary determinants of inflation in Indonesia. The dependent variables in this research include consumer price index inflation (CPI) and core inflation. In contrast, the independent variables are variables on the monetary side, which include interest rate policy, money supply (M2), and the exchange rate of the United States dollar against the rupiah. This research uses a quantitative approach with the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) as the analysis method. According to the research findings, CPI and core inflation responded negatively to shocks in policy interest rates. Both CPI and core inflation responded positively to shocks or changes in the money supply. CPI and core inflation respond positively to money supply shocks. CPI and core inflation respond negatively to exchange rate shocks. Overall, core inflation responded better to the magnitude of changes in monetary side variables during the COVID-19 pandemic than consumer price index (CPI) inflation. The interest rate policy variable contributes more to consumer price index (CPI) inflation and core inflation than the money supply and exchange rate variables.
... Los libros generalmente describen a las empresas como agentes optimizadores de ganancias, lo cual encamina a los lectores a evadir la responsabilidad social y ambiental en caso que la empresa lo requiera (Brealey et al., 2014;Mankiw, 2021), implicando un desarrollo a cualquier costo (Figueiró et al., 2022). la crítica, considera que la sostenibilidad debe estar vinculada dentro de la academia, puesto que es considerada como un valor, habilidad o mentalidad que debe ser formada. ...
El presente estudio se enfocó en analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes de Administración de Empresas de la Universidad Estatal de Bolívar con respecto a los criterios del desarrollo sostenible, destacando la importancia de adquirir los conocimientos necesarios para enfrentar los desafíos del campo laboral moderno. Utilizando una metodología cuantitativa, se integraron datos primarios y secundarios a través de investigaciones bibliográficas y la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada de 20 preguntas distribuidas en tres secciones (análisis de percepciones, abordaje del desarrollo sostenible en la carrera, habilidades y conocimientos) en los ejes social, ambiental y económico, aplicadas a una muestra de 119 alumnos y validadas mediante pruebas estadísticas. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes tienen cierto conocimiento sobre el tema, pero existen brechas que deben ser subsanadas, pues se encuentran predispuestos a participar en actividades que les proporcionen herramientas útiles para su desarrollo personal y profesional. Cabe destacar que la percepción de los estudiantes no difiere según el semestre académico en el que se encuentran, sino que también influyen factores externos y la capacidad de la institución educativa para promover efectivamente los temas de sostenibilidad.
... La manera en que el sector público estructura su gasto es de gran importancia para un país en general, pues del análisis de la estructuración y aplicación del gasto público se pueden predecir ciertos comportamientos de la economía, así como los fines que persigue el sector público. El Estado al ser un instrumento con gran peso dentro de la economía, la forma en que maneja su gasto origina múltiples fenómenos que en muchas ocasiones son positivos y, en muchas otras, son negativos para el país, incluso para otras naciones que estén fuertemente correlacionados económicamente, como es el caso de México con Estados Unidos (Mankiw, 2021). ...
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un contraste sobre la Ley de Wagner frente a la Hipótesis Keynesiana en México para el periodo de 1990 a 2021 con el fin de conocer la relación existente entre el crecimiento económico y el gasto público. Se elaboraron pruebas de cointegración y causalidad mediante el uso de datos de series temporales. Los resultados presentan pruebas de la existencia de una relación causal del crecimiento económico sobre el gasto público y de una cointegración a largo plazo entre ambas variables, por lo cual, dichos resultados respaldan la presencia de la Ley de Wagner en la economía mexicana para el periodo analizado.
... La manera en que el sector público estructura su gasto es de gran importancia para un país en general, pues del análisis de la estructuración y aplicación del gasto público se pueden predecir ciertos comportamientos de la economía, así como los fines que persigue el sector público. El Estado al ser un instrumento con gran peso dentro de la economía, la forma en que maneja su gasto origina múltiples fenómenos que en muchas ocasiones son positivos y, en muchas otras, son negativos para el país, incluso para otras naciones que estén fuertemente correlacionados económicamente, como es el caso de México con Estados Unidos (Mankiw, 2021). ...
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un contraste sobre la Ley de Wagner frente a la Hipótesis Keynesiana en México para el periodo de 1990 a 2021 con el fin de conocer la relación existente entre el crecimiento económico y el gasto público. Se elaboraron pruebas de cointegración y causalidad mediante el uso de datos de series temporales. Los resultados presentan pruebas de la existencia de una relación causal del crecimiento económico sobre el gasto público y de una cointegración a largo plazo entre ambas variables, por lo cual, dichos resultados respaldan la presencia de la Ley de Wagner en la economía mexicana para el periodo analizado.
... The benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth, meeting needs, wants or for proper functioning of a system, enhanced wellbeing, development, growth or promotion. Mankiw (2008) opined that resources can be considered based on utility, limited availability potential for depletion for consumption overtime during usage. ...
This paper assessed the role of mass media in the availability of sports human resources used for organization and administration of university sports development and promotion in South-South geopolitical zone Nigeria. Some of the most intense challenges hindering the ability of mass media to playing a role in university sports human resources organization included funding. The paper recommended among others that establishment of a media friendly university sports environment for the media practitioners and sports athletes; sufficient funds should be made available to organizers and media outlets for coverage of university sports.
... It can help governments, enterprises, and individuals make economic decisions and promote economic growth and development. The calculation method of GDP is obtained by adding up the market values of consumption, investment, government expenditure, and net exports [1]. Consumption includes personal consumption and government consumption, investment includes private investment and government investment, government expenditure includes government procurement and transfer payments, and net exports refer to exports minus imports. ...
The GDP of China and the United States is one of the two largest economies in the world, and both countries play a crucial role in the global economy. The impact of their GDP growth on the global economy is also increasing. By analyzing the GDP of China and the United States, we can understand the development trends and characteristics of the two countries' economies, thereby providing reference and reference for the global economy. China and the United States are one of the world's largest trading countries, and their trade relations have a significant impact on the global economy. By analyzing the GDP of China and the United States, we can understand the trade exchanges and structure between the two countries, thereby providing reference for solving trade problems. China and the United States play an important role in global political stability. By analyzing the GDP of China and the United States, we can understand their status and influence in international politics, thereby providing support for maintaining global political stability. China's economic growth is getting faster and faster, gradually gaining a significant position globally. This article adopts a detrend approach to analyze GDP, discuss the economic conditions and possible future trends of China and the United States.
... While citing the study of human behavior and the ends/means relationship, in fact, neoclassical economics refrains from any judgment of ends and value. Finally, the word purpose/goal disappears entirely in the definition given by economist Gregory Mankiw (1998), according to whom economics is simply the study of how society manages its scarce resources. No longer considering the question of aims and objectives makes it possible to enshrine the independence of economic science from the sphere of the politics of ethics, ultimately from value judgment, thus removing itself from any normative statement (what it ought to be) to establish itself as a positive science, aimed at the simple description of what is. ...
Despite its political and public importance, there is no a single definition of the circular economy (Kirchherr J., Reike D., Hekkert M., (2017) Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions, Resources, Conservation & Recycling.; Rizos V., Tuokko K., Behrens A., (2017) The Circular Economy: A review of definitions, processes and impacts, CEPS Research Report, No. 2017/08/April 2017. https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/circular-economy-review-definitions-processes-and-impacts/). The purpose of this chapter is to undertake a critical investigation of the concept of circular economy as a “boundary object” (Star, S.L. e Griesemer, J.R., (1989) Institutional Ecology, «Translations» and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, in Social Studies of Science, n. 3, pp. 387 – 420.), analytically opaque with performative valences. This configures the circular economy as a stake-in-game whose meaning is subject to negotiations among actors, at cognitive, normative and practical levels (Barbera, F., (2020) L’innovazione sociale: aspetti concettuali, problematiche metodologiche e implicazioni per l’agenda della ricerca, Polis (ISSN 1120–9488) Fascicolo 1, aprile 2020, Bologna, Il Mulino.). In this regard, the scientific reflection around the concept of circular economy should be studied in relation to how it creates interests, projects, meaning and social reality (Haraway D., (2007), Situated Knowledges. The Science Question in Feminism and The Privilege of Partial Perspective, in Asdal K., et al., 2007, Technoscience The Politics of Interventions, (eds.) Unipub.). Besides, scientific thinking around the concept of circular economy should also be studied in relation to how the plasticity of the concept is able to connect different organizational fields generating new value metrics and quality conventions. We will see how the concept of the circular economy, read through the lens of socio-ecological (Young et al. 2006) and socio-technical (Callon M., Latour B., (1981) Unscrewing the big Leviathan: How actors macrostructure reality and how sociologists help them to do so, in Knorr Cetina K., Cicourel A.V. (Eds.), Advances in social theory and methodology: Toward an integration of micro and macro sociologies (pp. 277–303), London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.) studies, allows economic issues to be connected with environmental issues and again with issues related to social equity.
... This adjusted data on particular indicators tell us about their "efficiency" and thus how much CZK 1 million invested in science and research generates in patents, high-tech employees, publications, etc. Based on the economic theory [56], the efficiency of public expenditure on R&D for each indicator was calculated as follows: ...
Structurally affected regions face a necessary economic transformation, for which the efficiency of public financial support is crucial. Regional innovation systems represent a modern approach to regional and urban development focusing on innovation and research activities. The aim of this study is to assess whether there is a difference in the effect of public R&D funding on the development of a region’s innovation environment between structurally affected and other regions. The beta convergence and the method of calculating the average efficiency of public funds were used to meet the objective of this research. The analysis was conducted on data from 2012 to 2022 in 14 regions of the Czech Republic. The results show that public support for R&D has a positive effect on development of the innovation environment in structurally affected regions in the Czech Republic and that there is a difference in the effect of this support regarding structurally affected regions versus developed regions. These affected regions on average respond better to public financial support for R&D than mature regions. In contrast, the efficiency of public financial support is lower in regions with a strongly developed innovation system.
... No obstante, hay también ciertos principios básicos admitidos por consenso por la mayoría de los investigadores que conforman el mainstream de la ciencia económica (Ayau 2003; Parkin 2015; Gwartney et ál. 2016;Sowell 2015;Mankiw 2021). Podemos destacar los siguientes: ...
El desarrollo de la ciencia ha producido una brecha entre el conocimiento aceptado por las comunidades científicas y las creencias populares. Esto ha preocupado a los científicos al considerar que muchas de esas creencias resultan ser insostenibles. Además de los problemas relativos a la educación y la divulgación científica, el estudio de las creencias folk plantea interesantes interrogantes para la epistemología y las ciencias cognitivas acerca de los procesos de formación y justificación del conocimiento. Este tema tiene también importantes repercusiones en cuanto a las acciones, partiendo de que las creencias folk pueden motivar decisiones erróneas. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las creencias folk relativas al ámbito económico, mostrando algunas de sus posibles causas y algunas consecuencias en lo tocante a la toma de decisiones.
... By mapping these boundaries and analyzing the gaps, specific strategies can be designed to close these gaps and improve the efficiency of the sector. The Production Possibilities Frontiers (PPF) theory is a fundamental concept in economics that describes the relationship between the production of different goods and services when resources are limited and used efficiently (Mankiw, 2014). In the context of the pharmaceutical industry, the PPF is applied to analyze the relationship between the production of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals, and botanicals for pharmaceutical use in Colombia, considering the available resources and the technologies used in the production process. ...
The pharmaceutical industry in Colombia has experienced significant growth in recent years, standing out for its potential in the production of pharmaceutical products, medicinal chemicals, and botanical products for pharmaceutical use. However, the dependence on the import of raw materials and finished products, along with technological and regulatory limitations, pose challenges for the optimization of the production possibilities frontiers in the sector. The objective of this study is to analyze the production possibilities frontiers of pharmaceutical products, medicinal chemicals, and botanical products for pharmaceutical use in Colombia, in order to identify areas for improvement and propose strategies to strengthen the national pharmaceutical industry. A quantitative approach was used to analyze production and efficiency data in the Colombian pharmaceutical industry. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques were applied to assess the relative efficiency of production units and secondary data from official sources such as DANE and the Ministry of Health were used. The results of the study revealed that the pharmaceutical industry in Colombia faces significant challenges in terms of efficiency and production capacity. Areas for improvement in production technology, staff training, and regulatory harmonization were identified. In addition, innovation and the promotion of effective public policies were found to be key to strengthening the competitiveness of the sector. This study highlights the importance of optimizing the frontiers of production possibilities in the Colombian pharmaceutical industry to ensure access to quality medicines and strengthen the industry at the national level. The implementation of strategies that foster innovation, improve efficiency, and promote public policies that support the sustainable development of the pharmaceutical sector in Colombia is recommended.
Dispenser merupakan alat yang digunakan oleh sebagian masyarakat untuk minum atau mengambil minum dalam wadah, dispenser juga merupakan alat yang banyak di gunakan oleh masyarakat umum. Namun dalam penggunaan dispenser manual, sendiri masih terdapat banyak kekurangan yaitu pengoperasian masih dilakukan secara manual dan, juga masih fungsi nya masih terbatas terutama untuk penggunaan diluar ruangan yang bisa menyebabkan air tidak layak konsumsi, karena terpapar matahari secara langsung, sehingga dapat menyebabkan penyakit kepada manusia atau sebagian yang mengkonsumsi nya. Maka dari itu penulis, mengamati dan mulai meneliti serta membuat rancangan untuk membuat dispenser otomatis yang dilengkapi dengan sensor suhu untuk memudahkan sebagian masyarakat untuk mengambil air secara otomatis tanpa harus menyentuh dan juga melihat kondisi air secara otomatis melalui led informasi, adapun rancangan alat yang digunakan untuk membuat dispenser otomatis dengan sensor suhu, yaitu Arduino Uno R3 sebagai otak dari dispenser, Sensor Ultrasonic untuk mendeteksi gelas, Servo sebagai untuk menarik kran air, Led informasi sebagai sumber informasi untuk memberikan keterangan bahwa kran air terbuka dan tertutup. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat sebagian khalayak umum dalam proses pengambilan minum bisa dilakukan secara otomatis. Adapun metode penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu dengan studi kasus. Dengan dibuat nya dispenser otomatis ini, mampu membantu masyarakat, untuk menjangkau dispenser manual dengan kendala yang banyak, hasil dari pembuatan alat ini bisa mempermudah masyarakat untuk minum dalam dispenser dan juga memberikan informasi suhu, agar air yang tersedia di dalam wadah bisa dikonsumsi secara layak dan tidak menimbulkan efek kesehatan kepada setiap orang yang meminum nya.
La reforma de Aureliano ha sido considerada como causante de la aguda inflación observada en el último cuarto del siglo III. En esta tesina se proponen explicaciones alternativas, como que sus predecesores acuñaron cantidades excesivas de numerario o como que la reincorporación de las Galias al imperio trajo aparejada la inclusión de mucho circulante en el territorio romano.
In the context of globalization, the cross-border and cross-regional distribution of products from cultural and creative industries across different countries and regions has become increasingly prevalent. Cultural discount is a common and significant phenomenon in the process of cross-cultural communication. This paper is based on fundamental economic principles and incorporates cultural dimension theory. By using the cross-cultural dissemination of films as an example, the study quantitatively analyzes the cultural discount reflected in films across different cultures, utilizing the variations in box office data from various countries and regions.
Minyak kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas pertanian unggulan Indonesia, dimana Indonesia memasok minyak kelapa sawit di pasar global hingga 50 persen dan menyumbang devisa yang besar bagi negara. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui determinan harga minyak sawit Indonesia pada saat perang Rusia-Ukraina. Data penelitian ini berupa data sekunder runtun waktu (time series) dengan menggunakan data data bulanan yang dimulai pada periode Juli 2021 hingga Februari 2024. Metode penelitian yang dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan software Stata 13. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan variabel harga CPO global dan kurs US Dollar berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga minyak sawit Indonesia pada saat perang Rusia-Ukraina, sedangkan variabel global demand minyak sawit dan produksi minyak sawit domestik tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap harga minyak sawit Indonesia pada saat perang Rusia-Ukraina, penyebab tidak signifikannya variabel global demand minyak sawit dan produksi minyak sawit domestik adalah karena peningkatan stok minyak nabati akibat membaiknya produksi minyak biji bunga matahari dan produksi minyak sawit di Malaysia sejak bulan Maret tahun 2023.
Before going into the discussions of the five singularities driven by science, this chapter introduces the basics of how economists have understood big catastrophes. The chapter begins with the concept of a singularity and a bifurcation point defined by mathematics, a catastrophe model developed by biological/ecological science, and a chaos theory developed in weather science. In applied sciences, a tipping point is commonly used. Economics integrates these science concepts into the economic model of civilizations-ending catastrophes. In designing a public policy against a truly catastrophic event, a precautionary principle based on the dismal theorem is put forth. The rationale for such a policy is the large irreducible uncertainty which is represented in the economic model as a fat-tail probability distribution. On the other hand, a behavioral critique puts forward the argument that people’s and society’s adaptation capabilities and capacities including technological possibilities are substantial, rendering the conclusion of the dismal theorem invalid.
Resumo Este texto analisa o processo de aquisição de material militar no Brasil, destacando a atuação do órgão de controle externo do Brasil na supervisão das aquisições militares. Apresenta o propósito essencial da licitação, a seleção da proposta mais vantajosa e trata da questão do mercado nas licitações públicas, relacionando-a com o tema da Defesa. Define que a licitação é regra para aquisição de material militar, devendo a compra direta ser tratada como exceção. Discute os casos de compra direta permitidos no Brasil, tipificados na inexigibilidade e na dispensa de licitação, com destaque para a padronização de material militar.
This study examines the factors influencing the export value of Cocopeat from Indonesia to G20 member countries. The variables considered are Indonesian GDP, Importer Country GDP, Economic Distance, Exchange Rate, Indonesian Population, and Importer Country Population. The study utilizes the Gravity Model and panel data from 2017-2021 to analyze the international trade relationship of Cocopeat. The findings reveal certain patterns in Cocopeat trade from Indonesia to G20 countries. Indonesia's GDP has a positive influence on Cocopeat exports, although it is partially insignificant. On the other hand, Importer Country GDP has a significant negative effect on Cocopeat exports. Economic Distance and Exchange Rate also have a negative influence, but are not partially significant. Furthermore, the Indonesian Population shows a positive influence on Cocopeat exports, albeit not partially significant. In contrast, the Importing Country Population has a significant positive influence on Cocopeat exports from Indonesia. This research uses quantitative methods, which is a research approach that uses data in the form of numbers and statistics to measure certain variables and draw conclusions based on quantitative analysis. Data collected in quantitative research is analyzed using statistical techniques and other quantitative analysis methods. The purpose of this analysis is to identify patterns, relationships, and trends that occur in the data as well as to test research hypotheses.
This chapter explores the industrial processes sector, presenting its pivotal role in global decarbonisation efforts. Central to this chapter is an analysis of carbon emissions within the industrial processes sector, tracing its historical trajectory, current status, and future forecasts. This chapter underlines the imperative and potential implications of decarbonisation for mitigating climate change. In exploring decarbonisation strategies and applications, the chapter overviews various approaches, from technological innovations to policy interventions. The chapter further overviews the role of key players and stakeholders in driving decarbonisation efforts within the industrial processes sector. From governmental bodies to grassroots organisations, each entity’s contributions and commitments to decarbonisation are examined, alongside the importance of social interactions and community involvement in fostering sustainable practices. The discourse also addresses the challenges and barriers hindering effective implementation, underscoring the need for collaborative action and systemic changes. Finally, the chapter highlights 50 notable business cases from 15 countries within the industrial processes sector, showcasing exemplary initiatives to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable land use practices.
The Ethiopian real estate industry has grown in the previous two decades, especially in the capital city of the country and regional capitals, including Bahir Dar. Real estate prices have doubled and even tripled in a few years because of different factors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyse the factors affecting residential real estate prices in Ethiopia, particularly in Bahir Dar City. For this purpose, the study used both purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, and the ordinary least squares method was used to identify the factors that influence residential real estate prices. The hedonic regression model result reveals that R2 statistics (0.880) indicate that 88% of the variation in residential real estate prices can be explained by variation in the independent variables. Hedonic regression model results revealed that plot size, floor area, number of rooms, age of the house, external wall finishing material, ceiling finishing material, the direction of the house, distance of the property from the main road, and involvement of brokers in the transaction process, were major micro-factors that had a significant effect on residential real estate prices at the 5% level of significance. Furthermore, the interview results show that the challenges faced by real estate developers mostly include loans and aid issues, high-interest rates, mortgage restrictions, the financial capacity of real estate companies, delays in plan approvals, and rising costs of construction materials are among the major challenges affecting investment in real estate. The study suggests that the municipality of Bahir Dar City should provide an adequate supply of land to real estate developers, improve infrastructure development, and federal and regional governments should provide the credit lending mechanism by lowering interest rate especially for low-income class.
This paper investigates the impact of the 2024 Indian Lok Sabha elections on the stock market, a relationship of significant interest to economists, investors, and policymakers. Given the pivotal role of the Lok Sabha in shaping India's economic policies and legislative landscape, the outcomes of these elections are expected to have substantial implications for market dynamics. Historical data analysis reveals that past elections have consistently led to increased market volatility and activity, reflecting investor sentiment towards political stability and economic policy continuity. This study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches, including historical data analysis, event studies, and predictive modeling, to forecast potential market reactions. Key factors such as political stability, proposed economic reforms, global economic environment, and investor sentiment are examined to understand their influence on market behavior. The 2024 elections are especially significant as they occur during a period of post-pandemic economic recovery, technological advancements, and evolving geopolitical relations. By analyzing these factors, the paper aims to provide insights into how different election outcomes might affect various sectors, investment strategies, and overall market performance. The findings are intended to aid investors in navigating the election period, making informed decisions, and understanding the broader implications of political events on economic stability and growth. This comprehensive analysis contributes to the existing literature on political economy and market behavior, offering valuable perspectives for stakeholders involved in the Indian financial markets.
As a consequence of global instability, the economy of almost all countries of the world has significantly deteriorated. The outbreak of war between Russia and Ukraine has led to an even bigger energy crisis and high import inflation. The policies of most countries are proving to be inadequate and ineffective. From that aspect, the purpose of this research is to analyze the situation with inflation movements and economic growth in the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria in 2022 (Q2). From the research, it has been determined that in the analyzed period, in both analyzed countries, economic activity has decreased, economic growth has slowed down, on the contrary, inflation has accelerated further, and external debt has increased. Constant analyzes of macroeconomic trends contribute to vigilant monitoring of the current situation, hence the adoption of appropriate domestic policies and proper management of enterprises from the energy sector.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of inflation, Bank Indonesia interest rates (BI-rate), non-performing loans (NPL), profitability (profits) on gross domestic product in Indonesia in 2012-2021. Multiple linear regression model is used as the analysis model and secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) are collected for this study. The results suggest that: (1) a negative coefficient of inflation implies that an increase in inflation will lead to a decrease in GDP at current prices, based on the probability of the significance of inflation on GDP at current prices; (2) a positive coefficient of interest rates implies that an increase in interest rates will lead to an increase in GDP at current prices, based on the probability of the insignificance of interest rates on GDP at current prices; (3) a positive coefficient of NPLs implies that an increase in NPLs will lead to an increase in GDP at current prices, based on the probability of the significance of NPLs on GDP at current prices; (4) a positive coefficient of profitability implies that an increase in profitability will lead to an increase in GDP at current prices, based on the probability of the significance of profitability on GDP at current prices. Overall, inflation, interest rates, NPLs, and profitability have a significant impact on GDP at current prices.
We consider approaches to assessing the value of intellectual activity results (IAR) from the points of view of the seller and the buyer. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a comparison of the total costs of implementing IAR in which the purchase of a license may be only a part of the costs. The analysis takes into account the risks associated with the implementation of IAR. They can potentially lead to reducing the economic performance in the realization of IAR. The authors examine choices of buyers and sellers in relation to the purchase and sale of IAR, taking into account the scale of the markets available to them. Some considerations explaining the low activity on the IAR market in Russia by the scale of business and the size of manufacturing companies are presented. We define the reasons for the low interest of scientific organizations in promoting IAR for sale. They are a consequence of the small volume of markets and can also be explained by the fact that using budgetary funds, research institutions can cover the costs of creating IAR more substantially than they can by selling IAR on the market. We have formulated proposals that make it possible to increase the efficiency of the work of scientific organizations with IAR. In particular, a reasonable economic policy focuses on sales of IAR through R&D (including with the assistance of extra-budgetary funds). With regard to the reserves being created, it is advisable to use protection options that do not disclose the essence of the IAR and uphold the protection period with significant time spent on searching. This, for instance, may be an option to set up a trade secret regime with subsequent patenting within the framework of R&D for the benefit of a particular buyer. This approach reduces the risks not only for the seller, but also for the buyer. For government agencies, it can be recommended to increase the importance of license sales while assessing efficiency in comparison with simple registration of IAR. It is advisable to finance applied R&D involving the creation of IAR if there is a guarantee for the implementation of the corresponding IAR by developers or industrial partners.
Mikro İktisata Giriş Berna BALCI İZGİ Talep, Arz ve Denge Berna BALCI İZGİ Tüketici Kuramı Mustafa GÖMLEKSİZ Üretici Kuramı Önder DİLEK Tam Rekabet ve Eksik Rekabet Ferda NAKIPOĞLU ÖZSOY Tekel (Monopol) Piyasa Özcan ÖZKAN Tuğçe KAYAGİL Monopolcü Rekabet Yunus EDİZ Seçkin KABAK Örneklerle Oligopol ve Oyun Teorisi Kıymet YAVUZASLAN Üretim Faktörleri Piyasaları Seçkin KABAK Yunus EDİZ Ertan BECEREN Piyasa Başarısızlıkları ve Eksik Rekabet Hayriye Hilal BAĞLITAŞ Kamusal Mal ve Hizmetler Emine FIRAT Dışsallıklar Aslı ÖZPOLAT Asimetrik Bilgi Feyza ÖZDİNÇ Devlet ve Piyasa Feyza ÖZDİNÇ Genel Denge ve Refah Ekonomisi Sevim AKGÜL
Ekonomi adalah ilmu yang fundamental dan sangat relevan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita. Dalam dunia yang terus berkembang pesat ini, penting bagi kita untuk memahami tidak hanya teori dan konsep dasar ekonomi, tetapi juga bagaimana perkembangan ekonomi abad 21 mempengaruhi pola pikir, kebijakan, dan praktik ekonomi di berbagai sektor. Buku ini dirancang untuk mengupas tuntas berbagai teori ekonomi klasik dan modern, serta menjelaskan konsep-konsep penting yang membentuk dasar pemikiran ekonomi saat ini.
Buku ini membahas konsep dasar ekonomi, mulai dari sejarah perkembangan teori hingga penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Buku ini menjelaskan konsep ekonomi mikro seperti perilaku individu dan perusahaan, struktur pasar, teori produksi, serta harga dan distribusi. Di sisi lain, konsep ekonomi makro yang mencakup kebijakan moneter, kebijakan fiskal, Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB), inflasi, serta sistem ekonomi berbagai negara juga dibahas dengan detail. Selain itu, buku ini menyoroti topik penting lainnya seperti pasar keuangan dan investasi, peran kewirausahaan dan inovasi, serta pengelolaan keuangan pribadi. Pada bagian akhir, pembaca diajak untuk memahami dampak ekonomi digital dan inovasi teknologi terhadap dunia bisnis dan perekonomian global. Buku memberikan pemahaman komprehensif tentang ekonomi, menjadikannya referensi penting bagi mahasiswa, pelaku bisnis, dan siapa pun yang tertarik dengan perkembangan ekonomi abad ke-21.
The paper tried to review the different definitions and types of resources.
The use of spreadsheet has huge potential to enhace experience and learning quality for students. For this reason, it is not surprising that spreadsheet is widely used as a learning tool in academe. This article discusses the use of Microsoft Excel as a learning tool with application for Laffer curve. The Laffer curve is a popular yet controversial tool so that it is very important for students to learn it in Introduction to Economics course to show relationship between tax rate and tax revenue. With reviewing the exisiting literature it is shown origins and prospects regarding the Laffer curve and the possibility of Microsoft Excel for estimating it. Estimating the existence of the Laffer curve can be easily done, but identification of the optimal tax rate and prerequisites for the optimal rate to achieve are beyond the scope of standard Introduction to Economics textbooks. In addition, using real data to construct the Laffer curve make it possible for the students to firstly expose to regression analysis as well as how to analyse data in real world practice.Keywords: Spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel, Laffer curve, Tax, Introduction to Economics.
Kabupaten Aceh Singkil di Provinsi Aceh memiliki tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan yang tergolong rendah, terutama bagi perempuan yang sudah menikah. Faktor-faktor yang mendasari hal ini beragam, mulai dari faktor internal yang terkait dengan diri perempuan itu sendiri, hingga faktor eksternal yang berasal dari lingkungan sekitar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan menikah di Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Ruang lingkup pembahasan dan analisis penelitian ini fokus pada wilayah Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner yang dikumpulkan dari 100 perempuan menikah di Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Metode analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah regresi linier berganda yang diolah menggunakan Software Eviews 10. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan menikah di Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Pendapatan suami secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan menikah di Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Jumlah anggota keluarga secara parsial tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan menikah di Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Tingkat pendidikan, pendapatan suami dan jumlah anggota keluarga secara simultan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan menikah di Kecamatan Singkil Utara Kabupaten Aceh Singkil.
This chapter differs from the previous chapters in that it deals with the more qualitative approach of economic history. Complexity economists are convinced that history matters, which means that the economy does not always converge to the same equilibrium regardless of initial conditions. The chapter argues that historians have a very different way of thinking about the world than economists. Historical economics, which is related to complexity economics, applies this way of thinking to economics. The evolution of the economy is often path dependent, so that small events can lead the economy to one of several equilibria. If this is true, attention to historical detail is important in explaining economic phenomena observed in the present. The chapter also introduces the concepts of lock-in, critical junctures, and punctuated equilibrium. It is argued that inefficient lock-in is more common than neoclassical economists would like to believe. These concepts are illustrated with a narrative account of the history of the automobile. Finally, the chapter shows how some of these concepts can be formally modeled.
Globalization has transformed cost accounting, prompting multinational companies to adapt their accounting practices to remain competitive. This study analyzes the influence of globalization through a qualitative literature review. It highlights the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the interoperability of globalized accounting systems, and the customization of accounting systems to specific cultural contexts. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, selecting relevant academic articles and case studies. The inclusion criteria covered studies on cost accounting in a context of globalization and the adoption of advanced technologies. The results indicate that IFRS have improved comparability and transparency, although cultural and regulatory challenges remain. The implementation of globalized accounting software, such as ERP systems, has improved financial data management. Companies must invest in advanced technologies, adapt local accounting practices, and understand cultural differences to effectively manage costs and remain competitive.
Agricultural entrepreneurship in Turkmenistan plays a crucial role in economic development, contributing significantly to GDP growth, employment generation, and export earnings. This article examines the impact of government policies aimed at fostering agricultural entrepreneurship through tax incentives, financial support, and technological advancements. It also explores the integration of US and German agricultural technologies as a strategy to enhance productivity and stability in Turkmenistan's agricultural sector.
Under the background of complex international situation, how to build the special geo-economic space of China-Russia border lies in strengthening their foreign trade resilience against external shocks. Based on empirical evidence from ten prefecture-level China-Russia border regions in Northeast China, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of foreign trade resilience under different shocks. Furthermore, through the Panel Regression model, the mechanism of the industrial structure on the foreign trade resilience in contraction period and expansion period was discussed. The results showed that: 1) from 2004 to 2021, foreign trade in China-Russia border regions experienced five phases. The overall foreign trade resilience was higher than expected, showing a rising volatility trend, but there was significant spatial heterogeneity in the ability of cities to cope with shocks. 2) Highly specialized clusters were mainly concentrated in Yichun, Heihe and Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture, while Mudanjiang and Yanbian performed better in related and unrelated diversification. 3) In different stages of economic system evolution, the response mode, degree and result of border foreign trade resilience to regional industrial structure showed obvious stage characteristics. During the contraction period, related diversification was more conducive to improving the resistance through risk spillovers. During the expansion period, specialization played a more significant role in improving regional resilience through self-reinforcing effect. These results are beneficial for expanding the resilience theory, ensuring border economic security and optimizing border industrial investment layout.
The study explained, monetary policy, and the extent of its impact on the economies of the world in general and the Iraqi economy in particular, and the stages of the history of the development of monetary policy and its role in the nature of economic activity, as well as identifying the gross domestic product as it represents the basic criterion in Iraqi economic activity, through its definition And measured, and the research dealt with the impact of monetary policy analysis on Iraqi economic activity as an econometric study, based on the statistical program Aviose, starting with the normal distribution of variables and the Durbin-Watson test, and showing the impact and correlation of the effectiveness of monetary policy in the short and long term through the unit root model and the Johansen co-integration test, depending on Central Bank of Iraq data for the period(2004-2022). The study showed that the problem of the research is the nature of drawing up the appropriate and influential monetary policy in the activity of the Iraqi economy, which therefore represents, if successful, the main goal in achieving economic stability through the role played by monetary policy in economic activity, and assuming the existence of an influential relationship between them.
N. Gregory Mankiw, the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University, has made significant contributions to the economics profession across the academic landscape—in research, teaching and service. His New Keynesian models of the business cycle helped develop a framework for short-run fluctuations grounded in optimising behaviours; the so-called augmented Solow model modernised neoclassical growth theory. Mankiw’s best-selling Principles of Economics textbook has introduced millions of students worldwide to the wonderful world of economics. He has served at the highest levels of the US government and has advised, mentored and inspired the next generation of both policy makers and academic economists.
Around the world there is growing inflation since the emergence of COVID-19 and the start of Russia-Ukraine war. The COVID-19 has affected production of goods and services leading to scarcity around the world. Both Russia and Ukraine are very important in the supply of food and energy in the world. The start of war between the two countries has led to cut in the supply of food and energy around the world. This paper analyses the major determinants of inflation in Nigeria during the period 1989 to 2022. It employed cointegration analysis, granger causality test and correlation test for the analysis. It analysed the impacts of the following factors on inflation in Nigeria: money supply, foreign debt, interest rate, exchange rate, import, export, foreign direct investment (FDI) and government expenditure. The results of the study show that inflation in Nigeria during the period of the study is as a result of monetary and fiscal policies defects; especially government's interest rate and import policies. But, during the short run the main determinants of inflation have not much effect on inflation. In order to fight the menace of inflation in Nigeria, both the CBN and the ministry of finance must join hands to fight it. Only by coordination between monetary and fiscal authorities will the problem of inflation be controlled effectively.
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