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Evaluation for nutritive values and antioxidant activities of dried seablite (Suaeda maritima)
Abstract
The aims of these studies were to evaluate nutritive values of dried seablite (Suaeda maritima) and investigate its biological characteristics on health promotion, such as, antioxidant activities. Edible parts were collected, dried with solar stove, determined nutritive values, including proximal analysis of water content, crude protein, crude fat, dietary fiber, total ash content, carbohydrate, total calories, β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, iron and sodium. The main of nutritive values and antioxidant activities of dried seablite were still remained, however, all of vitamin contents in dried seablite were vanished. In storage condition (sealed in plastic bag), nutritive value and antioxidant activities of dried seablite were remained after kept in 25°C for three months and not different when compared to former. In conclusion, dried seablite was still contained preferable nutritive values with antioxidant activities and non-toxic effect on Vero cell.
Key words: Suaeda maritima, seablite, food processing, shelf-life.
... It has been recognized for its pharmacological signi icance (Mohamed et al., 2022), and its young leaves are high in protein, carbs, ibre, calcium, and β-carotene, making them useful for cooking. Its adaptation to high-salinity environments further adds to its appeal as a source of unique bioactive compounds, and it has a wide range of biological activities, including hepatoprotective effects, antibacterial activity, antioxidant capabilities, and antidiabetic potential (Sudjaroen, 2015;Mohamed et al., 2022). The chemical compounds found in S. maritima include n-tetradecanyl dihydrocaffeate, n-nonanyl-n-octadec-9-enoate, and n-hexadecanyl dihydrocaffeate. ...
... Patra et al. (2011) observed that the phenolic content was notably higher in leaf extracts of S. maritima compared to stem extracts in different solvents. However, Sudjaroen (2015) found that the extract had less phenolic content, with only 6.93 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g. This was different from what Patra et al. (2011) found. ...
... 6 and 7 displayed the highest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 6.30 ±0.80 and 6.48 ±0.22 µg/mL, respectively. Although there are various reports on the antioxidant activities of C. Militaris and S. Maritima separately (Eiamthaworn et al., 2022;Mohamed et al., 2022;Sudjaroen, 2015), the antioxidant activities of combined extracts of C. Militaris and S. Maritima have not been previously reported. In this study, the combined extracts of C. Militaris and S. Maritima showed promising antioxidant activities, indicating a positive correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (Roy and Dutta, 2021;Truyen and Patacsil, 2017). ...
... High levels of dietary fiber and calcium were measured. However, due to the high amount of sodium, the use of this plant should be avoided in some risk groups (hypertension, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease) (Sudjaroen, 2015). ...
... A cytotoxic activity test showed that hexane and ethanol extract of S. maritima produced no toxic effects (Sudjaroen, 2015). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of this species were also recorded. ...
Abstract The family Amaranthaceae contains a large number of halophytic species. The aim of this paper is to present a review of biologically significant halophytes in the flora of Serbia belonging to this family. This review includes a description of the following 18 species: Atriplex littoralis L., A. rosea L., A. halimus L., Bassia sedoides Pall., B. scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott., B. prostrata (L.) Beck., Beta trigyna W. et K., Camphorosma annua Pall., C. monspeliaca L., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Ch. polyspermum L., Ch. vulvaria L., Ch. hybridum L., Ch. album L., Ch. rubrum L., Salicornia europaea L., Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum., Salsola soda L. These species are sources of biologically active substances and have a good potential for multi-purpose applications. Most extracts of these species have been found to exhibit biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory and others. The aim of this review is to describe these species including their morphology, distribution, phytochemistry, as well as their use for medicinal and food purposes.
... H 4 folate), 10-formylfolic acid (10-CHO-PteGlu)) of the studied AIEH and Spinach are shown in Table 4. Seapurslane had the highest vitamin C content of 157 mg/100 g DW, followed by Seablite (24.0 mg/100 g DW) and Saltbush (13.3 mg/100 g DW). When comparing the Seablite data with Annual Seablite, its vitamin C content was in the reported range of 0.93-4500 mg/100 g DW (Patra et al., 2011;Yuttana, 2015). However, a serving of 100 g fresh Seapurslane analyzed in the present study would provide more than 80% (36.7 mg) of the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) of vitamin C for adults which is 45 mg/day in Australia (NHMRC, 2017). ...
Edible halophytes are receiving significant interest due to their high salinity tolerance, a crucial trait in times of climate change, growing world population and loss of arable land. Though they are widely distributed and popular for their diverse “applications” among Indigenous communities in Australia, studies on their nutritional profile are limited. Therefore, the nutritional composition, including antinutrients, of three important Australian indigenous edible halophytes (AIEH), Saltbush (Atriplex sp.), Seablite (Suaeda sp.) and Seapurslane (Sesuvium sp.), was determined. Saltbush had the highest fiber content (41.5 g/100 g dry weight (DW)), whereas all AIEH contained considerable amounts of essential minerals and trace elements (especially Ca and Fe), and protein (up to 20.1 g/100 g DW). Linolenic, α-linolenic and palmitic acid were the main fatty acids in the studied AIEH. Betanin and isobetanin were identified in Seapurslane, which was also highest in Vitamin C (157 mg/100 g DW). Folate was highest in Saltbush, with 303 µg/100 g DW. Malic, isocitric, citric and quinic acid were the main organic acids. Anti-nutrients were generally lower than in Spinach (DW), a “popular relative” from the same plant family. Potential applications of AIEH as a healthy side dish or (functional) food ingredient should be explored further.
... and tannin at 13.47ppm and Its constituents well known applicable for animal feeds [29]. The salt tolerant members of the halophytic Suaeda live in salt marshes habitats, its seablite contains 13% of protein play an efficient nutritional role and contribute to the potential of animal feeds [30,31]. This study reveals the most desirable fodder especially Avicennia, ...
Halophytes are highest salt tolerant conditional flora
(>200mM) in estuarial wetland and marine ecosystem. It is
well known that mangrove wetlands play an
important role in supplementing the nutritions mainly of
livestock growth and milk productions . Review of the
optimal nutrients composition and bioactive components of
mangrove flora and their associates were documented in
terms of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, chlorophylls,
drugs and other components.
... It is reported to contain fats (0.15% w/w), proteins (3.46% w/w), carbohydrates (2.18% w/w), calcium (2471.37 mg/100 g of dried plant powder), fibers (6.21% w/w), and beta-carotene (3545.16 mg/100g of dried plant powder) [84]. Another study from Thailand reported that people boil S. maritima with water in the presence or absence of sugar and soak it in cooled water for cooking. ...
Background
Suaeda vermiculata is one of the widely distributed halophytes in central Saudi Arabia. The plant is used as a remedy for liver diseases, jaundice, and inflammation. S. vermiculata is also used as camels' food by local shepherds.
Purpose
The study amid to evaluate the behavioral antidepressant and anxiolytic of S. vermiculata aqueous and ethanol extracts. The study also evaluates the phytochemical properties of the extracts by the FT-IR.
Methods
Aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. vermiculata were prepared by the maceration technique and were chemically evaluated by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Standard forced swimming cylinder and light/dark chamber device were used to evaluate the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of the extracts in rats' model, respectively.
Results
Differences between both extracts were demonstrated in the fingerprint region the FT-IR spectrum however, district bands and peaks for flavonoids were elucidated in the ethanol extract. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. vermiculata showed remarkable antidepressant activity with significant increase in the swimming time and reduce immobility in the rats compared to imipramine group of animals (P<0.05). In contrast, the extracts were inducing the anxiety behavior in experimental rats. The extracts were significantly (P<0.001) reduced the time spend by rats in light and increased the time spend in dark chambers as compared with control group receiving diazepam.
Conclusion
The medicinally important plant, S. vermiculata induce anxiety behavior with potential antidepressant activity. These effects are similar to some common beverages containing caffeine such as coffee and tea.
... It is reported to contain fats (0.15% w/w), proteins (3.46% w/w), carbohydrates (2.18% w/w), calcium (2471.37 mg/100 g of dried plant powder), fibers (6.21% w/w), and beta-carotene (3545.16 mg/100g of dried plant powder) [84]. Another study from Thailand reported that people boil S. maritima with water in the presence or absence of sugar and soak it in cooled water for cooking. ...
Background
Suaeda is a halophytic genus belonging to Amaranthaceae family and is able to survive in the high salted marsh areas of the world. Suaeda plants have the ability to biosynthesize natural substances with powerful antioxidant activity and are considered as a renewable source of energy, food and edible oil for a larger number of populations living in the harsh environment with high salinity and drought conditions. These plants also meet the folk and alternative medicines needs.
Method
The review encompasses available scientific literature related to folk medicinal uses of Suaeda plants, their nutritional values and chemical constituents. In addition, the biological trials applied for the Suaeda plants are also part of the review. The review covers the researches from major science literature search engines, and other sites representing scientific literature, i.e., Scifinder, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google. The searches were programmed on the advance options available in the search engines and are latest up to November 2019. The searches were exhaustive and rechecked for accuracy.
Conclusion
The study summarizes the uses of Suaeda plants as a remedy for various ailments due to their contents from the polyphenols and flavonoids. The comparatively large amounts of fixed oils, minerals, and vitamins in Suaeda plants have also made them potential renewable source for foods.
More than 100 species of annual herb genus Suaeda widely distribute (Asia, North America, northern Africa and Europe), are rich in resources (about hundreds of millions of tons/Y) and have a long historical application. Most of them are mainly used for traditional food, feed and medicine. Recently, they have been employed to repair saline-alkali land and beautify the environment. So far, only 27 species have been reported on the bioactivity diversity, broad spectrum and effectiveness in clinical practice. Therefore, the in-depth and extensive research of Suaeda has become a research hotspot around the world. However, only one review summarized the nutritional, chemical and biological values of Suaeda. By searching the international authoritative databases (ACS, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer, web of Science and Bing International etc.) and collecting 103 literatures closely related to Suaeda (1895-2021), herewith a comprehensive and systematic review was conducted on the phytology, chemistry, pharmacology and clinical application, enveloping the classification evolution between Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae, distribution and common botanical characteristics; involving 9 chemical categories of 163 derivatives covering 14 new and 6 first-isolated ones, and appraising the content determination of 6 categories of components; mainly including the pharmacology of 13 species in vivo and vitro; estimating the clinical application of 16 species cured the related diseases of eight human physiological system except for the motor system. It is expected that this paper will provide forward-looking scientific ideas and literature support for the further modern research, development and utilization of the genus.
Many native Australian plants have a long history of use as medicinal and culinary herbs and some are considered to be equivalents to the Mediterranean herbs. However, while therapeutic properties of Mediterranean herbs are well documented, there is limited information on the medicinal use of the Australian native herbs.
Extracts of five native Australian plants were characterised with FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in the fingerprint region and screened for enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities via effect-directed analysis (EDA) based on bioautography. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with microchemical and biochemical derivatization assays was used for EDA screening. Detected compounds with biological activities were identified via FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. All herbs showed antioxidant activity with lemon myrtle being the most active. The α-amylase inhibition, observed in native thyme, sea parsley and native bush was associated with the presence of phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid.
The investigation of botanicals by a fast, hyphenated HPTLC method, has allowed an effect-directed high-throughput screening, fast characterization of complex mixtures and detection of biologically active phytochemicals (bioprofiling).
The research study was conducted to survey the data, which were related to local vegetables and herbs from government and inhabitants, such as cultivation data, processing data, data from interviewer and data of utilization. Then, local vegetables and herbs were sampling, collected and analyzed for nutritive values. The finding showed that local vegetables and herbs were processed and traded in low amount. There were imported from neighboring provinces, such as Rajaburi and Bangkok. The attitude between government officers and local manufacturers were conflicted by government officers were intended to improve quality of products, therefore, local manufacturers were interested to promote health benefits and product styles. The collected samples were angled gourd (Luffa acutangula Linn.), holly basil (Ocimum sanctum), Seablite (Suaeda maritima), karanda (Carissa carandas Linn.), Tahitian noni leaves and fruits (Morinda citrifolia), Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica Less.), sea holly (Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl.), blue thunbergia (Thunbergia laurifolia Linn.) and betel pepper (Piper betle Linn.), which were analyzed to determine nutritive values, such as, water content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, calcium, beta-carotenes and vitamin C. From the results, we were suggest that some of local vegetables, seablite was possess highly nutritive values for health benefits, which, were ability to processing as functional foods. In addition, Tahitian noni, blue thunbergia and betel pepper are widely distributed in Thailand, which had high nutritive values when grown up in Samut Songkram area.
High-pressure liquid chromatographic and fluorometric methods were utilized to determine the vitamin (A, C, E and β-carotene) and selenium levels in apricot fruit. The vitamins (A, C, and E), β-carotene and selenium levels of both fresh and sulphurized (sulphur-dried) apricot fruit from several common cultivars and wild type, grown in different regions, were analysed. The effects of post-harvest processing, regional difference and cultivar type on the levels of these nutrients were investigated. Cultivated varieties possessed significantly higher vitamin C (P<0.01), vitamin A and E (P<0.05) than the wild type. The vitamin C levels of fresh and sulphur-dried apricot from cultivated forms, for example, were 1.8–2.7- and 2.9–4.6-fold, respectively, higher than those of wild type ones. Among cultivated varieties, H cultivar was determined to have significantly highest vitamin A, E and β-carotene contents (P<0.05). In general, the vitamin, β-carotene and selenium levels were determined to be significantly different, both between varieties and between different regions within the same variety. Cultivars in region ES, a high altitude region, for example, had significantly (P<0.05) higher vitamin C content than the same cultivars grown in other regions. The selenium content, however, was significantly (P<0.01) higher only in fresh fruit from variety HB in region ES than the other two regions.
To investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities along with phytochemical screening of organic and aqueous extracts of leaf and stem of Suaeda maritima (Dumort), a mangrove associate from Bhitarkanika of Odisha, India.
Antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was evaluated in terms of total antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, ascorbic acid content, DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating, nitric oxide scavenging, and reducing power etc. The antimicrobial activity of the plant was determined by agar well diffusion method along with MIC and MBC carried out by microdilution techniques against 10 gram positive and gram negative human pathogenic bacteria. The qualitative and quantative phytochemical screening were carried out by standard biochemical assays.
Out of the seven antioxidant bioassays, both the leaf and stem extracts were found to posses strong antioxidant properties of 70 % to 92 % for phenol, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and fairly good ascorbic acid content, metal chelating (1.33 %-22.55 %), reducing power (0.01-0.12) and nitric oxide scavenging (0.84 %-66.99 %) activities. Out of the four extracts evaluated for antimicrobial activity, two leaf extracts such as acetone and ethanol showed promising activity against four pathogenic bacteria and one stem methanol extracts against one pathogenic bacteria when compared with amoxcycillin as standard. The MIC and MBC values of the antimicrobial extracts ranged between 2.5 to 5.0 mg/mL. Screening of phytochemicals showed presence of carbohydrates, protein, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in comparatively higher amount than other phytochemicals tested.
The present study reveals the presence of potential antioxidants and antimicrobial properties in the plant extract which could be exploited for pharmaceutical application.
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort on concanavalin-A induced stress in Wistar albino rats have been reported. Rats were administered with ethanolic extract of Suaeda maritimna at the concentration of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg of body wt. for 9 days and concanavalin-A was administrated (iv) 12 mg/kg on 9th day. Rats in concanavalin-A administered group showed elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilurubin. Pretreatment of rats with ethanolic extract (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced these serum parameters compared to concavalin-A administered group. Histopathological examination of liver sections showed that, normal liver architecture was disturbed by hepatotoxin intoxication. The extract treated group and silymarin treated group retained the normal cell architecture, although less visible changes were observed. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of triterpenioids and may be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity. The LD50 was calculated as 3 g/kg of the body weight. IC50 values of hydroxyl (52.21+/-1.32 microg/ml) and nitric oxide radicals (09.14+/-0.94 microg/ml) scavenging results showed comparable activity with vitamin-C. Results of this study may be useful for the development of herbal medicine from Suaeda maritima for the treatment of hepatitis.
Many dietary phytochemicals exhibit health-beneficial effects including prevention of diseases such as cancer, as well as neurological, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Evolutionarily, herbivorous and omnivorous animals have been ingesting plants. This interaction between "animal-plant" ecosystems has resulted in an elaborate system of detoxification and defense mechanisms evolved by animals including humans. Mammalian cells, including human cells, respond to these dietary phytochemicals by "non-classical receptor sensing" mechanisms of electrophilic chemical-stress typified by "thiol-modulated" cellular signaling events primarily leading to the gene expression of pharmacologically beneficial effects, but sometimes unwanted cytotoxicity also. Our laboratory has been studying two groups of dietary phytochemical cancer-chemopreventive compounds (isothiocyanates and polyphenols), which are effective in chemical-induced, as well as genetically-induced, animal carcinogenesis models. These compounds typically generate "cellular stress" and modulate gene expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes. Electrophiles, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species are known to act as second messengers in the modulation of many cellular signaling pathways leading to gene expression changes and pharmacological responses. Redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), AP-1, NF-kappaB, to cite a few examples, sense and transduce changes in the cellular redox status and modulate gene expression responses to oxidative and electrophilic stresses, presumably via sulfhydryl modification of critical cysteine residues found on these proteins and/or other upstream redox-sensitive molecular targets. In the current review, we will explore dietary cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals, discuss the link between oxidative/electrophilic stresses and the redox circuitry, and consider different redox-sensitive transcription factors. We will also discuss the kelch-like erythroid Cap'n'Collar homologue-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nrf2 axis in redox signaling of induction of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant defense mechanisms, an important target and preventive strategy for normal cells against carcinogenesis, and the converse inhibition of cell growth/inflammatory signaling pathways that would confer therapeutic intervention in many types of cancers. Finally, we will summarize the Nrf2 paradigm in gene expression, the pharmacotoxicogenomic relevance of redox-sensitive Nrf2, and the redox regulation of cell death mechanisms.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Aims: The aim was to determine antimicrobial and anticancer activities for water and ethanol extracts of leaves and shooting parts of seablite. Materials and Methods: Anticancer activity tests of seablite extracts were performed by resazurin microplate assay (REMA) and tested with 3 cell lines including KB cell line, epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] CCL-17), MCF-7 cell line, breast adenocarcinoma (ATCC HTB-22) and NCI-H187 cell line, and small cell lung carcinoma (ATCC CRL-5804). Antimicrobial activities of seablite water and ethanol extracts against herpes simplex virus type-I (HSV-1) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain were tested according by green fluorescent protein-Based assay; Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778 or TISTR 687) were tested according by REMA; and Plasmodium falciparum, K1 strain was tested according by micro-Culture radioisotope techniques. Results: Both extracts were not possessed anticancer activity to KB-oral cavity cancer, MCF7-Breast cancer and NCI-H187-Small lung cancer cell lines at maximum concentration = 50 μg/mL. In the same way to anticancer activity assays, both extracts were not inhibited HSV-1, P. falciparum K1 strain, M. tuberculosis H37Ra strain and B. cereus at the same concentration. Conclusions: Ethanol and water extracts of leaves and shooting parts of seablite had no significant anticancer and antimicrobial activities.
The main objective of this study was the determination of the mineral profile of 167 kaki fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) samples produced from different regions of Spain, including samples with the protected designation of origin (PDO) 'Kaki Ribera del Xúquer' Valencia (Spain). Samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Consumption of one piece of kaki fruit (200-400g) would give a mineral intake providing 1-10% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calcium, 1-30% for copper and potassium, 1-15% from iron and magnesium, up to 1% of sodium, and up to 4% of zinc. ANOVA analysis indicates differences between samples from different Spanish region, thus offering a way for authentication of PDO sample origin.
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The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls (MEPH) on free-radical and active-oxygen species was investigated. MEPH showed marked activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, indicating that MEPH has effective activities as a hydrogen donor and as a primary antioxidant to react with lipid radicals. MEPH also possessed antioxidative activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2 radical anion), indicating that MEPH has a scavenging activity on H2O2 and O2 radical anion. The scavenging effect of MEPH on hydroxyl radical was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. MEPH exhibited a marked scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical, and the scavenging activity of MEPH depended on its concentrations. These results indicate that MEPH is also active as an oxygen scavenger and as a secondary antioxidant. The overall antioxidant effect of MEPH on lipid peroxidation might be attributed to its properties of scavenging free-radical and active-oxygen species.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Analyses of the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) type are convenient, simple, and require only common equipment and have produced a large body of comparable data. Under proper conditions, the assay is inclusive of monophenols and gives predictable reactions with the types of phenols found in nature. Because different phenols react to different degrees, expression of the results as a single number—such as milligrams per liter gallic acid equivalence—is necessarily arbitrary. Because the reaction is independent, quantitative, and predictable, analysis of a mixture of phenols can be recalculated in terms of any other standard. The assay measures all compounds readily oxidizable under the reaction conditions and its very inclusiveness allows certain substances to also react that are either not phenols or seldom thought of as phenols (e.g., proteins). Judicious use of the assay—with consideration of potential interferences in particular samples and prior study if necessary—can lead to very informative results. Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds .The predictable reaction of components in a mixture makes it possible to determine a single reactant by other means and to calculate its contribution to the total FC phenol content. Relative insensitivity of the FC analysis to many adsorbents and precipitants makes differential assay—before and after several different treatments—informative.
This review article presents the traditional and medicinal uses, and examines recent investigations on the biological activities
of extracts, and chemicals identified from mangroves and mangal associates. Metabolites identified from mangrove plants are
classified according to ‘chemical classes’, and some of their structures are illustrated. The article also presents some of
the functions of the chemicals present and attempt to emphasize and create an awareness of the great of potential mangroves
and mangal associates possess as a source of novel agrochemicals, compounds of medicinal value, and a new source of many already
known biologically active compounds.
Traditionally, alkaline saponification for the extraction of vitamins and step-wise HPLC analyses have been widely used for analysis of fat-soluble vitamins in animal feeds. The objective of present study was to develop an analytical method using one-step extraction and simultaneous determination of the vitamins A, D and E and pro-vitamin D2 in animals feeds b HPLC. Various analytical conditions were tested which included sample particle size extraction solvents, the ratio of solvent to sample, extraction approach, extraction time, N2 protection, prepurification with Sep-Pak cartridge and detection wavelength. The accuracy of the developed method has been proven by comparison with the AOAC method. The reproducibility of the developed method has been substantiated by repeated recovery experiments. The detection limit for the four vitamins was 10 ng/g of feed sample. One of the important properties of the present method is rapidity and ease of use.
This study correlates the fluorescent signal from stable recombinant CHO cell lines expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) at high levels with biomass or cell number, extending the use of fluorescent proteins to applications and assays where cell growth rates are important. Using a standard fluorometer, growth of these cells can be quantified noninvasively in multiwell plates, and because signals are obtained without preparation, the same culture samples can be measured repeatedly. Even with a small relative change in biomass, the specific growth rate can be determined in a few hours. The dynamics of cell populations can now be studied with high sensitivity, low error rate, and minimum sample preparation.
Vitamin C, provitamin A carotenoids, and other carotenoids were measured in freshly squeezed juices from oranges (Citrus sinensis L. var. Valencia late) that were subjected to high-pressure (HP) treatment. Also, the stability of these compounds was studied during refrigerated storage at 4 degrees C. HP treatment is an alternative to heat preservation methods for foods; therefore, it is essential to assess the impact of HP on bioactive compounds. Several processes that combine HP treatment with heat treatment for various time periods were assayed: T0, fresh juice (without treatment); T1, 100 MPa/60 degrees C/5 min; T2, 350 MPa/30 degrees C/2.5 min; T3, 400 MPa/40 degrees C/1 min. Fresh and treated samples were kept refrigerated (4 degrees C) over 10 days. After application of HP and during the refrigeration period, the qualitative and quantitative determination of vitamin C, provitamin A carotenoids (beta- and alpha-carotene; beta- and alpha-cryptoxanthin), and the xanthophylls zeaxanthin and lutein was achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography. T1 and T3 juices showed a decrease in ascorbic acid and total vitamin C just after HP treatment (D0) compared with T0 juices. On the contrary, T2 juices, just after HP treatment (D0), had the same levels of both compounds compared to untreated juices. T1, T2, and T3 treatments led to an increase in the extraction of carotenoids and provitamin A carotenoids. Total carotenoid content after the 10-day refrigerated storage period resulted in no significant quantitative changes in T1 juices, whereas in T2 and T3 juices small losses were found at the end of the storage period (20.56 and 9.16%, respectively). These losses could be influenced by the depleted protection of vitamin C toward carotenoid oxidation during the same period. A similar trend was found in provitamin A carotenoids for the different treated juices.
Methods are described for the extraction and analysis of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, using modifications of the oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC(FL)) procedure. These methods provide, for the first time, the ability to obtain a measure of "total antioxidant capacity" in the protein free plasma, using the same peroxyl radical generator for both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. Separation of the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant fractions from plasma was accomplished by extracting with hexane after adding water and ethanol to the plasma (hexane/plasma/ethanol/water, 4:1:2:1, v/v). Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants were efficiently partitioned between hexane and aqueous solvents. Conditions for controlling temperature effects and decreasing assay variability using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe were validated in different laboratories. Incubation (37 degrees C for at least 30 min) of the buffer to which AAPH was dissolved was critical in decreasing assay variability. Lipophilic antioxidants represented 33.1 +/- 1.5 and 38.2 +/- 1.9% of the total antioxidant capacity of the protein free plasma in two independent studies of 6 and 10 subjects, respectively. Methods are described for application of the assay techniques to other types of biological and food samples.