DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL PESTICIDES FROM FRUITS AND PLANT EXTRACTS

Abstract

Various synthetic chemicals, which are inherent to the current technology development mode are primarily responsible for several environmental and health problems in the world. A number of synthetic pesticides and their metabolites are found in soil, ground and surface waters and atmosphere. Even though pesticides are used in different sectors, agriculture is the major source for this contamination. Continuous use of synthetic pesticides develops resistant against some pests and is not a sustainable option. Due to these reasons, interest on natural pesticides is increasing. In this paper, natural pesticides developed from natural plant fruit and plant extracts such as Lal chitta has been experimentally investigated. Lal chitta, a tropical plant widely available in Bangladesh is experimentally investigated as natural pesticide. Experimental and review results showed that these products exhibit excellent pest controlling properties.

Full text

In: JNSST 2008, Volume 2, Issue 3 ISSN 1933-0324
Editor: M. R. Islam, pp.335-346 © 2008 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL PESTICIDES FROM
FRUITS AND PLANT EXTRACTS
A. B. Chhetri1, M. P. Islam2 and M. R. Islam1
∗
1Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University,
1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Canada
2Department of Farm Power and Machinery,
Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh -2202, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Various synthetic chemicals, which are inherent to the current technology
development mode are primarily responsible for several environmental and health
problems in the world. A number of synthetic pesticides and their metabolites are found
in soil, ground and surface waters and atmosphere. Even though pesticides are used in
different sectors, agriculture is the major source for this contamination. Continuous use of
synthetic pesticides develops resistant against some pests and is not a sustainable option.
Due to these reasons, interest on natural pesticides is increasing. In this paper, natural
pesticides developed from natural plant fruit and plant extracts such as Lal chitta has been
experimentally investigated. Lal chitta, a tropical plant widely available in Bangladesh is
experimentally investigated as natural pesticide. Experimental and review results showed
that these products exhibit excellent pest controlling properties.
Keywords: Natural and synthetic pesticide, Non-toxic, Soapnut, Lal Chitta, Neem.
INTRODUCTION
Pesticides have become ubiquitous facts of life after World War-II. There is not a single
place on earth where residues of pesticides are not detectable. As of 2004, more than five
billion pounds of pesticides are used each year, of which 20% are used in the US alone
(USEPA, 2004). Pimentel and Acquay (1992) reported that more than 670 million birds are
directly exposed to pesticides each year on U.S. farms alone, 10% of which (67 million birds)
die. More than 85,000 synthetic chemicals are registered in USA and 2000 new synthetic
∗ Corresponding author: Email:kcarjun@gmail.com

A. B. Chhetri, M. P. Islam and M. R. Islam 336
chemicals are being added each year for various purposes including antibiotics, pesticides,
disinfectants and other purposes, most with no or adequate testing (Global Pesticide
Campaigner, 2004). Even though human body is not designed to cope with synthetic
chemicals, we are exposed to a cocktail of chemicals designed to kill insects, weeds and other
agricultural and household pests. There are several other chemicals which are being used in
the industrial processes, water disinfectants and refineries that contaminate our water and
food in one or the other way.
U.S. Customs records showed that 3.2 billion pounds of pesticide products were exported
in 1997-2000, among which nearly 65 million pounds of the exported pesticides were either
forbidden or severely restricted in the United States (Smith, 2001). 2.2 million pounds of
pesticides regulated under a treaty on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were exported
between 1997 and 1999. The same study showed reported that in the period between 1997 -
2000, large amount of pesticides designated as ‘extremely hazardous’ by WHO (89 million
pounds), pesticides associated with cancer (170 million pounds) and pesticides associated
with endocrine disrupting effects (368 million pounds) were exported, mostly to developing
countries (Smith, 2001). Manufacturing and transportation, storage and use of these chemicals
have severe impacts to human and the environment. Hence from public health and
environmental perspectives, manufacturing, export and use of these chemicals are
unacceptable. Many of these synthetic chemicals especially including pesticides can cause
cancer, disrupt our hormone systems, decrease fertility, cause birth defects or weaken our
immune systems. These are just some of the known detrimental effects of particular pesticides
at very low levels of exposure. Almost nothing is known about the long-term impacts of these
chemicals in the body over long periods of time. Annually, millions of birds and fish species
are lost due to the impacts of pesticide use. In addition to the agricultural products in which
the pesticides are applied, they contaminate the water and air through many pathways (Figure
1).
Air and water
contamination due
to pesticide use
Leaching
from Urban and
household
application
Leaching
from fo rest
vegetation
management
Leaching from
forest agriculture
management
Leaching
from
manufacturing,
transportation,
storage spills and
Figure 1. Pathways for pesticide contamination in water and air.
Despite serious threats posed by pesticides, the production, manufacturing and use of
pesticides have never been declined. Some of the toxic chemicals which were once very
popular found health threatening and banned later on. Banning of a pesticide often leads to a

Development of Natural Pesticides from Fruits and Plant Extracts 337
corresponding increase in use of another synthetic pesticide, as in the case of chlorpyrifos in
the name of banning DDT. Chlorpyrifos which is also a toxic chemical, is already detected in
many rivers of USA and other places. Neurodevelopment tests of Chlorpyrifos showed
several neurobehavioral and other effects in human and animals (Eskenazi et al., 1999).
Proposing wrong solution for various problems has become progressively worse. Every
stage of current development, production and manufacturing pesticide involves the generation
of toxic waste. Today, it is becoming increasingly clear that the “chemical addition” that once
was synonymous with modern civilization is the principal cause of numerous health problems
including cancer and diabetes. Potato farms on Prince Edward Island in eastern Canada are
considered a hot bed for cancer (The Epoch Times, 2006). Chlorothalonil, a fungicide, which
is widely used in the potato fields, is considered a carcinogen. US EPA has classified
chlorothalonil as a known carcinogen that can cause a variety of ill effects including skin and
eye irritation, reproductive disorders kidney damage and cancer. Environment Canada (2006)
published lists of chemicals which were banned at different times. This indicates that all the
toxic chemicals used today are not beneficial and will be banned from use some day. In other
words, banning chemical has become a daily affair. However, as in the case of Chlorpyrifos
which was invented after DDT was banned has a similar impact of DDT. Each and every new
solution has moved from bad to worse. Thus, any synthetic chemical whether it is antibiotics
or pesticides are never good for human health and the environment. In contrary to this, nature
based products development is the only option in order to reverse the impacts of toxic
chemicals to human health and the environment (Chhetri and Islam, 2007).
Due to the toxicity and environmental impacts caused by the synthetic pesticides, search
for more environmentally appealing and toxicologically safe natural pesticides has become an
urgent need. As the insect develop resistance against synthetic pesticides, there is a need to
develop natural pesticides that do not develop resistance. Tens of thousands of secondary
products of plants have been identified and there are estimates that hundreds of thousands of
these compounds exist in nature (Duke, 1990). These compounds are involved for interacting
with other species to defend themselves from other pests. These secondary compounds
represent large reservoirs of chemicals with biological function. This is a huge resource to be
tapped for use as pesticides. Some pesticides that are derived from plants are already in use.
However, in many cases, the natural plant extracts are modified by using synthetic chemicals
during extraction and processing. This has always been the case in the development of any
products in the past. Since these products will be contaminated by toxic chemicals, this will
not offer the similar benefit as those if they were naturally extracted or processed. This paper
has been developed as a model for developing natural pesticides from some plant fruits such
as soapnut and plant extract from Lal Chitta, both of which are tropical plants. Various other
plants extracts such as Neem and plant oils such as Jatropha are also discussed in this paper.
These plant fruits, extracts and oils are renewable sources leading to a sustainable supply for
the long term. Moreover, these plants work as large sink of carbon dioxide.
GLOBAL STATUS OF PESTICIDE USE
The world total pesticide consumption is approximately two million tones per year
(Gupta, 2004). 24 % of total global pesticide is consumed in USA, 45 % in Europe and 25%

A. B. Chhetri, M. P. Islam and M. R. Islam 338
in rest of the world. India’s share in pesticide use globally is 3.75 %. The intensity of
pesticide use in India is about 0.6kg/ha while in Korea and Japan is 6.6 and 12 kg/ha
respectively. The worldwide consumption of herbicide is 47.5%, insecticides are 29.5%, and
fungicides 17.5% and others account for 5.5%. Agrell et al. (2001) estimated that total of 2.6
million tones of DDT was used worldwide between 1950-1995. Approximately 320,000 tons
of pesticides were sold in the European Union in 1999 (EC, 2002). Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) are also widely used pesticides which are synthetic chemicals with varying number of
substituted chlorine atoms on their aromatic rings. The world production of PCBs (excluding
the Soviet Union) totaled 1.5 million tones during their commercial use in 1929–1989
(HELCOM, 2001).
In this paper, it is shown that extract from natural materials such as Lal chitta can be used
as natural pesticides and insecticides.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sample of Lal chitta (Plumbago Rosea Linn), locally called Raktachitrak was collected
from Mymensingh University farm area of Bangladesh. It is also called ‘Officinal leadwort or
Rosy leadwort. Lal chitta is a tropical tree which is available throughout India, Pakistan and
Bangladesh. This tree is generally of 2-3 ft high available perennially with climbing zigzag
stems. It has large obovate-ecliptic leaves, tapering to short clasping to stalk. The main stalk
is smooth and the flower is 1-2 inch long red calyx covered with granular hairs. Root contains
an acrid crystalline principle called 'Plumbagin.' Plumbagin is present in all the varieties of
plumbago to a maximum of about 0.91% by weight. Plumbagin stimulates the central nervous
system in small doses, while with larger doses paralysis sets in leading ultimately to death.
The tincture of bark of this herb has an anti-septic properties which been investigated to be
used as pesticides.

Figure 2. (a) and (b) Juice extracted from Lal Chitta by using electrical juice blender and separated the
juice from paste by using filter cloth.

Development of Natural Pesticides from Fruits and Plant Extracts 339
100g Lal chitta leaves (Figure 2a) were collected and blended in an electrical juice
blender that yielded a paste which was separated by using a filter cloth (Figure 2b). After
getting the 100% concentrated solution, water soluble mixtures prepared for various
concentrations of 0.25%, 1%, 2%, 4% (weight per unit volume basis) for the pest treatment.
The root of this plant is very acrid, stimulant, diaphoretic, and stomachic, sialogogue,
abortifacient and vesicant. It is narcotic and irritant in large doses. This is given in dyspepsia,
intermittent fevers, diarrhea, piles, anasarca, skin diseases, skin diseases, rheumatism and
paralysis. The paste of the root made with water or some bland oil is applied as an
embrocation over rheumatic and paralytic parts. The paste is also used as glandular tumors,
buboes, abscesses. If the paste is made with salt and water, it can be used for obstinate skin
diseases. The root of this her is used to treat the enlarge spleen. The fresh juice of the root is
very acrid and blisters the skin. Hence, in this experiment, the extract from the Lal chitta bark
is used as pesticides for treating for rice weevil, pulse beetle and red flour beetle (Figure 3a).
The common hosts for rice weevil are rice, paddy, rice hulls, wheat, flour, maize, pea,
gram, kheshari, mung, for pulse beetle are Pea, gram, kheshari, mung, mashkalai and for red
flour beetle are Flour, wheat, rice (broken), suji, gram, mixed feed. These three insects are the
major insects that make serious production loss or damage in the mentioned hosts. Figure 3(b)
shows the result of the experiment for which the La chitta extract was used as insecticide. In
this experiment, 10 insects were taken for the case study in each case.
Figure 3. (a) and (b) Experiment on insecticidal properties of Lal chitta (Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experiment was carried out in rice weevil, pulse beetle and red four beetles. Three
trials were done for each experiment. Out of 10 rice weevil evaluated for the study, only four
remained alive after 6 hours of treatment which is similar for all the three number of
experimental for all three trials (Figure 4). The result of the experiment for 12 hours after
treatment and 24 hours after treatment are presented in Figure 5 and Figure 6. The number of

A. B. Chhetri, M. P. Islam and M. R. Islam 340
insects killed after 24 hours of treatment was seven out of ten. Similar results were obtained
in the experiment carried out in pulse beetle. Figure 7, 8 and 9 shows the number of insects
for killed in six hours, twelve hours and twenty four hours of treatment respectively.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Concentration of solution (%)
number of insects killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Concentration of solution (%)
Number of insects killed
first rial
second trial
third trial
Figure 4. Experimental result after6 hours of
treatment for rice weevil.
Figure 5. Experimental result after 12 hours of
treatment for rice weevil.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0% 2% 4% 6%
Concentration of solution (%)
Num ber of insects killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Cocentration of solution (%)
Num ber of insec ts killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
Figure 6. Experimental result after24 hours of
treatment for rice weevil.
Figure 7. Experimental result after 6 hours of
treatment for pulse beetle.

Development of Natural Pesticides from Fruits and Plant Extracts 341
Experiments were also carried out treating the red flour beetles. Figure 10, 11 and 12
shows number of insects killed in six, twelve and twenty four hours after treatment
respectively. Hence, it is possible that with increased concentration, Lal chitta can be used as
a natural pesticide. As the materials is extracted from the leaves of the plant, it is truly
biodegradable and does not persist in the environment as synthetic pesticides.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
concentration of solution (%)
number of insects killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Concentration of solution (%)
number of insects killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
Figure 8. Experimental result after 12 hours of
treatment for pulse beetle.
Figure 9. Experimental result after 24 hours of
treatment for pulse beetle.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Concentration of solution (%)
num ber of insects killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Concentration of solution (%)
num ber of insects killed
first trial
second trial
third trial
Figure 10. Experimental result after 6 hours of
treatment for red flour beetle.
Figure 11. Experimental result after 12 hours of
treatment for red flour beetle.

A. B. Chhetri, M. P. Islam and M. R. Islam 342
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Concentration of solution (%)
number of insects killed
first rial second trial third trial
Figure 12. Experimental result after 24 hours of treatment for red flour beetle.
We live in chemical world, ingesting, inhaling and absorbing synthetic chemicals in
almost every activity of our lives. Thousands of chemicals which are involved in daily
activities such as pesticides are becoming a great threat to our health and environment. The
series of chemicals which are available in the market are based on ‘detection limit’ rather than
long-term implications. The technology today is only capable of detecting certain level of
contamination and this eventually become the standard. Miralai (2006) however, showed that
the long term effect of a synthetic chemical is higher in lower concentrations unlike in
organic chemicals, the long term benefit at lower concentration is actually higher (Figure 13).
Figure 13. Long-term relation between concentration of chemicals and their positive or negative effects
(redrawn from Miralai, 2006).

Development of Natural Pesticides from Fruits and Plant Extracts 343
The use of synthetic chemicals is harmful in all cases whether it has low or high
concentration. Hence, fulfilling any standard which is based on the detection limit should not
be taken as a big accomplishment because as shown in Figure 13, the harm at the lower
concentration even higher in long-term.
All synthetic pesticides and other chemicals fall under this category and they have to be
removed from the market today or tomorrow. However, removing or banning of a chemical
has not contributed any good to the society as banning of one chemicals ends up inventing
another toxic chemical as in case of DDT which was replaced by chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos
also has several toxic effects. Despite several attempts to shift to the natural and biopesticides,
the industries are repeating similar mistakes. Taking any chemicals from a natural source is
not a solution but the production technology should completely follow a truly natural process
without addition of any synthetic chemicals during processing. There are some evidences that
in the name of biopesticides, genetically modified microorganisms have been developed to be
used as biopesticides. In this case, the results have not been as attractive as it was envisaged
earlier. The pests develop resistance against them and the production has not been achieved
despite significant investment in the pest control from biological methods.
Sharma (2006) reported that farmers in Madhya Pradesh of Indian state are leading the
cotton farming in India skipping both the use of pesticides and genetically modified cotton
called Bt cotton. He further reported that there are 28 predators of American bollworm which
are the main enemies of cotton. These predators will devour the bollworm if synthetic
pesticides are not sprayed. Hence, spraying pesticides creates more problems than it was
before. Bt was considered as magic bullet in India, however, the suicidal rate among Indian
farmers have been highly increased due to the pile of debt they are incurring as they have to
pay too much for pesticides as well as for ‘technology fee’ for the seed companies. The same
report indicated that the Chinese farmers who were involved in Bt cotton farming are
incurring huge losses due to spurt in secondary pests despite it was earlier projected as silver
bullet. The farmers had to spray 20 times more pesticides which considerably increased the
production cost. Genetic modification which is anti-natural has never been beneficial in the
long term. In case of pesticides, the modified species necessitates the use of more pesticides
which finally will develop resistance and the whole system will not be sustainable. Thus,
development any technology should completely be based zero tolerance, zero waste and zero
emission. Only the natural extracts from plants and biopesticides. Pathways in the whole life
cycle ahs a great role to play in order to any product beneficial to the human and
environment.
It is well established that the secondary metabolites present in plants provide protection
against predators, pathogens and invaders because of their anti-microbial activity. Majority of
these compounds found in the plants are lignins, tannins, saponins, volatile essential oils,
alkaloids, etc. These compounds have specific anti-microbial activities which can be used to
manipulate the rumen fermentation by selective inhibition of a microbial group of the
ecosystem (Kamra et al., 2006). Moreover, the ethanol extract of soapnut seed pulp
completed inhibited in vitro methane production along with a significant reduction in
protozoa count and acetate/propionate ratio.
The experimental results of soapnut and Lal chitta show that they have excellent
microbial activities. Soapnut, because of its anti-microbial activities, it can be used as
pesticide as well as soap. Lal chitta also has excellent anti-microbial properties and is very
much effective in controlling rice weevil, the pulse beetle and the red flour beetle. Neem is

A. B. Chhetri, M. P. Islam and M. R. Islam 344
similar tree which has anti-microbial properties and are being used as natural pesticide.
Hence, natural plant fruit and extract have great potential to be used as natural pesticides.
Saopnuts Based Pesticides
Soapnuts (Sapindus Mukorosse) are fruits of a tropical tree widely available in India,
Nepal, Bangladesh and other tropical climates where people have been washing their
laundries for hundreds of years. These are basically two types: big (S. Mukorosse which are
usually cultivated in north India and Nepal) and small (Sapindus Trifoliatus) which is
cultivated in south India (Website 1). The soapnut shell contains ‘saponins’ which works as a
naturally available soap when making contact with water. This saponin which has highly
cleaning capability repels varmints, fungus and bacteria. The soapnut dry fruit contains 11.5%
saponin, 10% carbohydrate and the seeds contain 45.4% oil and 31% protein (Kamra et al.,
2006). This is one of the best detergents available naturally. Soapnut is used by the industry
to produce soap adding several chemicals in it. The addition of chemicals to soapnut to make
soap changes its inherent characteristics making more toxic that it was earlier. However,
soapnut can be directly used for various purposes without adding any chemicals. The use of a
number of allergic synthetic chemicals is steadily increasing in our society. Most of these
synthetic chemicals aggravate the ailment of people with sensitive skin and suffering from
neurodermatitis. The chemicals used in the synthetic detergents are mostly allergic creating
several skin problems. Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) plant is a rich source of saponins.
Soapnuts have unbeatable advantages over synthetic detergents. Soap or detergents from
soapnut can be made 100% natural only with soapnut without adding any chemicals (Website
1). Due to this reason, this is perfect to use for those who has sensitive skin, allergies with
synthetic detergent and people suffering from neurodermatitis problems. As this does not any
chemical addition or any complicated process, soapnut is a cheap option. The laundries
washed with soapnut become truly soft. One of the most advantages of soapnut is that it
preserves the color of valuable laundry better than any chemical detergents. Soapnut is the
best solution for even the finest silk to wash without any damaging effect. Soapnuts are
completely biodegradable. The byproducts and unused products do not pollute environment.
Production of soapnut is completely renewable as these trees recycle carbon dioxide to
produce fresh oxygen.
Neem Based Pesticides
Neem is a well known herbal plant in the tropical regions of the world. Singh et al.
(1996) studied the molluscicidal property of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) against the
snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus. They observed that the molluscicidal
activity of the leaf, bark, cake, neem oil and the neem-based pesticides, achook and
nimbecidine, were both effective pesticides depending on the dose and time of application.
The toxic effect of pure azadirachtin (a biopesticide obtained from neem) against both the
snails was greater than the synthetic molluscicides. The use of neem products and neem-based
pesticides against harmful snails is less expensive and less hazardous to the environment than
synthetic molluscicides. Gajalakshmi and Abbasi (2004) study neem as potential fertilizer as

Development of Natural Pesticides from Fruits and Plant Extracts 345
well as pesticide. The study showed that the neem leaf composted (vermicompost) worked
effectively both as fertilizer as well as pesticide.
Schmutterer (1998) reported that azadirachtin-containing neem seed extracts can cause
various effects in insects. They act as antifeedants, growth regulators and sterilants. In
addition, azadirachtin is a chitin synthesis inhibitor. Good results in insect control were found
with azadirachtin containing seed extracts under field conditions. Inspite of the sensitivity of
insects of most orders to azadirachtin, neem products are selective as they do not harm
important natural enemies of pests. Neem-seed extracts are considered potential natural
pesticides for integrated pest control in developing as well as in developed countries.
Kreutzweiser et al. (2002) evaluated the impact of neem based plant extract azadirachtin
in community level disruptions among zooplankton of pond mosocosms in Canada. The result
showed that the trends in abundance over time among populations of cladocerans, copepods,
and rotifers were found to differ significantly among treatments. At the two highest test
concentrations of azadirachtin, adverse effects were observed with significant reductions in
several cladoceran species, and near elimination of the three major copepod species present in
the sample. Hence it indicates that neem based plant extracts are effective insecticides. The
application of this natural extract has no adverse impact in the environment.
CONCLUSIONS
An overall review of impacts of synthetic pesticides has been carried out in this study. It
has been discussed that these synthetic pesticides are culprits to most of the human diseases
and destruction of natural environment. Several impacts due to use of pesticides in soil and
water resources, fish and aquatic animals, food and daily use products and fruits have been
critically analyzed. Possible impacts of pesticides due to climate change have also been
evaluated. Based on this analysis, the importance of pesticides from natural extracts from
plants and microorganisms have been highlighted. Some natural extracts such as soapnuts
from soapnut tree, extract from Lal chitta and neem has been experimentally investigated to
be used as natural pesticides. The experiment results show that these species have excellent
properties which can naturally be used as non-toxic pesticides. Because synthetic chemicals
including pesticides, which are inherent to the current technology development mode, are
primarily responsible for all health problems such as cancer, diabetes among others and
environmental problems such global warming, ozone layer depletion and climate change,
there is no hope for reversing these problems without fundamental changes in technology
development. The new technology development mode must foster the development of natural
products, which are inherently beneficial to human and the environment.
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