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Psychological Well-Being, Perceived Social Support and Health Perception Among Older Adults

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Abstract

This study examined the relationship between psychological well-being, perceived social support and health perception in older adults. The participants were 250 males and females with mean age of 71 years, from Concepción (Chile). The results showed that psychological well-being had a higher relationship with perceived social support than with health perception, that males reported higher psychological well-being and better health perception than females, and that married participants reported higher psychological wellbeing and higher perceived social support than participants without a partner. Diverse explanatory factors for obtained results are proposed.

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... As same as receiving support benefits the mental health of the older adults (Fernández-Ballesteros et al., 2010). In this sense, there are diverse studies that show empiric evidence about the relation between the social support network and the quality of life in general (Acuña, 2012;Vivaldi & Barra, 2012). Notwithstanding, there are few publications of studies done for example, Urzúa, Bravo, Ogalde & Vargas (2011) whereby provide a detailed explanation between the social support network and each one of the domains of the quality of life (subjective), in which is mentioned that the social support network is a good predictor not only for the quality of life in general but also for the autonomy, the activities, the social participation and the intimacy,but it is not of the sensorial skills such as the death and dying .Nevertheless, neither this study nor the other studies report that the influence of the distinct types of support, coming from each one of the links of the network regarding the quality of life and its domains. ...
... The present study provides empirical evidence on what has been presented by Fernández-Ballesteros (2002), Fernández-Ballesteros et al. (2010), Serrano (2013) and Zarebski (2011), regarding the relationship between the social support network and the well-being of older adults, especially their quality of life. In particular, it presents descriptive evidence, such as Acuña (2012) as well as Vivaldi and Barra (2012), on this relationship, and also provides elements on the evaluation of a statistically significant influence of the network on the quality of life. Beyond what is reported by Urzúa, Bravo, Ogalde and Vargas (2011), the results of the evaluations of the sample presented here, composed of older Mexican adults from Potosí, show that there are differences between the effect of each of the types of support from the different ties on quality of life and its domains. ...
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Introduction. Because of de increase of the poblation and the heterogeneity of the aging process, it is necessary to know the elements that contribute to successful old age. So the purpose of this study was to identify the type and source of support than has greatest impact on quality of life of elderly mexican participants. Material and Method. Was interviewed a voluntary and intentional sample of143older adults, about their quality of life and satisfaction with the social supportnetwork. Results. Family and not-family links provide types of support that have a specific significant effect on the different components of quality of life and even, except for the couple, not-family support has a greater number of quality effects of life. Conclusions. The diversification and strengthening of all links that make up the network is necessary, because of each link is a potential provider of different types of support, contributes to strengthening the quality of life in this population group.
... The concept of subjective well-being corresponds to the account of the positive and negative perceptions that people have about their lives, corresponding to the psychosocial aspect of quality of life [53]. The subjective evaluation that the individual perceives of his social capital among which is the social support received associated to the amount of links or relations that he establishes with his social network, while the perceived social support is centered in the existence of significant relations and the subjective evaluation that provides emotional stability and is associated to a better quality of life [54]. Ryff operationalizes the concept of well-being in dimensions such as self-acceptance, autonomy, positive relationships with others, purpose in life, mastery of the environment, and personal growth [55]. ...
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... La necesidad de tener un acercamiento al bienestar subjetivo por los adultos mayores destaca en importancia en las formas de recrear los significados de una realidad específicamente vivida, sobre todo cuando esa realidad se vive en un asilo u hogar para ancianos. Una investigación concluyó que el apoyo social percibido y la salud percibida, se relacionan directamente con el bienestar psicológico, por lo cual se propone que el apoyo social sea una constante en los mayores, además de que los hombres informaron mayor bienestar psicológico y mejor percepción de salud que las mujeres, y que las personas casadas o con pareja estable informaron mayor bienestar psicológico y mayor apoyo social percibido que aquellas sin pareja estable (19) , si bien, se ha detectado por ejemplo, un nivel de soledad no alarmante, aquellos ancianos con apoyo familiar expresan un menor riesgo de sentir soledad (20) . ...
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Objective: To understand the meaning of well-being of older persons in situation of abandonment. Methods: a qualitative phenomenological study, carried out in a nursing home in Tepic, Nayarit, from 2017 to 2019. Intentional sampling with 12 older persons aged 60 and above. Data collection occurred by phenomenological interview. The ethical criteria of the General Health Law were respected. Participants signed the Informed Consent Form. Data analysis took place through phenomenological analysis. Results: four themes have emerged: 1. Living Activities of Daily Living; 2. Attention to physical needs; 3. Coexistence; 4. Spirituality experience. Conclusion: for older persons, living institutionalized implies a process of adaptation and transformation to their context and state of life, restructuring their needs that provide well-being. It is important to approach these scenarios to establish ways of experiencing aging that favor a full quality of life.
... Perimenopausal women exhibited higher rates of anemia, which, according to other studies, may be the result of menstrual losses, although not exclusively[32]. More studies should be done to determine exactly what factors are associated with the increased prevalence of anemia in younger women, as there are studies that suggest that attributing iron deficiency anemia to menstrual losses may indicate gender bias in the health research[39,44,45].Statistically significant differences were found in self-perceived mental health. Perimenopausal women generally have poorer mental health, more depressive anxiety symptoms, and perform fewer healthy social functions than postmenopausal women. ...
... Asimismo, y a diferencia de las creencias populares, las cuales reflejan los estereotipos negativos de la edad (Menéndez, Cuevas-Toro, Pérez-Padilla, y Lorence, 2016), las investigaciones sugieren que las habilidades de regulación de las emociones, la estabilidad emocional y el bienestar mejoran con la edad (Jiménez, Izal, y Montorino, 2016). Y, aunque la depresión y la ansiedad son las mayores causas de enfermedad mental en personas mayores (Bryant, Jackson, y Ames, 2008), hay menos trastornos de depresión mayor que en personas más jóvenes (Vivaldi y Barra, 2012). En una investigación realizada en la población del Reino Unido, los resultados sugirieron que, entre todos los grupos de edad, el grupo de personas entre 65 y 79 años tenía los niveles más altos de bienestar personal, y que las personas de más de 90 años tenían niveles más altos de satisfacción y felicidad en comparación con las personas de mediana edad. ...
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La esperanza de vida está aumentando en las sociedades del primer mundo por lo que es un objetivo prioritario garantizar una vida satisfactoria y saludable a lo largo de la vida hasta el fin de la misma. Por otro lado, sabemos que la depresión es una de las enfermedades mentales que más prevalece en las personas mayores. En el presente estudio trabajamos con el alumnado de primer curso de la Universidad del País Vasco para personas mayores, estudiantes todos ellos y ellas de las Aulas de la Experiencia de Bizkaia. Se evaluó la presencia de sintomatología depresiva, así como las relaciones con otras personas con objeto de observar si la asistencia a las aulas está relacionada con una mejoría de la depresión y analizar relaciones entre diferentes variables psicológicas y relacionales. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la Universidad para mayores de 55 años puede mejorar la sintomatología de la depresión y que esta mejoría está relacionada con otras variables psicológicas y relacionales. Subrayamos así la importancia de seguir creando recursos para las personas mayores con el fin de ayudar a prevenir el aislamiento, problemas de salud mental y promover el bienestar de las mismas.
... Despite the more frequently used Coping Strategies are centered in the problem (problem resolution and desiderative thinking), the cope mechanism that seems to promote better levels of Quality of Life is center in emotion. This can be explained because, it is probable that elder adults that have more opportunities to express feelings and emotions, get access to more social support [18]. It is important to complete these analyses with other studies that include family and contextual variables, aiming to analyze the role played by the environment in the Coping Strategies that influence positively the QOL levels. ...
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... The first evaluates the amount of relationships that establishes the person with his social network, known as social support received. The second focuses on the existence and characteristics of a relation [2]. It is considered that the main factors to determinate the frequency and quality of social support, are the tendency to pay attention to people and participative style, emotional stability, extroversion, the ability of empathic listening, being active and assertive [3]. ...
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... The first evaluates the amount of relationships that establishes the person with his social network, known as social support received. The second focuses on the existence and characteristics of a relation [2]. It is considered that the main factors to determinate the frequency and quality of social support, are the tendency to pay attention to people and participative style, emotional stability, extroversion, the ability of empathic listening, being active and assertive [3]. ...
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Introduction: Social support refers to behaviors of solidarity from different people including neighbors, family, friends or anyone else who is able to provide assistance. This occurs in the population with frequency from 42.0 to 87.0%.
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Chapter
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Chapter
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En el presente artículo de investigación se ha adaptado al español la versión de D. van Dierendonck de las escalas de bienestar psicológico propuesta por Carol Ryff, y se ha estudiado su fiabilidad y validez factorial. Las escalas mostraron una buena consistencia interna con valores α de Cronbach compren- didos entre 0,83 (Autoaceptación) y 0,68 (Crecimiento personal). Sin embargo, los análisis factoriales confirmatorios no mostraron un nivel de ajuste satisfactorio al modelo teórico propuesto de seis di- mensiones (Autoaceptación, Relaciones positivas, Autonomía, Dominio del entorno, Propósito en la vida, Crecimiento personal) y un factor de segundo orden denominado Bienestar Psicológico. Para me- jorar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas, se desarrolló una nueva versión reducida que ade- más facilitará su aplicación. Con esta nueva versión, los niveles de consistencia obtenidos se mantie- nen e incluso mejoran (α de Cronbach 0,84 a 0,70). Además, las escalas mostraron un nivel de ajuste excelente al modelo teórico propuesto por D. van Dierendonck. Spanish adaptation of the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS). The aim of this paper is to adapt to Spanish the D. van Direndonck version of Carol Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales, and to analyse its consistency and factorial validity. All the scales exhibited good internal reliabilities, with Cronbach alpha's ranging from 0,83 (Self-acceptance) to 0,68 (Personal growth). However, confirma- tory factor analyses didn't corroborate the six-factor model (Self-acceptance, Positive relations, Auto- nomy, Environmental mastery, Purpose in life, and Personal growth) with a second order factor called Psychological Well-Being. To improve the psychometric properties, a new reduced version was pro- posed that indeed will facilitate the application. The scales of the new version maintain and raise its internal consistency (Cronbach alpha's 0,84 to 0,70). Furthermore, the scales shown an excellent fit to the theoretical model proposed by D. van Dierendonck.
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En este artículo se discute el papel de la familia y el vecindario en la salud de los ancianos méjico-americanos del estudio EPESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) hispano. La paradoja epidemiológica consiste en que, a pesar de estar en desventaja socioeconómica, los ancianos hispanos tienen mortalidad relativamente menor que los ancianos de raza blanca. Esto es especialmente cierto cuando el anciano vive en los vecindarios donde hay un porcentaje alto de méjico-americanos. La familia también juega un papel importante en estos ancianos al disminuir el riesgo de institucionalización o de morbilidad. Asimismo, el estrés originado en problemas económicos o al depender económicamente de la familia, habiendo inmigrado en edades tardías, puede sobrepasar la capacidad de amortiguamiento del estrés y afectar la salud del anciano méjico-americano.
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Several recent works have analysed the factorial structure of well-being measures. The aim of our study is to analyse the factorial structure of a widely used well-being scale, Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being, but in a specific subpopulation of the Spanish population, the elderly. For this particular subpopulation, the construct of well-being has been employed in most theoretical models that explain quality of life, and its role is therefore pivotal. The sample comprised 169 elderly people (65 years or more), sampled within the Valencian Community. The 54-item version of Ryff's scales was used. An item parcelling process was analytically employed before confirmatory factor analyses, allowing a total of 18 well-being indicators. Confirmatory factor analyses were specified and tested, including all theoretical and empirical solutions found in the literature, either in the general population or in specific populations of different cultural contexts. Goodness-of-fit results were similar to the ones found in the literature. Best solutions were a six-factor model with correlated factors, as defended by the authors, and a five-factor correlated solution, collapsing environmental mastery and self-acceptance into a single factor.
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An exploratory study was conducted among 50 patients aged 60 and over in order to identify the most frequent psychosocial factors in the elderly through the self-perception of the aged people. The survey of psychosocial factors in the elderly was used as a method to collect information. The need to be heard and the loss of social roles were the most common psychological factors (98 %, both). The need of social communication was the social factor with the hgihest percentage (98 %). It was concluded that there was no coincidence between the psychosocial factors identified by the self-perception of the elderly and the reviewed bibliography. It was recommended to take into account this source of information at the time of implementing health plans and programs for the elderly.
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The current study sought to clarify the effects of social support on the psychological well-being of rural elders. Data were provided by 180 older men and women (mean age = 73.6 years) living in Northern Appalachia. Similar to the demographic profile of this region, most (97.2%) of the participants were Caucasian. Although mean differences in perceptions of emotional support did not emerge, the relative importance of various sources of support differed for men and women. For men, higher satisfaction with family support was associated with lower negative affect and higher positive affect. For women, although satisfaction with emotional support from family and more years of education were associated with lower levels of negative affect, emotional support from friends enhanced positive affect. The results suggest that new programs may be needed in order to help older rural men and women to maintain well-being in late life.
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The authors examined the effects of activities of daily living (ADL) and perceived social support on the level of depression among elderly Turkish people. Participants were 102 adults older than the age of 60 years. The authors hypothesized that (a) lower levels of ADL would predict a higher level of depression, (b) a higher level of perceived social support would predict a lower level of depression, and (c) perceived social support would moderate the relation between ADL and depression. Although hierarchical multiple regression analysis did not yield a significant effect for an ADL-perceived social support interaction, ADL and perceived social support significantly predicted depression among elderly people. Thus, perceived social support did not moderate the relation between ADL and depression among elderly people; however, higher ADL functioning and higher perceived social support predicted lower depression. The nonsignificant effect of an ADL-perceived social support interaction on the level of depression among elderly people was incongruent with the stress-buffering model (S. Cohen & T. A. Willis, 1985). The authors discuss the strengths, limitations, and possible implications of the findings.
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Background: Nowadays, in the developed countries, a long lifespan is no longer the exception to the rule, however there are still many people who even today do not manage to age with a good quality of life. The objectives of this study are, first of all, to contribute to a better knowledge of the main factors which have an impact on the quality of life and the perceived health condition of those over age 65 and, secondly, to determine what advantages and disadvantages involved in each one of the tools for gauging health and quality of life as compared to the other two tools employed. Methods: Based on 911 home surveys of non-institutionalized individuals over age 65, a multivariate analysis was made using Logistic regression, relating the results obtained in the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), the EuroQol and the Self Perceived Health Status to the socio-demographic characteristics, the level of economic resources, the degree of social-family support, the physical and mental health condition and the functional capacity. Results: The main factors related to the perception of a poor health condition and a poor quality of life in the EuroQol and the NHP are anxiety disorders (Odds Ratio ranging from 1.8(IC:1.2-2.8) for mobility and 7.9(IC:4.5-13.9) for Profile*11111), depressive disorders (OR:1.8(IC:1.3-2.6) for pain/discomfort-3.3(IC:2.1-5.1) for social isolation), lack of exercise (OR:1.4 (IC:1-2.1) for anxiety/depression -3.9(IC:2.5-6.2) for everyday activities), dependence for basic everyday living activities (OR:0.5(IC:0.3-0.9) for emotional reaction -4.8(IC:3-7.6) for everyday activities) and dependence for the instrumental daily living activities (OR:1.5(IC:1.1-2.1) for Analog Visual Scale c < 70-7.1(IC:2.9-17.2) for personal care). Conclusions: Mental health and functioning capacity are the factors which have the greatest bearing on the perception of health condition and quality of life of individuals over age 65. Given that the three tools used have led to similar results, the EuroQol has advantages to offer due to its short length, including an overall evaluation by dimensions.
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In this study we investigated whether social relationship is a stronger determinant of life satisfaction in older women than in older men, and whether this is more obvious in widowed than in married persons, in a representative sample of Chinese individuals aged 60 or older in Hong Kong (N=1,616). We tested the moderating effect of gender and widowhood by means of a multigroup analysis in structural equation modeling that incorporated other major predictors of life satisfaction. Consistent with predictions, relatedness was much more important for women than for men. Furthermore, relatedness was the most important determinant of life satisfaction in women, regardless of marital status, but it was only a moderate predictor in married men, and even an irrelevant factor in widowers. We discuss the results in terms of how gender roles shape relationship goals, and thus how men and women evaluate life satisfaction differently in the context of relationship with others.
Envejecimiento exitoso: Teorías, investigaciones y aplicaciones clínicas
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Aguerre, C., & Bouffard, L. (2008). Envejecimiento exitoso: Teorías, investigaciones y aplicaciones clínicas. Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Gerontología y Geriatría, 22, 1146-1162.
Apoyo social, estrés y salud
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Percepción de la salud entre los adultos mayores derechohabientes del México: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialThe Third Age: A rationale for research
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Historical and current predictors of self-reported health bienestar PsiCOlógiCO en adultOs MayOres status among elderly persons in Barbados
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Cambio en las redes sociales de adultos mayores beneficiarios de programas de vivienda social en Chile
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