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Studies on growth performance and feed utilization of two Clariid catfish and their hybrid reared under different culture systems
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the growth performance and feed utilization of two Clariid catfish and their hybrid reared under monoculture, duoculture and trioculture systems. The Clariid catfish were Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus longifilis and their hybrid (♀H. longifilis X ♂C. gariepinus). In the monoculture system, each of the species and their hybrid was cultured separately, in the duoculture system, there were combinations of C. gariepinus with H. longifilis; C. gariepinus with hybrid catfish; and H. longifilis with hybrid catfish In the trio culture system, all the two catfish species and their hybrid were cultured together. Fingerlings of mean weight 8.50±0.50g were stocked into 21 circular tanks of 40 liters in capacity at 18 fingerlings per tank. Fish were fed on twice daily at 09.00hour and 18.00hour on 35% crude protein at 3% of their total body weight. There was 50% exchange of water daily in all the culture systems. The results revealed that all the two species and their hybrid grew best under the monoculture, followed by duoculture and least in trioculture systems. Hybrid catfish had the best growth and feed utilization, followed by C. gariepinus and the least with H. longifillis, There were significant differences (p<0.05) in all the growth and feed utilization parameters of the two clariid species and their hybrid in all the culture systems expect in the duoculture of hybrid catfish which showed no significant (p>0.05) differences when cultured with either C.gariepinus or H. longifilis. C. gariepinus had better growth rate and feed utilization when cultured with hybrid catfish than when cultured with H.longifilis and vice verse.
... Samples of H.bidorsalis fingerlings were transported from a private hatcheries farm, Ibadan, Oyo State to the Laboratory in an open ventilated 25 litres aquarium container filled with water. The juveniles were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks so as to allow them recover from all form of stress, adapt to their new environment and ensure that there is no infection from the source [16]. During the period of acclimatization, the fishes were fed with commercial diet (Coppens) to satiation, morning and evening [17]. ...
... Similar findings were by Appelbaum and Kamler [19], on physiological responses of Clarias gariepinus to total darkness photoperiod regime. Adewolu [16], also reported growth increase in C.gariepinus under total darkness and attributed his result to high feeding activity in the dark for the high growth rate. ...
... Photoperiod controls growth through its influence on endogenous rhythms and circulating levels of growth hormone [23]. Previous studies performed on the effect of photoperiod on growth performance of C.gariepinus concluded that growth can be affected by day length with fish performing better under shortday photoperiods [16]. The constant change between day and night affected the physiology, feeding efficiency, and metabolism of the fish. ...
Environmental factors are known to influence growth and survival
of aquatic organisms. Varying intensities of light can be of great
advantage to catfishes. This research investigated the effects of
photoperiod regimes on growth performance of
Heterobranchus
bidorsalis
fingerings under controlled environment. A total of ninety
(90) samples of the fish were acclimated for a period of 14 days during
which they were fed to satiation twice daily. The experimental set-up
consists of three treatments 3 replicates in each case. Treatment 1 is
the control; 12 hours light and 12 hours dark, treatments 2 and 3 were
subjected to 6 hours light and 24 hours total darkness, respectively
with each tank stocked with 9 fish samples. The aquarium tanks were
routinely placed in a simulated dark room and subsequently natural
light in accordance to the duration of exposure desired for a period
of 12 weeks. The physico-chemical parameters of the test media
were taken according to standard methods. The growth parameters
(lengths and weight) of the fish were taken on a weekly basis and
the varying morphological pigments were noted at the end of the
experiment. The weight gain and specific growth rate were also
calculated. The resulting data were subjected to one way analysis
of variance. From the results: The highest growth performance of the fish was recorded in T3, followed by T1 while lowest growth
performance was recorded in T2. Better feeding efficiency was also
influenced by photoperiods as highest feeding rate was recorded
in T3. Changes in body pigmentation was more prominent in T3 as
H.bidorsalis fingerlings exposed to this regime became black and
darker in appearance in comparison to T1 samples which were
lighter in complexion. Consequently, it is believed that subjecting
H.bidorsalis fingerlings to 00L: 24D photoperiod regime by fish
farmers can lead to improved farm yield and profits to the farmers.
... The lower the FCR value, the better the FCR. The FCR obtained in this study were better than those of Adewolu et al. [2] for H. longifilis (1.82) and its hybrid (1.75). However they were within the range of 1.33-1.79 ...
... The specific growth rates (SGR) of 3.54 and 3.52% (Table 1) obtained from the two treatments respectively in this study were within the range of 2.74 -3.57% obtained by (Bichi and Ahmad, [18]) for C. gariepinus but higher than value range 1.25 -1.94% obtained by Ofor and Onuoha, [17]. The daily growth rates of 4.01 and 3.76 g ( Table 1) obtained in treatments 1 and 2 respectively were within the range of 2.34 -6.01 g obtained for C. gariepinus by Bichi and Ahmad, [18], Adewolu, et al. [2] in their experiment obtained 5.05, 4.47 and 5.40 g SGR for C. gariepinus, H. longifilis and their hybrid respectively which was higher than the SGR (3.42 -3.54%) obtained in this study. ...
... The value for the nutrient utilization parameters are presented in Table 2 while protein intake (g) values obtained were 355.865 and 472.659 g for Treatments 1 and 2 respectively. These values are higher than the values obtained by Adewolu, et al. [2] for C. gariepinus, 81.07g, H. longifilis 59.33 g and their hybrid, 98.99 g. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) (g) obtained in treatment 2 was 1.321 g which was lower than the values obtained by Adewolu et al., (2008) for C. gariepinus (1.59) and Hybrid (1.63) but the value obtained for treatment 1 was higher than those of Adewolu, et al. [2] for H. longifilis (1.87). ...
... Fish is the cheapest source of animal protein consumed by the average Nigerian, accounting for about 40% of the total protein intake (Atanda, 2007). One of the major problems identified as hindering the promotion and development of aquaculture in the country is the scarcity of fish fingerlings of the desired cultured species (Adewolu et al., 2008). If the potential of one million tonnes of fish as speculated by FAO (2004) were to be realized at a semi-intensive management level of fingerlings production, then at least two billion fingerlings would be required annually from all sources (Atanda, 2007). ...
... In recent years, the culture of species of the catfish belonging to the Clariidae family is fast gaining global attention. In Africa, especially Nigeria, the species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus sp and their hybrids (Adewolu et al., 2008). They are widely cultured owing to their high market price, fast growth rate and ability to withstand adverse pond conditions especially low oxygen content (Adewolu and Adeoti, 2010). ...
... This result is generally similar to the study by Ataguba et al. (2009) and Owodeinde and Ndimele (2011) where pure breed of C. gariepinus performed better than their hybrid in terms of growth parameters. The result also agrees with the study of Adewolu et al. (2008) where the hybrid (C. gariepinus ♀ x H. longifilis ♂) had the highest specific growth rate. ...
A study was conducted to determine the comparative reproductive, growth performances and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus and its hybrid "heteroclarias" using ovaprim and pituitary extract of male and female C. gariepinus. The experimental broodstocks consisted of 6 female C. gariepinus (2 each Were induced separately with ovaprim, male pituitary of C. gariepinus and female pituitary of C. gariepinus), 3 male C. gariepinus and 3 male Heterobranchus bidorsalis. 2 female C. gariepinus induced with synthetic hormone were crossed separately with male C. gariepinus and male H. bidorsalis. A similar crossing was done for the other two sets of female C. gariepinus induced with male and female pituitary glands. The result shows that there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments in all the reproductive performance, growth and nutrient utilization parameters. The highest percentage fertilization (88.44 +/- 5.74%), feed intake (27.48 +/- 7.08g), protein intake (15.39 +/- 3.96g), feed conversion ratio (1.21 +/- 0.12) and protein efficiency ratio (1.68 +/- 0.19) were recorded in pure line C. gariepinus induced with ovaprim. Pure breed C. gariepinus also had the highest values in all the reproductive performance and growth parameters. This study has shown that C. gariepinus induced with synthetic hormone (ovaprim) produce offspring with better qualities than those induced with pituitary.
... Ponds are the most widely used structures for aquaculture production. In Africa, especially in Nigeria, the species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus sp. and their hybrids (Adewolu et al., 2008). The reasons for their culture are based on their fast growth rate, disease resistance, high stocking density, aerial respiration, high feed conversion efficiency among others (Adewolu et al., 2008). ...
... In Africa, especially in Nigeria, the species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus sp. and their hybrids (Adewolu et al., 2008). The reasons for their culture are based on their fast growth rate, disease resistance, high stocking density, aerial respiration, high feed conversion efficiency among others (Adewolu et al., 2008). Adebayo and Adesoji (2008) also reported that Clarias gariepinus cultured in earthen pond had a high yield. ...
... Biological performance of test fish were evaluated as follows: mean weight gain (MWG) = W 2 -W 1 (Okoye et al., 2001) where W 1 and W 2 are initial and final body weights of fish (g). Percentage weight gain (PWG), % = W t -W o x100/W o (Adewolu et al., 2008) where W t = final weight (g) at end of experiment, W o = fish weight (g) at start of experiment. Specific growth rate (SGR), %day -1 = l n w 2 -l n w 1 x100/t 2 -t 1 (Brown, 1957) where w 2 = final weight of fish, w 1 = initial weight of fish (g), t 2 and t 1 = mean of end of growth period and at time 0 in days and l n = natural logarithm. ...
An experiment was conducted to compare the growth and economics of producing Clarias gariepinus in ponds (6.4x5.4x1.5m 3 ) and tanks (2.5x1.1x1.2m 3 ) for 56days. Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (mean weight, 1.80g and body length, 4.40cm) were stocked at 250 and 50 fish separately into each pond and tank in duplicates. Fish were fed a commercial feed containing 45% crude protein at 5% body weight. It was divided into two halves and fed at 1000 and 1600hours daily. At final harvest, the total yield of fish was significantly greater (P 0.05) in mean weight gain (13.75+0.95g, 13.44+0.95g), condition factor (0.92 +0.03, 0.91+0.03) and feed conversion ratio (0.56+0.01, 0.51+0.01) between fingerlings stocked in pond and tank. Fish in pond had higher percentage weight gain and specific growth rate while survival rate ranged 74.11+0.54-88.80+0.54% in the culture media. Net profits obtained were N4300 (pond) and N2250 (tank). The benefit: cost ratio was higher for tank (1.38) than for pond (1.19). The pond environment appeared more productive while the tank was more economical with higher benefit in this study.
... Increased production efficiencies and intensities, as well as the use of less water and financial capital, are key to the future of aquaculture in Africa [7] The need for environmentally conscious operating practices and facility designs becomes more relevant as the aquaculture industry grows in response to increased demand for fish products [1] . The intensive aquaculture system culture employs intensive production system management, in which the culturist must meet all of the cultured organism's biological needs [14] . ...
... Catfish are one of the most common fish species in the Nigerian market, with a high level of demand. Catfish aquaculture, such as Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, and their hybrids, has been practiced in Nigeria for a long time [1] . The hybrids are said to have higher growth rates in captivity, better environmental tolerance, hardiness to adverse environmental conditions, potential for aquatic and aerial respiration, and resistance to parasites and diseases, as well as a strong consumer preference in the market [4] , all of which are necessary for ensuring fish food protection in Africa [4] . ...
The study focused on the design of construction of a prototype re-circulatory pond system (RAS) using the locally sourced raw material (wood, planks and pvc blind). The system consists of three culture ponds of 6ft by 4ft by 4ft (L x b x h) dimension each, sedimentation tank, filtration tank and pumping tank 4x4x4ft each and a bio-tower system. The culture ponds are linked to each other with a pipe connector and to the sedimentation tank. The waste from the culture pond moved to the sedimentation tank and the water moves to the filtration tank through an opening from the base of the wall partition. The water is filtered through the sharp sand, white stones, oyster shells and the activated charcoal and likely through the filtration Net. The water rises to a point where the clean filtered water enters into the pumping tank and get sucked up through a suction pipe from the surface engine to the bio-tower where the water gets mixed up with the oxygen from the air and the nitrogenous waste get broken down with the splashing effect of the water on the bio-filter. Water get settled on the retaining tank and with a gravitational force moves through the returning pipe to service the culture ponds. 1. Introduction Increased production efficiencies and intensities, as well as the use of less water and financial capital, are key to the future of aquaculture in Africa [7] The need for environmentally conscious operating practices and facility designs becomes more relevant as the aquaculture industry grows in response to increased demand for fish products [1]. The intensive aquaculture system culture employs intensive production system management, in which the culturist must meet all of the cultured organism's biological needs [14]. In a recirculating Aquaculture System, this method is frequently used. The recirculating aquaculture method (RAS) is the most recent innovation in fish farming. Usually, RAS is an indoor device that helps farmers to monitor environmental conditions all year round. The costs of building a RAS are usually higher than those of pond or cage culture, but when the system is properly maintained, fish can be raised all year, making the higher investment worthwhile. The RAS has advantages over other aquaculture systems in terms of reducing incoming water volume [18] , reusing more water inside the culture system, reducing the amount of water released and effluent quality [3] , and biological pollution control [14, 16]. Solids removal, system removal exchange, piping size and configuration, filtration process, biofiltration unit, gas balancing and carbon (iv) oxide removal, oxygenation device, and disinfection process should all be considered when designing a good RAS [12]. The research and development of technology for designing reliable and cost-effective RAS is still ongoing. As a result, the slow adoption of RAS technology is partly due to the high initial capital expenditures needed to cover investment costs, which necessitates high stocking densities and productions [15]. Water flushing rates have been shown to influence fish health [3] , and the impact of feed quality or feed content on water quality has been investigated [8]. Unfortunately, little research has been done on the qualitative and economic effects of different management activities on the efficiency of re-circulating aquaculture systems. Where there is a scarcity of water, re-circulating aquaculture systems are commonly used [12]. Re-circulating systems are a viable alternative to pond systems, requiring less than 10% of the water used in pond operations to produce the same amount of production. As a result, one of the key benefits of re-circulating systems is water conservation.
... The availability of fastgrowing fish fingerlings throughout the year remains a major constraint to farmers targeting high yields. The scarcity of fish fingerlings thus hinders the promotion and development of aquaculture in the country (Adewolu, Ogunsanmi, & Yunusa, 2008). The availability of fingerlings is dependent on spawning stock gonadal development and fecundity. ...
... The same source of water was for each tank and their water was changed daily. Physico-chemical properties (pH, dissolved oxygen) and ambient temperature were optimal as described by Adewolu et al. (2008) and consistent across all groups. The fish fasted for 24 h prior to the treatment, spawning, and organ harvesting. ...
The development of aquaculture in Nigeria is constrained by the inadequate supply of high quality of fingerlings of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). There are conflicting reports on the reproductive efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina when compared with the synthetic hormone Ovaprim (OV) and Pituitary Extract (PE) on C. gariepinus. The histopathology of select organs in catfish treated with generic Ovaprim (OV), Pituitary Extract (CPE), and aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina (VAE) were evaluated. Sixteen female C. gariepinus (average weight of 1 kg) wereevenly and randomly distributed to four groups. Fish in groups A, B, C, and D were injected intramuscularly with aqueous solutions of OV (0.5 mL/kg), PE (5 mg/kg), VAE (10 mg/kg), and distilled water (DW; 0.5 ml), respectively. Histological examinations of the ovary, liver, kidney, and spleen were carried out. Histopathology revealed that OV- and PE-treated groups showed synchronous and synchronous ovarian development, vacuolar change of hepatocytes, thinning of hepatic cords, reduced renal haemopoietic compartments, tubular degeneration and necrosis, and decrease in splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS). VAE-treated groups had asynchronous ovarian development with atretic ovarian follicles, widespread vacuolar change of hepatocytes, intact renal tubular and hemopoietic compartments, and preponderance of large and coalescing splenic PALS. We conclude that VAE is an ineffective spawning agent, especially when compared with OV and PE, as VAE could not induce synchronous gonadal development. However, VAE may have immunopotentiating, nephroprotective, and haemopoietic properties. Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, Vernonia amygdalina extract, Pituitary extract, Ovaprim, Gonadal development, Histopathology, Reproductive performance
... The value of specific growth rate for cross between C X HL was higher compare to the values recorded for pure HL and pure Clarias in this study. A similar observation was observed by Ndome et al., [12] and Adewolu et al., [9] who reported a better specific growth rate for CG x HL than pure CLxCL. In this study, the values of SGR for hybrids were higher than those recorded for the pure breeds. ...
... [4] Explain that fish farming in ponds is a fast-developing food-producing sector in the world and a major source of food security. [5]; [6] explain that with the increased human population, urbanization, and increase in the demand for fish, the improvement in all methods of accelerated fish production cannot be over-emphasized [7] reported that the farming of African catfish Clarias gariepinus has become popular in Africa, and quoting [8] explained that this popularity is attributable to the catfish's rapid growth, disease resistance, hardiness, excellent taste, and high market demand. In the same vein, [9] explained that the Nile Tilapia is an easily cultivable species, and as a tropical species, easily survives in the culture system. ...
A comparative study between fingerlings reared in a cage, concrete pond, and earthen pond systems was conducted between March and August 2019. The fish net cage was constructed with ½ netting materials (210 D/9), nylon twine (210 D/9 and 210 D/8), and ropes (10mm PE and 4mm PE, as a house in which the fish fingerlings were stocked. The stocked fish were held captive in the fishnet while water flows through it. This is Treatment 1 (T1). A concrete pond of 10 m x 10 m x 15 m was constructed, as Treatment II (T11). Simultaneously an earthen pond measuring 10m x 10mx 15m was constructed entirely from soil materials both manually and mechanically in a site with excess water retention potential near Otamiri River beside the Fisheries Department of the University of Agriculture. This is Treatment III (T111). Each of the treatments was stocked with 1,500 Clarias gariepinus fingerlings of 10gms average weight and managed simultaneously for the 6 months. Data were analysed by simple descriptive statistics. The result showed 83.3%, 93.3%, and 96.7% survival rates in a cage, concrete pond, and earthen pond systems. Average weight at harvest (gm) and total weight at harvest (gm) of 332.6 gm and 415.7 gm for cage fish farming, 250.6gm and 350.8gm for concrete pond systems, and 250.6 gm and 280.65 gm for earthen pond system. The survival rate in cage culture (83.3%) was low due to high water depth, as the cage was floated; hence fingerlings could not maximize feed intake at the initial stage. The 96.7% suggest that the earthen point system has the highest production rate. Adequate care should be taken to ensure maximal utilization of feed given to the fish in cage floater in water.
... affected with different stocking densities. Adewolu et al. (2008) and Odedeyi (2007) showed that the hybrid C. gariepinus had the highest specific growth rate in in medium stocking densities. In fact, under crowded conditions at higher stocking densities, fish suffer stress as result of aggressive feeding interaction and eat less, resulting in growth retardation (Bjoernsson 1994). ...
In catfish hatchery facilities, 15 circular plastic tanks 100L volume were stocked with C. gariepinus fry (0.533±0.03 g) at five densities of T1 (20), T2 (40), T3 (60), T4 (80) and T5 (100) fry/L. 15% body weight 4 times a day commercial fry feed (45% crude protein; crude fiber 6.2%; fats content 8.8%; ash content 8.1% and 22.76 KJ GE/100 g) were added daily for 42 days. By continues flow, water quality parameters was adjusted at the ranged of 26-28.3 0 C, 6.8-3.3 mg/L, 6.5-8.0 and 0.05-0.18 mg/L for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and total ammonia respectively. The result showed that water quality, growth parameters and survival rate was density dependence. Final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, RGR, PER and survival rate were significantly (p<0.05) stocking density dependent. FCR was significantly (p<0.05) increase with the increasing stocking density of fry. The best growth performances and survival rate were recorded in lower stocking density T1 (20fry/L) while the lowest was in high stocking level T5 (100fry/L). The result also showed that to achieve better growth and best survival for maximizing the production of C. gariepinus 40 fry/L in plastic tanks with conditioning of continues water flow under good quality commercial diet were applied.
... (Ayanwale et al. 2017) Survival rate percentage (SR %) This was calculated using the formula ofAdewolu et al. (2008) that; SR (% ) = Total number of fish harvested Total number of fish stocked ⁄ × 100 Different stocking density levels on some growth parameters and survival of Heteroclarias fingerlings reared under Laboratory Conditions in Minna, Niger State. ...
An eight weeks study was carried out on the influence of different stocking density levels on some growth parameters and survival rates of Heteroclarias fingerlings reared under laboratory conditions. One hundred of four weeks old Heteroclarias fingerlings of initial mean weight (1.80±0.15g) were randomly separated into four experimental groups consisting of four treatments: 5 (control), 10, 15 and 20 with two replicates each reared in a plastic aquaria tank (19×29×29.5×30cm 3) and fed with a commercial diet (coppens) to satiation twice daily. Growth and physicochemical parameters were determined weekly based on standard experimental procedures while survival rates were monitored daily. The results showed that fingerlings cultured at stocking density of five (5) had significantly (p<0.05) higher total length (16.02±1.30 cm), standard length(14.78±1.32cm), weight (24.26±7.99g) and survival rate (100±0.10%) respectively at the end of the study. However, there was significant reduction (p<0.05) in the total length of fingerlings cultured under 10, 15 and 20 stocking densities from week 1 to the end of the study. Physicochemical parameters measured were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the different stocking densities andwere found within the permissible levels for optimum growth of Heteroclarias fingerlings in the tropics. This study showed that the stocking density of five (5) fingerlings/aquaria had better growth parameters and survival rate.
... In an effort to bring to the fore the threats faced by tropical fishes due to pesticides exposure, this study investigated the toxicological responses in the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, a commonly consumed tropical freshwater fish. This fish is one of the most cultured both inside and outside its natural range of tropical and subtropical environment (Adewolu et al., 2008). They are also one of the most cultured fishes in the world (FAO, 2014) and are ubiquitous in Nigeria, where they are noted as the most cultivated fish in the country (FAO, 2017). ...
Freshwater fishes are faced with increasing threats due to intensification of agriculture. This study evaluated the haematological and genotoxic effects of exposure of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus to sublethal concentrations of commonly used pesticides in agricultural settings. The evaluated pesticides were abamectin, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dichlorvos, dimethoate, fipronil, lambda-cyhalothrin and paraquat. The fishes were initially exposed singly to the pesticides for 96 h periods to determine their LC50, followed by exposure to sublethal concentrations (1/100th 96 h LC50) over a 21 d period. In all cases, a control experiment with catfishes kept in dechlorinated municipal water was monitored simultaneously. The 96 h LC50 values was found to vary widely from 2.043 μgL⁻¹ (Lambda-cyhalothrin) to 10284.288 μgL⁻¹(Paraquat). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between mean haematological parameters-WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH and MCHC in the exposed and control catfishes. More so, micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities occurred at significantly higher proportions in pesticide exposed catfishes. Holistic cradle to grave approach as well as fate analysis is required to mitigate the potential harmful effects of pesticides to fresh water fishes.
... The fingerlings were allowed to acclimatize in rearing tanks for one week in the Biology laboratory of the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. The acclimatization allowed the fingerlings to recover from transportation stress, adapt to their new environment, ensured that they were not infected from source and also to select the right sizes of fish for the experiment [22]. During the acclimatization period, the fingerlings were fed with a commercial diet (Coppens®) to satiation during the hours of 0800 and 1800 [23]. ...
An 8-week experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of photoperiodic levels on skin color of laboratory reared Heteroclarias fingerlings. Artificial lightning was used to simulate a range of photoperiod namely, continuous light period (24L: 0D), total darkness (24D: 0L), 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light (12D: 12L) and normal day and night period (control, i.e. ambient photoperiod). Adequately replicated representative number of Heteroclarias fingerlings were exposed to the various photoperiods and monitored for eight weeks. Results of physical observation of the fishes, following recommended fish skin color grading revealed that fingerlings reared in 24D: 0L had the darkest skin color, while those exposed to 24L: 0D had the lightest skin color. In addition, the fingerlings exposed to normal day and night period (control) had a light skin color while those exposed to 12L: 12D had a dark skin color. The physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, ammonia, biological oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen concentration were within the recommended range for fish culture and also indicated no significant differences(p>0.05) in all the treatments throughout the experimental period irrespective of photoperiodic condition. It is hoped that the findings of this study will guide commercial fish farmers in raising Heteroclarias fish according to the preferences of market demand with respect to skin color.
... However, no deleterious depression in growth was observed in fishes fed Danish imported fishmeal based diet. Secondly, one of the most common difficulties observed when alternative sources of feedstuffs are used in fish diets is acceptance and palatability by the fish (Domingues et al., , Rodriguez et al., 1996and Adewolu, 2008. ...
... The experimental bowls was monitored daily to remove dead fry and the survival rate was calculated as; [ 21] Survival rate (SR %) = Total number of fry at the end of the rearing period × 100 ...
Dissolved oxygen variation in fish ponds is a common problem. This is more critical at the early stage of the fish life when rate of metabolism is usually high and as such optimum water quality condition such as availability of sufficient dissolved oxygen is most required. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of varied hours of aeration through water shower, on the spawning success of African catfish for the period of 10 weeks. The aeration treatments were T1 (0 hour of shower), T2 (4 hours of shower), T3 (6 hours of shower), T4 (8 hours of shower) and T5 (12 hours of shower). The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design. Each treatment was replicated three times. Test for significant difference was carried out using Duncan Multiple range test. All test was carried out at 5% probability level. The effects of the five treatment were evaluated on hatchability, growth and survival rate. Data collected included egg hatching rate (%), biweekly weight gain and specific growth rates of hatchlings. There was significant difference (P<0.05) among treatments in terms of the egg hatching rate (30.12%, 54.76%, 60.44%,70.81% and 83.24% for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively). The biweekly weight gain increased significantly from T1 to T5 (5.61, 7.67, 9.29, 12.93, and 17.03g respectively). Survival of hatchlings also increased significantly from T1 to T5(76.87, 76.60, 81.20, 84.80, and 88.80 respectively). The increase in hatching rate and growth performance was attributed to increased dissolved oxygen availability with increasing hours of aeration through shower. Increased dissolved oxygen content affected the fry appetite, feed consumption and utilization positively. These findings indicated that spawning success of African catfish can be greatly enhanced by 12 hours of water aeration through water shower. This could be used by hatchery operators in developing countries with limited resources for flow through system or water re-circulatory system.
... Percentage Weight Gain (PWG). ( Cheikyula and Ofojekwu 2003;Adewolu et al., 2008). ...
An investigation on the effects of different fish feeds on performance of African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was conducted in a semi flow through system at the outdoor facility of the Fisheries Department experimental farm of the Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola for the period of 12 weeks. The fingerlings were stocked at the rate of 10 fish per tank, this was done in triplicate and the fingerlings were fed 5% of their body weight twice daily (9.00 and 16.00) in all the treatments. Diet B recorded the highest percentage weight gain (PWG) of 4845.80%; while Diet C recoded lowest percentage weight gain (PWG) of 3470.00%. Condition factor (K) of 2.02 was recorded as the highest for diet A; while 1.66 was recorded in diet B as the lowest. Specific growth rate (SGR) of 2.02 was recorded in diet B as the highest; while 1.82 was recorded in diet C as the lowest, protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 0.23 was recorded in diet A as the highest; while 0.18 was recorded in diet B as the lowest.Water quality parameters observed were within tolerable limits and conducive for the growth and well being of the fingerlings. The highest mean weight gain of (125.99) was obtained in diet B (as well as the mean length gain of (19.65). Condition factor of diet A was the highest (2.02).The carcass proximate composition was significantly different in all the treatments with diet C having the highest crude protein (55.89); Diet A recorded the highest protein efficiency ratio (0.23). Therefore it can be concluded that indigenous or feeds locally formulated in the country in this research recorded the highest growth performance and nutrient utilization. Therefore it can be concluded that indigenous or feeds locally formulated in the country in this research recorded the highest growth performance and nutrient utilization.
... In Africa, especially Nigeria, the species most cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchu sp. and their hybrids. [6] They are widely cultured owing to their high market prices, fast growth rate ability to withstand adverse pond conditions especially low oxygen content, and disease resistant. [7] [8] The African sharptooth catfish is a dominant freshwater fish, large and eel-like. ...
This study compared growth performance of two strains (normally pigmented and albino) of African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus fed commercial diets in collapsible tarpaulin tanks. Fingerlings were stocked at 20 fish per m and replicated three times for the normally pigmented and albino C. gariepinus. The fish were fed twice daily at 6% body weight, and the culture period lasted 20 weeks (140 days). Results showed significant differences in crude protein, nitrogen free extract and ash levels between the normally pigmented and albino C. gariepinus (p<0.05). However, crude lipid, fibre and energy deposits in the tissues of both strains of C. gariepinus exhibited no significant differences (p>0.05). Mean length gain, mean weight gain and mean growth rate were
significantly different (p<0.05) in both the normally pigmented and albino C. gariepinus
. Specific growth rate and survival rate were insignificantly different (p>0.05) between normally pigmented and albino C. gariepinus. Feed utilization results showed significant difference (p<0.05) in feed consumed, protein consumed and protein productive value between the normally pigmented and albino C. gariepinus. However, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were insignificantly different (p>0.05) between both strains of C. gariepinus. The growth performance (mean weight gain) of the normally pigmented strain was better compared to that of the albino. The albino strain can still grow to be used as food fish as well as its being a good ornamental
choice.
Keywords: normally pigmented, albino, growth performance, Clarias gariepinus
... Table 1 reveals that 71.7 percent of the respondents' culture catfish, while 28.3percent of them culture both catfish and tilapia. Adewolu, Ogunsanmi and Yunusa, (2008) had asserted that in Africa, especially in Nigeria, the species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus (catfish) and their hybrids. About 58 percent of the respondents' cultured up to 2,000 fishes per season. ...
Fish farmers' access to extension information in Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State was investigated total of 120 fish farmers were interviewed. Frequency counts, percentages, PPMC and chi-square were used to analyse data. The majority (91.7%) were males, Christians (51.7%), married (58.3%). Also, 58.3% had fish farming experience of 1-10 years. Fish farming was the primary occupation for the majority (68.3%). The majority (95.8%) made use of earthen pond, while 50% earned between ₦50,000-₦70,000 per harvest. Fish farmers' most frequently accessed information were pond designing and construction (mean = 2.33), identification of suitable sites (mean = 2.38) and selection of fish species (mean = 2.43) while information on sorting (mean = 1.83), sexing (mean = 1.66), breeding (mean score = 1.78) and record keeping (mean = 1.80) were least accessed. The most serious constraints faced by the fish farmers were: long distance to accessing extension services (88%), bad road network (90%) and low extension agent to farmer ratio (83%). Significant relationship existed between constraints faced by the fish farmers in accessing extension services (r=-0.264), number of fishes stocked (r = 0.313) and fish farmers' access to extension information. Extension information is lacking in the early stage of fish production activities, with less emphasis on breeding. Extension agents should put in extra effort in providing information on every key stage of fish production.
... Fish farmers have the desire to produce table-sized fish within the shortest possible time [3], thus, the choice of species to culture is critical in the realization of this goal. In Africa, especially Nigeria, the species most cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranch us spp and their hybrids [4]. In aquaculture system, mostly aqua culturists cultivate their fish in high stocking density in order to maximize productivity [5].Therefore, knowing appropriate stocking density is recognized as an essential aspect because it plays a big role in increasing the fish production to meet the continuous increase in fish demand and maintain the profitable and economic sustainability for aqua culturist [6]. ...
The comparative effect of stocking densities (SD) and feeding levels (FL) on growth response of Clarias gariepinus was examined for 12 months in collapsible tarpaulin tanks. Two hundred and forty (240) fingerlings spawned at the hatchery complex of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management were used in a factorial experimental design consisting of five (5) different stocking densities (SD) and three (3) feeding levels (FL). SD were 100 fish/0.25 m3, 75 fish/0.25 m3, 38 fish/0.25 m3, 18 fish/0.25 m3, and 9 fish/0.25 m3. Similarly, the three feeding levels established were: 1% Fresh Body Weight (FBW), 1.5% FBW and 2% FBW fed thrice daily. Each treatment was triplicated. Results show that SD at 100 fish/0.25 m3
had the highest monthly Mean Weight Gain (MWG) (1165.8 g) while SD 18 fish/0.25 m3
showed the least MWG (604.2 g) for FL 1%. At FL 1.5%, the trend was more uniform in progression with SD 75 fish/0.25 m3 having the highest MWG and SD 38 fish/0.25 m3
as the least in MWG (896.8 g and 709.8 g)
respectively. FL 2% had MWG values from SD 75 fish/0.25 m3and SD 38 fish/0.25 m3
as highest and lowest respectively (837.1 g and 836.3 g). For Specific Growth Rate (SGR) at 1% FL across all SD, there was a sharp increase in month May and a gradual decline through to the end. Specific Growth Rate at FL 1.5%and FL 2% followed a similar trend as in SGR of FL 1%. The values were notably higher in May and declined progressively to the end. Generally, SD 75 fish/0.25 m3and FL 1.5% gave the best MWG; hence fish for intensive culture can be carried out using tarpaulin tanks at high stocking density 75 fish/0.25 m3 for maximum performances in growth.
Keywords: Stocking density, feeding level, heteroclarias, hybrid catfish, specific growth rate
... Catfish usually have benthic and nocturnal habits, although many species are active during the day, especially in turbid waters (Dantas et al., 2016). African catfish larvae, C. gariepinus, subjected to total darkness have a higher survival and biomass (Adewolu et al., 2008). In the darkness environment there was a decrease in energy expenditure of locomotor activity, cannibalism, metabolism and energy canalization for the weight gain of African catfish (Appelbaum and Kamler, 2000). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different colors in development and survival of catfish Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae, as well as over the visual ability of the handler. Larvae were placed in 5 L-aquariums at a density of 7 larvae L-1, and aquariums had different colors, and were: green and blue (light colors); brown and black (dark colors). The final development; survival, total and standard length, weight and biomass of the larvae were similar in all colored aquaria. The highest mortality occurred during the first days after hatching, declining over the period, when it is observed the larval development, indicating that care should be necessary in the first few days. During cleaning handling, the accidental catch of larvae was higher in black aquariums. In the first days of life, due to the fragility of the larvae, it is possible to verify that between the second and third day occur the greatest mortalities. The number of accidentally captured larvae was lower than the mortality, suggesting that the high mortality in early larval life is not influenced by the handler management. The catfish L. alexandri larvae should be cultivated in aquariums that allow a good contrast between the larvae and the background, to avoid accidental capture of larvae by the handler. It is suggested to avoid the use of dark and black aquariums.
... The fingerlings were allowed to acclimatize in rearing tanks for one week in the Biology laboratory of the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. The acclimatization allowed the fingerlings to recover from transportation stress, adapt to their new environment, ensured that they were not infected from source and also to select the right sizes of fish for the experiment [22]. During the acclimatization period, the fingerlings were fed with a commercial diet (Coppens®) to satiation during the hours of 0800 and 1800 [23]. ...
An 8-week experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of photoperiodic levels on skin color of
laboratory reared Heteroclarias fingerlings. Artificial lightning was used to simulate a range of photoperiod
namely, continuous light period (24L: 0D), total darkness (24D: 0L), 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of
light (12D: 12L) and normal day and night period (control, i.e. ambient photoperiod). Adequately replicated
representative number of Heteroclarias fingerlings were exposed to the various photoperiods and monitored
for eight weeks. Results of physical observation of the fishes, following recommended fish skin color grading
revealed that fingerlings reared in 24D: 0L had the darkest skin color, while those exposed to 24L: 0D had the
lightest skin color. In addition, the fingerlings exposed to normal day and night period (control) had a light
skin color while those exposed to 12L: 12D had a dark skin color. The physico-chemical parameters such as
water temperature, pH, ammonia, biological oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen concentration were
within the recommended range for fish culture and also indicated no significant differences(p>0.05) in all the
treatments throughout the experimental period irrespective of photoperiodic condition. It is hoped that the
findings of this study will guide commercial fish farmers in raising Heteroclarias fish according to the
preferences of market demand with respect to skin color.
... Hatchability of 60.99% was recorded in T 2 which was the highest and the lowest hatchability of 56.30% was recorded in T 1 treatment. Mean egg weight of 177.98% was recorded in T 2 which was the highest while the lowest mean egg weight of 92.75% was recorded in T 4 [22][23][24][25]. The rate of growth of fry taking after every seven days for 28 days. ...
... Most culturists in Africa especially Nigeria have practiced any of this culturing different species of catfish together or separately have little or no effect on their growth performance (Houlihan et al., 2001). The work of Ogunsanmi and Yunusa, (2008) show that clariid catfish culture under the monoculture system gave weight gain followed by duo culture and least in the tri culture. This result also show that hybrid had the best weight gain in all the three culture systems followed by Clarias gariepinus and least with Heterobrachus longifillis (Faturoti et al., 2002). ...
The experiment was conducted at the research unit of the Biological science Department, University of Abuja for a period of Twelve weeks. The experiment was set up to determine the effects of chicken feed (vital chicken feed) in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. The effects variables and nutrient utilization were determined from the practical diets using varying levels of 100% coppens in tank A (42% protein,13% crude fibre,6.7% ash),50% of vital chicken feed with 50% of fishmeal in tank B (20% crude protein,10% ash,9%crude fibre) and a combination of 30% vital chicken feed plus 70% fish meal in tank C (25% crude protein,12% fats,13% crude fibre,8% ash). The feeds were formulated and fed to Clarias gariepinus fingerlings with lengths (0 to10 cm) and weights (0 to 20 g). They were fed at 4% body weight twice daily. The optimum growth and survival rate were calculated.
... Studies on the growth performance of fish especially the salmon species on the mono and duo-culture system have been reported. The work of Ogunsanmi, (2008) shows that clariid catfish culture under the monoculture system gave weight gain followed by the duo-culture and last in the tri-culture system. The results also show that the hybrid had the best weight gain in all the three culture systems followed by Clarias gariepinus and least with heterobranchus longifillis. ...
Twelve weeks (three months) experimental was conducted in the department of biological science at University of Abuja main campus, to monitor the study of physiochemical parameters affecting the growth rate of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed a combination of rice bran and Irish potatoes. It was conducted between October to December 2012 using circular tanks of diameter 63 cm, radius 31.5 cm and circumference 198 cm with water retention capacity of seventy (70 litre). Sixty (60) fingerlings of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) of mean weight 0.59 g and mean length 0.8 cm were divided into three treatments A, B, C, with each tank having 20 fishes. Fishes in tank A were fed with coppens (control) with approximate analysis of (42% crude protein, 13% crude fibre, 6.7% ash). 50% of rice bran with 50% of Irish potatoes in tank B with proximate analysis of (13% moisture, 15% crude protein, 8% fat, 7% crude fibre, 14% ash) and a combination of (16% crude protein, 14% moisture, 6% fat, 7.5 crude fibre, 12% ash). They were fed at 4% body weight twice daily (6-8 am) and (6-8 pm). The physiochemical parameters showed that the highest concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in treatment A (6.43 mg/l) followed by treatment B with (6.12 mg/l). The highest Ammonia concentration was observed in treatment C with (0.82 mg/l) which surpassed that of treatment A and B. The water temperature of the treatment ranged between 26°C to 27°C. Treatment B showed the highest pH value of 8.51.
Key word: Catfish, rice bran and Irish potatoes, Physiochemical parameters
... In recent years, the culture of species belonging to the Clariidae family is fast gaining global attention in Africa, especially in Nigeria. The species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus species and their hybrids (Adewolu et al., 2008). ...
The study was designed to describe the phenotypic variations in morphometric and meristic characters of Clarias gariepinus between two populations in different towns in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Fish samples were collected from Ero dam (wild population at Ikun Ekiti) and Christeve Aquaculture (cultured population at Iyin Ekiti) using cast net and dragging net. The samples were brought to Zoology Laboratory in Ekiti State University and measurements for morphometrics (24) and meristics (11) of each of the investigated catfish specimen were taken using standard procedures. To test the significance of morphological differences between the wild and cultured populations, all the data on morphometrics and meristics were subjected to student's t-test at 5% level of significance. Principal Component Analyses and cluster analyses were then employed to analyse the data obtained from the morphological traits using Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software. Significant differences were observed in the means of the morphometric and meristic traits. The multivariate analysis also showed differences between the studied populations. These differences revealed the occurrence of heterogeneity between the two populations. Higher variations and sex related variations were also observed in the wild than in cultured population. The result show the potential for commercial purposes of the population. However, genetic markers can be used in further studies to confirm the phenotypic diversity observed and assess the amount of variation in these populations.
... Additionally, Kheir and Saad (2003) proved that the least stocking rate attained the highest significant (P ≤ 0.05) final weight, weight gain, SGR, FCR, and PER for O. niloticus. Inversely with the obtained results herein, Adewolu et al. (2008) reported that the two species of the Clariid catfish and their hybrid performed best in terms of growth and feed utilization in monoculture than in duo-culture and trio-culture systems. Also, the same conclusion was detected by Abdelhamid (2011) of monosex O. niloticus reared in mono-culture system in net cages followed by that of poly-culture for their superiority in feed and nutrients efficiency parameters. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the graded replacement of stocking density rate (0, 4, 8 and 12%) of the monosex Oreochromis niloticus by the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix as a mono (T 1) or poly-culture systems (T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 , respectively) for 124 days (4 months) on water quality parameters, growth performance and feed efficiency parameters, condition factor, fish organs indices, fish body composition. The total production of O. niloticus and economic efficiency parameters were evaluated in each treatment. An experimental field study was conducted in covered floating net cages in the Lake Manzala. The obtained results revealed the positive effects of rearing O. niloticus in poly-culture systems with H. molitrix compared to mono-culture system of O. niloticus (T 1). O. niloticus reared in poly-culture system at stocking rate 4% (T 2) or 8% (T 3) with H. molitrix significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved the growth rate, feed efficiency (feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein and energy utilization), and chemical composition of the fish body (crude protein, ether extract, energy content) parameters of both fish species. While, O. niloticus reared in poly-culture system with 12% silver carp (T 4) gave the highest total output, total profit, and economic efficiency (%) among all the experimental mono (T 1) or poly-culture systems with silver carp (T 2 and T 3). Thus, it could be concluded that monosex O. niloticus reared with H. molitrix at 4% (T 2), and 8% (T 3) in poly-culture systems are the best aquaculture systems among the experimental mono (T 1) or other poly-culture system with 12% H. molitrix (T 4). But economically, O. niloticus reared in poly-culture system with 12% silver carp (T 4) is the best aquaculture system among all the experimental systems.
... Percentage Weight Gain (%) = [13] Where Y = Final Mean Body Weight (g) X = Initial Mean Body Weight (g) Specific Growth Rate (SGR%day) was calculated [14] and converted into percentage thus: SGR= [15] Where ''in'' represents natural logarithm. Food Conversion Efficiency (FCE) FCE = [16] Survival Rate (SR) was calculated according to [14] SR (%) = ...
... In our observation, the values for pure C. gariepinus (Cg ♀ x Cg ♂) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other crosses and this result was in agreement with other studies (Hulata, 2001;Adewolu et al., 2008;Ataguba et al., 2009Ataguba et al., , 2010Ndimele and Owodeinde, 2011). Moreover, Sahoo et al. (2003) in the same species reported that both the hybrids grew faster than the parental crosses explaining the case due to maternal heterosis effects and indicated that the hybrids have good potential for aquaculture. ...
Hybridization was conducted to compare performance of hybrids to their parental line of the pure Clarias gariepinus and Clarias batrachus crosses as a control in triplicates for a period of 60 days, with fortnightly sampling. The hybrid crosses showed intermediate characters between the control crosses in mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR) mean final length (MFL) and survival of fingerlings (SF). However, the hybrids revealed lower characters compared to the progeny
of control groups in fertilization rate, hatching and survival of larvae. On the other hand, fertilization and hatching rate among the hybrids and the control batrachus species were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Similarly, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between the two inter-specific hybrids. Though the crosses of C. gariepinus displayed significantly higher value in MWG, SGR, SL and FML than other groups, fingerling survival was found to be lowest. The growth parameters like MWG, SGR and FML of the hybrids were found to be higher than C. batrachus crosses, while survival of
hybrid fingerlings were higher than C. gariepinus. Therefore,
... These farmers believes that culturing different species of catfish together or separately have little or no effect on their growth performance. Studies on the growth performance of fish especially the salmon species on the mono and the duoculture system have been reported.The work of Ogunsanmi et al;(2000) show that clariid catfish culture under the monoculture system gave weight gain followed by the duoculture and least in the triculture system. The results also show that the hybrid had the best weight gain in all the three culture systems followed by clarias gariepinus and least with heterobranchus longifillis. ...
... In Africa, especially Nigeria, the species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus species and their hybrids [1]. They are widely cultured owing to their high market price, fast growth rate and ability to withstand adverse pond conditions especially low oxygen content [2]. ...
Aims: The aim of this study is to express the profiles of three oligonucleotide markers corresponded to reproductive genes that may be different between the two Clariid species (Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis) and their phylogenetics. Methodology: Total DNA isolation was carried out on the whole blood of the two strains of Clariid species – 100 species Clarias gariepinus male and female (1.2 – 1.5 kg, 34 – 52 cm) separately; 100 species Heterobranchus bidorsalis (1.7 – 2.2 kg, 38 – 60 cm) respectively using the Quick-gDNA Zymo research kit. Having ascertained the DNA stability on 0.8% agarose gel, NCBI database and Clustal analyses were employed to design primers to reproductive genes that may be different between the two catfishes and may participate in their differential reproducibility. We have used quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the expression of three selected oligonucleotides markers on the catfish. CLC Sequence viewer 7 software was used to analyze the nucleotide alignment percentage and develop the phylogenetics tree. Results: We observed a dimorphic expression pattern of the three marker genes in relation to strains and sex differentiation, indicating that sox9a retained its function in testis, Figα was highly expressed in the female and Cyp19a1b was up-regulated in male C. gariepinus than male H. bidorsalis catfish species. The phylogenetic tree showed that male Heterobranchus and female Clarias were closer irrespective of male or female while male Clarias differed from the two. Conclusion: To date, these three genes, Sox 9a, Figα and Cyp19a1b have been detected in many fishes, but little or no data has been reported in African catfishes. The findings from this study might be used as the target gene for catfish gender regulation.
... In recent years, the culture of species of the catfish belonging to the Claridae family is fast gaining global attention [1]. African catfish commonly cultured in Nigeria are Clarias gariepinus and C. anguillaris, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and H. longifilis and their hybrids. ...
The growth and survival of Clarias anguillaris(Ca), Heterobranchus(Hb) fry and their reciprocal hybrids fed locally formulated diet (42.5% Crude protein) at 5% body weight for 56 days was studied in two different culture units (concrete ponds and circular plastic tanks). Fry were fed twice daily at 8:00hours and 18:00hours. Under the concrete ponds, results showed that final mean weight was higher in the pure breed Hb♀
... The catfishes are one of the most preferred fish species in Nigeria market, as they command positive patronage. The aquaculture production of catfishes such as Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and their hybrids have been practiced over a long time in Nigeria [14] . The hybrid are reported to have faster growth rates in captivity, better environmental tolerance, hardiness to adverse environmental conditions, capacity to undergo aquatic and aerial respiration, resistance to parasites and diseases, as they also command a high consumer preference in the market [15,16] which is sine qua non to ensuring fish food security in Africa. ...
The study designed and constructed a prototype recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) which was used to examine the liver and kidney histology of hybrid catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) X Clarias gariepinus (♀)) fed six practical diets after 12 weeks. Fingerlings of the test fish, mean weight and length of 1.01±0.02g and 4.63±0.34cm were used for the study. In the formulated diets fishmeal was replaced with 100% Fluted Pumpkin Leaf (FPL) as D1, 60% FPL and 40% Parboiled Fermented African Locust Bean (PFALB) as D2, 40% FPL and 60% PFALB as D3, 100% PFALB as D4 and 0% FPL and PFALB as D5 where Diet D6 was Coppens (commercial fish fed). At the end of the experimental period eight fish were sacrificed per tank for the histological examination of the liver and kidney. The designed RAS was efficient for the culture of catfish, however, the significant different in the constructed system and previously reported systems were the systematic operation mechanism, use of one pumping machine and the oxygenation method. The examined liver and kidney histology were normal with the slight difference observed in fish fed diet D2. This study revealed that the designed system can be used to culture hybrid catfish. Similarly, the formulated diets do not show an effect on the liver and kidney histology of the test fish. 1. Introduction The decline in return from capture fisheries places the solution on aquaculture to bridge the widening gap between domestic fish demand and supply. The future of aquaculture in Africa lies in the increase production efficiencies and intensities as well as the use of less water and financial resources [1]. As the aquaculture industry continues to grow in response to the demand for increased fish products, the need for environmentally conscious operational practices and facility designs becomes more important [2]. The intensive aquaculture system culture employs intensive management of production system where culturist must provide for all the biological needs of the cultured organism [3]. This method is often adopted in Recirculating Aquaculture System. Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is the newest form of the fish farming production system. RAS is typically an indoor system that allows farmers to control environmental conditions year round. The costs associated with constructing a RAS is typically higher than that of either pond or cage culture, however, when the system is managed properly, fish is produced on a year round basis where the economic returns can make it worth the increased investment. The RAS is advantageous over other aquaculture systems in the reduction of incoming water volume [4] , reuse more water within the culture system [5] , reduction in the amount of water released and the effluent quality [6] for better hygiene and disease management [7] and biological pollution control [1]. The design of a good RAS should focus on solids removal, system removal exchange, piping size and layout, filtration process, biofiltration unit, gas balancing and carbon (iv) oxide removal, oxygenation device and disinfection process [9]. The technology for the design of efficient and cost effective RAS is still ongoing. Therefore, the slow adoption of RAS technology is partly due to the high initial capital investments, thus, high stocking densities and productions are required to be able to cover investment costs [10]. Studies have shown the successful culture of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in RAS at full commercial scale in Denmark and Netherlands [11] and Nigeria [12] , however, that of Nigeria was faced with some challenges.
... According to Ugwumba & Ugwumba (2003), the choice of fish species to culture in a system is very important for the success of the system. The aquaculture production of catfishes such as Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and their hybrids have being in the increase (Adewolu et al., 2008). The hybrid catfish are known to have faster growth rates in captivity, better environmental tolerance, hardiness to adverse environmental conditions, capacity to undergo aquatic and aerial respiration, as they have high consumer preference (De Graaf & Janssen, 1996;Odedeyi, 2007) which is sine qua non to ensuring fish food security. ...
The study was conducted to assess the growth and biochemical indices of hybrid catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) X Clarias gariepinus (♀)) fed fluted pumpkin leaf (FPL) and parboiled fermented African locust bean (PFALB) as the only crude protein source. The experiment was conducted twice for 12-week period in a triplicate setup. The fish were fed three (3) experimental diets. For D1 the fish meal component was replaced with 100% FPL; D2 has 100% PFALB, while D3 has 0% FPL and PFALB. The study was maintained under natural photoperiod of 18/06 (light/dark) throughout the experiment period. Biweekly , some physico-chemical parameters were monitored and growth parameters determined. At " the end of the study, biochemical parameters were also determined accordingly. The monitored water parameters were all within acceptable ranges for the growth of Hybrid catfish. Both growth and biochemical parameters determined were also within acceptable range for the test fish revealing that the test can be grown with plant crude protein sources.
... Catfish farming is gradually gaining prominence in Nigeria due to several promotional programmes launched by government agencies and measured to support aquaculture development. Currently, the species mostly cultured are Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus sp. and their hybrids in Nigeria (Adewolu et al., 2008). The earthen ponds and tanks are the commonly used culture facilities for catfish in Nigeria. ...
This study was carried out to determine and compare the proximate composition and
length weight relationship of
C. gariepinus
from two culture systems (earthen and
concrete ponds). The fish samples were collected from three fish farms with same cultural
condition in different areas of Obio
-
akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State,
Nigeria. Result on the length
-
weight relatio
nship revealed that
C.gariepinus
reared in
concrete tank had a total length of 15.50
-
49.00cm with a mean of
32.71cm and weight of
150
-
625g
, while
total length of
C. gariepinus
reared in the earthen pond ranged from
19.90
-
58.0cm with a mean of 39.8cm
and weight of 195
-
825g. The T
-
test shows that the
total length of earthen pond were significantly higher than the concrete tank and the
weight in the earthen pond
was
significantly higher
than the concrete tank.
Parameters of
proximate composition
analysed
were moisture, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and fiber
from the fish flesh. Protein content showed a significantly higher in the earthen ponds
than the concrete tanks. Ash contents varied from 1.5±1.66
-
7.4±0.67% in the concrete
tanks and were signifi
cantly higher than the earthen ponds which ranged from 3.1±0.94
-
4.5±2.11%. Lipid was significantly higher in earthen ponds than concrete tanks.
Generally, the two culture systems have a significant influence on length
–
weight
relationship and nutritional va
lue of
C. gariepinus
. However,
C. gariepinus
reared in
concrete tank had a heavier body weight than earthen pond and also
C. gariepinus
reared
in earthen pond had highest nutritive
values than the concrete tank
... x 100 Where L = total length in cm attained during the experiment [7]. ii. ...
... Hatchery production and culture of species belonging to the Clariidae family is fast gaining global attention (Adewolu et al. 2008). In Africa, especially in 350 A. A. Akinwande et al. ...
Reciprocal, interspecific hybrids of Clarias gariepinus and Clarias anguillaris were produced via hypophysation and dry stripping. Two-week-old fry (0.06 ± 0.02 g) of the parental Clarias species and their interspecific hybrids were stocked in duplicated 1 m3 hapas suspended in outdoor earthen ponds (16 m2) for a rearing period of 56 days. Growth and survival of the hybrids was intermediate to the faster growing and better surviving C. gariepinus and the more slowly growing and more vulnerable C. anguillaris parental lines. The weight gain attained by C. gariepinus, C. anguillaris, C. gariepinus (♂) × C. anguillaris (♀), and C. anguillaris (♂) × C. gariepinus (♀) were 3.18 g, 2.99 g, 3.16 g and 3.05 g, respectively. Among hybrids, the growth of C. gariepinus (♂) × C. gariepinus (♀) was higher than the reciprocal C. anguillaris (♂) × C. gariepinus (♀). Heterosis for growth was a negligible 0.65% and for survival was negative (−5%). C. gariepinus appears to be the best species for aquaculture in terms of growth rate and survival.
... Stocking density has influence on the well being of the fish. For instance, it does not only affect growth [1,2] and final biomass [3], but also influence feed utilization and gross fish yield [4]. These happenings were concrete evidences [5] of poor outcomes at high stocking densities. ...
Abstract: Knowledge on stocking density enables the farmer decide on the density limits that will enhance fish yield when intuition
and experience are used as guide. Twelve weeks experiment conducted in concrete tanks assessed the growth performance and
survival rate at different stocking densities of test specimens. Data analysis revealed that the highest stocking density produced the
highest (157.85 ± 36.54a) mean weight gain for C. gariepinus. Mean weight gain for O. niloticus in the same tank as just mentioned,
took the reverse order. Specific growth data recorded for C. gariepinus revealed an intermediate value at the highest (4.25 ± 1.3ab)
and lowest (4.23 ± 1.2ab) stocking densities, while the highest value was recorded at the intermediate stocking density (4.41 ± 1.34a).
Data on performance index revealed significant differences between the lowest (339.24 ± 86.95b) and intermediate (397.07 ± 103.81a)
and also between the lowest (339.24 ± 86.95b) and the highest (397.81 ± 113.14a) stocking densities. The lowest stocking density
recorded the highest food conversion efficiency, while the least was recorded at the highest stocking density. Clarias gariepinus
recorded 98.3% survival at the highest stocking density, whereas O. niloticus in the same tank recorded 70.83%. The authors
therefore conclude that since the highest stocking density gave the best yield in most of the output parameters, it should be
recommended to farmers.
Background
Water pollutants cause adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. The immunomodulatory and mitigating effects of dietary 1,3-glucan on fipronil and lead-induced intoxication in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were investigated. Two hundred forty catfish were randomly divided into four equal groups: those in the first group were fed basic diet and served as controls; those in the second group were supplemented with β-1,3-glucan (0.1%); those in the third group were exposed to combination of lead nitrate at 0.041 mg/L (1/10 96 h LC50) and fipronil at 2.8 mg/l (1/10 96 h LC50); and those in the fourth group were exposed to combination of fipronil, lead, and β-1,3-glucan. The health status, haematological, immunological, and histological changes were all evaluated.
Result
Swelling on the dorsolateral side, spinal column deviation, sluggish movement, skin bleaching, excessive mucus secretion, significant variations in blood indices-related measures, and a 45% death rate were observed in the third group. There was a significant reduction in interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations, as well as decrease in their corresponding gene expression, indicating that fipronil and lead had immunosuppressive activity. Severe catarrhal enteritis and mucinous degeneration of the lining epithelium, and notable depletion of white pulp, congested red pulp and hemosiderosis were common pathological findings in the spleen. β-1,3-glucan alone or in combination with fipronil and lead provoked physical activity, blood indices, with elevations in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IgM concentrations, as well as up-regulation in their genes’ expression in splenic tissues, when compared to the third group. The spleen and intestine had normal histological architecture with 5% mortalities. There were no fish deaths in the β-1,3-glucan-alone or control groups.
Conclusion
The use of β-1,3-glucan (0.1%) as dietary supplement could be implemented to protect against the toxic effects of fipronil and lead toxicity by improving the health and immunological parameters of intoxicated catfish.
Percentage weight gain, specific weight gain, total body length, survival rate, and condition factor of Heteroclarias fry fed shell free Artemia, cultured Moina micrura and mixture of both as starter feed were investigated. 30 individual fry were placed in a 4-litre plastic bowl in three treatments of 3 replicates in Fish Hatchery in a 25-day trial. Individual water quality parameters (Water pH, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Alkalinity and Free Carbon dioxide) for each treatment were monitored. Heteroclarias fry fed live M. micrura had the highest percentage weight gain (496%), specific weight gain(3.09), percentage survival rate (88.83%) and condition factor (39.75) but these results were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of shell free Artemia. The highest total body length was observed in shell free Artemia treatment group although not significantly different (p>0.05) from others. Shell free Artemia and live M. micrura combination treatment group was observed to have the lowest fry weight gain (428.30%),. specific growth rate (2.54), % survival rate (85.50), condition factor (24.39) and total body length (1.52cm). Individual water quality parameters for each treatment were not significantly different (p>0.05) from each other Live M. micrura can be used for rearing Heteroclarias fry in the hatchery because it favours the growth, survival, and condition factor of the fry as shell free Artemia and it is readily cultivable in fresh water.
This study was conducted to assess the reproductive performance, growth rate and nutrient utilization capacities of pure breed Heterobranchus bidorsalis (H. bidorsalis ♀ x H. bidorsalis ♂) and its hybrid (H. bidorsalis ♀ x C. gariepinus ♂) (Clariabranchus) induced with synthetic hormone (ovaprim) and pituitary of male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis. In this study, 3 female Heterobranchus bidorsalis, 3 male Heterobranchus bidorsalis and 3 male Clarias gariepinus were used for the experiment. One female H. bidorsalis induced with ovaprim produced eggs which were divided into two equal halves. Each half was fertilized separately by milt from H. bidorsalis and C. gariepinus to produce pure breed and hybrid, respectively. A similar crossing was done for the female H. bidorsalis induced with Male Pituitary Extract (MPE) and Female Pituitary Extract (FPE). Percentage fertilization and hatching rate of pure breed induced with ovaprim were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other genetic crosses. The highest values for weight gain (5.46±1.58 g), average daily growth (0.39±0.11 g) and specific growth rate (1.04±0.16%/day) occurred in pure breed induced with MPE. The lowest values for these growth parameters were obtained in the hybrid induced with FPE. Feed intake, protein intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio varied significantly (p<0.05) among the treatments. This study has shown that the pure breeds and hybrids induced with ovaprim and MPE performed better than those induced with FPE. Therefore, they are recommended for commercial aquaculture.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potentials of Amaranthus spinosus leaf meal as dietary protein source for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. An 8 week feeding trial was conducted in plastic aquaria tanks of 50 L capacity. Amaranthus spinosus leaf meal was included in the practical diets at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% designated as diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Diet 1 without A. spinosus serves as the control. All diets were made isonitrogenous (36% CP) and isocaloric. Fingerlings of initial mean weight of5.00±0.37g were fed on allotted diet at 3% b.wt. d a y - 1 for 56 days. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was highest with a value of 1.95±0.69 in diet 1 while it was lowest in diet 5 with a value of 0.20±0.24, SGR values in diet 1 (control) and diet 2 were similar and significantly (p<0.05) better than the other dietary treatments. Fish fed diets 3, 4 and 5 showed significantly reduced growth performance and feed utilization compared to those fed with diets 1 and 2. FCR was lowest in fish fed diet 1 with a value of 1.72±0.56 and highest in fish fed with diet 5, however, FCR values of diets 1 and 2 were not significantly (p>0.05) different from each other but were significantly (p<0.05) different from other diets. This study indicates that up to 5% A. spinosus leaf meal could be included in the practical diet of Clarias gariepinus without affecting growth and feed utilization.
An experiment was conducted to determine the survival rate, fertilization rate, growth performance and feed utilization of two African clariid catfish Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis and their reciprocal hybrids. Four genetic crosses were made: C. gariepinus♀ × C. gariepinus♂, H. bidorsalis♀ × H. bidorsalis♂, C. gariepinus♀ × H. bidorsalis♂ and H. bidorsalis♀ × C. gariepinus♂. The experiment was divided into two phases: artificial propagation of the fish species using a synthetic hormone and rearing the fry for 14 days, then further rearing the 14-day-old fry for an additional 35 days. In the first phase of the experiment, fry survival was estimated in each experimental unit (genetic cross); in the second phase, growth and nutrient utilization were investigated. Results revealed that the highest percentage of fertilization, hatching rate and percentage of survival was in the hybrid (H. bidorsalis♀ × C. gariepinus♂) followed by the purebred H. bidorsalis (H. bidorsalis♀ × H. bidorsalis♂). These three factors were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the genetic crosses. The purebred H. bidorsalis (H. bidorsalis♀ × H. bidorsalis♂) had the highest percentage values of weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio and that these three parameters were significant (P < 0.05) among the four genetic crosses. Based on the results of this study, the purebred H. bidorsalis is recommended for commercial aquacultural practices.
Juvenile Atlantic salmon, sea trout and rainbow trout were used in an experiment in which two species in each tank were compared with controls of each species separately. Specific growth rate was best in the experimental groups where the two species were reared together. The theory was developed that social facilitation or moderate interaction could cause the better growht. No starvation as a result of competition was discovered in any group.
Reduced aggression for Atlantic salmon in duoculture with Arctic charr, compared to monoculture, was previously reported. It was then not clarified whether the reduction of aggression was a result of reduced salmon stocking density itself, or alternatively, if the physical presence of Arctic charr reduced the probability for visual and physical contact between salmon additionally (termed shading).To test these hypotheses, Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr were reared in mono- and duoculture under two densities; 0.6 and 1.2 individuals 1−1. Variations in Atlantic salmon length, weight and condition factor were significantly affected by culture type and salmon density, but not by total fish density. Culture type and charr density did not significantly affect charr size parameters, except for variation in condition factor.For a given salmon density, addition of charr reduced the aggression received by each salmon and increased mean salmon size and growth rate significantly. Duoculture improved growth rate in salmon due to shading between conspecifics. A practical application of the results could imply increased total stocking density potential of salmonids.
It has previously been reported that the growth of salmonids is improved when they are reared in duoculture, possibly due to reductions in the levels of intraspecific aggression. These claims were examined in more detail by studying the time of feeding, feed intake and growth in Baltic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, held at constant low temperature (2.7–3°C) and reared in monoculture or duoculture for 3 months. Rates of feed intake and growth were initially low, but increased during the course of the experiment, this being particularly evident for the salmon. At the same time, interindividual variations in feed intake and growth tended to decrease, and group feed intakes were negatively correlated with interindividual variations in feed intake. Rates of growth of brown trout did not differ significantly between groups reared in monoculture and duoculture. By contrast, rates of feed intake and growth of Baltic salmon were depressed when they were held together with brown trout. Baltic salmon, held together with brown trout, had a significantly greater incidence of fin damage than those held in monoculture, possibly indicating that they were subject to aggression from the trout. Fish of both species tended to feed during the hours of daylight, and there was no evidence of an increase in nocturnal feeding activity amongst fish of either species when held in duoculture.