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Rutin, quercetin, and free amino acid analysis in buckwheat (Fagopyrum) seeds from different locations
Abstract
In this study, five common buckwheats and nine tartary buckwheats grown at different locations were analyzed for the contents of rutin, quercetin, and amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry. The rutin content was higher than quercetin in buckwheat seeds. Rutin content was in the range from 0.05 (0.05 g per 100 g dry seeds) to 1.35% of buckwheat seeds. Quercetin content varied from 0.01 to 0.17% and in some common buckwheats it was even difficult to detect. Comparatively, tartary buckwheat seeds contained more rutin and quercetin than common buckwheat seeds. Meanwhile, the bran has higher rutin content than the farina in tartary buckwheat seeds, with a respective content of 0.45 to 1.19% and 0.14 to 0.67%. It was found that amino acid contents were around 1.79 to 12.65% (farina) and 5.74 to 7.89% (bran) in common buckwheats, and 1.73 to 5.63% (farina) and 2.64 to 16.78% (bran) in tartary buckwheat seeds. The highest total rutin content was found to be 1.35% in tartary buckwheat seeds from Sichuan, China. The highest total amounts of amino acid were detected to be 20.13% in tartary buckwheat seeds from Changzhi, Shanxi Province (China). Our results suggested that food products made of whole-buckwheat flour are healthier than those made of fine white flour.
... Buckwheat shows a wide diversity in growth traits related to seed size and shape, seed coat and flower color, grain yield, and the content of phenolic components. Flavonoid contents could vary based on varietal variability (Oomah et al. 1996;Kalinová and Dadáková 2006;Brunori et al. 2009;Qin et al. 2010;Kiprovski et al. 2015;Raina and Gupta 2015), sowing time (Omidbaigi and Mastro 2004;Jinfeng et al. 2010;Hyun et al. 2018), location (Bai et al. 2015), growth stages (Bystricka et al. 2014), environmental factors such as UV radiation, light (Suzuki et al. 2005;Kim et al. 2006;Nam et al. 2018) and area of collection (Seo et al. 2013;Bai et al. 2015;Yu et al. 2019). Oomah et al. (1996) reported that variation is phenolic acids in buckwheat is mainly due to cultivar, seasonal effects, and their interaction, whereas growing location has no effect. ...
... Buckwheat shows a wide diversity in growth traits related to seed size and shape, seed coat and flower color, grain yield, and the content of phenolic components. Flavonoid contents could vary based on varietal variability (Oomah et al. 1996;Kalinová and Dadáková 2006;Brunori et al. 2009;Qin et al. 2010;Kiprovski et al. 2015;Raina and Gupta 2015), sowing time (Omidbaigi and Mastro 2004;Jinfeng et al. 2010;Hyun et al. 2018), location (Bai et al. 2015), growth stages (Bystricka et al. 2014), environmental factors such as UV radiation, light (Suzuki et al. 2005;Kim et al. 2006;Nam et al. 2018) and area of collection (Seo et al. 2013;Bai et al. 2015;Yu et al. 2019). Oomah et al. (1996) reported that variation is phenolic acids in buckwheat is mainly due to cultivar, seasonal effects, and their interaction, whereas growing location has no effect. ...
... We found that the rutin content of seed was typically higher than that of quercetin, indicating that rutin is the major flavonoid in buckwheat seeds. These observations are consistent with the findings of Bai et al. (2015) and Raina and Gupta (2015), who reported rutin as the major flavonoid in buckwheat seeds. Overall, we found that the rutin content in common buckwheat seeds ranged from 7.22 to 47.86 mg/100 g DW, averaging 18.52 mg/100 g DW. ...
Buckwheat is an important grain crop known for its nutritional value and content of bioactive compounds, particularly rutin. In this study, we characterized diverse Fagopyrum esculentum Moench germplasm for the diversity of agro-morphological characteristics and the rutin and quercetin content in seeds under the spring cultivation. Of the 251 germplasm accessions assessed, 193 had red stems, 182 had a pale brown seed coat color, and 238 had ovate seeds. The times taken to reach 50% flowering and 80% maturity ranged from 38-45 to 73-95 days, respectively. The 1000-seed weight (TSW) varied from 21 to 42 g. Overall, the content of rutin and quercetin ranged from 7.22-47.86 to 0-1.22 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The number of days to flowering and maturity showed negative correlations with TSW and rutin and quercetin content. However, we found that at 73-80 days after sowing, early-maturing germplasm had significantly higher mean rutin content than either intermediate-or late-maturing germplasm. The TSW weight showed a positive correlation with the content of rutin and quercetin. We identified promising accessions based early maturity (\ 80 days), higher seed weight (C 35 g) and higher content of rutin (C 35 mg/100 g DW) and quercetin (C 1 mg/100 g DW). These accessions will help to enhance grain yield and the rutin and quercetin content in existing buckwheat cultivars for spring cultivation.
... Widely cultivated, it is rich in active compounds, including balanced amino acids, trace elements, and dietary fiber. These components contribute to its ability to improve blood circulation, alleviate gastrointestinal stagnation and chronic diarrhea, and reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides (Bai et al., 2015). According to the data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, http://www.fao.org/faostat), as of 2020, buckwheat cultivation has been primarily concentrated in Eastern Europe, Asia and the Americas, with China boasting a planting area exceeding 620,000 hectares, accounting for more than thirty percent of the global planting area and ranking first in the world. ...
... At 48 h, midgut cells completely separated from the muscular layer, the entire digestive tract disintegrated, and hyphae began to extend outward (Fig. 7H), attributed to mycelial proliferation that inhibited host cell phagocytosis and disrupted normal fluid circulation. In addition, physiological starvation, caused by the depletion of host nutrients, likely accelerated the mechanical destruction of self-organizing cells (Wang, 2015). At 0 h, a greater number of spores were observed to attach to the 1 st -2 nd instar larvae compared to other instars. ...
Allantus luctifer is one of the most serious pests of buckwheat, with its larvae mainly damaging leaves during the seedling and flowering stages. Entomogenous fungi play a crucial role as biological regulators of arthropod populations in nature. In this paper, a newly isolated strain 19GZAl-1, was identified as Cordyceps. cateniannulata through the observetions of macroscopic and microscopic morphological features, and the results of rDNA- ITS sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. By comparing the efficacy of ten entomopathogenic fungal strains, including six strains of C. cateniannulata and four other Cordyceps species, against A. luctifer larvae, the new strain 19GZAl-1 exhibited the highest mortality rate. Mortality rates of A. luctifer larvae treated by spraying with the strain 19GZAl-1 increased as larval stage decreased, with first instar larvae showing the highest mortality rate of 85%. The appressorium from conidia invaded the larval body through areas with thin cuticle, such as larva pod base and internode folds, after which the hyphae grew rapidly, filling the haemocoel, and finally protruding from the integument upon melanization and decomposition of the intestinal wall cells. The results suggest that the strain 19GZAL-1 of C. cateniannulata has potential against A. luctifer larvae, which is significant for further study on the infection mechanism of C. cateniannulata on insects.
... rutin and is the only pseudocereal that contains this polyphenol. [76] The highest rutin content was observed in BW leaves (maximum 3,417 mg/100 g) and bran (maximum 5,186 mg/100 g). [76] Multiple health benefits of BW, such as anti-cancer, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects have been attributed to rutin. ...
... [76] The highest rutin content was observed in BW leaves (maximum 3,417 mg/100 g) and bran (maximum 5,186 mg/100 g). [76] Multiple health benefits of BW, such as anti-cancer, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects have been attributed to rutin. [13,[77][78][79][80][81] Possible mechanisms behind the hypoglycemic effect of polyphenols Some possible proposed mechanisms for the hypoglycemic impact of rutin include the decrease in carbohydrates absorption by the small intestine, inhibition of tissue gluconeogenesis, increase in tissue glucose uptake, stimulation of insulin secretion from beta cells, and protection of Langerhans islet against degeneration. ...
Type 2 diabetes has become a serious global health problem, and a healthy dietary pattern can help to prevent and treat it early. Higher consumption of whole grains, such as cereals and pseudocereals, is a strategy to mitigate this global epidemic. Buckwheat is a common pseudocereal that is rich in protein, dietary fiber, slowly digestible starch, polyphenols and phytochemical compounds. These components with biological functions have led to increasing attention on the health benefits of buckwheat, specifically its hypoglycemic property. However, buckwheat remains an under-utilized crop. This review aims to provide an overview of the extraction process, the types of bioactive components present in buckwheat, and potential mechanisms of action that could lead to a blood glucose-lowering effect in the human body. The effect of thermal treatments on the functional properties and in vitro digestibility of some components are also discussed. Further, the application of buckwheat in foods and diets in both in vitro and in vivo studies on glycemia is also mentioned. The hypoglycemic effect of buckwheat consumption and the potential for the utilization of buckwheat in functional food products described herein aim to help increase the awareness of its benefits and demand.
... being widely distributed in countries such as Russia, China, Ukraine, France and Poland . Buckwheat contains not only nutritive components (such as starch, protein, dietary fiber, minerals) but also many active substances (such as rutin and quercetin) (Bai et al., 2015;Huda et al., 2021). Its high contents of nutritional and active ingredients means that buckwheat is considered a naturally healthy crop resource that integrates nutrition with good health (Giménez-Bastida & Zieliński, 2015;Zhu, 2016). ...
... The recognition index reached 95, indicating that the electronic eye could completely distinguish between the different types of tea grain based on their significant differences in color. The higher total flavonoid content in WPT might be attributed to the higher concentration of flavonoid contained in buckwheat flowers and leaves (Bai et al., 2015;Christa & Soral-Śmietana, 2018). Moreover, the flavonoid content of WGT is decreased during the dehulling process due to the partial loss of buckwheat bran, which contains a high content of flavonoid (Sedej et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2013). ...
... The rutin and quercetin content in the TBB was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (Waters 2685-2489, Hangzhou Ruixi Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China) by appropriately modifying the method described by Bai et al. 25 The rutin (5.00 mg) and quercetin standards (5.00 mg) were separately dissolved with methanol and diluted to 10 mL to obtain a standard solution at a concentration of 0.5 mg mL À1 . The two standard solutions (1 mL each) were mixed at equal volumes to obtain a 0.25 mg mL À1 mixed standard solution, which was then ltered using a 0.45 mm microporous membrane. ...
... This may be ascribed to the fact that superne grinding reduces the particle diameter of the bran and destroys the microstructure of the sample, affecting the hydration and SP of the material. 25 ...
The effect of shear crushing, airflow comminution, and wet grinding on the physical and chemical properties of Tartary buckwheat bran (TBB) powder was compared. Superfine grinding significantly reduces the particle size of bran (1.644 μm), while increasing the protein content (23.60%), water-holding capacity (4.38 g g-1), solubility (21.077 g 100 g-1), bulk density (0.34 g mL-1), and tap density (0.53 g mL-1) providing good processing characteristics. The antioxidant properties of bran powder prepared by the three methods mentioned above were compared. The results showed that different bran powders subjected to superfine grinding displayed varying levels of antioxidant capacity. The quercetin content (2.18 g 100 g-1) of the wet-grinding bran powder (WGBP) was twice that of the control group, while no rutin was detected. The total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were significantly different from those of other groups. The DPPH, ˙OH, and ABTS+ removal rates were 60.74%, 86.62%, and 92.98%, respectively, while that of ˙OH was significantly higher than in the other treatment groups. The control group, shear crushed, and airflow comminution bran exhibited no significant differences in TFC, TPC, and oxidation resistance, except for the ability to remove ˙OH. TBB powder obtained via superfine grinding displayed superior taste and functional characteristics, providing a theoretical reference for the processing of this bran.
... The results from this study revealed the presence of quercetin, daidzein, naringin, naringenin, catechin, and epicatechin in the tested whole-grain cereals. Such data represent novelty because, through literature review, it has been shown that the above-mentioned compounds can be mostly found in plant species, such as buckwheat [53], soybeans [54,55], quinoa [56], citrus fruit peels [57], apples, and Malus doumeri fruit [58,59]. Due to the lack of information on the phytochemical content in whole-grain cereals, and especially of ancient grains, such as spelt and emmer wheat, these results can be useful in enhancing data on this subject, especially nowadays when the quest for high nutritional quality infood is a world tendency. ...
Sustainable nutrition and food production involve dietary habits and farming systems which are eco-friendly, created to provide highly nutritious staple crops which could serve as a functional food at the same time. This research sought to provide a comprehensive analysis of whole-grain cereals, and some ancient grains toward important macro- (protein), micro-nutrients (mineral elements), and bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber (arabinoxylan and β-glucan) and antioxidants (phytic acid, total glutathione, yellow pigment, and phenolic compounds) to provide functionality in a sustainable diet. Genotypes, such as durum wheat, triticale, spelt, emmer wheat, and barley, could be considered important and sustainable sources of protein (ranging 11.10–15.00%), as well as prebiotic fiber (β-glucan and arabinoxylan, ranging 0.11–4.59% and 0.51–6.47%, respectively), essential elements, and various antioxidants. Ancient grains can be considered as a source of highly available essential elements. Special attention should be given to the Cimmyt spelt 1, which is high in yellow pigment (5.01 μg g−1) and has a capacity to reduce DPPH radicals (186.2 µmol TE g−1), particularly Zn (70.25 mg kg−1). The presence of phenolics, dihydro-p-coumaric acid, naringin, quercetin, epicatechin in grains of oats (Sopot), as well as catechin in barley grains (Apolon and Osvit) underline their unique chemical profile, making them a desirable genetic pool for breeding genotypes. This research provides a comprehensive assessment of different nutritional aspects of various cereals (some of which are commonly used, while the others are rarely used in diet), indicating their importance as nutraceuticals. It also provides a genetic background that could be translated the genotypes with even more profound effects on human health.
... The quantities of each amino acid can vary significantly based on variety, cultivar, species, and/or subspecies; however, the relative proportion of amino acids is typically maintained. Another factor that can influence the results, significantly impacting the measurement of amino acids, is the use of different extraction and dilution methods (BAI et al., 2015). ...
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal with a high starch content and compounds of nutritional interest, making it suitable for use in gluten-free baking. A simplex-centroid design was employed to investigate the effects of the mixture components of buckwheat flour, buckwheat starch, and rice flour in nine different proportions. The minimum and maximum limits for the components were 10% and 30% for buckwheat flour, 20% and 40% for buckwheat starch, and 50% and 70% for rice flour, aiming to create diverse gluten-free breads for evaluation. The utilized flours underwent characterization, and their micro- and macronutrient amounts, along with their amino acid compositions, were determined. Specific volume analysis, water loss determination, texture assessment, and sensory evaluations were conducted on the breads. It was observed that the proportion of starch and buckwheat flour directly influenced the specific volume and water loss during product storage. Through sensory analysis, the formulation with the highest acceptance and purchase intention among tasters was identified. Free-choice profiling analysis established the sensory profiles of the developed gluten-free bread formulations. According to tasters, the formulations exhibited characteristics of whole meal bread, noticeable softness, and a homogeneous alveolar distribution. The gluten-free bread was well-received by 124 tasters, with a purchase intention rate of 93.55%.
... Multiple investigations have demonstrated that rutin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, renoprotective, and hepatoprotective properties [48]. Furthermore, rutin has demonstrated the ability to enhance glucose regulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic tissues through modulation of glycolysis and glycoisomerase activity [49]. Likewise, earlier investigations have demonstrated that rutin fosters epithelial regeneration in wounds, with fibroblasts exhibiting uniform distribution [50]. ...
Diabetic micro-vasculopathy is induced by accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which results in
delayed wound healing under hyperglycemic conditions. The classical practice of treating diabetic wound in�cludes surgical debridement, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and use of antibiotics to control infection. The thera�peutic interventions based on these classical practices have been found ineffective in management of diabetic
wound healing and diabetic vasculopathy. Henceforth, engineered biomaterials with anti-oxidant activity have
become research hotspots for their high biological activity, due to sustained release of active principles and weak
immunogenicity. Based on these postulates, current study was conducted to evaluate diabetic wound healing
potential of Rutin encapsulated decellularized earthworm granulation tissue (RdECM) with special reference on
angiogenesis. The angiogenetic activity of RdECM was evaluated on cell line under hyperglycemic conditions and
we found significant decline in ROS induced Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and inhibition of Nuclear
factor kappa B (NF-Kβ) pathway with subsequent aggregation of cells in tubular structure. Application of RdECM
on diabetic wound resulted in accelerated wound healing, reduction in ROS induced DNA damage and down
regulation of TNF receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF1). These changes results in inhibition of TRAF1-mediated
NF-κB signal activation and subsequently angiogenesis in hyperglycemic conditions of diabetic wound. These
findings support therapeutic utility of RdECM as angiogenetic agent and its potential use against diabetic wound
healing.
... Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites that play a critical physiological role in buckwheat plants and are widely distributed in plant organs, such as seeds, buds, stalks, leaves, flowers, and roots [32][33][34]. Wang et al. [35] determined the contents of six flavonoids in 12 buckwheat varieties from different regions. The results showed that the contents of the six flavonoids and the total flavonoids in buckwheat from different regions significantly differed (p < 0.05); the content of rutin was the highest (0.1180~0.3768%), and the contents of kaempferol and hypericin were relatively low. ...
As a nutrient-rich multigrain crop, buckwheat is a typical “medicinal food homology” crop that is rich in flavonoids, including rutin and various vitamins. It has positive anti-oxidant and anti-tumour properties and lowers blood pressure. However, due to strict self-crossing characteristics, slow progress has been made in Tartary buckwheat (TB) cross-breeding, resulting in the slow breeding of new varieties of new TB varieties, which has limited the improvement of yield and quality. Therefore, mutant breeding is a rapid and effective technique for broadening and innovating TB breeding. In recent years, improving qualities related to yield, lodging resistance, and stability have become key points in TB breeding. Based on the above findings, excellent, potentially valuable TB lines with rich phenotypes were obtained for the TB mutation library via ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), laying a foundation for creating new TB germplasms. In this study, we systematically investigated more than 10 agronomic traits of JQ2 and JQ4 mutants, including plant type, leaf colour, grain type, grain colour, grain number per plant, grain length, grain width, grain weight per plant, and 1000-grain weight. The results show that the maximum number of grains per plant was 1956, the weight was 32.84 g, and the 1000-grain weight was 30.89 g. The maximum number of grains per JQ4 plant was 2308, and the weight was 44.82 g. The maximum 1000-grain weight was 24.7 g. Among the 295 JQ2 mutants and 153 JQ4 mutants, 10 flavonoids (orientin, morin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringin, hesperetin, myricetin, hesperidin, and rutin) were detected with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). The mutants were divided into five groups according to the flavonoid content of the JQ2 mutants, of which the first group included 31 individual lines. and the second to fifth groups included 70, 69, 72, and 53 lines, respectively. The JQ4 mutants were divided into four classes, of which 41, 50, 32, and 30 were individual lines, respectively, with the highest rutin content being 82.06 mg/g. In summary, through systematic analysis and screening of the agronomic traits and flavonoid contents of JQ2 and JQ4 mutant seeds, we obtained three lines with a high 1000-grain weight, including two JQ2 mutant lines (30.89 g) and one JQ4 mutant line, which reached 24.70 g and ten lines with high grain weight per plant. This included 8 JQ2 mutants and 2 JQ4 mutants, as well as 72 high-rutin mutants (including 31 lines from JQ2 and 41 lines from JQ4 mutants). These elite lines provide the material basis for creating TB germplasms with excellent qualities and cultivation characteristics.
... Although rutin was the most abundant polyphenol, accounting for 90% (Bai et al., 2015), it can be converted to quercetin under the action of a rutin-degrading enzyme (Luksic et al., 2016). Three types of tartary buckwheat starches (TS1, TS2, and TS3) were selected, based on change in the ratio of RS after 5% of rutin addition, to comparatively analyze the inhibition of rutin and quercetin on starch digestion. ...
... Furthermore, numerous research publications have confirmed the extensive diversity of buckwheat, encompassing morphological and agronomic characteristics (Ghiselli et al., 2016;Tang et al., 2016;Rauf et al., 2020;), as well as nutrient composition (Bai et al., 2015) and content of health-promoting compounds (Kiprovski et al., 2015;Kalinova et al., 2019;Li et al., 2019). Notably, buckwheat exhibits mechanisms for drought avoidance, with its physiological parameters remaining largely unaffected even under extreme drought conditions (Martínez-Goñi et al., 2023). ...
Understanding the diversity in morpho-phenological characteristics, as well as variations in nutrients and nutraceutical compounds among the different buckwheat genetic resources, plays an important role in their effective use and breeding purposes. In 2020 and 2021, a total of 23 buckwheat accessions were grown in the Slovenian environment. During this period, selected morpho-phenological traits were evaluated together with the analysis of protein content, total content, antioxidant activity, and 17 different phenolic compounds. A remarkable variation in the thousand seed weight was observed between the years 2020 and 2021, while the protein content remained constant in both years and locations. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds, it was confirmed that buckwheat grains are an excellent source of these compounds. Among these compounds, rutin, vitexin, epicatechin, and orientin were identified as the predominant components in the grains. The evaluation of common buckwheat accessions revealed considerable diversity in the studied characteristics within the Slovenian environment. The varieties Sweden-1, ´Tempest, and Dozhdik performed well under the Slovenian conditions.
... Quercetin content has been quantified in Fagopyrum spp. seed accessions, revealing variations depending on geographical location [69]. Quercetin-3-rutinoside appeared to be involved in the response to artificial aging in soybean seeds [70] as well as to several environmental parameters, including drought [67,71] and light [72] in other species. ...
The adaptability of seed metabolism to different environmental conditions represents a crucial aspect to understand the effects of climate change on plant populations in wild environments. Among the indicators of stress and repair in seeds, tocopherols and malondialdehyde have been related to membrane stability in seed deterioration. Alpine plants constitute an interesting system to understand stress response dynamics because of the relevant climate variations challenging seed viability in alpine environments. This study considered five accessions of Viscaria alpina seeds collected over five years, highlighting significant correlations between environmental parameters such as precipitations and temperature, and several indicators of the oxidative stress response. These provide new insights on how changes in indicators of the seed stress response can reflect annual variations in temperature and precipitations affecting their parental plants, with possible implications on the current understanding of seed persistence in alpine environments threatened by climate change and on the effects of seed storage.
... The anticonvulsant activity of rutin was suggested to be possibly via the GABAergic pathway, where the anti-convulsant activity of rutin can be observed at 100 mg/kg (Nassiri-Asl et al. 2013). The concentration of rutin in apple fruit can be ranged from 12.136 to 483.89 μg/g, while buckwheat seeds can be ranged from 0.05 g to 1.35 g in 100 g of buckwheat seeds (Bai et al. 2015). To fulfil 100 mg/kg in humans, 486 mg of rutin is required. ...
... Rutin is a kind of flavonoid, also known as vitamin P. It was discovered in more Answer:than 70 plant species and food of plant origin, including buckwheat [7], apricots, cherries, grapes, grapefruit, onion, plums, and oranges [8,9]. RUT is a glycoside that chemically combines the flavonol quercetin with the disaccharide rutinose (rhamnose and glucose) [10]. ...
Innovative fibrous materials from cellulose derivative, cellulose acetate (CA) and water-soluble polyether, polyethylene glycol (PEG) loaded with natural biologically active compounds (BAC), quercetin (QUE) and rutin (RUT), have been successfully fabricated by blend electrospinning and dual electrospinning. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mean fiber diameters of all the obtained fibers were in the nanometer range. QUE and RUT incorporated in the fibrous mats were in the amorphous state, as evidenced by the performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The presence of the polyether in the developed fibrous material assisted the in vitro release of the biologically active compounds by improving the hydrophilicity and wettability of the mats. Rutin-containing fibrous materials manifest the highest antioxidative activity, as determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical method. The cytotoxicity of the fabricated novel materials was evaluated using a tumor cell line and normal mouse fibroblast cells. The mats containing QUE and QUE/RUT independent of the applied spinning method show a higher cytotoxic effect against cancer cells and 3 to 4.5 times lower cytotoxicity to a noncancer cell line. These features make the quercetin- and rutin-containing fibrous materials promising candidates for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical use.
... Meanwhile, tartary buckwheat is widely recommended as a nutritious food choice by research experts compared to the broader planted common buckwheat because tartary buckwheat is a rich source of bioactive components, such as rutin and quercetin, in addition to balanced amino acids [7,8]. Jinqiao II, a newly cultivated variety of tartary buckwheat, has recently attracted considerable attention because it has been reported to exhibit a higher yield and elevated levels of functional compounds (e.g., quercetin), as well as amino acids, in comparison with traditional native breeds [9]. With the growing concern about human health, it is highly necessary to advance the development of this novel species and maximize its practical application in healthcare [10]. ...
Jinqiao II, a newly cultivated variety of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), has been reported to exhibit a higher yield and elevated levels of functional compounds compared to traditional native breeds. We aimed to investigate the potential of Jinqiao II tartary buckwheat to alleviate lipid metabolism disorders by detecting serum biochemistry, pathological symptoms, gene expression profiling, and gut microbial diversity. C57BL/6J mice were provided with either a normal diet; a high-fat diet (HFD); or HFD containing 5%, 10%, and 20% buckwheat for 8 weeks. Our results indicate that Jinqiao II tartary buckwheat attenuated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, fat accumulation, hepatic damage, endotoxemia, inflammation, abnormal hormonal profiles, and differential lipid-metabolism-related gene expression at mRNA and protein levels in response to the dosages, and high-dose tartary buckwheat exerted optimal outcomes. Gut microbiota sequencing also revealed that the Jinqiao II tartary buckwheat elevated the level of microbial diversity and the abundance of advantageous microbes (Alistipes and Alloprevotella), lowered the abundance of opportunistic pathogens (Ruminococcaceae, Blautia, Ruminiclostridium, Bilophila, and Oscillibacter), and altered the intestinal microbiota structure in mice fed with HFD. These findings suggest that Jinqiao II tartary buckwheat might serve as a competitive candidate in the development of functional food to prevent lipid metabolic abnormalities.
... 7 Regarding its phenolic content, buckwheat seeds grown at different locations contain more rutin (from 0.05 to 1.35%) than quercetin (from 0.01 to 0.17%) content. 8 Rutin is a flavonol glycoside found in citrus, buckwheat, and other plants. It plays a vital role in human health such as antioxidant, treatment of capillary fragility, anti-Alzheimer, and anti-inflammatory effects. ...
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds are important nutritious grains that are widely spread in several human food products and livestock feed. Their health benefits are mainly due to their bioactive phenolic compounds, especially rutin and quercetin, which have a positive impact on heart health, weight loss, and diabetes management. In this study, we evaluated different media and light treatments for the in vitro cultures of common buckwheat (CB) in order to find the most optimum one producing the highest yield with the highest purity of these compounds. The subcultured treated samples included in this study were shoots, leaves, stems, hairy roots, and calli. From the several treated samples and under different light stress conditions, the best production was achieved by growing the shoots of common buckwheat in hormone-free media containing activated charcoal and exposing to blue light, attaining 4.3 mg and 7.0 mg/g of extracts of rutin and quercetin, respectively, compared to 3.7 mg of rutin/g of extract and traces of quercetin in the seeds of CB. Continuous multiplication of CB shoots in the media containing charcoal and different concentrations of kinetin produced an extract with 161 mg/g of rutin and 26 mg/g of quercetin with an almost 20-fold increase in rutin content. The rutin content under these conditions reached up to 16% w/w of the extract. The hairy root cultures of the leaves exposed to red light showed a significantly high yield of quercetin attaining 10 mg/g of extract. Large-scale production of CB shootlets under the best conditions were carried out, which enabled the isolation of pure quercetin and rutin using a simple chromatographic procedure. The identity and purity of the isolated compounds were confirmed through NMR and HPLC analyses.
... Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn), also known as buckwheat tartare, is characterized by a short growth period, cold tolerance, barrenness tolerance, and strong adaptability (Krkoekova and Mrazova 2005). The flavonoid content of Tartary buckwheat is much higher than that of common buckwheat (Bai et al. 2015), and the flavonoids have the effects of lowering blood sugar (Bao et al. 2016;Hu et al. 2017), and blood pressure , as well as antioxidant (Liu et al. 2008), anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory (Choi et al. 2015). Cultivated Tartary buckwheat usually has a thicker shell, with a shell ratio of 20-30%. ...
The hard-shelled character of ordinary cultivated Tartary buckwheat has become a factor influencing its taste and nutritional efficacy. However, the local variety, Rice-Tartary, can dehull easily. The genetic mechanism regulating easily-shelled Fagopyrum tataricum is unknown. In this study, the F2 generation segregating population was constructed by crossing Yunqiao No.1 (hard-shelled) and Rice-Tartary (easily-shelled) as parents, and the bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) strategy was used to initial mapping. The gene locus controlling the easily-shelled trait of Tartary buckwheat was preliminarily located in the 4.07 Mb region of the first chromosome. To further narrow the range, the Kompetitive allele-specific PCR primers based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the initial location range were designed and tested in 335 individual plants in the hybrid F2 population. The candidate gene Ftes1 was located between Ft6,705,225 and Ft7,041,921, according to the genetic linkage map constructed based on typing data. Combined with the location of candidate genes, the RNA-Seq data, and qRT-PCR results, the results indicate that 3 genes, FtPinG0001427400.01, FtPinG0001428600.01, and FtPinG0002492200.01 may regulate the easily-shelled Tartary buckwheat. The results of this study provide vital candidate genes for the cloning and functional analysis of genes related to easily-shelled traits, as well as prominent molecular markers for breeding of new varieties of Tartary buckwheat.
... From the UHPLC-MS/MS analyses, there were generally a mix of changes observed in the magnitudes (absolute quantities in nmol/mL) and directions of the pattern of variations (increases and/or decreases) in these EAAs in all three cereals. These could be due to several factors ranging from choice of cereal types and type of cultivars to the TCPM variations among others (Bai et al., 2015;Cui, Li, & Liu, 2012;Gwirtz & Garcia-Casal, 2014;Liyanaarachchi, Mahanama, Somasiri, Punyasiri, & Kottawa-Arachchi, 2020;Oghbaei & Prakash, 2016;Thielecke, Lecerf, & Nugent, 2020). However, all the five TCPMs examined, unequivocally effected debilitative nutritionally significant changes (≥10% loss in EAAs) in the absolute contents (nmol/mL) of at least two of the constituent total essential amino acids (EAAs). ...
... According to Fig. 4B, drought stress and non-use of vermicompost increased the amount of quercetin. Buckwheat contains rutin and quercetin as main components which their contents depend on growing conditions and species (Bai et al., 2015). In the present study, rutin was the major flavonoid and its content was significantly affected by applied treatments. ...
The use of root symbionts and vermicompost as powerful natural tools is advised in stress conditions. To study the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi on some phytochemicals and functional traits of buckwheat under drought stress, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. Three levels of drought stress: D0 (100% Field Capacity: FC), D1 (75% FC), and D2 (50% FC), two levels of mycorrhizal inoculation: M0 (without) and M1(with), and two levels of vermicompost V0 (without) and V1 (with) were used. Vermicompost significantly enhanced seed yield and aerial parts biomass. The highest grain yield (4.97 g dry weight per pot) and aerial parts biomass (40.3 g fresh weight per pot) were obtained in D0V1. The use of mycorrhiza was mainly effective on phytochemical parameters. Moderate levels of drought stress (D1: 75% FC) increased total phenols (33.6 mg gallic acid/g dry weight) and flavonoids (38.3 mg rutin/g Dry weight). Rutin content ranged from 16.24 to 32.5 mg/g dry weight that the highest content being in D1V1M0. Phenolic, flavonoid, and rutin content are correlated with higher antioxidant properties. This increase showed that mycorrhiza and vermicompost act as moderators and elicit to produce metabolites. Simultaneous use of M and V increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake. Cluster analysis classified the treatments into three groups with a higher impact of drought stress. According to Principal component analysis (PCA) FWH, Rutin, TFC, TPC, SS, and IC50 were affecting dimensions. The results showed that drought stress up to 75% FC (D1) can be used in buckwheat.
... et al., 2019). Another advantage is its flour, which can be used as a source of rutin (Bai et al., 2015). Enriching buckwheat flour with the husk of its grains broadens the use of the plant and the antioxidant quality of the product (Sedej et al., 2012). ...
Fagopyrum esculentum is highly nutritious due to its proteins of high biological value and high fiber content. Its most relevant property is nonetheless its antioxidant activity, provided by the presence of flavonoids. It is an important pseudocereal in agriculture, animal production, and human food. The objective of study was to evaluate the grain yield and flavonoid production of Fagopyrum esculentum cultivars as a function of base saturation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Treatments were represented by cultivars IPR 91 and IPR 92 and five base saturation levels (9, 31, 53, 75, and 97 %), in a factorial arrangement (2 × 5). Agronomic attributes and total-flavonoid and rutin contents and production were evaluated. Subsequently, the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Base saturation does not affect flavonoid production. However, base saturation influences shoot dry matter yield (maximum at 62.0% base saturation) and grain yield (maximum at 9.00%) in IPR 92. The higher-yielding cultivar is IPR 92. This is the first scientific report of base saturation in the species.
... It is mainly cultivated in southwestern China, northern India, Nepal, and Bhutan, and has also been utilized as the staple food by minority people in southwestern China for a long time [2,3]. Tartary buckwheat has been recognized as an outstanding nutrition food, because of its abundant contents in proteins, amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, trace elements, and flavonoids [4][5][6]. In particular, flavonoids from Tartary buckwheat contributed various pharmacological effects that could benefit human health, mainly including notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, coronary heart disease prevention, hepatoprotective effects [7,8], etc., and this has attracted the interest of many researchers. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the major flavonoids content and bioactivities of Tartary buckwheat sprouts. The crude methanol extract (ME) of Tartary buckwheat sprouts was abundant in flavonoids, and six major flavonoids, including isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin, quercetin, and kaemferol were successfully determined from the sprouts by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Generally, the flavonoid content of buckwheat sprouts was in the order of rutin > quercetin > isovitexin > vitexin> isoorientin > kaemferol. The highest rutin content of the ME and sprout cultures was 89.81 mg/g and 31.50 mg/g, respectively. Antibacterial activity results indicated the ME displayed notable inhibitory activity against the five tested bacteria, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.8 mg/mL to 3.2 mg/mL. Among the six flavonoids, quercetin was the most active compound, which exhibited strong activity against all tested bacteria except for E. coli and S. epidermidis, with its MIC values ranging from 0.2 mg/mL to 0.4 mg/mL. For the antifungal activity assay, the ME of Tartary buckwheat sprouts and four flavonoids could significantly inhibit the spore germination of two pathogenic fungi, and their inhibitory efficiency was concentration dependent. Quercetin was the most active one, which significantly inhibited the spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, and its median effective inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 42.36 and 32.85 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity results showed that quercetin, kaemferol, and rutin displayed excellent antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging test, and their IC50 value was calculated as 5.60, 16.23, and 27.95 µg/mL, respectively. This is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract of Tartary buckwheat sprouts. These results indicated that the methanol extract of Tartary buckwheat sprouts could be used as a potential antimicrobial or antioxidant agent in the future.
... It is reported that the amount of rutin in bickwhaet seeds is in the range of 0.05 to 1.35 [57]. Reported Planting date and planting density have been reported to have a significant effect on the rutin content of buckwheat [38]. ...
... However, quercetin, which is a hydrolysis product of rutin as a consequence of rutinosidase activity, gives a strong bitter taste to dough prepared from buckwheat flour. Bai et al. (2015) have demonstrated the role of lectins present in seeds of tartary buckwheat in the induction of apoptosis in human leukaemia cells (U937) in a dose dependent manner, thereby indicating its role in reducing the proliferation of spontaneous and induced tumors. Likewise, seven phenylpropanoid glycosides isolated from the extracts of F. tataricum roots have been demonstrated to have potential cytotoxic effects on several cancer cell lines including A-549, HCT116, ZR-75-30 and HL-60, thereby indicating potential anticancer properties of these glycosides (Zheng et al. 2012). ...
Buckwheat has attracted considerable interest amongst
the global scientific community due to its nutritional and
pharmaceutical properties. It is a low input crop whose
cultivation has persisted through centuries of civilization
in almost every country where cereals were cultivated. The
crop is an important source of rutin, an important flavonoid
which is known to have cardioprotective, vasoprotective,
antihypertensive, anti-inflammation, cytoprotective and
anti-diabetic properties. Grains of buckwheat are a rich
source of protein with a balanced amino acid composition,
gluten free flour, dietary fibre, vitamins, resistant starch,
phytosterols, fagopyrins, fagopyritols and phenolic
compounds. Buckwheat is a short season crop which
completes its life cycle in 70-90 days and can grow in wide
range of environmental conditions including marginal lands
and rocky, poorly tilled soils. The protein content in
buckwheat flour is higher than in commonly used cereals
such as rice, wheat, millet, sorghum and maize. Buckwheat
grain protein is rich in lysine and arginine, which are
generally limiting in other cereals. Because of a low Lys/
Arg and Met/Gly ratio, buckwheat protein has strong
hypolipidemic activity. While Buckwheat is considered as
a healthy food because of its nutraceutical properties, low
yields due to seed shattering because of pedicel breaking
and heterozygosity due to self-incompatibility as a
consequence of dimorphic heterostylism have always
remained major problems in achieving large scale
incorporation of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum) in the agricultural portfolio. The present review
highlights the multicore potential of buckwheat as a super
crop to meet the challenges of food and nutritional security
... The protein content in buckwheat seeds is similar to that of wheat grain, but with a higher biological value due to the balanced, lysine-rich amino-acid composition and the low content of storage prolamins [14]. Buckwheat seeds have a high levels of phenolic compounds, and especially flavonoids, such as rutin [15], orientin, vitexin ...
The aim was to investigate the effects of the cold dehulling of buckwheat seeds on their germination, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and phenolics composition. Cold dehulling had no negative effects on germination rate and resulted in faster rootlet growth compared to hulled seeds. Although the dehulling of the seeds significantly decreased TPC and AA, the germination of dehulled seeds resulted in 1.8-fold and 1.9-fold higher TPC and AA compared to hulled seeds. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry identified several phenolic compounds in free and bound forms. Rutin was the major compound in hulled seeds (98 µg/g dry weight), orientin and vitexin in 96-h germinated dehulled seeds (2205, 1869 µg/g dry weight, respectively). During germination, the increases in the major phenolic compounds were around two orders of magnitude, which were greater than the increases for TPC and AA. As well as orientin and vitexin, high levels of other phenolic compounds were detected for dehulled germinated seeds (e.g., isoorientin, rutin; 1402, 967 µg/g dry weight, respectively). These data show that dehulled germinated seeds of buckwheat have great potential for use in functional foods as a dietary source of phenolic compounds with health benefits.
... Tartary buckwheat contains high amounts of polyphenols such as gallic acid, rutin and quercetin, among others (Bai et al., 2015;Brunori, Nobili, Baviello, Procacci, & Végvári, 2018;Glavač, Stojilkovski, Kreft, Park, & Kreft, 2017;Kim et al., 2008;Lee, Shen, Lai, & Wu, 2013). Buckwheat contains more rutin than most other plants (Baumgertel, Grimm, Eisenbeiß, & Kreis, 2003;Holasova et al., 2002). ...
This study investigated the effects of ultrasound assisted-subcritical water (U-SW), subcritical water (SW), ultrasound (U) and hot water (HW) pretreatments and acid hydrolysis (AH) and alkaline hydrolysis (AlkH) on the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of Tartary buckwheat hull extracts. The Folin Ciocalteu assay and HPLC-MS were used to characterize and quantify phenolics of the extracts. The ABTS, FRAP and TEAC assays were used to measure antioxidant activity and the MTT assay was used to measure cytotoxicity of the extracts in HepG2 human liver cancer cells. Results showed that U-SW gave the best AH yield of phenolics (128.45), followed by SW (85.82) and U (64.70), compared to the control, HW (35.82 mgg⁻¹). The same trend was observed for phenols extracted using AlkH. U-SW had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by SW and U regardless of hydrolytic method used. Cytotoxicity followed a similar trend with U-SW and SW being the most cytotoxic to liver cancer cells, followed by U, with the least being HW. The findings suggested that plant materials such as Tartary buckwheat hulls can be pretreated with U-SW, SW and U prior to hydrolytic recovery of bound polyphenols. Also, AH was more efficient than AlkH for phenol extraction, and gave extracts with higher antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity in HepG2 liver carcinoma cells. This application allows for beneficial usage of agricultural biomass and help diversify income sources and products for industry.
... Several people have started using a glutenfree diet to combat gluten intolerance disorders (Zhang et al. 2017). It is recognized as a functional food and a good source of nutritionally valuable amino acids (Jiang et al. 2007), dietary fibers , and minerals such as zinc, copper, and magnesium (Ikeda and Yamashita 1994) and flavonoids (Bai et al. 2015;Nam et al. 2015). Flavonoids are the most common and widely distributed group of plant phenolic compounds, particularly important in our diet because flavonoids cannot be synthesized by humans or animals (Cook and Samman 1996;Kim et al. 2008;Nam et al. 2017). ...
The primary bioactive components of buckwheat seeds, rutin, and quercetin, have health-related benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancerous. In the current study, we characterized the agro-morphological traits of diverse tartary buckwheat germplasm accessions under the spring cultivation and estimated the major flavonoid contents of seeds. The content of rutin and quercetin ranged from 4354.1 to 17,196.01 and 8.9 to 611.7 µg g−1 DW, respectively. The highest content of rutin was found in ‘C9714’ collected from China. The highest and lowest content of quercetin was found in Indian accessions ‘I8345’ and ‘I8622’, respectively. Moreover, we found that accessions with dark-brown seed coat color had a significantly higher mean rutin content than that of accessions with other seed coat color. In the principal component analysis, the first three components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) accounted for 77.14% of the total variation. The number of nodes and branches, number of days to flower, and maturity were the main contributors of variability to PC1. The 1000-seed weight was the main contributor of variability to PC2; whereas, the rutin and quercetin were the main contributors of variation to PC3. We identified nine accessions with the rutin content above 10,000 µg g−1 DW and three accessions with quercetin content above 40 µg g−1 DW. The selected accessions could be used as a nutritional source of health-related bioactive metabolites.
... Results provide a new alternative source of bioflavonoids with a high content of rutin. Cassava leaves have several advantages that cannot be found in the existing sources of rutin such as buckwheat, fava d'anta (Dimorphandra mollis), Uncaria elliptica, and pagoda (Sophora japonica) (Balz and Das, 1979;Gevrenova et al., 2007;Lucci and Mazzafera, 2009;Bai et al., 2015). Buckwheat, a shortseason crop, cannot be grown throughout the year and the seeds where the highest content of rutin found are edible, hence, limit its use for the rutin production. ...
Rutin, a well-known bioflavonoid, was found abundantly in cassava leaves. In the present study, extraction techniques including maceration, boiling, reflux, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were optimised to increase the yield of rutin. Extraction parameters such as solvents, solid-liquid ratio, temperature, and time were optimised to give better extraction yields for each method. HPLC analysis showed a high content of rutin which is up to 2.4% per dry weight of cassava leaves. The extraction yields under optimised condition were found to be 16.00 ± 0.21, 20.38 ± 0.66, 22.33 ± 2.3, 24.49 ± 0.41, and 23.37 ± 1.00 g rutin per kg dry weight for maceration, boiling, reflux, UAE and MAE methods, respectively. Specifically, UAE reduced the extraction time to 90 min, using only 40–60% of aqueous ethanol. Meanwhile, MAE completed the extraction under 5 min and no significant differences in output was observed between the use of water and aqueous ethanol. Accordingly, with the extraction efficiency of up to 99 and 94%, respectively, both processes provided better results. The subsequent green purification using chilling method produced a typical cassava bioflavonoid containing 82% of rutin and 17% of nicotiflorin. This study informs a new abundant source of rutin and provides the optimum condition of extraction methods for high yield of rutin from cassava leaves.
... and chlorogenic acid 4.09-5.57% (402)(403) . Chlorogenic acid, catechin, isoorientin, orientin, rutin, vitexin, and quercitrin were isolated from Fagopyrum esculentum (404) . ...
The use of dietary or medicinal plant based natural compounds to disease treatment has become a unique trend in clinical research. Polyphenolic compounds, were classified as flavones, flavanones, catechins and anthocyanins. They were possessed wide range of pharmacological and biochemical effects, such as inhibition of aldose reductase, cycloxygenase, Ca+2-ATPase, xanthine oxidase, phosphodiesterase, lipoxygenase in addition to their antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, immunomodullatory, gastroprotective, regulatory role on hormones synthesis and releasing…. etc. The current review was design to discuss the medicinal plants contained phenolics and flavonoids, as natural ingredients for many therapeutic purposes.
... These results are consistent with those of Qin et al. [35] and Bai. [36] Similar to the rutin content, the bran contained higher isoquercetin and quercetin content than the flour of tartary buckwheat, with a quercetin content of 3.30 and 2.60 mg/g, and isoquercetin content of 0.31 and 0.02 mg/g, respectively. Qin et al. [35] analyzed the rutin and quercetin content in the flour of 21 tartary and 18 common buckwheat genotypes. ...
In the present study, the contents of amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids were compared in tartary buckwheat bran and flour before and after baking. The results showed that the contents of all the bioactive compounds in raw tartary buckwheat bran were higher than that in raw tartary buckwheat flour, except for polysaccharides. Thermal treatment caused a significant decrease in the contents of fatty acids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in both tartary buckwheat bran and flour. The contents of amino acids and total flavonoids in tartary buckwheat bran decreased after baking, but their contents increased in baked tartary buckwheat flour. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis results showed that the rutin content decreased in baked tartary buckwheat bran, whereas significantly increased by 68.92% in baked tartary buckwheat flour (p < .01). These results suggest that tartary buckwheat bran and flour should be processed differently according to the target products.
... Quercetin (3,3ʹ,4ʹ,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is one of the most prevalent dietary flavonoids found in many plant-based foods including onions, berries, buckwheat, and green leafy vegetables (Bai et al., 2015;Hakkinen, Karenlampi, Heinonen, Mykkanen, & Torronen, 1999;Lesjak et al., 2018;Patil, Pike, & Yoo, 1995). Quercetin is naturally present as an aglycone or in its β-glycoside forms in fruits and vegetables. ...
Alcoholic liver diseases has been known to be one of the major health risks worldwide. The purpose of this study was aimed to demonstrate the relative protective effect of quercetin, quercetin‐3‐glucoside, and rutin on alcohol‐induced damage in hepatocytes. The hepatotoxicity, antioxidant enzymatic defense mechanisms, and pro‐inflammatory mediators were examined for evaluating the hepatoprotective effects of quercetins in hepG2 cells. The results revealed that quercetin and its glucoside derivatives significantly prevented ethanol‐induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing hepatic aminotransferase activities and inflammatory response in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the quercetins significantly induced detoxifying enzymes via the nuclear accumulation of the NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and induction of antioxidant response element (ARE) gene. These hepatoprotective activities were observed to be more effective with quercetin aglycone than quercetin glucosides. From the above findings, the present study imply that quercetin aglycone may have a vital function in the therapeutic and preventive strategies of alcoholic liver diseases.
Practical applications
Quercetin is commonly present in fruits and vegetables as aglycone and glucoside‐derived forms. In the present study, quercetin and its glycosides was shown to alleviate oxidative stress, glutathione depletion, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in alcohol‐induced HepG2 cells via the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway. Moreover, quercetin aglycone had better protective effects against alcohol‐induced liver damage in vitro, compared to its glycosylated form. The present study proposed that quercetin aglycone may be a more efficient hepatoprotective agent than its glucoside derivatives such as rutin in the amelioration of alcohol‐induced liver diseases.
... Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Figure 1B) is one of the major quercetin glucosides, and is widely distributed in plant foods such as buckwheat seeds, coriander, and nalta jute [14,15]. However, its bioavailability has been reported to be lower than that of quercetin aglycone [16]. ...
Citation: Yokoyama D., Tanaka W., Hashizune Y., Tandia M., Sakono M., Shimoi K., Sakakibara H. Daily consumption of monoglucosyl-rutin prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by suppressing gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in mice. ABSTRACT Background: Alpha monoglucosyl-rutin (4 G-α-D-glucopyranosyl rutin, αMR) has been
... In seeds there is less rutin than in leaves, but there could be some rutin as well in buckwheat flours, more in the dark than in the light ones. The rutin content was higher than quercetin in buckwheat seeds, range from 0.05 to 1.35% of buckwheat seeds, while quercetin content varied from 0.01 to 0.17% (Bai et al., 2015). Rutin is used in medicine in the treatment of increased capillary fragility with associated hypertension, leading to hemorrhage, purpurea and bleeding from kidney. ...
Among the pseudo-cereals grown in India, buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is very important. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, which is known as common buckwheat, is the most cultivated species in the hilly region of India out of the 20 species of buckwheat. Besides this, Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn (Tartary buckwheat) also have limited area under cultivation. At remote locations of mountains ecosystems, buckwheat is a livelihood driven crop for small and marginal farmers. Common buckwheat is a short duration, multipurpose and nutritious crop, which can withstand changing climatic conditions and fit well in multiple cropping systems. Owing to relatively low input requirement and less infestation of insect-pests and diseases, it is the most suitable for organic production system of hilly regions of higher elevation. Buckwheat grains are primarily used for human consumption and also for livestock, poultry and piggery feeds. Rural population of hilly region of India use buckwheat sprouts and as pan cakes especially in breakfast, however, the recommended intake of buckwheat sprouts are less than 40 g/day. Furthermore, buckwheat is also grown as a cover crop, green manure crop, fodder crop, fertility restoring crop, honey crop and medicinal plant. The crop is also a good source of rutin (quercetin-3-rutinosid) and fagopyrin that are known to be used in preventing various human disorders. Tartary buckwheat contains 100-fold more rutin as compared to common buckwheat. Owing to improvement in productivity and profitability of others crops, area and production of buckwheat is declining. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop appropriate policy and scientific interventions for exploitation of this climate resilient super food crop for livelihood security of ever increasing population especially in the hill regions.
Rutin is a significant flavonoid with strong antioxidant property and various therapeutic effects. It plays a crucial role in disease prevention and human health maintenance, especially in anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects. While many plants can synthesize and accumulate rutin, tartary buckwheat is the only food crop possessing high levels of rutin. At present, the rutin content (RC) is regarded as the key index for evaluating the nutritional quality of tartary buckwheat. Consequently, rutin has become the focus for tartary buckwheat breeders and has made considerable progress. Here, we summarize research on the rutin in tartary buckwheat in the past two decades, including its accumulation, biosynthesis and breakdown pathways, and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose several strategies to increase the RC in tartary
buckwheat seeds based on current knowledge. This review aims to provide valuable references for elevating the quality of tartary buckwheat in the future.
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal from the Polygonaceae family. Two species from this family are commercially exploited – common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat. Buckwheat comes from China, although in recent years, the highest production has been noted in Russia. With its nutritional composition (mainly rutin), it has a beneficial effect on human health. Rutin is mainly contained in the flowers and leaves of buckwheat, and it has antidiabetic, neuroprotective and antioxidant properties; it improves blood pressure and lowers cholesterol levels. In addition to rutin, buckwheat contains bioactive peptides that serve as trypsin inhibitors and have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Buckwheat found its use mainly in the field of food and feed production. Amplification polymorphism detection techniques are currently used for the genomic analyses of buckwheat, with 8,884 available markers that include 756 loci. The most frequently used type of molecular markers in buckwheat is the microsatellite markers, which form tandem repeats of short nucleotide motifs. The total number of microsatellites in the tartary buckwheat genome is 37,572, with a frequency of 83.25 microsatellites per 1 Mb. Based on their genetic variability, the buckwheat varieties can be divided into the European and Asian groups, with a lower diversity among the varieties in the European group. Genomic analyses can reveal the genetic relatedness or differences between the individual varieties, as well as losses in genetic purity. The transcriptomic analyses are primarily devoted to the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of flavonoids, but also those involved in the plant's defense mechanisms, development etc. Molecular analyses revealed that the expression of genes supporting the synthesis of rutin can be favorably influenced by light, darkness, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid etc. Some buckwheat genes were introduced into Arabidopsis, which subsequently showed improved properties, for example, resistance to drought. These findings not only enhance our understanding of buckwheat at a fundamental level but also hold practical significance for breeding programs focused on enhancing nutritional and agronomic traits in buckwheat varieties.
Pseudocereals are a heterogeneous group of underutilized grains which comprises a wide diversity of species with variable amounts of nutrients, phytochemicals (saponins, polyphenols, phytosterols, phytosteroids, etc.), and high‐quality proteins. Pseudocereals are gluten‐free and have a well‐balanced amino acid profile, with enhanced bioavailability and digestibility. These grains are a common source of dietary plant proteins in developing countries. While their production is only important locally, in recent years, the consumption of pseudocereals has increased in Western countries and they have been added to the daily diet. These grains are a healthy alternative for coeliacs and are highly appreciated as an ingredient for gluten‐free and other bakery products. Recent studies have revealed that, due to their diverse compounds, pseudocereals have been explored as “super‐food” ingredients with the potential to reduce the risk of non‐transmissible diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, and immunodeficiencies. Some results of these studies are supported by in vitro , in vivo , and human trials, which have shown promising outcomes. Several studies have measured specific biomarkers serving as indicators of human health and found that they are strongly influenced by specific bioactive compounds present in pseudocereals such as phytochemicals and peptides. Although these techniques have emerged as a tool that can complement traditional dietary assessment methods, they have barely been used recently to analyze bioactive compounds in pseudocereals. This chapter reviews the role of the bioactives contained in pseudocereals by taking into account the available in vitro , in vivo , and clinical data and linking biological measurements and models of disease at the subcellular, cellular, organ, and biological system levels. This involves considering potential biomarkersfor states of disease and wellness and thus providing an overview on the potential use of these bioactive substances as functional food ingredients.
In this study an artisanal “Porter style” beer has been enriched with diverse natural bioactive substances, following all-grain brewing method. Common beer generally contains a poor content of phenolic acids which confers a low antioxidant power and nutritional value, also due to the presence of ethanol. However in this work we aimed to enrich beer with different flavonoids and other food supplements like taurine, resveratrol and caffeine, thus enhancing its nutritional value and energizing properties. A series of flavonoid/phenol-enriched artisanal beers have been prepared, then sample of each has been tested in vitro to evaluate antioxidant activity, chelating power and enzymatic inhibition capacity. Beer samples were also analysed with HPLC-DAD system to determinate flavonoid and phenol contents. Results show increased nutritional values and significant antioxidant properties in comparison with not-fortified beer as control.
Buckwheat has tremendous nutraceutical potential owing to its rutin and quercetin content. The aim of this study was to optimise and validate an analytical method for separating and quantifying these two flavonoids from it. Factors, such as range, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification, were evaluated for the two compounds using high performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of resolution and symmetry, mobile phase consisting of methanol and methanol:water:acetic acid in the ratio of (100:150:5), flow rate 1.3 ml/min and column temperature 30 °C were found to be optimal analytical conditions. Calibration curves exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficient of 0.995 & 0.9907 over the range 60–180 μg/ml & 2–10 μg/ml for rutin and quercetin respectively. LOD and LOQ values for rutin and quercetin were 6.36, 0.58 and 19.28, 1.77 μg/ml respectively. Recovery values of 96–100.8% confirmed that the method was accurate for rutin and quercetin analysis. This validated method was successfully used to analyse rutin and quercetin in leaves and seeds of buckwheat plant.
Buckwheat is a nutritionally valuable crop, an alternative to common cereals also usable in gluten-free diets. The selection of buckwheat genotypes suitable for further breeding requires the characterization and evaluation of genetic resources. The main objective of this work was to evaluate selected phenotypic and morphological traits using international buckwheat descriptors, including total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, on a unique set of 136 common buckwheat accessions grown in 2019–2020 under Czech Republic conditions. In addition, UHPLC-ESI- MS/MS was used to analyze a wide spectrum of 20 phenolic compounds in buckwheat seeds, including four flavanols, three phenolic acids, seven flavonols, four flavones, and two flavanones. Significant differences among years and genotypes were observed for morphological traits (plant height and 1000-seed weight) and antioxidant activity, as well as levels of observed chemical compounds. Antioxidant activity, crude protein content, plant height and rutin content were characterized by higher mean values in 2020 than in 2019 and vice versa for total polyphenol content and 1000-seed weight. Crude protein content was the most stable across years, while total polyphenol content and rutin content varied greatly from year to year. The most abundant phenolic compounds were rutin, hyperoside, epicatechin, catechin, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin. Protein content was negatively correlated with plant height, catechin and epicatechin content. On the other hand, AA and TPC were positively correlated with rutin, hyperoside and chlorogenic acid. Five accessions showed high stability of the evaluated traits under changing conditions within both years of observation. These materials can be used in breeding programmes aimed at improving buckwheat genotypes with emphasis on quality traits.
Long-term poor glycemic control negatively affects macrovascular and microvascular diseases, as well as wound restoration. Buckwheat is a good source of rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutoside) and has benefits in regulating blood sugar. This study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal (NDM), hyperglycemic (DM), and hyperglycemic with rutin (DMR). After induction of hyperglycemia for 2 days, a 15 × 15 mm wound was induced on the back of each rat. Intraperitoneal injection of rutin significantly ameliorated diabetes-induced body weight loss and improved metabolic dysfunctions of hyperglycemic rats. Based on appearance and histopathological staining, rutin promotes wound healing and inhibits production of inflammatory cells. The immunoblotting data indicated that rutin promotes production of antioxidant enzymes induced by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), inhibits the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulated by NF-κB, and decreases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It also promotes the expression of neurogenic-related protein (UCH-L1). The aforementioned results indicated that rutin reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in hyperglycemic rats, promoting wound healing and subsequently reducing the risk of wound ulcers.
Research groups have put significant emphasis on the evaluation of nutritional, health-promoting, and other biological activities of secondary metabolites from buckwheat. Among these phytochemicals, phenolic and lipophilic antioxidants, particularly, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tocopherols, have been the focus of the latest studies since antioxidant activity has recently been associated with the possibility of inhibiting fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The mycotoxin contamination of cereal and pseudocereal grains caused primarily by Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species poses a significant hazard to human health. Therefore, efforts to examine the involvement of plant antioxidants in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins at the transcriptional level have emerged. In addition, hydrophobic interactions of buckwheat phenolics with cell membranes could also explain their capacity to reduce fungal development. Eventually, possibilities of enhancing the biological activity of cereal and pseudocereal phytochemicals have been studied and sourdough fermentation has been proposed as an efficient method to increase antioxidant activities. This effect could result in an increased antifungal effects of sourdough and bakery products. This review reports the main advances in research on buckwheat phenolics and other antioxidant phytochemicals, highlighting possible mechanisms of action and processes that could improve their biological activities.
Polyphenols (flavonoids and anthraquinones) are one of the most important phytochemicals in Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn. (tartary buckwheat). However, the relationship between the polyphenols of tartary buckwheat seeds and their morphological variations is unclear. We developed a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics method to study the chemical profiles of 60 flavonoids and 11 anthraquinones in 40 seed cultivars (groats and hulls). Both flavonoids and anthraquinones were related to variations in seed color; the fold change from yellowish-brown to black seeds was 1.24–1.55 in groats and 0.26–0.76 in hulls. Only flavonoids contributed to significant differences in seed shape; the fold change from long to short seeds was 1.29–1.78 in groats and 1.39–1.44 in hulls. Some differential metabolites were identified at higher concentrations in hulls than in groats. This study provides new insights into differences in polyphenols among tartary buckwheat seeds with different color and shape.
In the presented study has been used non-destructive method for prescreening of flavonoids, anthocyanins and pigments from early stage of growth till flowering period of buckwheat genotypes of different origin. The similar increasingtendency in the changes of FLAV, ANTH and MFI indexes of Chinese genotypes compared to the tendency of Ukrainiangenotypes has been observed. Genotypes of F.tataricumcompared to the genotypes of F.esculentumhave been shownto lower ANTH index during seedling growth.SFR indexwhich relates to chlorophyll concentration shown differentdynamic between Ukrainian and Chinese genotypes. In the middle phase 30 days after sowing (DAS) of growth hasbeen discovered significant increase of SFR index almost in all experimental genotypes. On 36 DAS just two Ukrainiangenotypes which characterized also high ANTH and MFI indexes has been kept tendency to increase SFR index. HPLCanalysis of experimental samples found that presence of p-anisic acid was typical for F.tataricumspecies compared tothe experimental cultivars of F.esculentumof both origin. Buckwheat genotypes of different origin can vary in flavonoid,anthocyanins and pigments content during stages of growth, but changes in their contents can be similar for representatives of the same origin.Received: March 14, 2019; accepted: May 25, 2019Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, phenolic acid, non-destructive measurement, flavonoids, anthocyanins
It was determined by the routine contents of herbs and seeds of
buckwheat plant grown at Konya ecological conditions at five different planting
times and different fertilizer doses (0, 10 and 20 kg / da DAP-18-46) for two
years. Routine analyses
were performed using an Agilent Technologies1200 series high pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC), including a binary pump, vacuum degasser, auto sampler,
diode array detector, and coupled to an Agilent Technologies 1200 series Model
VL single quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an multimode ionization
interface. At different planting times; the amount of routine in herbs of buckwheat
plant ranged from 2.15 to 2.99%, ranged from 2.27 to 2.73% at the applied
fertilizer doses. Routine contents of buckwheat seeds were relatively low
compared to herb plants and ranged from 0.031 to 0.071%. In this study, it was
determined that the buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum Moench) grown at different planting times investigated
significant differences in the routine contents of herbs and seeds.
Buckwheat represents a raw material interesting in term of its nutritional and health beneficial suitability. Buckwheat grain is a source of valuable proteins, starch with low glycemic index or high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. It contains compounds with prophylactic value, too. Buckwheat is one of the richest sources of flavonoids. The highest content of dietary fibre is in bran fraction, where it counts for 40 %. Present phytosterols are usefull in lowering blood cholesterol. Buckwheat is better source of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese and copper than other cereals. Among vitamins the most abundant is pyridoxin. Buckwheat is effective in management of many diseases, mainly cardiovascular and digestion disorders, cancer, diabetes and obesity. In the last decades buckwheat is an interesting material not only for development of new functional foods, but for the preparation of concentrates with healing buckwheat components, too.doi:10.5219/206
3R&D Center, Amore Pacific Corporation, Yongin, 446-729. S. Korea. The sprouts, microgreens and leafy greens of common and tartary buckwheat of Nepalese strain were compared for the phenolic contents and biological activity. The tartary buckwheat samples expressed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the common buckwheat. The sprouts had the highest total phenolic contents (9333.48 ± 150.23 and 6976.21 ± 213.65 mgGAE/100g dw in tartary and common buckwheat, respectively) whereas, the highest total flavonoid content was present in the leafy greens (7635.39 ± 141.40 and 4414.61 ± 70.85 mgRE/100g dw in tartary and common buckwheat respectively). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results revealed that the tartary buckwheat vegetables had higher rutin, (3800.28 ± 434.41 mg/100g in leafy greens), quercetin (159.75 ± 9.04 mg/100g in sprouts) and chlorogenic acid (293.47 ± 65.06 mg/100g in microgreens) contents than those of common buckwheat. However, other phenolics like vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin contents were more abundant in common buckwheat. In biochemical assay, all three types of vegetable of common and tartary buckwheat showed higher antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition effect in dose dependent manner. Based on these results, it can be conformed that all the vegetables (microgreens, sprouts and leafy greens) of both varieties of buckwheat of Nepalese strains can be regarded as a potent sour ce of functional food.
Free amino acid and pigment composition in fruits at two ripening stages from a selected tomato germplasm was stud-ied. The aims were contributing to knowledge on variability of ripening metabolism and identifying more consistently the genetic background of the plant material under analysis. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found among rip-ening stages and among genotypes within ripening stage for all amino acids and pigments except by asparagine, alanine and chlorophyll b contents. The highest relative amino acid content corresponded to glutamate, glutamine, and GABA though some genotypes had relatively high asparagine content. Glutamate, glutamine and GABA performed op-positely: the former increased along ripening while the latter two decreased in their relative content. A Principal Com-ponents (PC) analysis was applied, determining that metabolites having the greatest contribution to general variability were threonine, serine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lycopene and beta-carotene, which showed the highest association with PC1. Alanine and chlorophylls a and b were highly associated to PC2. These two first PC explained the 62% of the total variation, and genotypes were distributed according to the rip-ening stage in their coordinates. Accordingly, a Hierarchical Clustering resulted in a dendrogram having a relatively high cophenetic correlation (0.70), in which two well defined groups were obtained according to ripening stage. These results verified the existence of variability in the metabolism of ripening fruit for amino acids and pigments, and al-lowed to identify unequivocally a set of selected tomato germplasm according to the fruit metabolic profiles in these two ripening stages.
In the present study, free amino acids and seed protein contents of pomegranate germplasm from Tunisia and China were conducted
using Hitachi L8800 amino acid analyzer, Bradford and Kjeldahl methods. The work offers more consideration to protein pomegranate
seeds which can be with great importance regarding the nutritive seed value of this crop. In other hand, the protein and amino
acids contents were used to compare the Tunisian and Chinese pomegranate cultivars based on multivariate analyses (principal
component and clustering analyses). Results show that the Tunisian and Chinese pomegranate seeds were rich in storage proteins
independently of organoleptic taste as sweet, sour sweet or sour. Qualitatively, the storage protein and free amino acids
of pomegranate seeds were identical. Besides, the segregation of Chinese and Tunisian pomegranate cultivars into three groups
was reveled based on high, low or moderate amino acids contents. Statistically, the differences between organoleptic groups
(sweet, sour sweet and sour) were not significant (P
To elucidate the effects of cultivar and harvest month on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mulberry leaves, four major phenolics, including chlorogenic acid (ChA), benzoic acid (BeA), rutin (Rut) and astragalin (Ast), were quantified using an HPLC-UV method. Leaves from six mulberry cultivars, collected from April to October, were analyzed. The antioxidant activity of mulberry leaves was assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HSA) and superoxide radical scavenging activity (SSA) assays. The results showed that the total values of the four phenolic compounds ranged from 2.3 dry weight (DW) to 4.2 mg/g DW, with ChA being the major compound. The mean total phenol (TP) content of the six cultivars ranged from 30.4 equivalents (GAE) mg/g DW to 44.7 GAE mg/g DW. Mulberry leaves harvested in May had the highest TP content. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of mulberry leaves harvested from April to October differed noticeably. In general, Kq 10 and May were considered to be a better cultivar and harvest month concerning phenolic content and antioxidant activity, respectively.
Background
Quercetin has been shown to induce apoptosis in a number of cancer cell lines, but a quercetin-loaded nanoliposomal formulation with enhanced antitumor activity in C6 glioma cells and its effect on cancer cell death has not been well studied. The aim of this study was to examine if quercetin-loaded liposomes (QUE-NL) has enhanced cytotoxic effects and if such effects involve type III programmed cell death in C6 glioma cells.
Methods
C6 glioma cells were treated with QUE-NL and assayed for cell survival, apoptosis, and necrosis. Levels of reactive oxygen species production and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were also determined by flow cytometry assay to assess the effects of QUE-NL. ATP levels and lactate dehydrogenase activity were measured, and Western blotting was used to assay cytochrome C release and caspase expression.
Results
QUE-NL induced type III (necrotic) programmed cell death in C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. High concentrations of QUE-NL induced cell necrosis, which is distinct from apoptosis and autophagy, whereas liposomes administered alone induced neither significant apoptosis nor necrosis in C6 glioma cells. QUE-NL-induced ΔΨm loss and cytochrome C release had no effect on caspase activation, but decreased ATP levels and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity indicated that QUE-NL stimulated necrotic cell death.
Conclusion
C6 glioma cells treated with QUE-NL showed a cellular pattern associated with necrosis without apoptosis and was independent of caspase activity. Nonapoptotic cell death induced by high concentrations of QUE-NL for controlling caspase-independent type III programmed cell death may provide the basis for novel therapeutic approaches to overcome avoidance of apoptosis by malignant cells.
Two tartary buckwheat samples (Xingku No.2 and Diqing) grown at three locations were analyzed for free and bound phenolic content and antioxidant properties. Moreover, the relative contributions of variety and growing environment to phenolic content and antioxidant properties were determined, as well as correlations of these properties to growing conditions. The total phenolic contents varied from 5,150 to 9,660 μmol of gallic acid equivalents per 100 gram of dry weight (DW) of tartary buckwheat and the free phenolics accounted for 94% to 99%. Rutin content was in the range from 518.54 to 1,447.87 mg per 100 gram of DW of tartary buckwheat. p-Hydroxybenzoic, ferulic and protocatechuic acids were the prominent phenolic acids and other phenolics, including p-coumaric, gallic, caffeic, vanillic and syringic acids were also detected. Tartary buckwheat exhibited higher DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activities and was more effective at preventing the bleaching of β-carotene in comparison with reference antioxidant and plant phenolics constituents. Additionally, growing conditions and the interaction between variety and environment may have more contribution than variety to individual phenolics and antioxidant properties of tartary buckwheat. Environmental parameters such as higher altitudes may also have an increasing effect on rutin and phenolic acids. This study suggests that tartary buckwheat has potential health benefits because of its high phenolic content and antioxidant properties. These components could also be enhanced by optimizing the growing conditions of a selected variety.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a buckwheat protein product (BWP) on plasma cholesterol, gallbladder bile composition and fecal steroid excretion in hamsters fed diets with 5 g/kg cholesterol. Diets also contained 200 g/kg of casein, soy protein isolate (SPI) or BWP as protein sources. After 2 wk, plasma and liver concentrations of cholesterol in the hamsters fed BWP were significantly lower than those in the hamsters fed casein and SPI. The molar proportion of cholesterol in gallbladder bile was significantly lower in the BWP group than in the other groups, whereas that of bile acids was slightly higher in the BWP group (P </= 0.05), resulting in the lowest lithogenic index in the BWP group. None of the hamsters fed BWP had gallstones, whereas they were present in some of the hamsters fed other proteins. Compared with casein intake, BWP intake resulted in significantly higher ratios of cholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid and of cholic acid to lithocholic acid in the gallbladder bile. The excretions of fecal neutral and acidic steroids were markedly higher in the BWP group compared with the other groups (P </= 0.05). SPI intake also significantly lowered cholesterol level in gallbladder bile and caused higher fecal bile acids compared with casein intake, but the effects were significantly less than those of BWP (P </= 0.05). The results suggest that BWP suppresses gallstone formation and cholesterol level more strongly than SPI by enhancing bile acid synthesis and fecal excretion of both neutral and acidic steroids.
In this study, changes in physicochemical characteristics associated with fruit quality and free amino acids were investigated during maturation of hawthorn fruits. Significant differences in these parameters were found during maturation. The color turned progressively from mature green to semi-red, to reach bright red; the shape changed gradually from oval to round or approached round; the size, weight, and edible part (flesh/core ratio) of hawthorns increased while the density of intact fruits did not change. The content of moisture, total soluble sugars, soluble pectin, reduced ascorbic acid, total ascorbic acid, fructose, and sucrose increased while crude protein content decreased significantly. The levels of starch, sucrose, titratable acidity, protopectin, pectin, total free amino acids, and total essential amino acids initially increased and then decreased gradually during maturation. The outcomes of this study provide additional and useful information for fresh consumption and processing as well as utilization of dropped unripe hawthorn fruits.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The variability in the fermentation index, polyphenols, and amino acids of rambutan seeds was investigated during fermentation. Results revealed that fermentation index (FI) value >= 1 was achieved on the 4th day of fermentation. While fermentation significantly reduced the levels of total polyphenols (59%), tannin (60%), and saponins (33%), it seems to have a moderate effect on geraniin, corilagin, and a much stronger effect on ellagic, and gallic acids. During fermentation, variability in gallic acid, geraniin, corilagin, and ellagic acid did not show a consistent trend. In contrast, amino acids significantly decreased up to the second day of fermentation. Importantly, amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and leucine) with characteristic bitter taste showed reductions of 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively after 10 days of fermentation. Sucrose, which was the only sugar present in significant concentrations in unfermented seed, was significantly reduced by fermentation.
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid coming from the enzymatic alpha-decarboxylation of glutamate. It is a neurotransmitter that has recently raised some interests for its health effects: hypotensive, diuretic, tranquilizer and diabetes preventing agent. Regarding GABA content in cocoa, rare information is available in literature, so the aim of this study was to provide an overview on the GABA content in fermented and dried cocoa beans from different geographical origins (Africa, Central/South America, Asia and Oceania). GABA and other free amino acids were analyzed by HPLC/FLD after derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate. Results showed that cocoa beans are an excellent source of GABA and its content is extremely variable as a function of the geographical origin, ranging from a minimum of 31.7 mg/100 g for Grenada beans to a maximum of 101.2 mg/100 g for Ecuador beans.
Wild edible and medicinal mushroom, Calvatia gigantea, was quantitatively analyzed for the determination of its free amino acids using ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The concentrations of total free amino acids, essential and non-essential amino acids were 199.65 mg/100 g, 113.69 mg/100 g, and 85.96 mg/100 g in C. gigantea, respectively. This study showed that C. gigantea, so called a giant puffball mushroom, has free amino acids content. The essential amino acids: tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, lysine, histidine, methionine, and the non-essential amino acids: tyrosine, 4-hyrdroxy proline, arginine, proline, glycine, serine, alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid, aspargine, aspartic acid were detected.
Total phenol, total flavonoid, rutin and quercetin contents as well as antioxidant activity in ethanol extracts of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tararicum Gaertn) sprouts were determined, and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in the sprouts were estimated. Total flavonoid content and rutin in the sprouts of both buckwheat species gradually increased and reached the maximum levels on days 7 and 9 of germination, respectively; total phenol and free phenylalanine content also had the same trend. However, quercetin in tartary buckwheat decreased from day 5 and became undetectable on day 7, similar to that observed in common buckwheat sprouts beyond the germinating period. An obvious positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.9792, P < 0.01) was found between PAL activity and flavonoid accumulation. The phenolic extracts of the sprouts of both buckwheat species exhibited strong antioxidant activity. This study suggests that buckwheat sprouts are a good health-promoting food source.
The objective of this study was to investigate the level of 18 trace elements of two freeze-dried samples from the Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and the Strawberry (Fragaria×Ananassa). The total free amino acid composition in the blueberry and strawberry was determined by an Amino Acid Analyzer. Eleven free amino acids were found in both berries. The trace elements in each dried fruit sample were determined by ICP-MS with microwave digestion. The linearity range of the standard curves was 0-1250.0μgL(-1) (Mg, P, K, Ca),while in all cases, except for B, Na, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, Pb, Ge and As, which was 125.0μgmL(-1), all related coefficients were above 0.9999; recovery was in the range of 79.0-106.8%. Minor concentrations of nutritional elements were found in each freeze-dried berry. In sum, the toxic trace element analysis found the content of toxic trace elements in each freeze-dried berry sample was safe for human consumption and that the overall quality of the blueberry surpassed that of the strawberry. The results certify that the two freeze-dried berries have potential for human consumption in value-added products and have a certain theoretical and practical significance.
Buckwheat is an ancient dicotyledonous crop belonging to Polygonaceae family. It is cultivated and adapted to marginal lands with harsh environments. Buckwheat has been praised as one of the most faddish green functional foods. Many functional foods including tea made from buckwheat have been put into production around the globe. The buckwheat proteins are particularly rich in lysine and contain less glumatic acid and proline, and more arginine and aspartic acid than cereal proteins. Buckwheat proteins also show a strong supplemental effect with other proteins to improve the dietary amino acid balance with special biological activities of cholesterol-lowering effects, antihypertensition effects, and improving the constipation and obesity conditions by acting in a similar way as dietary fiber and interrupting the in vivo metabolisms. Besides its high-quality proteins, buckwheat is also rich in many rare components that have healing effects on some chronic diseases. Among these components, the most attractive ones are flavones, flavonoids, phytosterols, d-chiro-Inositol, and myo-inositol. In this review we focus on buckwheat's general physical and chemical properties, rare components, functional effects, metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds and trends in the development of functional tea from buckwheat in the latest three years.
Free amino acids were extracted from cereal products using 50% ethanol to prevent solubilization of polysaccharides and other viscous polymers and to avoid starch gelatinization. The extracts were analyzed by GC after ion-exchange solid phase extraction and chloroformate derivatization using Ez-Faast technology (Phenomenex). Free amino acids in cereal products could be analyzed within 1h of extraction and determination, with good separation between peaks and repeatable retention times. Relative correction factor for each amino acid was established. The matrix did not affect the results and the method was repeatable for most of the amino acids (coefficient of variation was in the order of 10%). Different fractions and products of wheat, rye, oats and barely were analyzed. The bran contained more free amino acids than did the other analysed fractions of cereals. Fermentation seemed to consume free asparagine and aspartic acid and to use or release other amino acids.
The ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins content and in vitro antioxidant activity of fresh pulps and seeds of cupuassu, harvested at three different times of the year, and in commercial frozen pulps were evaluated. Lipids, total phenolics contents, and antioxidant activities were the highest in the seeds, followed by fresh and commercial frozen pulps, respectively. The latter also showed a lower content of ascorbic acid (9-13 mg/100 g DW) when compared to fresh pulps (96-111 mg/100 g DW). The 8-O-β-d-glucuronides and the corresponding 3″-sulfates of isoscutellarein (5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), hypolaetin (5,7,8,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), and 8-hydroxychrysoeriol (5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone), also known as hypoaletin 3'-methyl ether, were identified and quantified (31 mg/g DW) in cupuassu seeds. The same flavonoid profile was present in pulps although in much lower concentrations (0.5 to 2 mg/g DW). The two 8-hydroxychrysoeriol glycosides had not been previously reported in cupuasssu. The content of proanthocyanidin oligomers in seeds (23 mg/g DW), mainly of the epicatechin type, and the mean degree of polymerization (5.5) were calculated. No discernible effect of the harvesting period on the evaluated chemical aspects could be identified. Commercial frozen pulps contained a smaller amount of all these compounds than the fresh pulp, suggesting that these compounds were potentially degraded during processing/storage.
Proanthocyanidin-containing rice varieties have been rarely reported. Antioxidant capacity, major antioxidant components, and nutritional parameters of eight traditional red-grained rice varieties containing proanthocyanidins grown in Sri Lanka were investigated. The tested traditional red varieties, on the average, had over sevenfold higher both total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content than three light brown-grained new-improved rice varieties. Major antioxidant phenolic compounds identified in this study included proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and γ-oryzanols (ferulic acid derivatives). Proanthocyanidins were detected only in the traditional red varieties, but not found in new-improved ones. Most traditional red varieties also contained significantly higher levels of protein with well balanced amino acids and higher contents of fat, fibre and vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) than the new-improved ones. Great variations in antioxidant capacity, major phenolics, and nutritional parameters were observed among different rice varieties. These Sri Lankan traditional red-grained rice varieties containing proanthocyanidins may be used as important genetic sources for rice breeding.
The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp of 13 varieties were investigated. The free, bound and total phenolic contents were 66.17-226.03, 11.18-40.54, and 101.51-259.18mg of gallic acid equivalents/100g, respectively. The free, bound and total flavonoid contents were 16.68-110.33, 10.48-22.75, and 39.43-129.86mg of catechin equivalents/100g, respectively. Free phenolics and flavonoids contributed averagely 80.1% and 75% to their total contents, respectively. Six individual phenolics (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and rutin) were detected in litchi pulp by HPLC. The contents of each compound in free and bound fractions were determined. Significant varietal discrepancy in antioxidant activity was also found by FRAP and DPPH scavenging capacity methods. Antioxidant activity was significantly correlated with phenolic and flavonoid contents. Thus, phenolics and flavonoids exist mainly in the free form in litchi pulp. There were significant varietal differences in phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp.
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) plants produce a low grain yield because of a low incidence of seed set. As part of a study of seed set and abortion, sterols and fatty acids were extracted from developing embryo and endosperm tissues 6-20 days after pollination (DAP) and analyzed by gas chromatography. The most abundant sterol was beta-sitosterol, which made up 70% of the total sterols. Other sterols were campesterol, an unknown, and traces of stigmasterol. Total sterols in embryos were 2.1 +/- 0.05 g/kg of dry weight and in endosperm tissues were 0.55 +/- 0.02 g/kg at 20 DAP; total fatty acids in embryo and endosperm lipids were 123 +/- 8 and 22 +/- 3 g/kg, respectively. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic accounted for 88% of the total fatty acids at 20 DAP. At 6-10 DAP, 60-80% of the total fatty acids were saturated, mostly palmitic acid, but at 12-20 DAP, 65-80% were unsaturated, mostly linoleic and oleic. The rapid transition at 10-12 DAP was associated with rapid embryo growth and a 10-fold increase in storage lipids. Palmitic was 3-5 times more abundant than any other fatty acid at 6 DAP when myristic acid concentration was highest. Long-chain fatty acids (C20:0, C22:0, and C20:1) accumulated late in development to less than 7% of the total fatty acids.
The composition of common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seed milling fractions depends upon the relative abundance of various seed tissues in each. Fancy (light) flour contains mainly central endosperm, while the bran milling fraction has seed coat and some embryo tissues. Phytate, found in protein bodies of embryo and aleurone cells, is the major storage form of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and some microelements in seeds. Phytic acid (35–38 g kg ⁻¹ ) and minerals are concentrated in bran, a milling fraction with high concentrations of phytate‐rich tissues. Polyphenolics, including condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), are also concentrated in bran (11–15 g kg ⁻¹ ). Rutin is concentrated in the hull of common buckwheat (0.8–4.4 g kg ⁻¹ ). Rutin concentration is low (0.2–0.3 g kg ⁻¹ ) in groats of common buckwheat but higher (0.7–0.8 g kg ⁻¹ ) in bran containing hull fragments. Rutin is 300‐fold more concentrated (81 g kg ⁻¹ ) in groats of tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum (L) Gaertn) than in groats of common buckwheat. Only small amounts of quercetin were detected. Bran is a concentrated source of phytic acid and tannins, a consideration in consumption of large amounts of buckwheat bran for nutritional or medicinal purposes.
© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
By using the mass production system, we could harvest the buckwheat sprouts that had their pericarps completely removed. As seeding days progressed, monosaccharides in buckwheat sprouts were rapidly increased, while di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides were gradually decreased. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was found to be the major fatty acid of buckwheat sprouts and increased up to 52.1% at 7 days after seeding (DAS), and total unsaturated fatty acid composition was greater than 83%. Free amino acid contents in buckwheat sprouts were almost four-times higher than those of buckwheat seeds. Based on these results, it was concluded that the abundance of lysine, γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) and sulfur containing amino acids in buckwheat sprouts provides a high nutritional value as a new vegetable. Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), quericitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), chlorogenic acid, and two unknown compounds were presented in both buckwheat seeds and sprouts. As seeding days progressed, rutin, quercitrin, and unknown compound B (431 m/z) were notably increased, while chlorogenic acid and unknown compound A (451 m/z) were moderately increased. Among the water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B1 + B6, vitamin C, and two kinds of unidentified compounds were presented in the buckwheat sprouts. Vitamin C contents of buckwheat sprouts were increased and its maximum content (171.5 mg/100 g) was observed at 7 DAS. On the other hand, vitamin B1 + B6 contents were moderately increased. Buckwheat sprouts not only have the soft and slightly crispy texture, and attractive fragrance, but also have abundant nutrients.
This study was conducted to investigate the rutin content of three buckwheat species: Fagopyrum esculentum, Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum homotropicum, and to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. In total, 11 cultivars/accessions were analyzed. The contents of both rutin and total flavonoids were significantly different depending on species, 0.02% and 0.04% in F. esculentum, 0.10% and 0.35% in F. homotropicum, and 1.67% and 2.04% in F. tataricum, respectively. Three buckwheat species exhibited a dose–response effect in inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation. The antioxidant activity decreased in the order: F. tataricum > F. homotropicum > F. esculentum. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation between antioxidant activity and rutin content (R2 = 0.98) or total flavonoids content (R2 = 0.77) in all buckwheat cultivars/accessions. This work shows that rutin plays an important role in antioxidant activity of buckwheat seed. It provides useful information for buckwheat breeding to develop high rutin content varieties.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the kinetics of the effects exerted by Temodal and quercetin on the survival of the human astrocytoma MOGGCCM cell line. Our results indicate that quercetin was toxic and induced necrosis, whereas Temodal induced autophagy-mediated cell death most effectively. The amount of cell death directly correlated with drug concentration and length of exposure. During combined administration of both drugs, Temodal attenuated the cytotoxic effects of quercetin. Combinations of both drugs were effective in inducing programmed cell death, but the type of cell death was concentration-dependent. Co-administration of Temodal (100 μM) with a low quercetin concentration (5 μM) resulted in a very significant induction of autophagy; however, after treatment with quercetin at a higher concentration (30 μM), apoptosis became the primary mechanism of cell death. The sequence of drug administration was also important. The highest number of dead cells was observed after simultaneous administration of both drugs or after pre-incubation with Temodal followed by treatment with quercetin. Apoptosis was identified through activation of the mitochondrial pathway including cleavage of caspase-3 and release of cytochrome c. Autophagy was identified through increased levels of LC3II. Our results indicate that Temodal and quercetin are synergistic inducers of programmed cell death, better together than applied separately. This drug combination appears to be a potent and promising therapeutic relevant to the treatment of gliomas.
The candidates responsible for vasorelaxation action of rutin-free tartary buckwheat extract (TBSP) were examined in this study. As a result of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations, five prominent peaks in the acidic fraction of TBSP were obtained at 260 nm. Among the five collected peaks, we successfully identified four compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) measurements: (+)-osbeckic acid as a dimer ([M - H](-) m/z: 371.2 > 184.9 > 140.9), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. A vascular contractive measurement in 1.0 μM phenylephrine-contracted Sprague-Dawley rat thoracic aorta rings revealed that (+)-osbeckic acid dimer evoked a potent vasorelaxant effect with an EC(50) value of 887 μM compared to other isolates (EC(50): 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid, 3610 μM; protocatechuic acid, 2160 μM; p-hydroxybenzoic acid, no inhibition). Dimeric (+)-osbeckic acid was stable in solutions and at high temperatures, while its degraded peak on the HPLC chromatogram was observed when it was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide.
The structure of the mature buckwheat achene and groat is discussed in relation to milling fractions and nutritional composition. Whole groats contain 55% starch, 12% protein, 4% lipid, 2% soluble carbohydrates, 7% total dietary fiber (TDF), 2% ash, and 18% other components (organic acids, phenolic compounds. tannins. phosphorylated sugars, nucleotides and nucleic acids, unknown corn pounds. The composition of the milling fractions reflects the relative abundance of seed tissues. Starch is concentrated in the central endosperm. Protein, oil, soluble carbohydrates and minerals are concentrated in the embryo. Commercial 'Fancy' flour, a light-coloured flour, is mostly central endosperm and contains 75% starch, 6% protein, 1% lipid, 1% soluble carbohydrates, 3% TDF, 1% ash. and 13% other components. Although the embryo traverses the central endosperm, during milling parts of the embryo separate with the aleurone and seed coat in the bran fraction. Bran, with little central endosperm, contains 18% starch, 36% protein, 11% lipid, 6% soluble carbohydrates, 15% TDF, job ash, and 7% other components. Buckwheat bran also is a rich source of TDF and soluble dietary fibre (SDF), particularly bran with hull fragments (40% TDF of which 25% is SDF), while bran without hull fragments has 16% TDF of which 75% is SDF. (C) 2001 Academic Press.
Utilization of tartary buckwheat bran as a source of rutin and its effect on the rheological and antioxidant properties of wheat-based products. Ind. Crops and Prod
- Yj Cho
- Iy Bae
- Ge Nglett
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Cho YJ, Bae IY, Nglett GE and Lee S (2014). Utilization of tartary buckwheat bran as a source of rutin and its effect on the
rheological and antioxidant properties of wheat-based products. Ind. Crops and Prod. 61: 211-216.
Determination of quercetin glycosides and free quercetin in buckwheat by capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography
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- J Kalinova
Danihelová E and Kalinova J (2010). Determination of quercetin glycosides and free quercetin in buckwheat by capillary
micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J. Separat. Sci. 33: 1633-1138.
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Genetics and Molecular Research 14 (4): 19040-19048 (2015)
Prospect of development and exploitation of buckwheat resources
- Z P Xiao
Xiao ZP (2003). Prospect of development and exploitation of buckwheat resources. Modern Agric. 8: 35.
Utilization of tartary buckwheat bran as a source of rutin and its effect on the rheological and antioxidant properties of wheat-based products
- Y J Cho
- I Y Bae
- G E Nglett
- S Lee
Cho YJ, Bae IY, Nglett GE and Lee S (2014). Utilization of tartary buckwheat bran as a source of rutin and its effect on the
rheological and antioxidant properties of wheat-based products. Ind. Crops and Prod. 61: 211-216.
Changes in phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and antioxidant capacity of two buckwheat sprouts in relation to germination
- Ren Sc
- J T Sun
Ren SC and Sun JT (2014). Changes in phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and antioxidant
capacity of two buckwheat sprouts in relation to germination. J. Func. Foods 7: 298-304.