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The effect of strength and core stabilization training on physical fitness factors among elderly people
Abstract
the aim of this study was to survey the effect of strength and core stabilization training on physical fitness factors among elderly people. In order to carry out this study, 90 individuals from elderly adults of Zanjan Province (Iran) whose health had been verified in accordance with health assessment measures were chosen and studied upon. Using functional tests, gait ability (DGI), balance (Y) and strength in the upper (Bench press) and lower limbs (Legg press) of subjects were analyzed. Prior to performing the pretest, subjects were randomly divided into three groups. The classification of these groups was as follows:strength training group, core stabilization training group and control group with no training (per group: n= 30). Regarding the strength training group, the program lasted for six weeks, each week with three one-hour sessions corresponding to previous studies carried out in this regard. Regarding the core stabilization group, the training were performed with a similar program to that of the previous group different in that the training protocol included core stabilization training. After performing training, posttest data was obtained from all three groups similar to the pretest. Descriptive statistics tests, one-way ANOVA (F) and Tukey's post hoc test ({bullet operator} = 0.05) were applied for data analysis using SPSS software. Results showed significant difference in the assessed data of the experimental groups (strength training core stabilization) in the posttest level in comparison with the pretest level. Considering the results of the present research we can say that conducting a period of core stabilization training improves life independence of geriatric population and will ultimately result in their more contribution in the society. Therefore, we can recommend core stabilization training to be included in designing training programs for this group of society.
... Considering duration and intensity, it is hypothesized that core exercise can change body composition, muscle properties, and balance ability in adults in their 20s. To date, research on core balance training has been widely conducted, including on the sport of athletes, research based on age-such as among young and elderly individuals, and research on training program development [20][21][22]. However, most studies compared differences in the effect according to time through pre-and post-testing, and continuous effect tracking was not performed. ...
... In a previous study, the training period was set to 8 weeks, and core training was conducted for a relatively short period. In contrast, when the subject was an elderly woman, a significant improvement in dynamic balance was reported after training [21]. This suggests that, even if the training target is an elderly person with a low level of basic physical strength, dynamic balance ability can be improved if training at an appropriate intensity is continuously performed. ...
... An improvement in static balance ability because of core balance training has been confirmed in several studies [21,[33][34][35]. Furthermore, core strengthening presents certain benefits; these data alone were insufficient to confirm dynamic balance's effects on university judo athletes [36]. ...
(1) Background: The amount of physical activity most adults perform is less than the recommended amount, and the resulting decrease in physical strength makes them vulnerable to various diseases. A decrease in muscle size and strength due to damage caused by disease or aging negatively affects functional strength. Muscle evaluation in adults can yield results that are predictive indicators of aging and unexpected disability. In addition, balance ability is essential to prevent falls and injuries in daily life and maintain functional activities. It is important to develop and strengthen balance in the lower extremities and core muscles to maintain and enhance overall body balance. This study aimed to analyze the effects of core balance training on muscle tone and balance ability in adults. (2) Methods: The participants of this study were 32 adult male and female university students (male: mean age = 21.3 ± 1.9 years, weight = 74.2 ± 12.6 kg, BMI = 23.4 + 2.5, n = 14; female: mean age = 21.0 ± 1.4 years, weight = 64.6 + 1.2 kg, BMI = 22.4 ± 2.4, n =18). Thirty-two adults (training group: 16, control group: 16; male: 16, female: 16) participated in the Myoton PRO (gastrocnemius lateral/medial, tibialis anterior), Pedalo balance system, and Y-balance test. (3) Results: The following results were obtained for muscle elasticity, stiffness, and dynamic/static balance ability after 10 weeks of core balance training. 1. There was no significant difference in muscle elasticity (gastrocnemius lateral/medial, tibialis anterior) (p < 0.05). 2. Muscle stiffness (gastrocnemius lateral/medial, tibialis anterior) significantly increased (p < 0.05). 3. Dynamic/static balance ability significantly increased (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: In future, data for the age and sex of various participants, should be accumulated by recruiting participants to study muscle characteristics, such as muscle elasticity and stiffness. Estimating the appropriate injury range and optimal exercise capacity is possible through follow-up studies. The findings can then be used as a basis for predicting injuries or determining and confirming the best time to resume exercise.
... The execution of core stability motor tasks requires a high level of motivation in the over 65 years old: therefore, so that they can also be introduced within recreational activities; the appropriate time and the appropriate dose must be identified. The studies that followed the guidelines of the ACSM (ACSM, 2010; Scurati et al., 2016;Seo et al., 2012;Stephenson & Swank, 2004) have highlighted the functional relationships between core strength and individual autonomy of people over 65 years old (Sannicandro, 2017;Rosa et al., 2016;Granacher et al., 2013;Kang et al., 2012;Hosseini et al., 2012). ...
... The RG values are also consistent with the literature data as it has been shown that a modest efficacy of muscle strength exercises was observed in core stability in subjects aged between 60 and 68 when not following specific programs (Hosseini et al., 2012;Kasukawa et al., 2010;Nichols et al., 2001). ...
... In particular, two studies, always focused on specific trunk stabilization exercises, reported the same increases in static balance capacity obtained in the present study using the same evaluation test; and such functional relationships seem to be maintained and highlighted even for older people up to 80 years old (Kahle & Tevald, 2014;Hosseini et al., 2012). Tandem Chantanachai et al., 2014;Seo et al., 2012). ...
... Of the 14 longitudinal studies, 9 studies investigated the effects of CST on TMS, balance, functional performance, and fall rate/risk, and 5 studies examined the impact of PET on these variables. Further, 8 out of the 14 longitudinal studies were unblinded randomized controlled trials [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Two studies were based on convenient samples [28,29]. ...
... Progression during training was erratically described for both CST and PET. In CST, progression during training was achieved by modulating lever lengths [21,24], range of motion [21], movement velocity (i.e., isometric, dynamic) [21], movement complexity (i.e., single/multi-joint movements) [24], level of stability/instability [21,24], and by increasing training intensity [i.e., percentage of 1 repetition maximum (RM), workload, color/resistance of Thera-bands, Borg scale] [22,28,30] and training volume (i.e., number of sets/repetitions) [28,31]. In PET, progression during training was realized by increasing the training volume (e.g., number of repetitions) [25], training intensity (e.g., training load, color/resistance of Thera-bands) [25,26,32], and level of stability/instability [26,32,33]. ...
... In PET, progression during training was realized by increasing the training volume (e.g., number of repetitions) [25], training intensity (e.g., training load, color/resistance of Thera-bands) [25,26,32], and level of stability/instability [26,32,33]. Control group activities varied across the CST/PET studies and included no treatment (i.e., usual daily activity with no increase in physical activity levels) [21][22][23][26][27][28][29], waitlist for an exercise program upon completion of the study [25], and an alternative exercise program (i.e., stretching exercises) [24]. Finally, no longitudinal study reported training-related adverse events. ...
Background:
The aging process results in a number of functional (e.g., deficits in balance and strength/power performance), neural (e.g., loss of sensory/motor neurons), muscular (e.g., atrophy of type-II muscle fibers in particular), and bone-related (e.g., osteoporosis) deteriorations. Traditionally, balance and/or lower extremity resistance training were used to mitigate these age-related deficits. However, the effects of resistance training are limited and poorly translate into improvements in balance, functional tasks, activities of daily living, and fall rates. Thus, it is necessary to develop and design new intervention programs that are specifically tailored to counteract age-related weaknesses. Recent studies indicate that measures of trunk muscle strength (TMS) are associated with variables of static/dynamic balance, functional performance, and falls (i.e., occurrence, fear, rate, and/or risk of falls). Further, there is preliminary evidence in the literature that core strength training (CST) and Pilates exercise training (PET) have a positive influence on measures of strength, balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults.
Objective:
The objectives of this systematic literature review are: (a) to report potential associations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in old adults, and (b) to describe and discuss the effects of CST/PET on measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors.
Data sources:
A systematic approach was employed to capture all articles related to TMS/trunk muscle composition, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors that were identified using the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science (1972 to February 2013).
Study selection:
A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 582 articles identified for initial review. Cross-sectional (i.e., relationship) or longitudinal (i.e., intervention) studies were included if they investigated TMS and an outcome-related measure of balance, functional performance, and/or falls. In total, 20 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review.
Study appraisal and synthesis methods:
Longitudinal studies were evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated whenever possible. For ease of discussion, the 20 articles were separated into three groups [i.e., cross-sectional (n = 6), CST (n = 9), PET (n = 5)].
Results:
The cross-sectional studies reported small-to-medium correlations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults. Further, CST and/or PET proved to be feasible exercise programs for seniors with high-adherence rates. Age-related deficits in measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls can be mitigated by CST (mean strength gain = 30 %, mean effect size = 0.99; mean balance/functional performance gain = 23 %, mean ES = 0.88) and by PET (mean strength gain = 12 %, mean ES = 0.52; mean balance/functional performance gain = 18 %, mean ES = 0.71).
Limitations:
Given that the mean PEDro quality score did not reach the predetermined cut-off of ≥6 for the intervention studies, there is a need for more high-quality studies to explicitly identify the relevance of CST and PET to the elderly population.
Conclusions:
Core strength training and/or PET can be used as an adjunct or even alternative to traditional balance and/or resistance training programs for old adults. Further, CST and PET are easy to administer in a group setting or in individual fall preventive or rehabilitative intervention programs because little equipment and space is needed to perform such exercises.
... Hip fractures have been frequently reported among older adults. Lower extremity muscle weakness [4,5] and trunk muscle weakness [6] are often observed before injury. Thus, besides lower extremity muscle problems, trunk muscle atrophy and other trunk dysfunctions may inhibit the return to pre-injury gait, leading to a vicious cycle of repeated falls and secondary fractures after sustaining the initial hip fracture. ...
... However, effective interventions targeting the trunk muscles remain to be established. Trunk muscle training in supine and side-lying positions improves the gait ability of community-dwelling older adults [6,7]. However, it is difficult for older adults to assume supine and side-lying positions after hip fracture surgery, thereby hindering their application in clinical settings. ...
Physical therapy for mobilization after a hip fracture is effective in improving muscle strength and balance training of the lower extremities; however, effective interventions targeting the trunk muscles remain to be established. The efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-based exercise therapy has been recently reported. This case report demonstrates the effectiveness of VR-based intervention in improving the gait of a female patient in her 90s with a femoral neck fracture who had difficulty in independent gait postoperatively due to trunk dysfunction.
The patient had undergone bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty for a right femoral neck fracture sustained via a fall at home. Standard physical therapy, including range of motion exercises, resistance training, and gait training, was commenced gradually the day after surgery. An improvement in lower extremity pain was reported at the two-month follow-up visit but without any improvement in the gait ability. Trunk flexion was observed during gait, and the patient had difficulty in independent gait and walking without upper limb support. Withdrawal and reversal designs (BAB) were employed, and each period lasted one week. Standard physiotherapy supplemented with trunk reach training in a seated position using VR equipment was commenced subsequently. An improvement in the maximum anterior pelvic tilt angle and sitting and standing postures, increased hip extension range of motion and step length during gait, and decreased gait speed were observed during the intervention phase. These results highlight the importance of physiotherapy interventions targeting the trunk muscle and the effectiveness of VR-guided trunk training in patients with femoral neck fractures.
... Como se ha comentado, la pérdida de fuerza en la región del tronco puede recuperarse en personas mayores con entrenamiento específico del core [20][21][22] . Los resultados de la mayoría de los estudios que se han revisado en este trabajo indican que el MP no produce mejoras significativas en la fuerza de personas mayores 24,25,33 , a excepción del estudio de Irez 26 . ...
... El entrenamiento del core también se ha relacionado con la mejora del equilibrio y la reducción del riesgo de caídas en personas mayores [20][21][22][23] . Los resultados encontrados en esta revisión indican que el MP es efectivo en la mayoría de los casos para mejorar tanto el equilibrio estático como dinámico y además relacionan esta mejora con la reducción del riego de sufrir caídas en esta población. ...
Objetivo: Recopilar, resumir y comparar la evidencia científica sobre la eficacia del método Pilates en la fuerza, el equilibrio y las caídas en personas mayores.
Método: Búsqueda acotada entre 2004 y 2014. Bases de datos: Medline, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, OVID, ScienceDirect y Academic Search Premier. La calidad metodológica se determinó con la escala PEDro.
Resultados: En cuatro estudios se midió la fuerza y solo uno mejoró significativamente la fuerza isométrica de cadera. En nueve estudios se midió el equilibrio estático y dinámico, con resultados positivos en ocho de ellos. De estos, cinco estudios encuentran relación entre el equilibrio y la disminución del riesgo de caídas.
Conclusiones: El método Pilates es eficaz para mejorar la fuerza isométrica de cadera y el equilibrio en personas mayores, reduciendo el riesgo de caídas. No existen evidencias suficientes para determinar si la fuerza del core tiene que ver con el equilibrio y las caídas.
... Ozsoy et al. (25) showed improvement in gait characteristics of older persons with low back pain on the ambulation index, using the Biodex Gait Trainer 2. This finding was consistent with other studies which reported that lumbar stabilization exercise enhanced gait among older persons, as assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) (36) and Dynamic Gait Index (37). This can be explained by improving core muscle strength and back extensor strength, it will enhance pelvis stability which indirectly assists to improve the strength and coordination of the lower limbs (38). ...
Introduction: Lumbar stabilization exercises may improve core stability and reduce low back pain among older persons. However, the evidence is scarce. The objective of this study was to update evidence on the effectiveness of lumbar stabilization exercises on pain, disability, and functional performance among older persons with low back pain. Methods: This systematic review retrieved articles from PubMed, MEDLINE (via EBSCO), PEDro, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect published from 2005 to 2020. The selected articles were scored using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies for quality assessment. The data was extracted based on the study design, sample size, inclusion criteria, intervention, outcome, and conclusion. Results: A total of 2349 articles were found but only two articles met the inclusion criteria with both showing excellent scores on the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies. The findings showed lumbar stabilization exercises alone or combined with other interventions were effective in reducing pain intensity, and improving disability, and gait functional performance among older persons with low back pain. Conclusion: The current study suggests lumbar stabilization exercise is effective for pain, disability, and functional performance among older persons. However, further investigation is needed to gain more conclusive evidence for clinical practice.
... Demographic (including: the client's age, spouse's age, the client's job, client's education, spouse's education, duration of marriage, number of children, infant age) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) [17] questionnaires were completed by the samples before and one month after the intervention. [18] Both experimental and control groups were evaluated according the instruments for measurement in order to evaluate homogeneity. The FSFI questionnaire consists of 19 questions that assess all aspects of female sexual function, but part of these 19 questions are related to the assessment of female sexual desire; hence, this tool was used in this study to assess sexual desire. ...
Background:
Women may experience different problems in every aspect of their sexual life throughout their lives; therefore, it is essential to check women's sexual health and try to improve it. The present research aims to assess core stability trainings on postpartum mothers' sexual desire.
Materials and methods:
This quasi-experimental research was conducted by random sampling on 72 mothers who referred to comprehensive health centers in Isfahan in 2019 in postpartum period. The samples were divided into experimental and control groups by random placement method (blocking). Core stability exercises were performed in the experimental group for 24 sessions. The demographic questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were filled out in two stages (before and one month after the intervention) by the samples, and the data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square.
Results:
The result of this study showed that the average score of the sexual desire after intervention in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p = 0.03). The average score of the sexual desire after the intervention in the experimental group was significantly higher than that before the intervention (p < 0.001). The average scores of the sexual desire before and after the intervention in the control group were not significantly different (p = 0.40).
Conclusions:
Eight weeks of core stabilization exercises can improve endurance of the pelvic floor muscles and the central part of the body, subsequently promoting females' sexual desire. The findings of this study can be considered in the fields of education, health, clinical, and policy.
... The results of our study have implications for balance training in older adults with osteoporosis, especially since current recommendations for falls prevention focus almost exclusively on lower extremity training [36]. Nine previous studies have found improvements in balance and functional measures after incorporating trunk muscle training into exercise programs [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. However, only one of these was completed with people with osteoporosis [42]. ...
2021) The association between trunk muscle endurance, balance and falls self-efficacy in women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures: an exploratory analysis from a pilot randomized controlled trial, Disability and Rehabilitation, 43:16, 2268-2274, ABSTRACT Background: Trunk muscle endurance may be associated with balance and falls self-efficacy for people with osteoporosis. However, all previous studies have examined trunk muscle strength rather than endurance. Purpose: To explore the relationships between trunk muscle endurance and standing balance and falls self-efficacy for women with vertebral fractures. Materials and Methods: This is an exploratory, secondary analysis of baseline data of a pilot randomized controlled trial in Ontario, Canada. Thirty-one women with osteoporosis, aged 65 years or older, with at least one vertebral fracture were included. The associations between balance (Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation) and trunk muscle endurance (Timed Loaded Standing Test) and falls self-efficacy (Falls Efficacy Scale International) and trunk muscle endurance were tested via Spearman rank order correlation with Fisher's z transformations. Results: Trunk muscle endurance was correlated with better balance performance on the Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation [Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.47-0.85; p < 0.001], but not with falls self efficacy (Spearman correlation coefficient;-0.22; 95% confidence interval:-0.53 to 0.14; p ¼ 0.23). Conclusions: Trunk muscle endurance was moderately associated with better standing balance performance but not falls self-efficacy, highlighting the importance of trunk muscle endurance for standing balance for older adults with osteoporosis and vertebral fractures.
... A research for university students, there is a relationship between the development of core stabilization and static balance (19); In a study conducted by Sekendiz on middle-aged sedentary women, it was stated that there is a relationship between core development and dynamic balance (20). In study with 90-year-old sedentary elderly individuals, found a relationship between core stabilization and strength and dynamic balance (21); It evaluated the relationship between core stabilization and balance of former dancers and sedentary elderly individuals aged 50-87 years and stated that there was a positive relationship (22). Core exercises applied to Parkinson's patients have positive effects on dynamic balance (23). ...
Objective: The aim of this study is to the relationship between core stabilization and balance in the national curling athletes. Materials and Methods: 38 curling player, 19 men and 19 women, whose average of age was 19.67±2.90 were included in the study. İn the study, Body composition were measured to use TANİTA TBF 300 device. To Measure Core stabilization levels were used Sit-Up Test, Biering Sorenson Test and Sport-Specific Core Muscle Strength & Stability Plank Test. Balance were measured with SPORKAT 4000 Dynamic and Static Balance Device.The analysis of acquired datas from study is doneusing SPSS (version 24) for Windows Statistical Programme.Independent t-test was used for the comparison of paired groups while Pearson correlation was used for the control of the association between variables. Significance for statistical datas was selected being p<0.05. Results: Sit-up Test average were 44.31± 7.59 in men and 30.84±6.13- in women, Biering Sorenson Test average were 226.78±74.60 in men and 289.10±111.10 women, Sport-Spesific Core muscle strength & stability plan test average 280.26±113.14 in men and 176.05±47.128 women. Dynamic Balance Test average were 7677.26±1467.12 in men and 5207.94±1436.02 in women. The Static balance average were definitely 7759±1554.98 in men and 5477.63±2004.06 in women. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it is found that there wasn’t a significant relation between back endurance and static, dynamic balance, that there was a significant relation between sit up and static, dynamic balance. There was significantly relation between plank time and dynamic balance. However between Plank time and Static balance was not significantly relation. Keywords: Balance; Body composition; Core; Curling
... The results of our study have implications for balance training in older adults with osteoporosis, especially since current recommendations for falls prevention focus almost exclusively on lower extremity training [36]. Nine previous studies have found improvements in balance and functional measures after incorporating trunk muscle training into exercise programs [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. However, only one of these was completed with people with osteoporosis [42]. ...
Background: Trunk muscle endurance may be associated with balance and falls self-efficacy for people with osteoporosis. However, all previous studies have examined trunk muscle strength rather than endurance.
Purpose: To explore the relationships between trunk muscle endurance and standing balance and falls self-efficacy for women with vertebral fractures.
Materials and Methods: This is an exploratory, secondary analysis of baseline data of a pilot randomized controlled trial in Ontario, Canada. Thirty-one women with osteoporosis, aged 65 years or older, with at least one vertebral fracture were included. The associations between balance (Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation) and trunk muscle endurance (Timed Loaded Standing Test) and falls self-efficacy (Falls Efficacy Scale International) and trunk muscle endurance were tested via Spearman rank order correlation with Fisher’s z transformations.
Results: Trunk muscle endurance was correlated with better balance performance on the Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation [Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.47–0.85; p < 0.001], but not with falls self efficacy (Spearman correlation coefficient; –0.22; 95% confidence interval: –0.53 to 0.14; p = 0.23).
Conclusions: Trunk muscle endurance was moderately associated with better standing balance performance but not falls self-efficacy, highlighting the importance of trunk muscle endurance for standing balance for older adults with osteoporosis and vertebral fractures.
• Implications for Rehabilitation
• Older adults with osteoporosis and vertebral fractures who have better trunk muscle endurance may also have better standing balance.
• There was no association between trunk muscle endurance and how confident a person is that they will not fall while completing various activities of daily living.
• Trunk muscle endurance training could be included as part of a standing balance rehabilitation program for this population.
... Although the use of functional training has become popular in clinical practice and in populations with different age groups (Lagally et al., 2009) and many articles demonstrate its benefits (Krebs et al., 2007;Milton et al., 2008;Kibele & Behm, 2009;Behm et al., 2010;Weiss et al., 2010a,b;Tomljanovic 0 et al., 2011;Hosseini et al., 2012;Pacheco et al., 2013;Granacher et al., 2013;Neves et al., 2014;Rezende Barbosa et al., 2016b, a), it is unknown what is the real influence of this training proposal in relation to cardiorespiratory parameters. ...
Background:
Functional training is a new training vision that was prepared from the gesture imitation of daily activities. Although your use has become popular in clinical practice, the influence of the several cardiorespiratory adjustments performed during the functional training in different populations and conditions is unknown. So, the aim of this systematic review was to gather information in the literature regarding the influence of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters.
Methods:
We conducted search strategies on MEDLINE, PEDro, EMBASE, SportDiscus and Cochrane to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) summarized the evidence.
Results:
Five original studies were included. Effects favoured functional training on oxygen consumption (VO2 ) at intermediate-term follow-up: weighted mean difference -1·0 (95% CI: 5·4-3·3), P = 0·642, and a small and not clinically important effect observed on VO2 favouring control at intermediate-term follow-up (i.e. mean difference of 1·30 (95% CI 1·07-1·53), P<0·001).
Conclusion:
According to the GRADE system, there is very low quality evidence that functional training is better than other interventions to improve cardiovascular parameters. This result encourages new searches about the theme.
... Preferred limb was determined by kicking-theball test (20). If the right lower extremity was the preferred limb, the test was performed counterclockwise; it was performed clockwise if the left lower extremity was the preferred limb (21,22). The YBT consists of a stance platform to which three pipe pieces are attached in the A, PM, and PL directions. ...
Background. Dynamic balance is often assessed in athletes using either the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) or the Y Balance Test (YBT). There is evidence that the results for the three common directions are not comparable. Thus, the question is open to debate as to which instrument is better suited to measure training-induced changes over time.
Objectives. The aim of this study is to compare the changes in the SEBT and the YBT, measured before and after six weeks of balance and strength exercise programmes in young and healthy athletes.
Methods. A total of 30 young male athletes aged 15–17 years participated in this study and were involved in a six-week combined training, including balance and strength exercise. During pre- and post-training periods, the SEBT and YBT were conducted in random order.
Results. The comparison between the changes in the SEBT and YBT with a paired sample T-test showed a significant increase in PM (p=0.001) and PL reach directions (p=0.000). No differences were observed in the A reach direction (p=0.38).
Conclusion. the responsiveness levels of the SEBT and YBT are similar is valid. Also, because of higher effect size value in the anterior direction in YBT compared with SEBT, this balance test could possibly be preferred in this direction for postural control evaluation.
... 9 Nowadays, the speed of old-age population growth in developing counties is higher than the developed counties. 10 In fact, more than half (59%) of the world old population live in developing countries, and it is estimated that this rate will increase up to 71% in the year 2030. 11 The population of the people aged 65 years and more was about 5.9% in Asia in 2000, but it is estimated this rate to be increased up to 7.8% in 2015 and 12% by 2030; similarly, about 14.7% of the population in Europe had 65 years or more in 2000 with estimation of increase to 17.6% in 2015 and 23.5% by 2030. ...
... This can result in better core stability and balance. Because of these effects, functional core stability training programs were conducted in previous intervention studies for older adults (12,9). One possible core stability program is called sling training. ...
Because of its proximity to daily activities functional training becomes more important for older adults. Sling training, a form of functional training, was primarily developed for therapy and rehabilitation. Due to its effects (core muscle activation, strength and balance improvements), sling training may be relevant for older adults. However, to our knowledge no recent sling training program for healthy older adults included a detailed training control which is indeed an essential component in designing and implementing this type of training to reach positive effects. The purpose of this study was to develop a TRX Suspension Training for healthy older adults (TRX-OldAge) and to evaluate its feasibility. Eleven participants finished the 12 week intervention study. All participants trained in the TRX-OldAge whole-body workout which consists of seven exercises including 3-4 progressively advancing stages of difficulty for every exercise. At each stage, intensity could be increased through changes in position. Feasibility data was evaluated in terms of training compliance and a self-developed questionnaire for rating TRX-OldAge. The training compliance was 85 %. After study period, 91 % of the participants were motivated to continue with the program. The training intensity, duration and frequency were rated as optimal. All participants noted positive effects whereas strength gains were the most. On the basis of the detailed information about training control, TRX-OldAge can be individually adapted for each older adult appropriate to its precondition, demands and preference.
http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijes/vol8/iss3/3/
... Increased step length and increased gait velocity are thought to improve balance ability through improvement of trunk stability 17) . Hosseini et al. conducted six-week muscle strength exercise and core stabilization exercise programs 24) . They ascertained that the dynamic gait in the core stabilization exercise group increased significantly compared with the dynamic gait in the muscle strength exercise group. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dynamic trunk exercises and isometric trunk exercises on gait in elderly people. [Subjects] This study randomly allocated 20 elderly people to an isometric trunk exercise group (n=10) and a dynamic trunk exercise group (n=10). The exercises were performed for 30 minutes three times a week for 12 weeks. Gait speed, stride length, cadence, and step width were measured at a normal pace using GAITRite. All groups were evaluated before and after 12 weeks. [Results] The isometric exercise group showed a significant change in gait velocity, cadence, and left and right step lengths. The dynamic trunk exercise group showed a significant change in gait velocity, cadence, left and right step lengths, left and right step times, and left and right stride lengths. Moreover, a comparison of the exercise effect between the two groups showed a significant difference in gait velocity. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that isometric trunk exercises and dynamic trunk exercises have a positive effect on gait function in elderly people. In particular, isometric trunk exercises are recommended to promote gait velocity.
... Functional training (FT) is becoming increasingly popular within the fitness industry and has been suggested as a better alternative to traditional resistance training (CRT) for improving various measures of muscular fitness including strength, endurance, coordination and balance (Weiss et al., 2010). One indication of this popularity is its widespread use in clinical practice for health maintenance (Kibele & Behm, 2009;Lagally et al., 2009;Tomljanovi c et al., 2011) in rehabilitation processes to improve functional capacity in the elderly (Krebs et al., 2007;Hosseini et al., 2012;Pacheco et al., 2013) and also in high performance training which seeks to improve performance in athletic movements (Behm et al., 2010). Brill (2008) defined FT as a method which emphasizes multiple joint and muscle activities together, combining upper and lower body movements, and using more of the body in every movement. ...
Functional training (FT) promotes benefits in various physical abilities; however, its effect on autonomic modulation, cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of life in the healthy adult population is unknown, and thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of FT on these variables in healthy young women. The study consisted of 29 women, distributed into two groups: the FT Group (FTG; n = 13; 23 AE 2Á51 years; 21Á90 AE 2Á82 kg m À ²) and the Control Group (CG; n = 16; 20Á56 AE 1Á03 years; 22Á12 AE 3Á86 kg m À ²). The FTG performed periodized FT for 12 weeks, three times a week. The following were evaluated: autonomic modulation (heart rate variability), cardiorespiratory parameters and quality of life (SF-36 Questionnaire). The Student's t-test for unpaired data or the Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the differences obtained between the final moment and the initial moment of the studied groups (P<0Á05). The FTG demonstrated significant improvements in quality of life and autonomic modulation (P<0Á05), but not in the cardiorespiratory parameters. Functional training was able to produce improvements in autonomic modulation and quality of life.
[Purpose] To investigate the effect of a postoperative program with added trunk muscle training for proximal femoral fractures. [Participants and Methods] Postoperatively, patients admitted to a convalescent rehabilitation ward were categorized into a control group (normal physiotherapy; 9 patients) and an intervention group (added trunk muscle training; 9 patients). Before and after the 4-week intervention, patients' trunk function, walking ability, balance function, lower limb muscle strength, pain, and fall self-efficacy scale were measured, and changes between the two groups were compared. [Results] In the intervention group, trunk function (thickness of the abdominal rectus, thoracic erector spinae and external abdominal oblique muscles, and endurance of the abdominal muscle), walking ability (timed up-and-go test), and balance function (Berg Balance scale) significantly improved compared to the control group. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that trunk muscle training may promote the recovery of walking ability and balance function in postoperative patients.
Pojam "funkcionalni trening" označava koncept treninga kojim se utječe na istovremeni razvoj što ve-ćeg broja motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti (energetski sustav) te na sastav tijela (redukcija potkožnog masnog tkiva te povećanje mišićne mase). Drugim riječima, pod pojmom funkcionalni podrazumijevamo da takav trening treba utjecati na sposobnost obavljanja dnevnih aktivnosti, odnosno takav trening mora proizvoditi adaptacijske učinke koje imaju pozitivan transfer na svakodnevne aktivnosti (Weiss i Tiana, 2010). Učinkovita funkcionalna izvedba zahtijeva integraciju i međumišićno djelovanje više mišićnih sku-pina u više zglobova, kao što je primjerice podizanje tereta sa tla ili penjanje uz stepenice (Cress i Elaine, 1996). Zbog razvoja tehnologije, postoje nove mogućnosti primjene suvremenih rekvizita i pomagala koji doprinose boljem strukturiranju trenažnih vježbi, zanimljivijim treninzima te postizanju dobrih efekata u području specifične kondicijske pripremljenosti, kako rekreativaca, tako i vrhunskih sportaša. TRX (eng. Total Body Resistance Exercises) kao trenažno pomagalo izumljeno je od strane nekadašnjeg člana ame-ričke mornarice te kao takvo prvenstveno razvijeno u svrhu terapije i rehabilitacije, no zbog pozitivnih učinaka trake su se počele primjenjivati i u sportskom treningu za razvoj pojedinih sposobnosti. Raznoli-kim vježbama može se povećati snaga, izdržljivost, koordinacija, fleksibilnost kao i stabilnost, dok se in-tenzitet može povećati promjenom kuta tijela u odnosu na tlo, brzinom izvedbe te sa dodatnim vanjskim opterećenjem (Belušić, 2017). TRX u svojoj osnovi koristi dva vrlo pristupačna izvora otpora, a to su sila gravitacije i sila vlastite težine tijela. Sve što je potrebno jest pričvrstiti trake na sigurno i čvrsto mjesto. Time su trake zapravo pričvršćene na jednom kraju, a drugi kraj je slobodan za kretanje u svim smjerovima. Prilikom izvedbe vježbi sa suspenzijskim trakama dio tijela pričvršćen je za trake (suspendiran), tijelo se naginje prema/od traka ili se samo pridržava za trake. Upravo mnoge mogućnosti korištenja suspenzijskih traka te prilagodljivost opterećenja čine ih pogodnim za korištenje i među osobama starije životne dobi te je pogodno funkcionalnim trenažnim programima. Ono što je također važno, TRX je trenažno pomagalo koje svaka osoba može koristiti kod kuće što ga čini jako pristupačnim i korisnim za sve populacije. Nai-me, tradicionalni oblici vježbanja koji uključuju treninge izdržljivosti ili jakosti izoliranih zglobova a pone-kad i kombinaciju navedenih, često ne proizvode značajne učinke u unaprjeđenju funkcionalnosti pokreta i kvalitete života osobe kao što to može učiniti ovakvo pomagalo. Stoga je cilj ovim stručnim radom prika-zati upotrebu suspenzijskih traka u jednom takvom tipu treningu te dati okvirne smjernice za rad u praksi.
Background:
Although some studies have reported significant improvements in physical function and strength after training programs on Liver Transplant (LT) recipients, there is a lack of knowledge on how it affects in static and dynamic balance, being an important part of these participants' tasks development. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a 6-month multicomponent circuit training program on static and dynamic balance in LT participants.
Methods:
54 participants were randomized at 6 months after LT into 2 groups: exercise group (EXER) and control group (CONTROL), with repeat testing at 6 (baseline) and 12 months after LT. The intervention consisted in a multicomponent training, including balance, strength, endurance and flexibility training, with exercises arranged in a circuit setup and a moderate intensity with high perceived exertion. Training sessions were performed in the hospital facilities with qualified trainers. To determine differences overtime between EXER and CONTROL, mixed regression linear models with subject variable as random factor and variables of treatment duration, type and interaction as predictors were used.
Results:
EXER showed significant differences (p<.05) compared to CONTROL in all variables of static and dynamic balance, hip strength (+49% vs +13%), agility (-16% vs -1%) and flexibility (+78% vs -26%). Adherence to the intervention was 94%, and 80% of the participants continued voluntarily training after the 6 months.
Conclusions:
This study demonstrated that a multicomponent circuit training program at a moderate intensity with high perceived exertion could reduce the probability of injuries because improves balance on LT recipients.
Background:
To evaluate the influence of functional training on the geometric indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and fractal correlation properties of the dynamics of heart rate in menopausal women.
Methods:
Of 39 women who were in the period of menopause for more than a year and who did not practice any regular physical activity were divided into: Functional training group (FTG = 50 ± 4.5 years; 67.64 ± 11.64 kg; 1.5 ± 0.05 m) that executed the functional training (FT) and all proposals by reviews and the Control group (58.45 ± 4.8 years; 66.91 ± 13.24 kg; 1.55 ± 0.05 m) who performed all assessments but not FT. The training consisted of 18 weeks (three times a week) and the volunteers performed three sets of 11 functional exercises followed by a walk in each of the sessions. The autonomic nervous system modulation was evaluated by analysis of HRV and the indices obtained were: RR intervals, RRTRI, TINN, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2, qualitative analysis of Poincaré plot and DFA (alfa-1, alfa-2 and alfa-1/alfa-2). The Student's t-test for unpaired samples (normal data) or Mann-Whitney test nonnormal data) were used to compare the differences obtained between the final moment and the initial moment of the studied groups (p < .05).
Conclusion:
Were observed in the FTG: increased SD1 (CG 0.13 ± 4.00 vs. 3.60 ± 8.43), beat-to-beat global dispersion much greater as an increased in the dispersion of long-term RR intervals and increased fractal properties of short-term (α1) (CG -0.04 ± 0.13 vs. 0.07 ± 0.21). FT promoted a beneficial impact on cardiac autonomic modulation, characterized by increased parasympathetic activity and short-term fractal properties of the dynamics of the heart rate.
Abstract
Introduction: Loss of strength and muscle mass with aging is well known problem which is associated
with loss of functional ability. Reduced quadriceps muscle strength is a predictor of falls and fear of
falling in elderly. Due to the importance of quadriceps muscle strength in aged people, this study was
aimed to investigate the effect of seated leg press exercise on knee extension strength in elderly.
Materials and methods: Twenty four elderly men were randomly and equally divided into two matched
groups (age±SD; 61.41±6 years, height±SD; 75.9±6.2 kg and weight±SD; 173.31±5.2) Resistance training
group (GTR) carried out one set of twelve repetitions with 70% of 1RM each session. They all performed
this training twice a week for a period of eight weeks. Control group were engaged in their routine daily
activities in this time. Isokinetic strength of the knee extensors in dominant and non-dominant leg was
determined at 60°/s with a dynamometer (Biodex system 3).
Results: After eight weeks of strength training, dominant and non-dominant leg knee extension strength
prominently improved in training group (respectively P=0.002 and P=0.003). The changes were not
significant in control group (respectively P=0.220 and P=0.168).
Conclusion: Knee extension strength could be improved by training a set of 12 repetitions of the seated
leg press machine at 70% 1RM in elderly people
Introdução: A recuperação da funcionalidade dos indivíduos com Síndrome do Impacto do Ombro (SIO) tem sido investigada em diversos estudos. O kinesiotaping propõe por meio da correção do posicionamento escapular, a melhora da função e dor, porém os resultados encontrados ainda apresentam divergências. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do kinesiotaping na atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) dos músculos estabilizadores da escápula e nos escores da função do ombro e estabilidade escapular em atletas com Síndrome do Impacto do Ombro. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 15 sujeitos, sexo masculino, atletas e diagnosticados com SIO. Foi aplicado o questionário Peen Shoulder Score (PSS-Brasil) e em seguida realizado o Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKC-test) para o teste da estabilidade escapular. A atividade EMG do músculo trapézio superior (TS), trapézio inferior (TI) e serrátil anterior (SA) foi registrada durante a abdução isométrica do ombro (45º, 90º e 120º) no plano escapular com e sem carga. Foram comparadas as atividades EMG e razão entre a atividade muscular dos músculos TS/SA e TI/SA. Logo após, foi aplicado o kinesiotaping por duas semanas e posteriormente realizado uma nova avaliação. Para a comparação do questionário PSS- -Brasil, CKC-test e das razões EMG foi utilizado o teste t pareado (p < 0,05). Resultados: Após o uso do kinesiotaping foi observado aumento significativo dos escores do PSS-Brasil (p = 0,007) e do CKC-test (p = 0,001). Na reavaliação foi observada uma diminuição da razão TS/TI (p = 0,04) na tarefa realizada a 120º de abdução. Além disso, após o uso do kinesiotaping foi observada uma diminuição da razão TS/SA na medida em que foi aumentado o ângulo de abdução (p < 0,04). Conclusão: O kinesiotaping promoveu melhora da função motora do ombro, maiores índices de estabilidade escapular e foi capaz de influenciar a proporção de ativação muscular.
Studies that have aimed to compare different strategies to improve functional capacity have produced controversial results. Furthermore, such studies have focused solely on dependent individuals. In contrast, the present study aimed to compare traditional training to functional training for independent individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare traditional training to functional training in healthy and independent middle-aged adults (40-60 years old) and elderly subjects (older than 60 years old).
One hundred and one subjects (54.75 ± 8.84 years) were divided into two groups that each performed 24 sessions of a training protocol twice per week. The subjects were assessed using quantitative (Y-Balance Test) and qualitative methods (Functional Movement Screen™). The individuals were compared by observing changes between pretest and posttest according to their intervention group, sex and age.
When the entire sample was considered, the results showed that there were no differences in improvement between the training protocols. However, when specific groups were analyzed, functional training was less effective for women compared to men in the same group (Z=-2.598; p=0.009; effect size=0.43) and compared to women in the conventional group (Z=-2.704; p=0.007; effect size=0.41).
There were no differences between the two protocols in their ability to improve functional capacity as measured by the two chosen outcome measures. However, each subject's condition before the intervention must be considered. Some individuals may require additional basic training or specific training. In the current study, the women may have needed to improve their basic capabilities before practicing more specific training protocols.
2b. This is a pre- and post-intervention analysis using within-group and between-groups comparisons.
The Exercise Assessment and Screening for You (EASY) is a tool developed to help older individuals, their health care providers, and exercise professionals identify different types of exercise and physical activity regimens that can be tailored to meet the existing health conditions, illnesses, or disabilities of older adults. The EASY tool includes 6 screening questions that were developed based on an expert roundtable and follow-up panel activities. The philosophy behind the EASY is that screening should be a dynamic process in which participants learn to appreciate the importance of engaging in regular exercise, attending to health changes, recognizing a full range of signs and symptoms that might indicate potentially harmful events, and becoming familiar with simple safety tips for initiating and progressively increasing physical activity patterns. Representing a paradigm shift from traditional screening approaches that focus on potential risks of exercising, this tool emphasizes the benefits of exercise and physical activity for all individuals.
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Greek traditional dances on the improvement of old people's quality of life. A hundred and eleven subjects (75 women and 36 men) 60-91 years old, were divided into an experimental group (n=76) which participated in Greek traditional dances and a control group (n=35) which was discussing and watching television, both for 1h. The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale [McAuley, E., Courneya, K., 1994. The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES): development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16, 163-177] was used to measure positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R., 1970. Manual for the State-trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists, Palo Alto] to measure state and trait anxiety respectively. Correlational analyses, between the various measures taken postdance, showed that the overall set of relations between the SEES subscales and the SAI-Y1 subscale supports the criterion-related validity of this measure of exercise-induced psychological responses. The independent groups t-tests showed that the control group in comparison to experimental group, at rest as well as on the second measurement, has significantly higher levels of state anxiety (t=-4.45, p<0.001 &t=-6.56, p<0.001), psychological distress (t=-4.30, p<0.001 &t=-5.46, p<0.001), and fatigue (t=-3.16, p<0.01 &t=-3.46, p<0.001), while it has significantly lower levels of positive well-being (t=4.23, p<0.001 &t=6.90, p<0.001). After dancing approximately 63% of maximum heart rate of experimental group was activated, while from paired t-tests significant decreases in state anxiety (t=5.02, p<0.001) and psychological distress (t=3.14, p<0.01) were observed, as well as significant increases in positive well-being (t=-4.44, p<0.001) and fatigue (t=-2.15, p<0.05). On the other hand, no significant difference in control group was observed. Consequently, Greek traditional dances may be used as a functional psycho-physical activity, to produce both physical and mental benefits for elderly individuals.
The primary aim of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients receiving palliative care. Fifty advanced cancer patients aged 18 years or older with clinician-estimated life expectancy of 3-12 months and Palliative Performance Status Scale scores greater than 30% were recruited from an outpatient palliative care clinic and palliative home care. Participants completed a cross-sectional survey by means of face-to-face interview assessing self-reported QoL (McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire [MQOL]), self-reported physical function (Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument), symptoms (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System), and physical activity behavior. Seventy-six percent (38 of 50) of the participants were deceased at the time of data analysis, with a median survival of 104 days from time of survey to time of death. Walking was the most common reported physical activity. Analyses of variance indicated that participants who reported walking more than 30 minutes per day also reported higher existential subscores (+/-0.8 [95% CI, 0.0-1.5]; P=0.045), support subscores (+/-0.7 [95% CI, 0.1-1.4]; P=0.027), and total scores (+/-0.5 [95% CI, 0.0-0.9]; P=0.046) on the MQOL. There were no significant differences for self-reported physical function or symptoms. Our findings show a significant positive association between physical activity and QoL scores in this sample of patients with advanced cancer. A pilot intervention trial testing the causal effects of physical activity on QoL in cancer patients receiving palliative care is warranted.
The relative contribution of obesity versus poor fitness to adverse health outcomes and diminished quality of life remains an area of controversy. Indeed, some researchers contend that poor cardiorespiratory fitness represents a greater threat to health and health-related quality of life than excess body weight. We addressed this issue by providing 298 obese 50-75 year-old women with a six-month lifestyle intervention that incorporated a low-calorie eating pattern coupled with an aerobic exercise program consisting of 30 min/day of brisk walking. The results showed that weight loss exhibited a significant individual contribution to improvements in seven of the nine domains of quality of life assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). With the exception of physical functioning, however, physical fitness did not significantly contribute to improvements beyond the effects weight loss. Moreover, weight loss functioned as a full mediator of the association between increases in physical fitness and improvements in general health, vitality, and change in health relative to the previous year. Collectively, these findings suggest that for treatment-seeking obese individuals, weight loss rather than increased fitness contributes significantly to improvements in health-related quality of life.
The Work ability of ageing work force is a matter of major concern in many countries. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived work ability and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and to investigate their associations with age, physical activity and physical fitness in middle-aged men working in blue-collar occupations. The study population consisted of 196 middle-aged (aged 40-60 years) men (construction and industrial work) attending occupationally orientated early medical rehabilitation. They were mostly healthy having only symptoms of musculoskeletal or psychological strain. Perceived work ability was assessed with the work ability index (WAI) and HRQoL with the Rand, 36-item health survey (Rand-36). Information on physical activity was obtained with a structured questionnaire. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated with a submaximal exercise test on a cycle-ergometer. The WAI was significantly (p<0.001) associated with the total score of Rand-36, and with all its domains. Age, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness were neither associated with the WAI, nor did physical activity predict any of the dimensions of Rand-36. Cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with the physical functioning dimension of the Rand-36 whilst age was positively associated with the dimensions of the energy, emotional well being and social functioning of the Rand-36. The present study on middle-aged men showed a close relationship between perceived work ability and the HRQoL. It is suggested that the promotion of work ability may have beneficial effects on quality of life.