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Effect of jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seed powder supplementation on blood glucose level of type-II diabetic subject
Abstract
Hypoglycemic effect of supplementation of jamun seed powder ( Syzygium cumini L.) on the blood glucose level of the selected diabetic subjects of 51-60 years of age was studied. Total thirty type II diabetic subjects were selected for the study and divided into two groups. Group I control group (n= 15) and Group II experimental group (n= 15). The subjects of experimental group were supplemented with per day 2 g of jamun seed powder for 60 days. Blood glucose level of the selected diabetic subjects was analyzed initially, at 30 th and 60 th days of supplementation. Nutritive value of jamun seed powder was estimated and expressed on dry weight basis per 100g.Results of nutrient content of Jamun seed powder indicated, 3.21 per cent moisture, 5.25 g protein, 4.86 g fat, 14.88 per cent total mineral and 15.75 per cent crude fibre and trace elements like calcium, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc were 21mg, 18.62mg, 1.08mg, 1.45mg, and 13.33mg, respectively. Mean values of fasting blood glucose level was decreased significantly from 223.06 ± 80.9 mg/ dl to 166.6 ± 64.91 mg/dl after thirty days of supplementation of jamun seed powder, further it was decreased to 139.66 ± 61.45 mg/ dl at 60 th days of supplementation among the subjects of experimental group. Even reduction in post prandial blood glucose level was also observed (369.93 ± 79.40 to 203.73 ± 60.95 mg/dl). On the other hand, similar trend was not noticed in the blood glucose level of the subjects of control group.
... At the molecular level, the decrease in glucose levels can be attributed to Jamun's ability to activate PPARα, PPARγ, and AKT.This activation, in turn, leads to the downregulation of the expression of various molecules, including ACC1, Foxo-1, PGC1α, Scid 1, SREPB1c, endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor (KDEL), and GPR98. These downregulated molecules are responsible for the depletion of G6Pase, ADA, 5'NTase, PEPCK, and Fas activities [15][16][17][18], as shown in Figure 2. 36) Jamun fruit exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals, which are reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS molecules play a role in modulating the expression of TNF-α and protein kinase (AKT). ...
... For instance, the Jamun plant, known for its rich content of beneficial compounds, could play a significant role in this approach. Jamun plants possess molecules such as phenols, nitrogen compounds, terpenoids, and other antioxidants that effectively scavenge free radicals [18]. The presence of phytosterols and polyphenols within these plants further enhances their suitability for application in nanoparticle synthesis. ...
... SEM images of SNP synthesized with (a) leaf extract, (b) leaf water fraction, (c) seed extract, and (d) seed water fractions of S.cumini. Adapted from[18] Tapping mode AFM images of SNP synthesized with (a)leaf extract (LE), (b) leaf water fraction, (c) seed extract (SE), and (d) seed water fractions of S. cumini. A scale bar of 500 nm is labelled in each image. ...
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... Different researchers have evaluated biochemical components present in fruit and found these to be of high medicinal value due to the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols. 3.21-53 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Mathur, 2015;Kaur et al., 2018 Protein (%) 1.97-8.5 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Prajatka et al., 2016;Mathur, 2015;Kaur et al., 2018;Anjali et al., 2017;Ranjan et al., 2011;Binita et al., 2017 Fat (%) 0.65-4.86 ...
... 3.21-53 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Mathur, 2015;Kaur et al., 2018 Protein (%) 1.97-8.5 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Prajatka et al., 2016;Mathur, 2015;Kaur et al., 2018;Anjali et al., 2017;Ranjan et al., 2011;Binita et al., 2017 Fat (%) 0.65-4.86 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Prajatka et al., 2016;Kaur et al., 2018;Anjali et al., 2017 Ash (%) 1.5-21.72 ...
... Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Prajatka et al., 2016;Mathur, 2015;Kaur et al., 2018;Anjali et al., 2017;Ranjan et al., 2011;Binita et al., 2017 Fat (%) 0.65-4.86 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Prajatka et al., 2016;Kaur et al., 2018;Anjali et al., 2017 Ash (%) 1.5-21.72 Dagadkhair et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2016;Harine and Janapriya, 2018;Ayya et al., 2015;Raza et al., 2015;Prajatka et al., 2016;Kaur et al., 2018 Fibre (%) 1.21-16.9 ...
... [27] 5 Flavonoids Regenerate damaged pancreatic β-cells in diabetic animals; Inhibitory effect on c'AMPphosphor-reduces blood glucose concentration; Have anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging properties responsible for the anti-diabetic activity. [27][28][29][30] 6 ...
... Have anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging properties that might be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity. [28] 9 ...
... [27] Supplementation of Jamun seed powder in human diabetic subject for 30 days reduced the fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels. [28] In a double blinded control clinical trial, feeding of 10g of Jamun seed powder up to 90 days to diabetic patients reduced the fasting blood glucose levels by 9%, 18%, and 30% and post prandial glucose by 8%, 15%, and 22% after 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively. [29] Recently, the administration of ethanol extract of Jamun seeds and fruits for 60 days reduced serum glucose level in hyperglycaemic/diabetic rats and the former was more effective than the later. ...
Diabetes is a major public health problem which has been increasing day by day throughout the world with an alarming rate. In recent years, several plant extracts have been examined for their anti-diabetic properties to identify alternative treatment strategies that pose less risk for diabetes. It has been shown that different parts of these plants are collected from diverse regions and administered in different pharmaceutical preparations. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the phytochemicals present in S. cumini plants and their potent anti-diabetic activity, toxicological and biological effects of these plant extracts, their current state, limitation and future prospects in developing countries that are not included in the European Pharmacopoeia. In addition, a prospective research result of synergistic use of this plant with other plant (Ficus racemosa) done presently in our laboratory has been included. Based on the available evidence, we highlight the ways in which their therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed and provide scientific evidence for the discovery of novel leads for herbal drug development.
... Mainly the jamun seed powder is extensively used in various formulations in ayurvedic medicine, and used to regulate blood glucose level. The presence of significant amount of antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acids, and flavonoids attribute to their medicinal values (Ayya et al., 2015). From the earlier reports based on in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models, it is well understood that jamun seed power is rich in antihyperglycemic agents which can effectively utilized in treatment of diabetes. ...
Jamun (Syzygium cumini Linn. Syn. Eugenia jambolana) genotypes collected from different parts of the country were evaluated for in vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential along with fruit characters. Results indicated significant variation among genotypes for fruit characters, phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant potential, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Total phenolics and flavonoids in seeds varied between 15.5 mg to 98.7 mg GAE/g and 0.79 mg to 9.03 mg CE/g seeds, respectively. The seeds with a high content of polyphenolic compounds required a very less amount of sample to inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The genotype Selection 45 recorded the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and required only 50.3 µg of sample to inhibit 50 % of the enzyme activity. Both phenolics and flavonoids content positively correlated with antioxidant potential and negatively correlated with enzyme inhibitory potential. From cluster analysis, the genotypes AJG-85, Kaithanal, Selection-45, Collection-2, and Konkan Bahdoli were identified as superior genotypes having a considerable amount of seeds with alpha glucosidase inhibitory compounds. These genotypes/collections may be effectively utilized for further studies to isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential.
... The highly explored part of Jamun plant is the seed, which carry quercetin, ellagic acid, β-sitoterol, jambosine, gallic acid, corilagin, 1-galloylglucose, 3, 6-hexahydroxy diphenoylglucose, 3-galloylglucose, and 4,6hexahydroxydiphenoylglucose in it [40,43] . Along with that, some trace elements such as calcium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, protein, fat, minerals and crude fibres were found in Jamun seed powder [44] . Due to the presence of abundance of phytoconstituents, about all parts of plant, particularly seeds has long been used in the folk medicinal systems [45] . ...
... 224 In addition, human diabetic patients fed with Jamun seed powder for 30 days had reduced fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels in their serum. 225 A decline in serum glucose was found in 99 diabetic patients given 5 g of seed powder before meals for 90 days twice daily in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. 226 Similarly, 2 g of roasted Jamun seed powder given for 60 days to type-II diabetic patients caused a decline in their serum glucose level. ...
Natural products have been used effectively to treat different ailments since the advent of human history. Angiosperms contain numerous bioactive molecules that have been applied as medicines to treat various human diseases, including cancer. Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is an angiosperm belonging to the Myrtaceae family. This comprehensive review on Jamun includes information collected from Google Scholar, SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and other websites on the internet, giving an account of its botanical profile, chemical composition, and medicinal properties. Ethnomedicinally, various parts of Jamun are used to treat various conditions and have been administered since ancient times in Ayurveda to treat arthritis, obesity, urinary diseases, asthma, bowel spasms, stomach pain, flatulence, diabetes, and dysentery. Several scientific studies also have demonstrated the pluripotent medicinal properties of Jamun, including anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, antiretinitis, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, cardioprotective, chemopreventive, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anthelmintic, and radioprotective. Jamun contains alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, and saponins. Numerous active phytochemicals have been isolated from its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Jamun increases glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase expression and reduces lipid peroxidation levels to exert its beneficial effects on important organs and tissues. Jamun also protects against DNA damage induced by toxic agents including metals, chemicals and ionizing radiation. Jamun activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma and increases fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Additionally, Jamun suppresses various genes at the molecular level. Thus, the scientific evaluation of Jamun is a step forward in validating its traditional use to treat various disorders and may pave the way for translational research for its medicinal use.
... 6(7) (2024) Page 2850 of 15 antioxidant chemicals, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. These bioactive substances aid in the prevention of certain metabolic disorders [19]. Because of its many bioactive ingredients, jamun seed powder or extract works well as an anti-inflammatory to lessen both acute and chronic inflammation [20]. ...
... From this assay, it was found the aqueous form of acetone is a better solvent for extraction of mor e αglucosidase inhibitory compounds under ultrasonication for 60 min. Presence of significant amount of antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acids, and flavonoids attributed to jamun seed's medicinal values such as anti-diabetic properties (Ayya et al., 2015). Laboratory studies revealed that the antidiabetic effect of jamun seeds are mainly due to their inhibitory activity on the major enzymes viz alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase which involves in hydrolysis of carbohydrate (Omar et al., 2012). ...
Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seed is one of the rich sources of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. A study was conducted to optimize the methodology for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) with antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Jamun seed powder. The study showed that the nature of solvent and extraction conditions had a significant effect on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant potential, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The TPC varied between 6.0 (mg/g Jamun seed powder) for the acetone extract to 119.2 (mg/g) for 80% aqueous acetone extract and TFC varied between 1.06 mg/g for the acetone to 10.81 mg/g for the 80% aqueous methanol. From the study, it was apparent that an aqueous form of acetone (acetone: water 80:20, v/v) is a better solvent system for extraction of polyphenolic compounds with high antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Ultrasonication for 60 min increased the efficiency of phenolic extraction.
... 3.28% of moisture and 0.286 water activity were recorded in Jamun seed powder. A similar value was reported by Neha et al. (2015) in Jamun seed powder. A study by Kirthy Reddy et al. (2017) observed 4.8% in date seed powder. ...
Lotus stem and Jamun Seed flours have a high potential for use in various food applications as they possess many health, functional and therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate both the flour's physical and functional properties. The yield of both flours is 73.56% and 86.74% respectively. Moisture content and water activity indicated that the flours have a longer shelf life. Lotus stem powder exhibited a greater inferior ability than Jamun seed flour in terms of physical properties. The presence of fibre in lotus stem powder led to higher Water and Oil Absorption Index than in Jamun Seed flour. Swelling Index and Foaming capacity were higher in Jamun seed flour indicating the presence of higher protein. Lotus Stem powder did not form strong gel even at 20% concentration whereas, Jamun seed powder formed strong gel at 10% only. Based on these properties both flours can be incorporated/substituted/ replaced into different foods.
... The bioactive composition of jamun fruit such as ascorbic acid (mg/100g), anthocyanins (mg/100g), total tannin (mg/100g), total phenols (mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/100g) and antioxidant activity (%) of jamun were found to be 21.4 mg/100g, 185 mg/ 100g, 168 mg/100g, 2133 mg GAE/100g and 95.8%, respectively (Suradkar et al., 2017). Trace element contents (mg/100g) including iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and zinc in jamun seed powder (JSP) was 0.14, 0.65, 0.01, 0.07, 16.0 and 0.00 mg/100g, respectively (Neha et al., 2015). The fruit was an extremely rich source of Vitamin C (28.3-49.7 mg/100g). ...
Purpose
Jamun is an underutilised fruit crop of India whose utilization needs to be considerably increased. Despite its impressive nutritional profile and several health benefits, its cultivation is still very limited. Hence, this study aims to highlight the essential nutrients, health benefits and value-added products of jamun fruit and seed.
Design/methodology/approach
Major sources of bibliometric information such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were extensively searched with keywords such as nutritional composition of jamun, bioactive compounds, health benefits and jamun-based food products to obtain a database of 317 papers. Thirty four publications met the criteria for review.
Findings
Jamun fruit ( Syzygium cumini L.) is known for its attractive colour, astringent taste, enormous nutrients and nutraceutical properties; nevertheless, this fruit is seasonal, perishable and underutilised. Furthermore, the fruit is used for the treatment of diabetes and also possess anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and cardio-protection properties. Investigations were done on the production of value-added food products such as read-to-serve beverages, jam, cookies and cake from jamun due to their several health benefits. The present review was an attempt to provide spotlights on the health benefits and food product applications of jamun fruit and its by-products.
Originality/value
This review systematically collates evidence from various published sources regarding the nutritional profile, development of food products from jamun and their health benefits. The compiled information will help researchers and professional become aware of the significance of jamun fruit and thereby enhances its processing and applications in food systems.
... Unfortunately, the results from these studies were inconclusive, some suggesting that the preparations helped control blood sugar levels whereas others did not show any improvement [107]. For instance, the administration of seed preparations to patients with (severe) type 2 diabetes reportedly led to promising reductions in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels [108][109][110][111][112][113][114] as well as less polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and fatigue [109,113]. However, a dried and powdered leaf decoction did not elicit an effect on blood glucose levels in either non-diabetic young volunteers submitted to a glucose blood tolerance test [115] or type 2 diabetic patients [116]. ...
Diabetes represents one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Despite the availability of a wide range of efficacious forms of treatment, many patients use traditional (plant-derived) preparations for treating their disease. The Republic of Suriname (South America) has a relatively high prevalence of diabetes. Due to its colonial history, the Surinamese population comprises descendants of all continents, the largest groups being those from enslaved Africans and from indentured laborers from India (called Hindustanis), Indonesia (called Javanese), as well as China. All these groups have preserved their cultural customs including their ethnopharmacological traditions, and are inclined to treat their diseases with plant-based preparations, either alone or together with allopathic medications. This chapter opens with some generalities about diabetes; subsequently provides some information about the history, worldwide epidemiology, diagnosis, types, and treatment of this disorder; then focuses on Suriname, giving some information about its geography, demographics, and economy, as well as the epidemiology of diabetes in the country; then extensively evaluates eight blood-glucose-lowering plants that are mainly associated with the four largest ethnic groups in Suriname by reviewing phytochemical, mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical literature data; and concludes with a consideration of the potential clinical usefulness of the plants against diabetes.
... From this assay, it was found the aqueous form of acetone is a better solvent for extraction of mor e αglucosidase inhibitory compounds under ultrasonication for 60 min. Presence of significant amount of antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acids, and flavonoids attributed to jamun seed's medicinal values such as anti-diabetic properties (Ayya et al., 2015). Laboratory studies revealed that the antidiabetic effect of jamun seeds are mainly due to their inhibitory activity on the major enzymes viz alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase which involves in hydrolysis of carbohydrate (Omar et al., 2012). ...
Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seed is one of the rich sources of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. A study was conducted to optimize the methodology for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) with antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Jamun seed powder. The study showed that the nature of solvent and extraction conditions had a significant effect on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant potential, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The TPC varied between 6.0 (mg/g Jamun seed powder) for the acetone extract to 119.2 (mg/g) for 80% aqueous acetone extract and TFC varied between 1.06 mg/g for the acetone to 10.81 mg/g for the 80% aqueous methanol. From the study, it was apparent that an aqueous form of acetone (acetone: water 80:20, v/v) is a better solvent system for extraction of polyphenolic compounds with high antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Ultrasonication for 60 min increased the efficiency of phenolic extraction.
... Recently, studies have shown that pomposia fruits contain high level of antioxidants such as phenolic acids and anthocyanins (Coelho et al., 2016). These natural antioxidants have the ability to replace harmful synthetic antioxidants (Singh et al., 2015), and are helpful in preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancers (Ayya et al., 2015;Varadharajan et al., 2017). ...
Ultrasound-assisted extraction in combination with stirring was used to extract bioactive
compounds from peel and flesh of pomposia (Syzygium cumini L.) fruits. Two independent factors including sonication power (90 - 150 W) and extraction time (10 - 30 min) were studied using 32 full factorial design to achieve optimal yields of both total polyphenols content (TPC) and total monomeric anthocyanins content (TMAC). The experimental data were fitted using reduced-order cubic models. The optimum conditions for simultaneous extraction of TPC and TMAC from flesh and peel were 135.73 W at 30 min and 100.30 W at 30 min, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to identify and quantify the polyphenol components. Comparing IC50 of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (23.19 mg/L) with that of peel and flesh extracts (2.82 and 10.24 mg GAE/L, respectively) indicates the superior scavenging activity of these extracts against DPPH radicals.
... Syzygium cumini (SC) is a tropical evergreen tree that has been used traditionally for their medicinal properties; the seeds are widely used to treat diabetes, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and blood pressure [4]. The bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in SC have potent antioxidant properties that help to prevent various metabolic disorders [5]. Zinc is an essential metal present in the body, which acts as an enzyme activator and also plays a vital role in glucose metabolism, it improves glucose utilisation by hepatic glycogenesis that acts through the insulin pathway and insulin signalling via enhanced PI3K activity, glycogen synthesis kinase-3 inhibition, and increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor [6]. ...
Sulphonylureas are extensively used in the treatment of type II diabetes; however, these drugs have complications of hypoglycaemia and weight gain. The current study aims at developing a potent antidiabetic drug that has lesser side effects and better management of its associated conditions. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesised using Syzygium cumini seed extract with an average size of 18.92 nm. In vitro studies on rat insulinoma (RIN-5F) cells revealed that cells treated with synthesised ZnO NPs showed a dose-dependent increase in insulin secretion. Streptozotocin-fructose-induced type II diabetic rats treated with ZnO NPS exhibited a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels and increase (p < 0.01) in serum insulin and liver antioxidant enzyme levels proclaiming its role as a hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic drug. Treatment of ZnO NPs in diabetic rats exhibited an increased number of beta cells which was responsible for its increased insulin levels and reduced glucose levels. From the overall observations, biosynthesised ZnO NPs exhibited an efficacious hypoglycaemic effect in diabetic rats, so it can be suggested as a potent antidiabetic drug.
... [6] The bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in SC have potent antioxidant properties that help to prevent various metabolic disorders. [7] Nanoparticles (NPs) are those which are <100 nm size in one dimension, which exhibits atom-like behavior. [8] NPs can be synthesized either by chemical methods or by biological methods. ...
... 35 Supplementation of Jamun seed powder in human diabetic subject for 30 days reduced the fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels. 36 The aqueous and methanol extracts of root, stem bark, leaf and seed extracts of Jamun has been reported to lower serum glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetes in male Sprague Dawley rats. 37 Recently, the administration of ethanol extract of Jamun seeds and fruits for 60 days reduced serum glucose level in hyperglycaemic/diabetic rats and the former was more effective than the latter. ...
... Recently, studies have shown that jamun fruit and seed contain significant quantity of antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. These bioactive compounds are helpful in preventing different metabolic syndromes [10] . The present research was carried out to evaluate the antihyperglycemic properties of jamun fruit and seed. ...
Objective: To evaluate the potential of both jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and fruit extracts against hyperglycemia.
Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were used to evaluate hypoglycemic potential of jamun extracts. Purposely, jamun fruit and seed's ethanolic extracts based diets were provided to normal and high sucrose diet induced hyperglycemic/diabetic rats for sixty days. The serum glucose and insulin levels were monitored at monthly intervals to evaluate hypoglycemic effect of jamun extracts.
Results: The results of instant research depicted that both seed and fruit extracts reduce the blood glucose level significantly and also regulate the insulin levels in hyperglycemic rats. It was noted that jamun fruit extract attenuated serum glucose levels to 5.35% and 12.29% in normal and hyperglycemic rats, respectively; while insulin levels were improved by 2.82% and 6.19%, correspondingly. Whereas, jamun seed extract reduced glucose to 7.04% & 14.36% and showed 3.56% & 7.24% higher insulin levels in normal & hyperglycemic rats, respectively.
Conclusions: The present research revealed that both jamun fruit and seeds have potent prophylactic role against hyperglycemia. In this respect, diet based regimen may be tailored using jamun fruit/seed and their extracts to alleviate hyperglycemia.
... 100 In human diabetic subjects, supplementation of Jamun seed powder for 30 days reduced the fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels. 101 The results from these collective studies indicate that Jamun seeds possess the ability to control blood sugar in the diabetic condition ( Table 3). ...
Plants have been employed as medicine since time immemorial, and there has been a recent resurgence in the use of plants as medicines due to their little or no toxicity at the doses used for treatment of different ailments. This review discusses in detail the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Jamun (Syzygium cumini), a tree belonging to family Myrtaceae, which has been credited with several medicinal properties in the traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda. The different properties attributed to Jamun are sweet, sour, astringent, acrid, refrigerant, carminative, diuretic, and digestive. Research and practical use in traditional medicinal systems have found Jamun to be effective in treating leucorrhoea, gastric disorders, fever, diabetes, piles, stomachache, wounds, and dental, digestive and skin disorders. Some compounds in Jamun have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and radioprotective activity. Finally, Jamun has been found to contain phytochemicals including anthroquinones, alkaloids, catechins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The diverse activities of Jamun may be due to its abilities to scavenge free radicals, increase antioxidant status of cells by increasing glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and/or superoxide dismutase, and to attenuate lipid peroxidation. In addition, it also suppresses the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines, accompanied by the up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 transcription, which is involved in regulating the antioxidant status of the cells.
Almost sixty percent of people use herbal medicines instead of conventional medicine. This article offers an overview of a diabetes cure in India using herbal medicines and plants native to the nation. Diabetes is a major global health problem, affecting individuals of all socioeconomic and geographical origins. This is becoming a major issue for public health in India, especially in the country's major cities. Despite the availability of several strategies for mitigating diabetes's impact and the difficulties it might cause, herbal formulations are preferred due to their reduced cost and decreased chance of adverse effects. For the purpose of diabetes treatment, researchers are compiling a list of herbal medicines and medicinal plants that have been proved to have antidiabetic and other beneficial qualities. In order to combat diabetes, scientists are studying a wide variety of medicinal plants for their antidiabetic characteristics. Herbs like Moringa oleifera, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Momordica charantia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Gymnema sylvestre, Murraya koenigii, and Psidium guajava and Murraya koenigii, Insulin plant and Jamun guthali are included along with their Mechanism of action.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an ongoing, metabolic disorder described by raised blood glucose levels (BGL) [1,2], that leads over the long haul to cause severe damage heart, veins, eyes, ner vous system and kidneys [2,3,4]. Worldwide, in 2017, there were above 450 million people with DM. These numbers were assessed to reeve above 690 million by 2045 [5,6]. A most recent survey in Pakistan [2nd NDSP 2016-2017] assessed that roughly 26.31% of local populace aged above 20 years is diabetic (known diabetic cases; 19.21% recently diagnosed diabetic cases; 714%) [7]. Uncontrolled diabetes is related with the advancement of di culties that might compromise health-related Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the health of people at large scale. It adversely affects the quality of life and can be managed by changes in life style including diet Objective: To compare the effect of different concentrations of jamun and amla on blood Glycemic Index of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total 25 male Wister rats aged 10-12 weeks, weight above 150g were selected for the 2 months study. Male rats were purchased from IMBB research laboratory, The University of Lahore (UOL). During the e cacy study, streptozotocin (STZ) induced rats were divided into ve homogenous groups with 5 rats in each group. To For control group and T1, T2, T3 and T4 includes normal diet with different concentration of Jamun and Amla extracts. The change in body weight (g) and fasting blood glucose (FBG)(mg/dL) for each group of rats were monitored on every 15 days to estimate any suppressing effect of seed formulation. Results: The mean age of diabetic rats selected for study were10.61±0.493 weeks. Weight of STZ induced rats were monitored but no signi cant difference was shown, however mean weight of 5% Amla and 5% Jamun supplemented diet groups show an increase in mean body weight pre-and post-treatment 18.8±15.95g and 8±19.85g respectively. The minimum post-treatment FBG level of rats was noted in 5% jamun and 5% amla supplemented group with mean FBG 111.4±24mg/dL and 131.2±57.1mg/dL respectively. Conclusions: The study concluded that jamun and amla both groups show a signi cant reduction in fasting blood glucose level but no signi cant mean difference was shown in body weight gain. At the end of the study 5% amla and 5% jamun composition groups had shown signi cant improvement in FBG levels among diabetic induced rats.
To compare the effect of different concentrations of jamun and amla on blood Glycemic Index of diabetes mellitus. Methodology:A total25 male Wister rats aged 10-12 weeks, weight above 150g were selected for the 2 months study. Male rats were purchased from IMBB research laboratory, The University of Lahore (UOL). During the efficacy study, streptozotocin (STZ) induced rats weredivided into five homogenous groups with 5 rats in each group. To For control group and T1, T2, T3 and T4 includes normal diet with different concentration of Jamun and Amla extracts. The change in body weight (g) and fasting blood glucose (FBG)(mg/dL) for each group of rats were monitored on every 15 days to estimate any suppressing effect of seed formulation. Results: The mean age of diabetic rats selected for study were10.61±0.493 weeks. Weight of STZ induced rats were monitored but no significant difference was shown, however mean weight of 5% Amla and 5% Jamun supplemented diet groups show an increase in mean body weight pre- and post-treatment 18.8±15.95g and 8±19.85g respectively. The minimum post-treatment FBG level of rats was noted in 5% jamun and 5% amla supplemented group with mean FBG 111.4±24mg/dL and 131.2±57.1mg/dL respectively. Conclusion:The study concluded that jamun and amla both groups show a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level but no significant mean difference was shown in body weight gain. At the end of the study 5% amla and 5% jamun composition groups had shown significant improvement in FBG levels among diabetic induced rats.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical, proximate composition of Jamun (Syzygium Cumini) seed vitamins and minerals. The physical characteristics such as jamun color were registered as white to pink. The forms of the jamun seed were similar to the oblong forms. Jamun or Java plum seed was found to be long, wide and weight (18.20 mm, 11.05 mm and 1.62 g). Jamun seeds have been evaluated for their chemical composition as (53, 1.02, 3.84, 31.62, 7.01 and 1.51 g/100 g) such as moisture, crude fat, crude protein, carbohydrate or raw Fibres. The vitamin A (3 IU/100g), B3 (0.09 mg/100g) and C (0.21 mg/100g) presence values were recorded in jamun seed. Mineral values for jamun seed powder were iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc (0.140, 0.651,0.010, 0.072, 16.07 and 0.009 mg/100g). The conclusion was that the traditional medicinal plant seed jamun (Syzygium Cumini) provides a strong source of nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
The antidiabetic effect of Syzigium cumuni seed powder was investigated on alloxan monohydrate induced hyperglycemic mice. The blood glucose levels were measured at 7, 14 and 21 days after the treatment. The Syzigium cumuni seed powder (250 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose level in normal mice from 86.17±1.88 to 84.86±1.28 mg/dl, after 21days of oral administration of the powder along with their food (P<0.05). It also significantly lowered blood glucose level in alloxan-monohydrate induced hyperglycemic mice from 340.50±3.51 to 130.33 ± 6.53 mg/dl, 21days after oral administration of the seed powder (P<0.05).
Biopesticides offer a balanced crop protection product application, and future formulation products should have more balance between production inputs and efficiency. This is significantly applicable to insecticidal and microbial types of biopesticides because it will be easy to provide single organism-based products to consortium-based products. With the advancement of nanotechnology, different new insecticidal and microbial formulations such as nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsule suspensions with superior efficiency have been identified for commercialization. The advanced studies regarding the activity of silver nanoparticles have been documented, but there is still scope for improvement in production and application techniques. All these aspects are comprehensively discussed in this chapter. Finally, the challenges of using silver nanoparticles as biopesticides, the mechanism of action, and the environmental issues thereafter will be critically assessed.
For thousands of years, medicinal plants have been used by mankind to treat numerous disease conditions including metabolic syndrome. In addition to common usage as herbs, spices, fruits, and beverages, there is now also a growing trend to employ many medicinal plants as dietary supplements. This chapter outlines the chemical and pharmacological basis of antidiabetic medicinal plants now rebranded as dietary supplements. It critically assesses the scientific evidences for the therapeutic potentials of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.), Wall. Ex Nees, banaba (Lagerstroemia speciose (L) Pers), Cassia and Senna species including Senna auriculata (L) Roxb, S. alata (L.) Roxb., Ginkgo biloba L., ginseng (Panax. ginseng C.A. Mey, P. quinquefolius L., and P. notoginseng), aymnema (Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.), Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels), olive leaf extract (Olea europaea (L.)), Scutellaria (Scutellaria baicalesis Georgi), and St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).
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